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The aims of this study were; first to investigate the mediating effects of pre-service teachers' (PTs) attitude toward environment on the relationship between their environmental concern and environmental responsibility, and second, to explore the moderating effect of gender on the relationships between; PTs' environmental concern and responsibility; and environmental attitude and responsibility. A total of 1626 PTs completed the Environmental Literacy Survey. The findings revealed that PTs' attitude had a significant mediating effect on the relationships between environmental concern and responsibility. Furthermore, the results of the moderation analysis showed that the relationships did not differ in female and male participants.

In order to educate science teachers for a sustainable future, recent discussions are going on related to collaboration between science education and education for sustainable development (ESD). Still, ESD has been in a development stage and needs to be improved in terms of developing teacher competencies. Therefore, in this study we focused on competencies of science teachers and ESD educators. We explored the required competencies for science teachers to become ESD educators through basic qualitative research as including gap analysis approach incorporating theoretical (literature review) and tangible part (interviews with science education and ESD researchers). Both literature review and interview results revealed that science teachers' competencies do not cover systems thinking skills together with affective aspects. In order to foster systems thinking and affective aspects of competencies for science teachers, we suggest outdoor ESD approach that support thinking in a systemic way, feeling inter-connectedness with the natural world and understanding social, economic and environmental values of the natural system and developing an intention to act for sustainability.

Needle abscission in balsam fir has been linked to both cold acclimation and changes in lipid composition. The overall objective of this research is to uncover lipid changes in balsam fir during cold acclimation and link those changes with postharvest abscission. Branches were collected monthly from September to December and were assessed for cold tolerance via membrane leakage and chlorophyll fluorescence changes at −5, −15, −25, −35, and −45 °C. Lipids were extracted and analyzed using mass spectrometry while postharvest needle abscission was determined gravimetrically. Cold tolerance and needle retention each significantly (p < 0.001) improved throughout autumn in balsam fir. There were concurrent increases in DGDG, PC, PG, PE, and PA throughout autumn as well as a decrease in MGDG. Those same lipids were strongly related to cold tolerance, though MGDG had the strongest relationship (R2 = 55.0% and 42.7% from membrane injury and chlorophyll fluorescence, respectively). There was a similar, albeit weaker, relationship between MGDG:DGDG and needle retention (R2 = 24.3%). Generally, a decrease in MGDG:DGDG ratio resulted in better cold tolerance and higher needle retention in balsam fir, possibly due to increased membrane stability. This study confirms the degree of cold acclimation in Nova Scotian balsam fir and presents practical significance to industry by identifying the timing of peak needle retention. It is suggested that MGDG:DGDG might be a beneficial tool for screening balsam fir genotypes with higher needle retention characteristics.

Research has shown that mentorship provided to undergraduate researchers affects the extent of research outcomes. Although a large body of literature focuses on the faculty-undergraduate dyad mentorship structure, little is known about mentoring triads (i.e., interaction among undergraduate students, faculty, and graduate students or postdoctoral associates) or the support provided to early-year undergraduate researchers. Mentors provide various types of support (e.g., intellectual, personal, emotional, and professional support) to undergraduate researchers to increase their engagement in a discipline. This qualitative exploratory study aims to investigate undergraduate researchers' perspectives on mentoring structures and the support provided to them in their first and sophomore years. The majority of participants described the mentorship they received as having a triad structure, indicating interaction with both faculty and postgraduates. Participants also reported receiving different types of support from faculty and postgraduates depending on their mentoring structures and the amount of research experience they gained. Given the potential benefits to undergraduate researchers, undergraduate research programs should be designed to provide clear roles, responsibilities, and expectations to maximize the support provided to undergraduate students.

Children's and adults' attributions of shared knowledge of and shared preference for songs were investigated across two prominent social categories: language and gender. Both attributions indicate similarity among individuals but shared cultural knowledge can be more informative about common social history than shared preference, as it is mainly transferred through social interactions within cultures, while preferences can have various sources. Both 5- to 6-year-old children (N = 60) and adults (N = 160) generalized knowledge of songs across individuals who speak the same-language rather than same-gender individuals. In contrast, preference for songs was not systematically generalized across either category. Thus, individuals selectively infer shared cultural knowledge among same-language speakers, suggesting an early emerging link between shared knowledge and cultural boundaries.

