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Purpose To examine mental health outcomes of unaccompanied refugee minors during global policy shift. Additionally, to consider mental health service delivery and placement type for this group. Methods A rapid systematic search of research published since 2018 which related to mental health outcomes of unaccompanied refugee minors. Data extracted, risk of bias assessed and outcomes reviewed qualitatively. Research Findings We found 181 papers, of which 14 met inclusion criteria. This review found consistently high levels of PTSD and PTSS among URMs in various contexts. Exposure to trauma, being unaccompanied (compared to accompanied), being female and being older are associated with poor outcomes. Depression and anxiety were consistently high among URMs and associated with discrimination, limited language attainment and daily hassles. Summary High rates of mental illness and symptoms among unaccompanied refugee minors were consistent across national and settlement contexts but the quality of the evidence is variable with significant heterogeneity of assessment. We relate persistence of poor mental health outcomes with problems accessing mental health services and discuss the role of key post-migration factors influencing outcomes—in particular placement type and the use of detention centres.

This article explores how, in the quest for new global order, global governance might acquire greater sociological legitimacy. What are the sources of legitimacy in global governance? In other words, what conditions generate confidence and trust in global-scale authorities? To explore this question, the article first elaborates on the general concept of legitimacy as it relates to global regulation. Thereafter the discussion considers, under three main headings, a broad range of possible drivers of legitimacy beliefs vis-à-vis global governance. First, some of these sources are institutional, relating to features of the global regulatory organisations, such as their procedural inputs and their performance outputs. Second, other sources of legitimacy are individual, relating to the characteristics of the subjects of global governance, such as their identity orientations and their levels of social trust. Third, further sources of legitimacy in global governance are societal, relating to the general ordering patterns of world politics, such as prevailing norms, capitalism, and a hegemonic state. The article concludes by urging that researchers break from past habits of treating institutional, individual and societal sources of legitimacy separately and in isolation from each other. Instead, legitimacy in global governance can be more fully understood – and more effectively promoted in practice – if one examines these various forces together, and in terms of their mutual constitution.

This article develops an analytical framework geared at making sense of global governance as patchwork. Our three-step methodology operationalizes the concept of ‘bricolage’ by focusing on the poli...

With the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), inclusive education has become the main alternative to special schools for the schooling of children with disabilities. In order to promote the global implementation of inclusive education, a variety of stakeholders form networks to transmit and exchange information and knowledge concerning political strategies. However, little is known about the actors and actor groups involved in these networks. In the present paper, we draw on general network theory and policy network theory to examine the Twitter communication network that has formed around the topic of inclusive education. Using exploratory and inferential social network analysis, we show that disabled persons’ organizations and international organizations, such as the United Nations, hold a particularly central position in the network. This position enables them to potentially exert influence on the content and flow of information within the network. Aside from that, business actors are active participants in the network. Moreover, the Twitter network shows some structural patterns that can also be found in policy networks. Our findings help to map the global sphere of inclusive education promotion and can contribute to a broader understanding of global processes in inclusive education policy. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Recent decades have witnessed a growing number of global campaigns on girls’ and women’s education, including major global policy initiatives such as the MDGs and the SDGs. While scholars have crit...

Soğuk Savaş sonrasında dönüşen küresel politika, farklı güvenlik açıkları, yeni savaş ve barış koşullarıyla kendini göstermektedir. Bu yeni olguları toplumsal cinsiyet bakışıyla da incelemek mümkündür; küresel politika alanında feminist kuramların literatüre sağladığı eleştirel katkı, barış kuramlarındaki kavramsal analizlerin alanını geliştirmiştir. Aynı zamanda, devlet merkezli analiz, rasyonel seçim gibi güçlü epistemolojik kalıpların, değişmesini sağlamıştır. Bu çalışma feminist barışın koşullarını, örneklerini ve teorik tartışmalarını güncel konular ışığında, literatür taramasıyla ele alacaktır. Özellikle Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi’nin 1325 sayılı kararının BMGK 1325/2000 uygulama alanlarını ve sınırlarını değerlendirerek, küresel politikada feminist teorilerin barış çalışmalarına katkısını inceleyecektir.

