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Rising incomes, the spread of personal insurance, lifestyle factors adding to the burden of illness, ageing populations, globalization and skills transfer within the medical community have Increased worldwide demand for organ transplantation. The Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation, which was built in response to World Health Assembly resolution WHA57.18, has conducted ongoing documentation of global transplantation activities since 2007. In this paper, we use the Global Observatory's data to describe the current distribution of--and trends in--transplantation activities and to evaluate the role of health systems factors and macroeconomics In the diffusion of transplantation technology. We then consider the implications of our results for health policies relating to organ donation and transplantation. Of the World Health Organization's Member States, most now engage in organ transplantation and more than a third performed deceased donor transplantation in 2011. In general, the Member States that engage in organ transplantation have greater access to physician services and greater total health spending per capita than the Member States where organ transplantation is not performed. The provision of deceased donor transplantation was closely associated with high levels of gross national Income per capita. There are several ways in which governments can support the ethical development of organ donation and transplantation programmes. Specifically, they can ensure that appropriate legislation, regulation and oversight are in place, and monitor donation and transplantation activities, practices and outcomes. Moreover, they can allocate resources towards the training of specialist physicians, surgeons and transplant coordinators, and implement a professional donor-procurement network. La hausse des revenus, le developpement des assurances personnelles, les facteurs de mode de vie ajoutant a la charge de morbldite des maladies, le vieillissement des populations, la mondlalisatlon et le transferi des competences au sein de la communaute medicale ont augmente la demande mondiale de transplantation d'organe. L'ObservatoIre Mondial du Don et de la Transplantation, qui a ete fonde en reponse a la resolution WHA57.18 de l'Organisation mondlale de la Sante, a rassemble une documentation sur les activites de transplantation dans le monde de facon continue depuls 2007. Dans cet article, nous utilisons les donnees de l'Observatolre Mondial pour decrire la distribution actuelle (et les tendances) des activites de transplantation et pour evaluer le role des facteurs de systemes de sante et de la macroeconomie dans la diffusion des technologies de transplantation. Nous considerons ensuite les Implications de nos resultats sur les politiques de sante relatives au don et a la transplantation d'organe. La majorite des Etats Membres de l'Organisation mondiale de la Sante s'engagent maintenant dans la transplantation d'organe et plus d'un tiers d'entre eux ont realise des transplantations avec des organes provenant de donneurs decedes en 2011. En general, les Etats Membres qui se sont engages dans la transplantation d'organe, ont un meilleur acces aux services medicaux et des depenses totales de sante plus elevees par habitant que les Etats Membres ou la transplantation d'organe n'est pas realisee. La disponibilite de la transplantation avec des organes provenant de donneurs decedes etait etroitement associee avec des niveaux eleves de revenu national brut par habitant. Il existe plusieurs manieres possibles pour les gouvernements de soutenir le developpement ethique des programmes de don et de transplantation d'organe. En particuller, ils peuvent s'assurer que la legislation, la reglementation et la surveillance sont en place, et controler les activites, les pratiques et les resultats des dons et des transplantations. En outre, ils peuvent affecter des ressources pour la formation des medecins specialistes, des chirurgiens et des coordinateurs de transplantation, et mettre en ceuvre un reseau professionnel de recrutement des donneurs. El aumento de la renta, la proliferacion de los seguros personales y los factores del estilo de vida, sumados a la carga de enfermedades, el envejecimiento de la poblacion, la globalizacion y la transferencia de conocimientos en la comunidad medica, han aumentado la demanda mundial de trasplantes de organos. El Observatorio Mundial de Donacion y Trasplante, creado en respuestaa la resolucion WHA57.18 de la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, ha llevado a cabo una documentacion continua de las actividades mundiales de trasplantes desde 2007. En este Informe, se emplean los datos del Observatorio Global para describir la distribucion actual (y las tendencias) de las actividades de trasplante y para evaluar el papel de los factores de los sistemas sanitarios y de la macroeconomia en la difusion de la tecnologia de trasplante. A continuacion, se consideraron las repercusiones de los resultados en las politicas de salud relacionadas con la donacion y el trasplante de organos. En la actualidad, la mayoria de los Estados miembros de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud participa en el trasplante de organos y mas de un tercio realizo trasplantes de donantes fallecidos en 2011. En general, los Estados miembros que participan en el trasplante de organos cuentan con mayor acceso a los servicios medicos y tienen un mayor gasto total en salud per caplta que los Estados miembros donde no se realizan el trasplantes de organos. La prestacion de los trasplantes de donantes fallecidos se asocio estrechamente con altos niveles de renta nacional bruta per caplta. Existen varias formas en que los gobiernos pueden fomentar el desarrollo etico de los programas de donacion y trasplante de organos. En concreto, pueden garantizar que se adopte una legislacion, regulacion y supervision adecuadas, asi como realizar un seguimiento de las actividades, las practicas y los resultados de la donacion y el trasplante. Ademas, pueden destinar recursos a la formacion de medicos especialistas, cirujanos y coordinadores de trasplantes, asi como poner en marcha una red profesional de adquisicion de donantes., Introduction In May 2004 the World Health Assembly adopted resolution WHA57.18, in recognition of the global increase in transplantation activities, the associated risks to patient safety, the trafficking of organs [...]