Background: Global Climate Change is a threat to the planet Earth and all living beings on it. Therefore, it is important to develop policies and take actions against climate change. One way to do this is to educate citizens about climate change which requires having informed teachers. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the role of cognitive, behavioral and personal variables on pre-service teachers' plausibility perceptions of global climate change. Sample: A sample of 199 senior pre-service teachers at a public university in Turkey participated in this study. Design and Methods: Survey research design was conducted to answer the research question of the study. Five instruments were used to test the research question, which were Plausibility Perceptions Measure, Understanding of Global Climate Change Instrument, Degree of Willingness to Act Scale, Need for Cognition and Need for Closure Scale. The data included similarities, differences, and variances of the responses. Descriptive and prediction analyses were conducted to answer the research question. Results: The findings revealed that participants generally demonstrated high levels of plausibility and understanding of climate change. The results also showed that understanding, the degree of willingness to act and need for closure were predictors of pre-service teachers' plausibility perceptions of climate change. In particular, understanding had the largest contribution in explaining the variance in plausibility perceptions of the participants. Conclusions: The findings of the present study provide insights for teacher education programs on climate change education. For instance, while improving pre-service teachers' plausibility perceptions of climate change, teacher education programs need to consider cognitive, behavioral and personal variables.

Background: Prior research reported that motivational beliefs that individuals attach to specific tasks predict continuing interest and persistence in the task. A motivational approach may be particularly useful for understanding undergraduate students' engagement with research in their first and second years in college. The current study utilizes the expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation to qualitatively explore how much and in what ways early year undergraduate researchers value their research experience and what kinds of costs they associate with it. Results: The results revealed that intrinsic value had the highest expression in participants' motivation to engage in research. The second most expressed value type was the utility value of undergraduate research with regards to obtaining the desired outcomes, and attainment value played the least important role in participants' motivation to engage in research. Findings also indicated that some of the participants associated a cost(s) to their research experience. The highest mentioned perceived cost was opportunity cost, where participants commented on losing other valued alternatives when engaging in research. Participants commented on the time, effort, or amount of work needed to engage in research, and a few participants commented on the emotional cost associated with their research experience in terms of the fear of failure. Conclusion: As perceived cost is the least studied in the expectancy-value framework, this study contributes to cost values within college students, particularly about early year undergraduate researchers. The findings of this study can form the basis for future work on exploring ways to increase the values and decrease the costs students experience in their undergraduate research experiences.

The purpose of this study is to explore the development of pre-service science teachers' systems thinking skills through an outdoor education for sustainable development (ESD) course. The study was composed of four stages, which are defining systems thinking skills, designing an outdoor ESD course, developing measurement tools, and implementation. Twelve systems thinking skills were determined within the ESD and science education context. Qualitative data were collected through interviews and systems thinking skill levels were evaluated based on the rubric developed by the authors. Participants showed a slow improvement in four systems thinking skills which are related to considering the relationship between past, present and future, developing empathy with non-human beings, developing sense of place and adapting systems thinking perspective to personal life. There is a need to test the hierarchical level among the twelve systems thinking skills in future studies and to study each skill in different contexts.

Amino acids (AAs) mainly bound in proteins are major constituents of living biomass and non-living organic material in the oceanic particulate and dissolved organic matter pool. Uptake and cycling by heterotrophic organisms lead to characteristic changes in AA composition so that AA-based biogeochemical indicators are often used to elucidate processes of organic matter cycling and degradation. We analyzed particulate AA in a large sample set collected in various oceanic regions covering sinking and suspended particles in the water column, sediment samples, and dissolved AA from water column and pore water samples. The aim of this study was to test and improve the use of AA-derived biogeochemical indicators as proxies for organic matter sources and degradation and to better understand particle dynamics and interaction between the dissolved and particulate organic matter pools. A principal component analysis (PCA) of all data delineates diverging AA compositions of sinking and suspended particles with increasing water depth. A new sinking particle and sediment degradation indicator (SDI) allows a fine-tuned classification of sinking particles and sediments with respect to the intensity of degradation, which is associated with changes of stable isotopic ratios of nitrogen (δ15N). This new indicator is furthermore sensitive to sedimentary redox conditions and can be used to detect past anoxic early diagenesis. A second indicator emerges from the AA spectra of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the epipelagic and that of the meso- and bathypelagic ocean and is a residence time indicator (RTI). The characteristic changes in AA patterns from shallow to deep SPM are recapitulated in the AA spectra of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool, so that deep SPM is more similar to DOM than to any of the other organic matter pools. This implies that there is equilibration between finely dispersed SPM and DOM in the deep sea, which may be driven by microbial activity combined with annealing and fragmentation of gels. As these processes strongly depend on physico-chemical conditions in the deep ocean, changes in quality and degradability of DOM may strongly affect the relatively large pool of suspended and dissolved AA in the ocean that amounts to 15 Pg amino acid carbon (AAC) and 89 ± 29 Pg AAC, respectively.

