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Backgroud: Surigical site infection has been a challenge for surgeons for many years, the prevalence of serum albumin <3.5g/dL has been reported to be associated with increased orthopaedic complications. However, the prognostic implications and significance of serum albumin <3.5g/dL after orthopaedic surgeries remain ambiguity. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to access the predictive value of serum albumin level on SSI.Methods: A basic data search was performed in PubMed and Web of Science, in addition, references were manually searched. All of the observational studies contained preoperative albumin, outcomes of SSI or valuable data that could be abstracted and analysed for meta-analysis in orthopaedics. All of the studies were assessed using the classic Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). They conformed to critical quality evaluation standards, and the final data analysis was performed with RevMan 5.2 software.Results: A total of 112,183 patients included in 13 studies were involved. The pooled MD of albumin between the infection group and the non-infection group was MD = -2.28 (95 % CI -3.97-0.58), which was statistically significant (z = 2.63, P = 0.008). The pooled RR of infection when comparing albumin <3.5 with albumin >3.5 was 2.39 (95 % CI 1.57 3.64), which was statistically significant (z = 4.06, P < 0.0001). Heterogeneity were found in the pooled MD of albumin and in the pooled RR for infection (P = 0.05, I2 = 61 % and P = 0.003, I2 = 68 %). No publication bias occurred based on two basically symmetrical funnel plots.Conclusion: Our meta-analysis demonstrated that an albumin level <3.5 g/dL had an almost 2.5 fold increased risk of SSI in orthopaedics, although this conclusion requires well-designed prospective cohort studies to be confirmed further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although methylphenidate (MPH) has been shown to significantly improve selective attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the neural mechanism of this effect remains unclear. We investigated the effects of first-dose MPH on the neural signatures of visual selective attention in children with ADHD. We measured the impact of first-dose MPH on electrophysiological indexes from eighteen children with ADHD (8.9–15.2 years; 15 boys) while they performed a visual search task. MPH was administered in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design. MPH led to decreases in behavioral error rates and reaction times. For the electrophysiological indexes, MPH significantly increased the target-elicited N2pc amplitude and posterior P3 amplitude during the selective attention process. The trial-based correlation analysis revealed that the enhanced N2pc (more negative) and P3 (more positive) promoted the behavioral response speed for children with ADHD. The lower individual P3 amplitude was associated with higher severity of inattention symptoms. The severer inattention symptoms were related to weaker MPH effect on N2pc amplitude. These findings suggest that N2pc and P3 are closely related to the mechanism of MPH in the ADHD treatment. • The study explored the effect of methylphenidate on ERPs in visual search process. • Children with ADHD showed enhanced N2pc and P3 after taking methylphenidate. • The enhanced N2pc and P3 promoted the response speed of children with ADHD. • Children with lower P3 amplitude showed more severe inattention symptoms. • Children with milder inattention symptoms showed stronger N2pc enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Energy resilience of residential sectors under climate change are evaluated. • Uncertainties in climates, building characteristics and use patterns are considered. • The energy demand of residential sector in hot-humid area can rise by 102.2%. • Building with a high shape coefficient value tends to be more affected by climate. • Family pattern is another important factor that influences the energy trend. Residential sector is one of the main consumers of the energy market. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis on the future energy resilience performance of urban residential sector in hot-humid area of China in the 21st century. Uncertainties, including future climate, building characteristic and occupancy behavior, are considered in future energy projections. Since the local climate is characterized by hot summer and warm winter, and local building energy is cooling-dominated, this study focuses on the changes in future cooling load. The results indicate that future energy demand of residential sector in hot-humid areas will increase over time except under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 1-2.6, and the magnitude of the rise could be significant. Under the SSP5-8.5, the most severe scenario for climate change, the average annual energy demand of residential sector in the long-term future is about 90 kWh/m2, which is above twice the energy demand under current typical climate. The annual building energy fluctuates more in a hotter future. Energy demands of dwellings with different building forms and use patterns may vary disproportionately in the changing climate. The framework and findings could give implications on future energy system design in cities. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of monolithic supports containing cyclodextrins (CDs) or their derivatives as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) has drawn much attention in the field of enantioseparations. The present review summarized the recent developments in CD functionalized monolithic columns. After introducing their classification in Section 1, various strategies applied to the preparation of the three types of CD functionalized monoliths, i.e. silica based monoliths, organic polymer based monoliths and organic-silica based hybrid monoliths, are thoroughly summarized in Section 2. Particularly, three different preparation strategies for covalently immobilizing CDs onto monoliths, including multi-step strategy, single-step strategy and one-pot strategy, are discussed. In the last section, the applications of CD functionalized monoliths in chiral separation of pharmaceuticals are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low column efficiency for enantioseparations in capillary liquid chromatography (CLC) is a major problem commonly encountered with β -cyclodextrin ( β -CD) functionalized polymer-based monoliths. In order to investigate the effect of the crosslinker type on enantioseparation performance, three commonly used crosslinkers, i.e. 1,4-bis(acryloyl)piperazine (PDA), ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) and N , N -methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), were copolymerized using the one-pot approach with glycidyl methacrylate-mono-6-amino-6-deoxy- β -CD (GMA-NH 2 - β -CD) as functional monomer. The three monolithic columns, including poly(GMA-NH 2 - β -CD- co -PDA) and poly(GMA-NH 2 - β -CD- co -MBA), as well as the previously reported column poly(GMA-NH 2 - β -CD- co -EDMA) were systematically compared with respect to morphology, permeability, β -CD density, retention mechanism and efficiency. The enantioseparation ability of each column was evaluated using 