Networks are increasingly important for advancing urban science, policy and practice. The complexity that cities present to stakeholders of all kinds demands systems-based and networked approaches to solving sustainability challenges. This article analyses the contemporary rise of global networks of urban science, policy, and practice. We provide an overview of urban science, policy, and practice networks followed by a detailed case study of the emerging Future Earth Urban Knowledge Action Network (Urban KAN), highlighting its vision, initial activities and impacts, and challenges and remaining tasks. Findings from the case study reveal that a network across science, policy and practice can make significant contribution in cutting-edge knowledge generation, global research agenda setting, timely contribution to global policy processes, catalyzing the formation of new national and thematic research-action networks, among others. In contrast, such a network also faces challenges, in terms of attraction and representation of the composition, maintaining initial momentum, turning the science-policy integration and collaboration into reality, and obtaining strong and continued financial and institutional support. We conclude that networks across the boundaries of science-policy-practice are still in their infancy, and deeper collaborations across sector, scale, and networks that enable the implementation of effective new actions will be key indicator in measuring the success of these networks.

Urban food security, or its lack, is attracting growing interest in global policy debates. Glaringly missing in these conversations, however, are the voices of the urban poor. To fill this gap, grassroots community organizations, with decades-long experience collecting data on their own communities and taking action to improve conditions, decided to ask the urban poor in Cambodia and Nepal how they define and measure food security, what key challenges they face in the daily struggle to put food on the table and what actions might help. Their findings show that access to adequate diets is a major challenge for low-income communities in Asia, and that hunger is widespread, although with great variations and fluctuations between and within households. They also highlight the extraordinary resilience of urban poor women and their multiple strategies to stretch meagre budgets and make sure there is something to eat, even though sometimes this is not enough.

How do refugees develop a sense of belonging and de facto citizenship throughout long-term exile? This question, now relevant for global policy as ever, is at the heart of this journal article. Thi...

The first half of 2019 forces to remember the known law on transition of quantitative changes to qualitative. Any essentially new trends were not shown, the new facts did not drop out of a traditional information picture, but did it more relief. However there are all bases to say that not really new trends lead us to formation of a bit different system of the relations in economy and policy.

Teacher educators are an increasingly diverse, occupational group due to the marketization of teacher education. Global policy reforms mean that educating teachers now occur in a myriad of ...

This study investigates the timing for a global education reform to be adopted locally. Drawing on the Multiple Streams Approach while expanding it with a transnational dimension, the Free-Semester...

This paper outlines the methodology for mainstreaming biodiversity developed by the Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition Project (BFN), a multi-country initiative led by Brazil , Kenya , Sri Lanka and Turkey . BFN explored the nutritional properties of traditional and/or neglected native edible species, both wild and cultivated (including varieties and landraces), and used this knowledge to incorporate local agricultural biodiversity into national and global policy instruments that address food and nutrition security through the promotion of healthy, diversified and sustainable diets. Across the four countries, the project adopted a three-pillar approach for mainstreaming biodiversity for food and nutrition into policies and practices by: 1) Providing Evidence, 2) Influencing Policy, and 3) Raising Awareness. Case study examples from Brazil , Kenya , Turkey , and Sri Lanka demonstrate how the approach can be adapted to suit specific country contexts and how a multi-level, cross-sectoral partnership-based approach can create an enabling environment for mainstreaming biodiversity to improve nutrition.

Although global policy states that coaches are a key stakeholder group for anti-doping education, very little is known about how performance and participation coaches develop their understanding of anti-doping policy and practice. Therefore, 292 UK-based coaches completed an online survey exploring their experiences of anti-doping education (i.e., topics covered, how and by whom the programmes were delivered and how knowledgeable and well-equipped coaches felt to deal with doping-related matters). The results showed that almost a quarter of the surveyed coaches reported never learning about anti-doping. Only a third had engaged with a formal anti-doping education programme and coaches typically received information on detection-deterrence related topics (e.g., banned substances, testing procedures). Many coaches perceived themselves as only having ‘a little’ knowledge about anti-doping and declared themselves as ‘a little’ equipped to work with their sportspeople on doping-related matters. Nonetheless, 96% of coaches were inclined to learn more about anti-doping in the future. Given the World Anti-Doping Code states that anti-doping education for coaches should be compulsory, it is crucial that insights from coaches are made public to inform the development of evidence- informed anti-doping programmes that are tailored and targeted.