In January 2021, Senegal reported the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A(H5N1), which was detected on a poultry farm in Thies, Senegal, and in great white pelicans in the Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary. We report evidence of new transcontinental spread of H5N1 from Europe toward Africa.

Intraosseous epidermoid cyst is a rare nonneoplastic lesion. It's usually caused by a trauma which places the epidermal fragments inside the bone. 31-year-old female patient was presented with a mass in the distal phalanx of the 3rd digit of the right hand. The histological examination following the excision of the cyst revealed intraosseous epidermoid cyst. Histopathological features, patient demographics, history, treatment, and prognosis of this rare case are presented.

Abstract Background As the global burden of malaria decreases, routine health information systems (RHIS) have become invaluable for monitoring progress towards elimination. The District Health Information System, version 2 (DHIS2) has been widely adopted across countries and is expected to increase the quality of reporting of RHIS. In this study, we evaluated the quality of reporting of key indicators of childhood malaria from January 2014 through December 2017, the first 4 years of DHIS2 implementation in Senegal. Methods Monthly data on the number of confirmed and suspected malaria cases as well as tests done were extracted from the Senegal DHIS2. Reporting completeness was measured as the number of monthly reports received divided by the expected number of reports in a given year. Completeness of indicator data was measured as the percentage of non-missing indicator values. We used a quasi-Poisson model with natural cubic spline terms of month of reporting to impute values missing at the facility level. We used the imputed values to take into account the percentage of malaria cases that were missed due to lack of reporting. Consistency was measured as the absence of moderate and extreme outliers, internal consistency between related indicators, and consistency of indicators over time. Results In contrast to public facilities of which 92.7% reported data in the DHIS2 system during the study period, only 15.3% of the private facilities used the reporting system. At the national level, completeness of facility reporting increased from 84.5% in 2014 to 97.5% in 2017. The percentage of expected malaria cases reported increased from 76.5% in 2014 to 94.7% in 2017. Over the study period, the percentage of malaria cases reported across all districts was on average 7.5% higher (P

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Sporadic cases are observed in nonendemic areas and often associated with limited foci; therefore, the disease is easily overlooked. In addition, other diseases have similar clinical symptoms, which make it difficult for clinicians to make an accurate diagnosis and to provide effective treatment. We identified visceral leishmaniasis in a 4-year-old child in Pikine, Senegal. The patient was admitted to the Pikine National Teaching Hospital for haemorrhagic, tumoral, and infectious syndromes. At admission, the patient presented with epistaxis and gingivorrhagia, a severe anaemic syndrome poorly tolerated, a systemic inflammatory response syndrome with fever at 39.5°C, a tumoral syndrome with 11 cm of hepatomegaly and 12 cm of type IV splenomegaly, and noninflammatory macropoly adenopathies. A spinal cord puncture was performed, and direct microscopy examination of the sample after GIEMSA staining revealed amastigote forms of Leishmania. The PCR amplification of extracted DNA from the bone marrow aspiration using specific primers for VL (forward and reverse) confirmed that VL was responsible for the infection. A treatment with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) was given and it gave a successful outcome with remission of clinical symptoms and favourable evolution with 3 months hindsight. Conclusion. This visceral leishmaniasis case diagnosis in Senegal has shown that, apart from haematological malignancies, this disease must be considered in combination with a tumor syndrome, haemorrhagic syndrome, and infectious syndrome.