14 chiral compounds, including mandelic acid derivatives, profens, N -derivatized amino acids, and herbicides, as test substances. The β -CD-functionalized monolith with MBA as crosslinker was found to exhibit higher polarity, higher column efficiency and better enantioseparation performance than those with PDA or EDMA as crosslinker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of the linking spacer on the enantioseparation ability of β -cyclodextrin ( β -CD) functionalized polymeric monoliths, three β -CD-functionalized organic polymeric monoliths with different spacer lengths were prepared by using three amino- β -CDs, i.e. mono-6-amino-6-deoxy- β -CD, mono-6-ethylenediamine-6-deoxy- β -CD, mono-6-hexamethylenediamine-6-deoxy- β -CD, as starting materials. These amino- β -CDs reacted with glycidyl methacrylate to produce functional monomers which were then copolymerized with ethylene dimethacrylate. The enantioseparation ability of the three monoliths was evaluated using 14 chiral acidic compounds, including mandelic acid derivatives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, N -derivatized amino acids, and chiral herbicides under optimum chromatographic conditions. Notably, the poly(GMA-NH 2 - β -CD- co -EDMA) column provides higher enantioresolution and enantioselectivity than the poly(GMA-EDA- β -CD- co -EDMA) and poly(GMA-HDA- β -CD- co -EDMA) columns for most tested chiral analytes. Furthermore, the enantioseparation performance of triazole-linker containing monoliths was compared to that of ethylenediamine-linker containing monoliths. The results indicate that the enantioselectivity of β -CD monolithic columns is strongly related to the length and type of spacer tethering β -CD to the polymeric support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano zero valent iron (NZVI) has shown inhibition on methanogenesis in anaerobic digestion due to its reductive decomposition of cell membrane. The inhibition was accompanied by the accumulation of hydrogen gas due to rapid NZVI dissolution. It is not clear whether and how rapid hydrogen release from NZVI dissolution directly affects anaerobic digestion. In this study, the hydrogen release kinetics from NZVI (average size = 55 ± 11 nm) dissolution in deionized water under anaerobic conditions was first evaluated. The first-order NZVI dissolution rate constant was 2.62 ± 0.26 h −1 with its half-life of 0.26 ± 0.03 h. Two sets of anaerobic digestion experiments (i.e., in the presence of glucose or without any substrate but at different anaerobic sludge concentrations) were performed to study the impact of H 2 release from rapid NZVI dissolution, in which H 2 was generated in a separate water bottle containing NZVI (i.e., ex situ H 2 or externally supplied from NZVI dissolution) before hydrogen gas was introduced to anaerobic digestion. The results showed that the H 2 partial pressure in the headspace of the digestion bottle reached as high as 0.27 atm due to rapid NZVI dissolution, resulting in temporary inhibition of methane production. Nevertheless, the 5-d cumulative methane volume in the group with ex situ H 2 production due to NZVI dissolution was actually higher than that of control, suggesting NZVI inhibition on methanogenesis is solely due to the reductive decomposition of cell membrane after direct contact with NZVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and efficient “one-pot” copolymerization strategy was used for the preparation of sulfonamide drug (SA) functionalized monolithic columns. Two novel SA-immobilized methacrylate monolithic columns, i.e. poly(GMA-SMX- co -EDMA) and poly(GMA-SAA- co -EDMA) were prepared by one-pot in situ copolymerization of the drug ligand (sulfamethoxazole (SMX) or sulfanilamide (SAA)), the monomer (glycidyl methacrylate, GMA) and the cross-linker (ethylene dimethacrylate, EDMA) within 100 μm i.d. capillaries under optimized polymerization conditions. The physicochemical properties and column performance of the fabricated monolithic columns were characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and micro-HPLC. Satisfactory column permeability, efficiency and separation performance were obtained on the optimized poly(GMA-SMX- co -EDMA) monolithic column for small molecules, such as a standard test mixture and eight aromatic ketones. Notably, it was found that the poly(GMA-SMX- co -EDMA) monolith showed a selective affinity to trypsin, while the poly(GMA-SAA- co -EDMA) monolith containing sulfanilamide did not exhibit such affinity at all. This research not only provides a novel monolith for the selective isolation and purification of trypsin, but it also offers the possibility to easily prepare novel drug functionalized methacrylate monoliths through a one-pot copolymerization strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Re-epithelialization is important in the process of wound healing. Various methods have been identified to expedite the process, but their clinical application remains limited. While parathyroid hormone (PTH) has shown promising results in wound healing due to its role in promoting collagen deposition and cell migration, application is limited by its potentially inhibitive effects when being continuously and locally administrated. Herein, we developed a novel PTH analog, Human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) (3–34/29–34) (henceforth MY-1), by partially replacing and repeating the amino acid sequences of hPTH (1–34), and evaluated its effect on skin wound re-epithelialization. Methods: CCK-8, colony formation unit assay, and Ki67 immunofluorescent staining were performed to evaluate the effect of MY-1 on HaCaT cell proliferation. Then, wound scratch assay, Transwell assay and lamellipodia staining were carried out to evaluate the effect of MY-1 on cell migration. Moreover, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were measured using qPCR and western blot analysis. For in-vivo drug delivery, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel was employed to load the MY-1, with the physicochemical characteristics evaluated prior to its application in wound models. Then, MY-1's role in wound healing was determined via acute skin wound models. Finally, the mechanism that MY-1 activated was also detected on HaCaT cells and in-vivo wound models. Results: In-vitro, MY-1 accelerated the migration and EMT of HaCaT cells, while having little effect on cell proliferation. GelMA and MY-1-incorporated GelMA hydrogels showed similar physicochemical characteristics and were used in the in-vivo studies, where the results revealed that MY-1 led to a stronger re-epithelialization by inducing basal keratinocyte migration and EMT. Further studies on in-vivo wound models and in-vitro HaCaT cells revealed that MY-1 regulated cell migration and EMT through activating PI3K/AKT signaling. The parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTHR1), the main receptor of PTH, was found to be the upstream of PI3K/AKT signaling, through interfering PTHR1 expression with a small interference RNA following detection of the PI3K/AKT activation. Conclusion: Collectively, our study demonstrated that MY-1 accelerates skin wound re-epithelialization by inducing keratinocyte migration and EMT via PTHR1-PI3K/AKT axis activation. 