The mobile global discourse on culture’s prominent role in driving development policies is increasingly influencing small cities and rural communities. Global networks of information and ideas flow through space and become reconstructed as place-based and territorial narratives or policy assemblages; meanwhile, communities are increasingly producing local policies within these networks. The policy mobility literature has been occupied with perspectives on how to follow policies; it has only to a limited degree addressed empirical questions about how such policies are constructed from a situated perspective. Therefore, an analytical approach is needed to analyze the empirical construction of culture-led policies or local culture policy as it happens “in place” This paper aims to study how local culture-led policies are constructed in small Norwegian towns and rural communities as ‘assemblages’ of mobile global policy discourses mixed with and translated through local traditions, local practices, materialization and institutionalization. The assemblage of local cultural policy emerges in the tension between territorial and relational forces. Some forces serve to territorialize—while other forces deterritorialize—the assemblage of local policy and development strategies. The dynamic tension between these forces must be analyzed to understand the situated construction of local cultural policy.

We construct a GFAVAR model with newly released global data from the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas to investigate the drivers of global official/policy interest rate. We find that 66% of movement in global official/policy interest rates is attributed to changes in global monetary aggregates (23%), oil prices (19%), global output (16%) and global prices (8%). Global official/policy interest rates respond significantly to increases in global output, inflation and oil prices. Increases in global policy interest rates are associated with reductions in global prices and global output. The response in official/policy interest rate for the emerging countries is more to global inflation, for the advanced countries (excluding the U.S.) is more to global output, and for the U.S. is to both global output and inflation.

This paper considers ethical issues related to early diagnosis and all forms of prevention of Alzheimer disease and related conditions. It offers a critical view of the current state of scientific, clinical, and social responses to the growing number of older people with cognitive challenges, and suggests how priorities going forward should be different from those receiving most attention today. We begin with a review of global policy efforts, consider the fundamental goals of prevention, examine issues surrounding early diagnosis, explore more deeply values associated with efforts to prevent age associated cognitive decline, and conclude by considering often unexplored ethical issues that contextualize the field and should influence our approaches to the future.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevalence rates in refugee camps are inconclusive in current literature, with some studies highlighting the increased risk of transmission due to poor living conditions and lower levels of education. With the increasing number of refugees from HIV endemic countries, it is important to assess the programs established to support patients upon arrival. Refugees have been reported to have a lower health literacy and face disease-related stigmatization, which must be overcome for the lifelong treatment of HIV. Case Presentation: 31-year-old female arrived in Canada as a refugee from Sudan with her 5 children in July of 2017. She was diagnosed with HIV and severe dental carries during her initial medical evaluation and referred to our centre. A lack of social support has resulted in severe psychological stress. The first being stigmatization which has led to her not disclosing the diagnosis to anyone outside her medical care team. Her level of knowledge about HIV is consistent with literature reporting that despite HIV prevention programs in refugee camps, compliance with risk reduction behaviors, especially in females, is low. Lastly, her major concern relates to the cost of living and supporting her children. Conclusion: Assessment of current HIV programs is necessary to recognize and resolve gaps in the system. Focusing on programs which increase both risk reduction behaviors in refugee camps and integration of refugees in a new healthcare system can facilitate an easier transition for patients and aid in the quest for global 90-90-90 targets for HIV.

Women’s economic empowerment remains an important global policy issue and their involvement in household decision-making is critical for development. This paper aims to elucidate a key feature of b...

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has emerged as a global policy in language education which has been ‘borrowed’ by nations across the world. This paper presen...

This study considers the extent to which access to basic education and student learning outcomes have become more equalized or more disparate in Tanzania following the implementation of the interna...

In the 1970s, the WHO embarked on an ambitious project to promote primary health care worldwide. The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) was one of the most successful parts of that effort, yet some national EPIs struggled to increase vaccination coverage while others were very successful. Drawing on documentary sources from the WHO Archives and Library, this paper traces the historical development of global EPI policy and compares the development of two programs: the high-performing EPI in Malawi and the low-performing one in Cameroon. Global advisers’ rigid adherence to then-current global policy and blindness to local conditions and historical legacies exacerbated problems faced by Cameroon's EPI, helping explain that program's weakness. In Malawi, in contrast, the similarity of global policy and local practices helped strengthen the EPI. Greater flexibility in pursuing program goals and attention to historical legacies could help future programs avoid similar counterproductive dynamics.