Abstract Purpose We aimed to investigate the effect of antepartum treatment with spiramycin with or without subsequent pyrimethamine–sulfonamide–folinic acid, compared to no treatment, on the rate of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and incidence/severity of sequelae in the offspring. Methods Embase and PubMed were searched for literature on spiramycin in pregnant women suspected/diagnosed with T. gondii infection. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects model. Results Thirty-three studies (32 cohorts and 1 cross-sectional study), with a total of 15,406 mothers and 15,250 offspring, were pooled for analyses. The MTCT rate for all treated patients was significantly lower than the untreated [19.5% (95% CI 14–25.5%) versus 50.7% (95% CI 31.2–70%), p

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of coffee staining and home bleaching agent on the color stability of stained CAD/CAM ceramics.Methods: Forty specimens were prepared from feldspathic ceramic (CEREC Blocs) and hybrid nano-ceramic (Cerasmart) CAD/CAM blocks (N=40). The polished specimens were ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water and then, immersed in coffee for seven days. The stained specimens were divided into four subgroups (n=10) according to their type of ceramic and bleaching treatment; CEREC control, CEREC bleaching, Cerasmart control and, Cerasmart bleaching. The home bleaching agent (Opalescence PF 16%) was applied to specimens of bleaching groups for seven days. Control groups did not take any bleaching procedure and were placed in distilled water during this period. Then the specimens were immersed in coffee for seven days again for staining susceptibility. CIELAB parameters were recorded at four times; initial color, 1-week coffee staining, after bleaching, and coffee staining after bleaching with a dental spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade). Color changes between each step were calculated as ΔE values. The data were statistically analyzed with t-test and Kruskal Wallis test. Results: After 1-week coffee staining the highest ΔE values were obtained from Cerasmart (p

Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare disease characterized by periodic hypersomnia, cognitive impairment, and behavioral disorders, such as hyperphagia and hypersexuality. It is common among adolescents and males. It has an unknown etiology. Two patients were discussed with the backings of literature in order to increase the awareness of clinicians, considering that there is a limited information regarding the syndrome.

Introduction:We aimed at evaluating the results of radiological [ultrasonography (US), mammography and magnetic resonance (MR)] exams in the follow-up of patients undergoing reduction mammaplasty.Methods:We evaluated the postoperative bilateral breast US and mammography of 21 patients who underwent breast reduction surgery. Breast MR results of 9 patients with suspicious lesions were included in the examinationResults:Postoperative radiological findings from all three imaging modalities were parenchymal distortion, rough calcification, fat cyst, focal fibrosis, fat necrosis, nipple retraction, malignant-like peripheral contrast, nodular lesion, malignant-like distortion and fluid collection with skin thickening. One patient eventually underwent a cyst excision and a tru-cut biopsy presented no malignant lesion was found.Conclusion:Few studies demonstrate the radiological findings in the follow-up of patients following a mammaplasty, thereby prompting this study. After surgery, changes can occur in the breast of the patients that radiologically mimic malignancy. This can lead to unnecessary invasive procedures to rule out malignant changes. Thus, our study comes in to avoid these excess and unnecessary procedures.

Introduction:We aimed at comparing nasal tip projection and nasolabial angle changes following primary open rhinoplasty with short-floating columellar strut graft and suture techniques.Methods:Participants were divided into two groups depending on the type of technique employed. In the first group, short-floating columellar strut grafts were employed. The second group involved those who underwent suture techniques only.Results:We included 119 patients who underwent primary rhinoplasty in the study. The mean value of preoperative nasolabial angle measurement was 92.77±8.5 degrees and 92.14±6.7 degrees in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Postoperative nasolabial angle measurement in group 1 was 107.2, 104.3 and 101.3 degrees in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th postoperative year, respectively. Postoperative nasolabial angle measurement in group 2 was 107.4, 104, and 102.2 degrees in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th postoperative year respectively. The mean value of preoperative nasal tip projection was 0.605±0.07 and 0.653±0.08 in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Postoperative nasal tip projection measurement in group 1 was 0.636, 0.632 and 0.627 in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th postoperative year, respectively. Postoperative nasal tip projection measurement in group 2 was 0.656, 0.634 and 0.632 in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th postoperative year, respectively.Conclusion:Suture techniques were efficient than columellar strut grafts in maintaining the nasolabial angle but not the nasal tip projection when.