8WeJxjiMKQ-SAupiANbiq5 Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel zwitterionic hydrophilic porous monolithic stationary phase was prepared based on the thermal-initiated copolymerization of N , N-dimethyl- N-(3-methacryl-amidopropyl)- N-(3-(sulfopropyl)ammonium betaine and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. A typical hydrophilic separation mechanism was observed at a highly organic mobile phase ( ACN >60%) on this optimized zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography ( HILIC) monolithic stationary phase. Good permeability, stability, and column efficiency were observed on the final monolithic column. Additionally, a weak electrostatic interaction for charged analytes was confirmed in analysis of six benzoic acids by studying the influence of mobile phase p H and salt concentration on their retention behaviors on the obtained zwitterionic HILIC monolithic column. The optimized zwitterionic HILIC monolith exhibited good selectivity for a range of polar test analytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel single-step strategy was developed for carbohydrate monolithic column. • Glucose and maltose functionalized monoliths were prepared and characterized. • The optimized monoliths showed great potential for separation and enrichment. A single-step copolymerization strategy was developed for the preparation of carbohydrate (glucose and maltose) functionalized monoliths using click reaction. Firstly, novel carbohydrate-functionalized methacrylate monomers were synthesized through Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (alkyne-azide reaction) of terminal alkyne with azide of carbohydrate derivatives. The corresponding carbohydrate functionalized monolithic columns were then prepared through a single-step in-situ copolymerization. The physicochemical properties and performance of the fabricated monolithic columns were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and nano-liquid chromatography. For the optimized monolithic column, satisfactory column permeability and good separation performance were demonstrated for polar compounds including nucleoside, phenolic compounds and benzoic acid derivatives. The monolithic column is also highly useful for selective and efficient enrichment of glycopeptides from human IgG tryptic digests. This study not only provided a novel hydrophilic column for separation and selective trapping of polar compounds, but also proposed a facile and efficient approach for preparing carbohydrate functionalized monoliths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral separation remains a very important topic in different fields of analytical chemistry such as pharmaceutical, agrochemical, environmental and food analysis. Over the last 20 years, various chiral monoliths, based on chiral selectors such as cyclodextrins and their derivatives, polysaccharide derivatives, proteins, antibiotics, chiral ligands, cinchona alkaloids and amino acid derivatives, as well as molecularly imprinted polymers, have been developed for the enantioseparation of a wide range of analytes. The present review summarizes the recent developments of monolithic chiral stationary phases (CSPs) with particular emphasis on their classification and preparation. The major challenges and future prospects of monolithic CSPs are also briefly discussed. • This paper presents a complete summary of recent developments on chiral monoliths. • The preparation of chiral monoliths is summarized. • The classification is presented based on the type of chiral selectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete structures are often subjected to harsh environmental conditions, and problems such as corrosion will greatly limit their service life and safety. Stray current is one of the factors that can be easily ignored but seriously affect concrete structure. Therefore, the study of the influence of stray current on concrete structure is conducive to understanding the performance and corrosion mechanism of concrete structure, providing technical support for protecting concrete structure, and improving its service life and safety. In this experiment, the effect of stray current and chloride ion interaction on the corrosion of reinforced concrete structure was studied, and the protective effect of the coating on reinforced concrete was studied by using Zn-Ni alloy plating solution. Electrochemical workstation, silver nitrate spraying, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and direct observation were used to simulate and compare the corrosion experiments under different current intensities. By analyzing the influence of 0.05 and 0.10 A stray currents on concrete corrosion, the chloride penetration resistance of concrete structures was evaluated, and blank control experiments were set for different current intensity and different energizing time. The corrosion resistance of the steel bar coated with Zn-Ni alloy is compared with the steel bar without changing the coating under the same corrosion conditions. The results show that the corrosion tendency of concrete structures will be further increased under the action of stray current and chloride ion coupling, and the corrosion reaction will be accelerated. In addition, at the same time, the higher the simulated current, the more serious the corrosion of concrete structure; Under the same simulated current, the longer the electrification time, the worse the resistance of concrete structure to chloride ion erosion. Moreover, the corrosion resistance of the steel bar coated with Zn-Ni alloy is better. In summary, this study concludes that the coupling of stray current and chloride ion causes damage to the corrosion of concrete structures, and the current intensity and energized time are proportional to the corrosion degree, and the modified Zn-Ni alloy coated steel bar has better corrosion resistance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hallux valgus (HV) is a foot deformity that can be treated with Chevron osteotomy, and a modified plantarward oblique osteotomy has been proposed in recent years. However, no research has focused on the correctional power of the osteotomy. The aim of this study was to examine the character of this plantarward oblique Chevron osteotomy (POCO) and to determine the rationale of this method.Radiographs and clinical data from 65 HV patients (77 feet) with painful callosities were evaluated. The intermetatarsal angle, hallux valgus angle, and relative height of the second metatarsal were measured, and a valid width of the first metatarsal was proposed. A visual analogue scale (VAS) and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society hallux-metatarsophalangeal interphalangeal scale (AOFAS) were used to evaluate the patients' clinical results.There were significant differences in the HVA and IMA. The decline in the height of the second metatarsal was positively related to the decline in the height of the first metatarsal, but the changes were smaller for the first metatarsal. Painful callosities disappeared in 77 feet, 4 (5.1%) patients had no pain but a remaining plantar callosity, and 2 (2.6%) patient had relieved pain with a plantar callosity after follow-up. The VAS scores improved from 8.58 ± 0.50 to 1.96 ± 0.75 points after the operation (p < 0.001). Significant differences were demonstrated in the AOFAS scores (65.81 ± 4.05 vs 87.88 ± 3.41, p < 0.001). The modified POCO prevents the dorsal migration of the metatarsal head, preserves other lesser metatarsals and provides an opportunity for patients who may possibly need additional future deformity correction. Therefore, POCO is a safe and effective method to treat hallux valgus and offers the superior potential benefits of correction and transfer metatarsalgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Femoral neck fractures are the most common injuries encountered by older individuals, and they are associated with high mortality and morbidity. Internal fixation to femoral neck fracture with cannulated screws placed with a configuration of an inverted triangle remain a feasible and effective treatment for femoral neck fractures. The objection of this research was to evaluate the femoral neck morphology, especially the shape of the femoral neck in Chinese people to find the optimal screw position and interval between the screws. 