In social and environmental terms we live in precarious and uncertain times, where not only the sustainability of the planet rests in the balance, but also that of human existence. Many nation-states around the world talk of the importance of social cohesion, and are aware of the threat of environmental degradation, climate change, and ecological well-being. However, the dominating global policy discourse, particularly championed in the West, is located within a delimiting neo/liberal political framework. With a few noticeable exceptions, the influence of neo/liberal thinking continues to flourish in the contemporary career literature where there has been little deep critical engagement with the discourse of capitalist economics and how these impact human and environmental well-being. Often caught up in market-led discourses and captured by the notion that ‘work sets you free’, educational and career guidance has been located within an uncritical economic frame. Its energies tend to be directed towards the preparation of individuals to make ‘good’ educational and occupational choices, underpinned by the need for ‘clients’ to acquire the skills and competencies demanded by employers (and the economy) (Bengtsson, 2011; Irving, 2018). The disjuncture between educational and career guidance and social and environmental justice (i.e. ecojustice) has rarely been breached. In this article, we seek to disrupt dominant discourses of the market that currently permeates thinking in education by identifying how an ecojustice perspective provides a forward looking and equitable foundation for educational and career guidance.

Critical geopolitics examines geopolitical practices in order to understand geographical and political thinking and how the global policy practices are affected. It examines the geopolitical tradition, referring to the historical and geographical context of ideas about geography and politics. In a wider sense, it aims to critically examine everything related to geography and politics. It gives us an idea how the practice of world politics is implemented through different geopolitical arrangements and how our worldview is based on these premises. The analyzes presented through the research of critical geopolitics aimed to create a complex and accurate geopolitical picture, that is, a geopolitical mirror in the function of an essential deconstruction of the geopolitical discourses that create stereotypes for the actors involved in a certain conflict, for the states and the regions where the conflict takes place, that is, a creation of afalse geopolitical picture or a geopolitical mosaic.

This article explores the impact of global policy shifts toward ‘national integration’ on schooling for refugee youth in Kenya. Based on interviews and classroom observations in Kakuma Refugee Camp...

Jackie Kirk devoted her career to trying to bridge the relationships among research, policy and practice for the purpose of making the world a better place for children, teachers, and communities. Reflecting her priorities, we examine herein how research, policy and practice interact to enable a robust and dynamic program that educates girls for purposes far beyond typical policy priorities of access and parity. To do so, we rely on interviews and focus group discussions that involved over 130 individuals who were involved with one girls’ education program in a remote region of a Southeast Asian country. Their narratives reveal that the program was flexible and responsive, yet guided by clear ideas about gender equity. This work is not prescriptive or predictable; it evolves through dynamic interactions. Global policy priorities of access and parity became means toward more important goals including community sustainability in the face of environmental and economic challenges. Structures that enabled this robust program included space, time, funding, and a dynamic conceptual lens.

These global consensus recommendations on caries and cavities, as well as evidence that caries is the most prevalent noncommunicable disease (NCD) globally, should be shared throughout institutional, health care professional, industrial, civil society, and patient communities so that the recommendations can be incorporated into policies for achieving a dental cavity-free future. Appropriate inclusion within strategies and action plans globally and locally will accelerate progress toward Making Cavities History, as well as improving NCDs and wider health.

En el presente artículo se analizarán los cambios que han llevado a la irrupción de los poderes emergentes en la geopolítica global. Se centrará el análisis en los países BRICS en una primera instancia y luego se enfocará la atención en el caso de Brasil, para comprender cómo este contexto impactó en América del Sur y qué cambios se dan en el contexto actual. Lo que se demostrará es que estos países lograron consolidar su posición internacional a partir de su peso a nivel regional, pero sus objetivos no estaban vinculados a un cambio sistémico de la política global, sino a obtener un lugar de relevancia en las decisiones mundiales., This article will analyze the changes that have led to the inception of emerging powers in global geopolitics. The analysis will focus on the BRICS countries in the first instance and then focus on the case of Brazil, to understand how this context impacted South America and what changes are taking place in the current context. What will be shown is that these countries managed to consolidate their international position based on their weight at the regional level, but their objectives were not linked to a systemic change in global policy, but rather to obtain a place of relevance in world decisions., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

We are reaching some maturity in the world of scholarly open architecture for STEM in the Anglocentric global north. This talk will look at the challenges leading on from that to deliver a truly worldwide global open science. How do we globalise and share technology, lived experience and skills without patronising? How do we find where leadership and first advantage have left gaps and opportunities and act upon that in a coordinated manner?