A tetranuclear ZnII complex, [Zn4(C13H11N6O)2Cl6(H2O)2] or {[Zn2(HL)(H2O)(Cl2)](μCl)2[Zn2(HL)(H2O)(Cl)]}2, was synthesized by mixing an equimolar amount of a methanol solution containing ZnCl2 and a methanol solution containing the ligand H2L [1,5-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)carbonohydrazide]. In the tetranuclear complex, each of the two ligand molecules forms a dinuclear unit that is connected to another dinuclear unit by two bridging chloride anions. In each dinuclear unit, one ZnII cation is pentacoordinated in a N2OCl2 in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry, while the other ZnII cation is hexacoordinated in a N3OCl2 environment with a distorted octahedral geometry. The basal plane around the pentacoordinated ZnII cation is formed by one chloride anion, one oxygen atom, one imino nitrogen atom and one pyridine nitrogen atom with the apical position occupied by a chloride anion. The basal plane of the hexacoordinated ZnII cation is formed by one chloride anion, one hydrazinyl nitrogen atom, one imino nitrogen atom and one pyridine nitrogen atom with the apical positions occupied by a water oxygen atom and a bridged chloro anion from another dinuclear unit, leading to a tetranuclear complex. A series of intramolecular C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds is observed in each tetranuclear unit. In the crystal, the tetranuclear units are connected by intermolecular C—H...Cl, C—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a planar two-dimensional structure in the ac plane.

Bu çalışmada, sosyolojinin kuruluşundan itibaren en temel çalışma konularından biri olan değişme kavramının sosyoloji tarihinde ele alınış biçimlerine değinilerek, yirmi birinci yüzyılda afetler ve sonrasında yaşanan değişme süreçleriyle beraber incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, klasik değişme kuramları kısaca incelenerek, değişmenin temel dinamikleri ortaya konulmuştur. Ardından, yirmi birinci yüzyılda sayıları artan doğal afetler sonrasında yaşanan travma ve yıkım sonucunda gerçekleşen fiziksel ve toplumsal değişimler dirençlilik kavramıyla ele alınarak, değişme ve sosyal değişme ilişkisine değinilmiştir. Afet sonrasında yeniden düzene dönebilme kapasitesi olarak ele alınabilecek olan dirençlilik ile değişme birbiriyle yakın ilişkili olarak tartışılmış ve özellikle dirençliliğin bir alt kategorisi olarak kırılganlık kavramı da sosyal boyutuyla incelemeye dahil edilmiştir. Değişme, dirençlilik ve kırılganlık kavramları ekseninde, toplumların afet sonrası düzene yeniden geri dönebilme veya yeni düzene uyum sağlama kapasiteleri önemli belirleyiciler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, afet yönetimi planlarında ve hazırlık aşamalarında, dirençlilik kapasitelerinin belirlenebilmesi, sosyal kırılganlık düzeyleriyle ilişkili olarak önem taşımaktadır. Ayrıca, siyasalar oluşturulurken, dikkate alınacak planlarda, değişme ve dirençlilik ilişkisine önem verilmesi, toplumların en kısa sürede yeniden düzene ve uyumluluğa kavuşabilmesine önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır.

The title molecular structure, namely, diaquatris(μ3-1,3-bis{[1-(2-oxidophenyl)ethylidene]amino}propan-2-olato)-μ3-hydroxido-dinitratohexacopper(II) ethanol trisolvate, [Cu6(C19H19N2O3)3(NO3)2(OH)(H2O)2]·3C2H5OH, corresponds to a non-symmetric hexanuclear copper complex. The complex exhibits one core in which three CuII metal centres are mutually interconnected, two by two, via three phenolato oxygen anions acting in a μ2-mode. These three copper cations are interconnected in a μ3-mode by one hydroxyl group. An open-cube structure is generated in which each of the CuII cations of the three CuO4N units is connected by two μ2-O anions from phenolate groups and one μ3-O atom from a hydroxy anion. Each of the three pentacoordinated CuII cations situated in the open-cube unit has a distorted NO4 square-pyramidal environment. Each of these three CuII centres is interconnected with another CuII cation via one enolate O atom in μ2-mode, yielding one CuNO4 unit and two CuNO3 units. The pentacoordinated CuII atom has a distorted square-pyramidal environment while the two tetracoordinated copper(II) cations are situated in a square-planar environment. A series of intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds are observed. In the crystal, the units are connected two by two by intermolecular C—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds, thus forming sheets parallel to the ac plane.