96 consecutive normal subjects without any previous proximal femur operation were reviewed. The patients' information were collected from our database. The minimum of neck canal height (NCHM), neck canal width (NCWM) and inclination angle (AIA and PIA) were measured in different level. There was a significant difference between the AIA and PIA, neck canal height at inferior and superior 1/3 on posterior wall (NCHIP and NCHSP). Although there was a significant difference between the neck canal height at inferior and superior 1/3 on anterior wall (NCHIA and NCHSA, p < 0.001), but the changes were small. The shape of the anterior wall was perpendicular to the horizon and almost parallel with the FNA. In contrast, the shape of the posterior wall resembled a reverse question mark. The inverse triangular fixation was in accordance with the morphology of the femoral neck, and triangular fixation had a high risk of perforation, which may lead to nonunion and avascular necrosis. The anterior screw can be inserted easily with the help of a C-ARM, and the posterior screw positioned mildly posterior to the femoral shaft axis is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subacromial spurs are considered the one of the pathology underlying shoulder impingement syndrome. Furthermore, few studies have focused on the morphology of the subacromial spurs in normal Chinese people. This study aimed to study the spur distribution and to illustrate the morphology of spurs, which may help guide the extent of acromioplasty. Methods: A total of 93 normal individuals were enrolled, and both shoulders of all enrolled individuals were analyzed. The subjects were divided and classified into three different groups by ages: group I = 18–40 years, group II = 41–60 years, and group III ≥ 61 years. The osteophyte distribution, osteophyte area, subacromial surface area and osteophyte area/subacromial surface area ratio were measured and illustrated using Mimics and 3-matic software. The shape of the acromion was classified according to the Bigliani and Morrison classification system. The acromial angle was also classified. Then, the relationship between osteophytes, acromial classification and acromial angle was analyzed. Results: Type II (curved shape) was the most common type of acromion, and the hooked shape was a rare form. A significant increase in the left subacromial surface area in males was observed in group III compared with group I (P < 0.001) and group II (P = 0.004). The total spur/subacromial area ratio was significantly higher in group II than I. An obvious increase in the right subacromial area was observed in group III compared with group I (P = 0.004). Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the right spur area (P = 0.021) and total spur/subacromial area ratio (P = 0.006) in females in group II compared with group I. Fewer spurs were observed on the left than on the right side (p = 0.0482). One spur was most common among type II acromions (29/36) (80.56%) on the left side and the right side (34/52, 65.38%). Conclusions: Spurs osteophytes are mainly distributed with an irregular shape and mostly run through the medial and lateral sides of the subacromial surface in normal subjects. The characteristics of subacromial spurs are so diverse that a surgeon must conduct subacromial decompression completely based on the morphology of individual spurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental role of covert spatial attention is to enhance the processing of attended items while simultaneously ignoring irrelevant items. However, relatively little is known about how brain electrophysiological activities associated with target selection and distractor suppression are involved as they develop and become fully functional. The current study aimed to identify the neurophysiological bases of the development of covert spatial attention, focusing on electroencephalographic (EEG) markers of attentional selection (N2pc) and suppression (PD). EEG data were collected from healthy young adults and typically developing children (9–15 years old) as they searched for a shape singleton target in either the absence or the presence of a salient‐but‐irrelevant color singleton distractor. The ERP results showed that a lateral shape target elicited a smaller N2pc in children compared with adults regardless of whether a distractor was present or not. Moreover, the target‐elicited N2pc was always followed by a similar positivity in both age groups. Counterintuitively, a lateral salient‐but‐irrelevant distractor elicited a large PD in children with low behavioral accuracy, whereas high‐accuracy children exhibited a small and "adult‐like" PD. More importantly, we found no evidence for a correlation between the target‐elicited N2pc and the distractor‐elicited PD in either age group. Our results provide neurophysiological evidence for the developmental differences between target selection and distractor suppression. Compared with adults, 9–15‐year‐old children deploy insufficient attentional selection resources to targets but use "adult‐like" or even more attentional suppression resources to resist irrelevant distractors. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhWapx0d75I Using a visual search paradigm, we found that, compared with adults, 9–15‐year‐old children deployed insufficient attentional selection resources to targets but used "adult‐like" or even more attentional suppression resources to resist irrelevant distractors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographis paniculata is a medicinal plant traditionally used to produce diterpene lactones and flavonoids, which possess various biological activities. Widely distributed in China, India, and other Southeast Asia countries, A. paniculata has become an important economic crop, significantly treating SARS-CoV-2, and is being cultivated on a large scale in southern China. The biosynthesis of active ingredients in A. paniculata are regulated and controlled by genes, but their specific roles are still not fully understood. To further explore the growth regulation factors and utilization of its medicinal parts of this industrial crop, chemical and transcriptome analyses were conducted on the roots, stems, and leaves of A. paniculata to identify the biosynthesis pathways and related candidate genes of the active ingredients. The chemical analysis revealed that the main components of A. paniculata were diterpene lactones and flavonoids, which displayed potential ability to treat SARS-CoV-2 through molecular docking. Moreover, the transcriptome sequencing annotated a total of 40,850 unigenes, including 7962 differentially expressed genes. Among these, 120 genes were involved in diterpene lactone biosynthesis and 60 genes were involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. The expression of diterpene lactone-related genes was the highest in leaves and the lowest in roots, consistent with our content determination results. It is speculated that these highly expressed genes in leaves may be involved in the biosynthesis pathway of diterpenes. Furthermore, two class Ⅰ terpene synthases in A. paniculata transcriptome were also annotated, providing reference for the downstream pathway of the diterpene lactone biosynthesis. With their excellent market value, our experiments will promote the study of the biosynthetic genes for active ingredients in A. paniculata and provide insights for subsequent in vitro biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is a major global health concern. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in antimicrobial peptides as a therapeutic option. This study aimed to evaluate the triple-action (broad-spectrum antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities) of melittin, a membrane-active peptide present in bee venom. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the melittin were determined using the microdilution method and agar plate counting. Growth curve analysis revealed that melittin showed a concentration-dependent antibacterial activity. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that melittin treatment altered the morphology. Confocal laser scanning microscope revealed that melittin increased the membrane permeability and intracellular ROS generation in bacteria, all of which contribute to bacterial cell death. In addition, the crystal violet (CV) assay was used to test the anti-biofilm activity. The CV assay demonstrated that melittin inhibited biofilm formation and eradicated mature biofilms. Biofilm formation mediated by quorum sensing (QS) plays a major role in this regard, so molecular docking and molecular dynamics analysis confirmed that melittin interacts with LasR receptors through hydrogen bonds, and further evaluates the anti-QS activity of melittin through the production of virulence factors (pyocyanin, elastase, and rhamnolipid), exopolysaccharides secretion, and bacterial motility, that may be the key to inhibiting the biofilm formation mechanism. The present findings highlight the promising role of melittin as a broad-spectrum antibacterial, anti-biofilm agent, and potential QS inhibitor, providing a new perspective and theoretical basis for the development of alternative antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chunhao Zhou and Donghua Guan contributed equally to this work and are co-frst authors. Correction: Human Parathyroid Hormone Analog (3-34/29-34) promotes wound re-epithelialization through inducing keratinocyte migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via PTHR1-PI3K/AKT activation Reference 1 Zhou C, Guan D, Guo J. Human Parathyroid Hormone Analog (3-34/29-34) promotes wound re-epithelialization through inducing keratinocyte migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via PTHR1-PI3K/AKT activation. [Extracted from the article]

The Ordovician strike-slip faults system in the Tahe area of the Tarim Basin provides an important opportunity for using 3D seismic data to document the structural characteristics, formation, and evolution of strike-slip faults and their relationship with oil and gas. With high-resolution 3D seismic data, the strike-slip faults are interpreted, classified, and described using the seismic coherence technique. The geometric characteristics, active periods, formation, and evolution process of strike-slip faults are analyzed, and the relationship between strike-slip faults and hydrocarbon accumulation and charging is discussed in this research project. On the map, the primary strike-slip faults on the east and west sides of the Tahe area are relatively sheared to each other, showing an "X" type conjugate fault, and the secondary strike-slip faults are scattered. In the cross-section, the primary strike-slip faults are inserted downward into the Cambrian basement and up to Devonian, and "Single line", "Y", "Flower", and "Parallel lines" structures are observed. Bounded by the top of Ordovician, the deep and shallow parts are vertically segmented, with different structure styles. The switch of the structural style of strike-slip faults is attributed to principal stress. A deep "positive flower" shape of faults was developed in the mid-Ordovician period under the effect of compressive stress. Meanwhile, a shallow "negative flower" shape of faults was developed from the late Ordovician to the mid-Devonian period under tensile stress. The "Compound Flower" shape of deep "positive flower" shape and shallow "negative flower" shape formed by compressive and tensile activities has a wider fracture range, which leads to deep fluid migration and shallow karstification. There are two combinations of deep Ordovician strike-slip faults in the section: "Lower single branch-upper flower type" and "lower single branch-upper single branch type". The primary faults of the former insertion into the Cambrian basement are associated with homologous secondary faults, while the latter has no derived secondary faults. It has an important impact on reservoir reconstruction and distribution, and the reservoir is controlled by faults. Strike-slip faults not only control the channel of oil and gas migration, but also the horizontal and vertical distribution of oil and gas. The closer the carbonate reservoir is to the primary fault, the more likely it is to form a high yield area. There are four types of oil and gas charging models controlled by strike-slip faults. In the area where the structure is high and the strike-slip faults are sheared relatively to each other, the larger the scale of faults, the more conducive it would be to oil and gas migration and accumulation. Among them, the charging model related to the primary fault has higher oil and gas migration efficiency. This research contributes to analyzing the relationship between strike-slip faults and oil and gas as well as playing a significant role in applications of oil and gas exploration in practical works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and other short-chain organic acids such as lactic and pyruvic acids are intermediates in anaerobic organic degradation. In this study, anaerobic degradation of seven organic acids in salt form was investigated, including formate (C1), acetate (C2), propionate (C3), pyruvate (C3), lactate (C3), butyrate (C4), and valerate (C5). Microbial growth kinetics on these organic acids were determined individually at 37 °C through batch anaerobic digestion tests by varying substrate concentrations from 250 to 4000 mg COD/L. The cumulative methane generation volume was determined