This chapter presents a report of global education policies driving reforms locally. The report is from a qualitative case study of an ‘Outcomes-based English Curriculum’s Implementation’ in two local school contexts in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Evidence was drawn from the author’s PhD thesis that used the constructivism and interpretivism lenses to give meanings to findings derived deductively and inductively. Data was both primary and secondary and consisted of: classroom observations, document analysis, field notes, structured interviews, post-observation interviews, and focus group discussions. Findings revealed: 1) Impacts of global agenda on local context, and, 2) Sustainability issues. Thus, this chapter stresses the need for collaborative professional development between stakeholders to sustain global education policies locally with the ‘Kibung Framework’.

Map key international and national days, events, moments relating to Covid-19 (e.g. health, socio-economic, inclusion impacts) to inform Covid Collective’s schedule of publications and activities. Mapping should include: - UN/international days; - Global events, e.g. COP 26; - National days/key events in Covid Collective countries; - Key milestones, anniversaries tied to the pandemic.

Think tanks have also become transnational actors in a variety of ways. First, think tanks not only have research divisions addressing global and regional issues and foreign policy questions, but also often host visiting fellows or invite speakers from overseas research institutions. Second, think tanks internationalize their activities, including think tanks creating branch offices in other countries or via cross-national collaborations in think tank networks. Third, a large number of institutes have been semi-incorporated into international organizations or multilateral negotiations in what some call the ‘new diplomacy’. Fourth, certain think tanks have been created as global or regional actors, most particularly those think tanks espousing Europe Union agendas but also other initiatives like the BRICS think tank council or the think tank engagement group orbiting the Group of 20. Through their transnational research networks and alliances the think tank industry is partly constitutive of global and regional policy processes.

BackgroundThe Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics International Ltd) was developed for the in vitro qualitative detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. We evaluated the sensitivity of the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay in samples from a diverse cross-section of patients across multiple sites and compared results against commercially available comparators.MethodsSensitivity of the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay was evaluated using anonymised, frozen, residual single and sequential serum and plasma samples from patients with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and method comparisons performed versus the following comparator assays: Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Abbott ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Siemens ADVIA Centaur SARS-CoV-2 Total, and YHLO iFlash SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM.ResultsOverall sensitivity for the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay in 219 samples drawn ≥14 days post-PCR confirmation was 93.6% (95% CI 89.5–96.5). Across the three study sites, sensitivity in samples drawn ≥14 days post-PCR confirmation ranged from 85.7–98.9%. Sensitivity was significantly higher for the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay compared with the YHLO iFlash SARS-CoV-2 IgM assay for samples drawn ≥14 days post-PCR confirmation (86.3% [95% CI 76.7–92.9] versus 33.8% [95% CI 23.6–45.2]). Both Siemens ADVIA Centaur SARS-CoV-2 Total and YHLO iFlash SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays had a significantly higher sensitivity compared with the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay for samples drawn ≥14 days post-PCR confirmation (95.1% [95% CI 87.8–98.6] versus 85.2% [95% CI 75.6–92.1]; 93.8% [95% CI 86.0–97.9] versus 86.3% [95% CI 76.7–92.9]). Differences in sensitivity between the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay and the Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (90.3% [95% CI 83.7–94.9] versus 95.2% [95% CI 89.8–98.2]) and Abbott ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 IgG (84.8% [95% CI 75.0–91.9] versus 87.3% [95% CI 78.0–93.8]) assays for samples drawn ≥14 days post-PCR confirmation were not significant.ConclusionsThe Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay demonstrated high sensitivity in samples collected ≥14 days post-PCR confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and comparable sensitivity to several commercially available comparator assays across multiple sites, supporting the use of this assay as a tool to aid in determination of previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2.Required information for submission systemEthical guidelinesThe study was conducted in accordance with the study protocol provided by Roche Diagnostics and in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All human samples utilised at the three study sites in Germany (Augsburg, Heidelberg, Berlin) were anonymised, frozen, residual samples, therefore no ethical approval or waiver was required in accordance with local legislation from ZEKO (Central Ethics Commission at the German Medical Association). A statement was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Landesärztekammer Bayern confirming that there are no objections to the coherent use of anonymised residual samples.Research reporting guidelinesPlease see separate STARD checklist.Data availability statementQualified researchers may request access to individual patient level data through the clinical study data request platform (https://vivli.org/). Further details on Roche’s criteria for eligible studies are available here: https://vivli.org/members/ourmembers/. For further details on Roche’s Global Policy on the Sharing of Clinical Information and how to request access to related clinical study documents, see here: https://www.roche.com/research_and_development/who_we_are_how_we_work/clinical_trials/our_commitment_to_data_sharing.htm