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The article reports that the renowned clinical practice guidelines have been published updating recommendations to optimize the indications and the outcomes of living-donor kidney transplantation as two of them focused exclusively on the study of living donors and the third addresses the transplanted recipient in more detail.

Abstract Genetic relationships among Turkish sheep breeds were analysed on the basis of 30 microsatellite markers. Phylogenetic analyses based on the estimation of genetic distances revealed the closest relationships for the Akkaraman, Morkaraman and Tuj breeds, which were clearly differentiated from the others in the dendrogram. Our pattern was completely confirmed by results from the Factorial Correspondence Analysis. All the results described analysing either population parameters or individuals revealed a clear separation between the fat-tailed group and the others. These results, based on nuclear DNA, are discussed along with those already reported for these breeds through the investigation of mitochondrial DNA, which had revealed the invaluable significance of the genetic background of these Turkish sheep.

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a major threat to health and welfare in small ruminants worldwide. Teladorsagia circumcincta is a nematode that inhabits the abomasum of sheep, especially in temperate regions, causing important economic losses. Given that T. circumcincta and microbiome share the same niche, interactions between them and the host are expected. Although it is known that within a sheep breed there are animals that are more resistant than others to infection by GIN, it is not known if the microbiome influences the phenotype of these animals. Under this condition, 12 sheep were classified according to their cumulative faecal egg count (cFEC) at the end of a first experimental infection, 6 as resistant group (RG) and 6 as susceptible group (SG) to T. circumcincta infection. Then, all sheep were experimentally infected with 70,000 L3 of T. circumcincta and at day 7 days post-infection were euthanized. At necropsy, gastric mucosa and gastric content from abomasum were collected to extract bacterial DNA and sequence V3-V4 region from 16S rRNA gene using Ilumina technology. After bioanalysis performed, results showed that α-diversity and β-diversity remained similar in both groups. However, resistant phenotype sheep showed a higher number of bacteria butyrate-fermenting species as Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (abundance in RG: 1.29% and in SG: 0.069%; p = 0.05), and Turicibacter (abundance in RG: 0.31% and in SG: 0.027%; p = 0.07) in gastric content but also Serratia spp in gastric mucosa (abundance in RG: 0.12% and in SG: 0.041%; p = 0.07). A trend towards a significant negative correlation between cFEC and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 abundance in gastric content was detected (r = − 0.537; p = 0.08). These data suggest that microbiome composition could be another factor associated with the development of the resistant phenotype modifying the interaction with the host and the in last instance affecting the individual risk of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]