real-time by respirometry coupled with gas chromatographic analysis while methane yield and related kinetics were calculated. The methane gas yields (f e , mg CH 4 COD/mg substrate COD) from anaerobic degradation of formate, acetate, propionate, pyruvate, lactate, butyrate, and valerate were 0.44 ± 0.27, 0.58 ± 0.05, 0.53 ± 0.18, 0.24 ± 0.05, 0.17 ± 0.05, 0.43 ± 0.15, 0.49 ± 0.11, respectively. Anaerobic degradation of formate showed self-substrate inhibition at the concentrations above 3250 mg COD/L. Acetate, propionate, pyruvate, butyrate, lactate, and valerate did not inhibit methane production at the highest concentrations tested (i.e., 4000 mg COD/L). Microbes growing on acetate had the highest overall specific growth rate (0.30 d −1 ) in methane production. For comparison, the specific microbial growth rates on formate, propionate, pyruvate, butyrate, lactate, and valerate for methane production were 0.10, 0.06, 0.08, 0.07, 0.05, 0.15 d −1 , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sort of new triphenylphosphine-bonded fluorescence probes have been prepared, which enable dual-color fluorescence imaging of mitochondria and nucleoli in living cells. [Display omitted] • 3-Coumaranone offers excellent opportunities for fluorescence probe design. • The first example to use triphenylphosphonium (TPP)-bonded dyes for RNA imaging. • The proposed probes can discriminate mitochondria and nucleoli via dual-color emissions. • The morphological changes of nucleoli upon drug stress have been evaluated by the synthetic probes. Probing intracellular organelles with fluorescent dyes offers opportunities to understand the structures and functions of these cellular compartments, which is attracting increasing interests. Normally, the design principle varies for different organelle targets as they possess distinct structural and functional profiles against each other. Therefore, developing a probe with dual intracellular targets is of great challenge. In this work, a new sort of donor–π–bridge–acceptor (D-π-A) type coumaranone dyes (CMO-1/2/3/4) have been prepared. Four fluorescent probes (TPP@CMO-1/2/3/4) were then synthesized by linking these coumaranone dyes with an amphiphilic cation triphenylphosphonium (TPP). Interestingly, both TPP@CMO-1 and TPP@CMO-2 exhibited dual color emission upon targeting to two different organelles, respectively. The green emission is well localized in mitochondria, while, the red emission realizes nucleoli imaging. RNA is the target of TPP@CMOs, which was confirmed by spectroscopic analysis and computational calculation. More importantly, the number and morphology changes of nucleoli under drug stress have been successfully evaluated using TPP@CMO-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tibial shaft fractures (TSFs) combined with occult posterior malleolar fractures (PMFs) are becoming widely recognized in the field of orthopedics. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical incidence, missed diagnosis rate, and treatment strategies of this combined injury. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane, and MEDLINE Ovid databases were searched for articles of English language from 1988 to 2020, identifying 1549 papers. Results: Twenty-one of the 1278 identified studies were eligible for inclusion. Each study reported on the incidence of this combined injury, and 12 studies documented the missed diagnosis rate. Seventeen studies reported surgical intervention strategies for PMFs. In the present review, PMFs frequently occurred in spiral TSFs (70%), especially distal third spiral TSFs (70.4%), based on CT scans or additional MRI. Based on the original X-ray detection, approximately 50% of PMFs were missed in patients with a combined injury. In addition, the treatment strategies for PMFs were inconsistent. Most studies (11/17) believe that specific surgical management needs to be developed based on the fragment size, displacement, and stability of the PMF. Conclusions: For patients with TSFs, spiral TSFs, especially distal third spiral TSFs, are closely related to PMFs and are often not sufficiently diagnosed by X-ray alone. Advanced CT and MRI examinations can significantly reduce the missed diagnosis rate of occult PMFs. According to available literature, the treatment strategy for PMFs associated with TSFs is questionable without convincing evidence of benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A nontoxic metal-free carbon dot/g-C 3 N 4 composite photosensitizer was fabricated. • Novel visible-light-driven antimicrobial films were successfully constructed. • Incorporated carbon dot/g-C 3 N 4 improved the physicochemical properties of the films. • The "fresh-like" characteristics of bananas were effectively maintained. A novel carbon dot/g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite (CCN) exhibiting enhanced photocatalytic activity was developed and used as a photoactive nanofiller to construct corn starch/carboxymethyl cellulose (CS/CMC)-based functional films. The morphologies and structures of the CCN-CS/CMC composite films were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effects of the CCN on the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activities of the films were analyzed. The properties of the films were optimized with the addition of CCN (0.20 mg/mL), and the tensile strength of the film was increased to 11.9 MPa and the water contact angle was increased to 103.39°. The optimal active film showed > 99.9 % antibacterial efficiencies against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus under visible light and prolonged the shelf lives of bananas for more than four days compared to the 4-day shelf life of the control. This work provides a novel route for developing antimicrobial active packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective attention can facilitate performance by filtering irrelevant information and temporary maintaining limited information to accomplish the current task. However, the neural substrate how attentional selection can be guided by visual working memory (vWM) is not clear. Here, we recorded electrophysiological signals during vWM retention and investigated the relationship between objects held in memorial templates and the subsequent attentional selection during visual search. We observed that sustained posterior contralateral delay activity (CDA) was present and scaled with lateral vWM loads during the whole period of vWM retention, but that it was absent when objects were bilaterally held in vWM. Surprisingly, a strikingly similar pattern emerged for modulations in the averaged posterior alpha (8–12 Hz) power during the late period but not during the early period of retention. More importantly, it was the alpha modulation, but not the CDA, that strongly predicted the subsequent biomarker of attentional selection (the memorial template-induced N2pc) during visual search. We further observed the N2pc amplitudes decreased with increasing memory loads and predicted the same gradation of the final behavioral accuracy in visual search. All these results suggested that the subsequent memorial template-induced N2pc is response to the level of top–down attentional guiding effect caused by vWM. Our results provide neurophysiological evidence that keeping multiple