Since the 1990s gender has become a prominent priority in global education policy. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 2000–2015) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs, which replaced the MDGs) influence the educational planning of most low- and middle-income countries, along with the work of the various actors in the field. The historical antecedents to this era of gender and education policy include international development research beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, the Women’s Conferences in Mexico City (1985) and Beijing (1995), and increasingly nuanced academic research on gender and international development in the early decades of the 2000s. What began as calls to include girls in schooling and women in international development programs has become a much more complex attempt to ensure gender equity in education and in life. A wide variety of key policy actors are involved in these processes and in shaping policy, including the World Bank, the UN agencies (primarily UNICEF and UNESCO), governments (both donors and recipients of international assistance), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), corporations and private entities, and consultants. Partnerships among various actors have been common in the late 20th century and early 21st century. Persistent issues in the early 21st century include (a) the tension between striving to attend to quality concerns while increasing efforts to measure progress, (b) gender-based violence (GBV), and (c) education for adolescents and adolescence. These challenges are closely linked to how key concepts are conceptualized. How “gender” is understood (distinct from or conflated with sex categories) leads to particular ways of thinking about policy and practice, from counting girls and boys in classrooms (prioritizing sex categories and numerical patterns), toward a more complex understanding of gender as a social construction (and so presents options for curricular strategies to influence gendered social norms). Men and boys are acknowledged, mostly when they are perceived to be disadvantaged, and less often to challenge hypermasculinity or male privilege. Sexuality and gender identity are just beginning to emerge in formal policy in the early 21st century. Gender relations and patriarchy remain on the periphery of official policy language. Equity (fairness) is often reduced to equality (equal treatment despite differences in needs or interests). Although empowerment is theorized in research, in policy it is used inconsistently, sometimes falling short of the theoretical framings. Two broader concepts are also important to consider in global education policy, namely, intersectionality and neoliberalism. Engaging intersectionality more robustly could make policy more relevant locally; as of 2020, this concept has not made its way into global policy discourses. Neoliberalism, on the other hand, is a strong influence in shaping policy in gender and education globally, yet it is seldom made explicit. Building policy on a stronger conceptual foundation would enrich gender and education policy.

The global HIV policy environment changed dramatically for same-sex practising men from 2000 to 2020. These changes were especially pronounced in African countries, where research, prevention, and surveillance focused almost exclusively on heterosexual transmission for the previous 20 years. In stark contrast to the beginning of the century, by 2020, nearly all African countries identified same-sex practicing men as key populations in need of targeted HIV prevention and surveillance to control their epidemics. Drawing on a rich collection of archival, qualitative interview, and quantitative data, this chapter illuminates the global policy changes and initiatives that facilitated the recognition of the burden of HIV among same-sex practising men in African contexts, examines whether and when African countries have integrated same-sex practising men into the national HIV responses, and identifies key drivers of both inclusion and resistance to inclusion of same-sex practising men in the national HIV responses of African countries.

Nicola Yeates and Jane Pillinger offer a much-needed summary of the historical development of health care worker migration as a global social policy field in which distinct fields of care and migration overlap. Focusing on international governmental and non-governmental organizations, the chapter draws attention to shifting constellations of ideas, actors and institutions in this field since the end of WWII to the present day. It emphasizes the necessity of a pluralistic and dynamic understanding of the field, and the role of contestation, cooperation and coordination in the unfolding of global policy, in order to better comprehend the origins of this field and its key characteristics. Emphasizing a multi-sectoral perspective and lateral connections in the construction of this global social policy field, Yeates and Pillinger explore the methodological and analytical implications of this for the study of IOs in global social policy more generally.

This chapter chronicles the mutual creation of an activist migrant worker movement and the production of a comprehensive global policy that recognized the labour and voices of domestic worker organizations worldwide. Data from direct research with the United Nations’ International Labour Organization offers an analysis of the most substantial movement of migrant workers as policy informers. Key social protection debates elucidate larger global conditions that illuminate larger struggles to develop standards for migrant labour in private households. By positioning the household as a site of global governance and policy formation, this chapter looks at the role of migrants in creating human rights protections. This pivotal policy victory for domestic worker rights is then imagined in a larger arc of efforts to realize social justice in everyday conditions of labour power relations, and their meaning for transnational migrants.

In this chapter, we look at the dis-articulation and mis-portrayals of “offshore”, raise questions of the knowledge produced about the international financial ecosystem and present an analysis on the summary impact of major re-regulatory measures and compliance standards on the offshore banking sector of a select group of Caribbean international financial centres, namely The Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, Bermuda and the BVI. We examine the effects of this sector on the economies of these four jurisdictions, compare the results, and rank each jurisdiction from most to least adversely affected. We then draw conclusions based on the overall results of our findings.

As health technology assessment (HTA) seeks to combine complex sets of evidence, values, and perspectives to support open, accountable, and transparent decision making, uncertainty is inherent. Uncertainty is present in the clinical and economic inputs that inform HTA and is a critical factor during context-specific deliberations where the evidence is weighed and decisions are made, taking uncertainty into account through either financial or evidence-generation mechanisms. The presence and impact of uncertainty must also be communicated to all relevant stakeholders during the HTA output stage. This article summarizes the 2021 HTAi Global Policy Forum discussion on “Considering and Communicating Uncertainty in HTA” that debated some of the key challenges and opportunities regarding uncertainty in HTA. Through a combination of small and large group discussions, core themes related to the topic of uncertainty in HTA were identified. These discussions revealed that: utilization of a life cycle/HTA management approach helps manage uncertainty; genuine stakeholder input and engagement (and not just consultation) can clarify uncertainty; tolerance of risk, the relationship of risk to uncertainty, and the context in which uncertainty is considered is critical; transparent and early dialogues could be increased to further reduce the uncertainty during HTA; and communicating uncertainty in HTA outputs is critical. The paper ends with suggested next steps that HTA agencies and stakeholders (such as industry, patients, regulators, payers, and others) might take to move the field forward. The paper promotes further discussion on aspects of uncertainty that should be more openly discussed, debated, and addressed.

This article suggests that it is in the vicissitudes of the OECD’s internal developments that we can better understand how the OECD developed into a global policy actor and reference in education. From an ontological perspective, the article focuses on the three characteristics dimensions of IGOs–actor, arena, instrument–and examines how these are constitutive of the OECD, as reflected in the OECD’s work in education. The idea of ‘dimension’ allows the inquiry to move forward from the idea of ‘roles’ or ‘functions’ that the organisation, voluntarily or otherwise, chooses to play in a given situation, to develop more textured interpretations, in which the organisation’s intergovernmental and organisational facets, besides its acknowledged political facet, are also taken into account. The historical analysis focuses on the early 1970s. It demonstrates the overlapping and interplay between the three dimensions, as well as their constitutive effects on the OECD’s work. It is the ‘lively’ pluridimensionality of the OECD that has enabled the educational activities to prove their way within the organisation. The OECD’s pluridimensionality reveals that the organisation does not operate in a vacuum, and that it is neither a monolithic nor an insulated organisation. publishedVersion

In this paper, we study the effect of women's public leadership in times of crisis. More specifically, we use a regression discontinuity design in close mayoral races between male and female candidates to understand the impact of having a woman as a mayor during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. We provide evidence that municipalities under female leadership had fewer deaths and hospitalizations per 100 thousand inhabitants and enforced more non-pharmaceutical interventions (e.g., mask usage and prohibition of gatherings). We also show that these results are not due to measures taken before the pandemic or other observable mayoral characteristics such as education or political preferences. Finally, we provide evidence that these effects are stronger in municipalities where Brazil's far-right president, who publicly disavowed the importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions, had a higher vote share in the 2018 election. Overall, our findings provide credible causal evidence that female leaders outperformed male ones when dealing with a global policy issue. Moreover, our results also showcase the role local leaders can play in counteracting bad policies implemented by populist leaders at the national level.

With its Renewable Energy Sources Act (“Erneurbare-Energien-Gesetz” EEG), which came into force in 2000, Germany was the first country in the world to drive forward an energy transition and thus take up the fight against climate change structurally. Unfortunately, Germany’s climate initiatives have slowed down considerably in recent years.