templates in working memory simultaneously weakens the guiding effect to the following attentional selection. • The CDA and alpha MI show dissociable time courses during retention. • Template-induced N2pc amplitudes decrease with the increasing memory loads. • Alpha MI predicts memory-guided selective attention as measured by N2pc. • Keeping multiple templates in memory weakens the guiding effect to attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep-disordered breating (SDB), including obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAS) is a clinical syndrome mainly characterized by recurrent upper airway collapse during sleep, which leads to snoring, respiratory disturbance, sleep interruption, hypoxemia, and subsequent chronic diseases. The options for intervention of OSAS include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), sleep surgery, body weight reduction, and so on. In the past decades, technology has had a huge impact on the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. We reviewed the literature of recent years and summarized the progress of technology in sleep surgery. Computer-assisted algorithm and airway fluid dynamics have been facilitating the airway evaluation of patients with SDB. Accurate measurement of the obstruction plane and extent of the upper airway are helpful for targeted surgery. Wearable devices and smart bedding make patient monitoring more convenient and comfortable. Technology is making surgical procedures less invasive and allowing patients who don't tolerate CPAP to improve symptoms and/or experience remission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fracture blister (FB) is a complication of fracture, which damages to the skin integrity and increases the risk of infection. Inflammation plays an important role in the formation and development of FBs, but its specific mechanism is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the patterns and dynamic changes of inflammatory cytokines in fracture blister fluid (FBF) and plasma. FBF and plasma were collected simultaneously from patients with lower extremity fractures with FBs on the first and fifth day after blisters formation. 92 inflammation-related protein biomarkers were measured in plasma and FBF using Proximity Extension Assay (PEA). We analyzed the cytokine patterns and their dynamic changes in FBF and plasma. Cytokine patterns in plasma from FB patients, fracture without blister patients, and healthy subjects were also analyzed. The cytokine pattern in FBF and plasma of patients with FBs was different but 11 cytokines were significantly correlated in the two sample types. 23 cytokines were different in plasma across FB patients, fracture without blister patients and healthy subjects. In the analysis of plasma from FB patients and fracture without blister patients, 15 cytokines were significantly different and they may be potential risk factors for the occurrence of FBs. The FBF and plasma showed different cytokine patterns in the early and late stages, with 50 cytokines significantly changed in FBF and 20 cytokines in plasma. The different cytokine patterns in plasma between FB patients and fracture without blisters patients may be the potential factors for the occurrence of blisters. The cytokine patterns in FBF and plasma showed a dynamic change from the inflammatory stage to the proliferative and repair stage, which indicates that FBs may have new clinical importance in addition to being a soft tissue injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to verify the age-, gender- and Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) type-specific clinical characters of adult tibial plateau fractures in 83 hospitals in China and to investigate whether altitude has potential relationships with adult tibial plateau fractures.Methods: A retrospective investigation was performed on consecutive patients with tibial plateau fractures treated in 83 hospitals in China between January 2010 and December 2011, data including age, gender and imaging were collected retrospectively through the PACS system and case reports checking system, imaging were classified into six types under fully qualified estimation based on AO classification. To further investigate imparities among different altitudes in China, all data were classified into four groups according to the centre altitudes of each city, G1 = plains group (<500 m), G2 = hills group (500-1000 m), G3 = mountain areas group (1000-2000 m), and G4 = plateau group (>2000 m). Comparison of gender distribution, age distribution and AO type were done.Results: A total of 6,227 adult tibial plateau fractures were included. Men in the age range of 40-44 years were the most affected patients, and the overall high-risk injury type was 44-B. In four groups, the same peak age showed, namely, 40-44 years in males and 55-59 years in females. Age distribution showed no statistically significant difference in four groups (P > 0.05), while sex distribution and AO type indicated statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Note an inversion of sex ratio among people over 60 years.Conclusion: Our study showed that men in the 40-44 year age range are the most affected patients, and different sex distribution as well as injury type of adult tibial plateau fractures differed with various altitudes in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IQS has been proven to be a new quorum sensing (QS) system against bacterial biofilm formation, which is activated in the common phosphate-limiting environment of infected tissues taking over the central las system. Up to now, numerous biofilm inhibitors which function by affecting traditional QS system have been reported. However, no compound has been reported to exert anti-biofilm activity through IQS system. Herein, various novel IQS derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of thiazole-4-carboxylic acid with different linear alcohols (R-OH) or amines (R-NH 2 ). IQS derivatives with four carbon chain length of R group were found to present the best biofilm inhibition activity. Compound B-11 as the model molecule was observed to inhibit biofilm formation only under phosphate-limiting condition, and increase in B-11 concentration significantly reduced the expression of rhlA-gfp and pqsA-gfp , but lasB-gfp . Moreover, B-11 reduced production of virulence factors of rhamnolipid and pyocyanin under phosphate limitation. These observations indicated that the synthesized compounds possessed the anti-biofilm activity through IQS pathways rather than traditional QS pathways, which pave a path for future molecular design against bacterial biofilm formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral drugs generally exhibit differences in activity because they bind differently to their target receptor. The Chinese medicine borneol ('Bing Pian' in Chinese) is a bicyclic monoterpenoid with a wide range of biological activities. Three kinds of Chinese medicines comprising borneol are used clinically, namely, L -Borneolum ('Ai Pian' in Chinese), Borneolum ('Tian Ran Bing Pian' in Chinese), and synthetic borneol ('He Cheng Bing Pian' in Chinese). The three kinds of borneol have different stereochemical configurations, but their clinical uses are nearly identical, and their prices vary widely. However, there is no clear rational basis for the selection of these kinds of borneol in clinical applications. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to clarify differences in the biological activity, safety, and structure–activity relationship of the three kinds of borneol. Methods: 'borneol', 'Bing Pian', 'Ai Pian', 'Tian Ran Bing Pian', and 'He Cheng Bing Pian' were selected as keywords to search for and extract relevant literature in the CNKI, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases up to November 2022. Results: L -borneol has better potential in cerebrovascular diseases. The three kinds of borneol have stronger penetration-promoting effects on hydrophilic drugs. L -borneol and isoborneol promote intestinal mucosal absorption of drugs via bidirectional regulation of P-glycoprotein. D -borneol exhibits better antitumour sensitizing effects than L -borneol. L -borneol exhibits better inhibition of bacterial adhesion because of its C2 chiral centre. Synthetic borneol is less safe. Conclusion: L -borneol has excellent potential in many aspects, has various sources, and can effectively replace expensive D -borneol in some applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moisture significantly affects indoor thermal comfort and energy demand. However, the coupled heat and moisture transfer (HAMT) effect inside the wall assemblies is often ignored in building performance calculations. To quantify its impact on building performance under hot and humid climates, the thermal environment and energy demand of an apartment in Guangzhou (China) were evaluated with and without HAMT finite element algorithm, respectively. The HAMT effects are quantified and analyzed in different periods. Different boundary conditions regarding climate uncertainty, wind-driven rain effect, and wall solar absorptance are considered. The results show that under naturally ventilated conditions, ignoring the effect of HAMT in walls can lead to an overestimation of indoor operative temperature by 1.2 °C in summer and an underestimation of 1.7 °C in winter. The deviation in indoor operative temperature calculated by the two models is noticeable from noon to midnight. On the other hand, cooling and dehumidification demand energy demand can be underestimated by 8.4% and 12.4%, respectively, without consideration of HAMT. The HAMT also increases the probability of high hourly energy demand for cooling and dehumidification under the HAMT effect. These findings emphasize the importance of considering the HAMT effect when evaluating building performance in hot and humid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First developed a colorimetric sensor-array based on five different AuNPs and AChE to distinguish eight kinds of pesticides with different color response patterns. • The accuracy of the distinguishment was proved by LDA and was further improved by a smartphone application using RGB values. • This developed optical method was successfully applied to real samples, including fruits, vegetables, and traditional Chinese herbs. A simple, sensitive method for pesticide distinguishment based on a colorimetric sensor array using diverse gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) at room temperature is presented in this study. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) hydrolysis ability was influenced by different pesticides and produced different concentrations of thiocholine by hydrolyzing acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCh). Thiocholine could be easily linked to the AuNPs through an Au − S covalent bond, and AuNPs underwent aggregation, resulting in a visible color change due to alteration of surface plasmon resonance properties. Based on these results, we successfully distinguished eight pesticides (glyphosate, thiram, imidacloprid, tribenuron methyl, nicosulfuron, thifensulfuron methyl, dichlorprop, and fenoprop) utilizing five different AuNPs by colorimetric assay. The limit of detection (LOD) of this visual method for all pesticides was less than 1.5 × 10-7 M, which was more sensitive than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations specify (1.18 ∼ 3.91 × 10-6 M). This method was further improved by combining a portable smartphone device with a color picking application using (color name AR) and RGB (red, green, blue) values. The method was successfully applied to pesticide residue distinguishment in real samples by linear discriminant analysis (LDA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an at-line nanofractionation (ANF) platform was successfully fabricated in parallel with mass spectrometry and trypsin inhibitory bioactivity assessment for rapid screening of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) from natural products for the first time. After systematic optimization, the ANF platform was applied to screen and identify TIs in the extract of a traditional Chinese herb, i.e., Cotinus coggygria Scop. The semi-preparative reverse-phase liquid chromatography was used subsequently to further simplify and enrich the insufficiently separated components. After comprehensive evaluation and validation, the ANF platform successfully identified 12 compounds as potential TIs, including 8 flavonoids and 2 organic acids. Additionally, a comparison study was conducted using two other ligand fishing approaches, i.e., capillary monolithic and magnetic beads-based trypsin-immobilized enzyme microreactors, which successfully identified 8 identical flavonoids as TIs. Importantly, the molecular docking study showed the molecular interactions between enzymes and inhibitors, thus strongly supporting the experimental results. Overall, this work has fully demonstrated the feasibility of the established ANF platform for screening TIs from Cotinus coggygria Scop., and proved its great prospects for screening bioactive components from natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An at-line nanofractionation screening platform was established for NA inhibitors for the first time. • It involves parallel oseltamivir-sensitive/resistant neuraminidase (NAS/NAR) bioassays. • 20 potential inhibitors were identified from Lonicera japonica thunb. • The proposed platform shows potential for rapid quality control of Lonicera japonica Thunb. In this study, an advanced at-line nanofractionation based screening platform was developed to screen potential neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) from Lonicera japonica Thunb by involving two parallel bioassays, for determining both oseltamivir-sensitive neuraminidase (NAS) and oseltamivir-resistant neuraminidase (NAR) inhibitory activities. 20 potential NAIs with both NAS and NAR inhibitory effects were screened from Lonicera japonica Thunb and identified by mass spectrometer, including 11 phenolic acids, 8 flavonoids and one iridoid glycoside. The proposed at-line nanofractionation based screening platform for NAIs was also used to rapidly screen nine batches of water extracts of Lonicera japonica Thunb or its similar species. Clear differences in the number and content of active components were easily observed, demonstrating that the proposed method possesses great potential for the quality control of herb medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]