Background: The benefits of having high-quality healthcare data are well established. However, high-dimensionality and irregularity of healthcare data pose challenges in their management. Knowledge graphs have gained increasing popularity in many domains, as a method for representing data to overcome such challenges. One important factor in representing data is “time”. Data with time related attributes are considered, temporal data. Temporal data are frequently observed in healthcare and the management of rapidly changing patient data is an ongoing challenge. Traditionally, data models have focused on presenting static data and do not account for temporal data. Temporal data models ensure time consistency in data models and assist analysing the history of data and predicting the future trends in data. Knowledge graphs can include temporal data models and are therefore of interest to the field of healthcare data management. As such, the herein aim is to outline a protocol for an inter-disciplinary systematic review of approaches, applications and challenges in modelling temporal data in knowledge graphs so that we can inform the application of knowledge graphs to healthcare data. Method: The research questions is, what are the existing approaches in modelling temporal data in RDF based knowledge graphs. Two sub-questions on applications, and challenges will also be evaluated. ACM digital library, IEEE Xplore and Scopus will be searched for this review. The search will be limited to peer-reviewed literature referring to knowledge graphs based on Resource Description Framework (RDF). A narrative synthesis of the papers will be conducted. Conclusion: The findings of this systematic review will be useful for data engineers to better represent data and perform analytics through temporal data. They can be applied in the context of healthcare data and the current challenges faced in managing rapidly changing patient data.

Background Social isolation, the relative absence of or infrequency of contact with different types of social relationships, and loneliness (perceived isolation) are associated with adverse health outcomes. Objective To review observational and intervention research that examines the impact of social isolation and loneliness on cardiovascular and brain health and discuss proposed mechanisms for observed associations. Methods We conducted a systematic scoping review of available research. We searched 4 databases, PubMed, PsycInfo, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, and Scopus. Findings Evidence is most consistent for a direct association between social isolation, loneliness, and coronary heart disease and stroke mortality. However, data on the association between social isolation and loneliness with heart failure, dementia, and cognitive impairment are sparse and less robust. Few studies have empirically tested mediating pathways between social isolation, loneliness, and cardiovascular and brain health outcomes using appropriate methods for explanatory analyses. Notably, the effect estimates are small, and there may be unmeasured confounders of the associations. Research in groups that may be at higher risk or more vulnerable to the effects of social isolation is limited. We did not find any intervention studies that sought to reduce the adverse impact of social isolation or loneliness on cardiovascular or brain health outcomes. Conclusions Social isolation and loneliness are common and appear to be independent risk factors for worse cardiovascular and brain health; however, consistency of the associations varies by outcome. There is a need to develop, implement, and test interventions to improve cardiovascular and brain health for individuals who are socially isolated or lonely.

Abstract Dengue virus is a major and rapidly growing public health concern in tropic and subtropic regions across the globe. In late 2018, Senegal experienced its largest dengue virus outbreak to date, covering several regions. However, little is known about the genetic diversity of dengue virus (DENV) in Senegal. Here we report complete viral genomes from 17 previously undetected DENV cases from the city of Thiès. In total we identified 19 cases of DENV in a cohort of 198 individuals with fever collected in October and November 2018. We detected 3 co-circulating serotypes; DENV 3 was the most frequent accounting for 11/17 sequences (65%), 4 (23%) were DENV2 and 2 (12%) were DENV1. Sequences were most similar to recent sequences from West Africa, suggesting ongoing local circulation of viral populations; however, detailed inference is limited by the scarcity of available genomic data. We did not find clear associations with reported clinical signs or symptoms, highlighting the importance of testing for diagnosing febrile diseases. Overall, these findings expand the known range of DENV in Senegal, and underscore the need for better genomic characterization of DENV in West Africa.

The painful memories of slavery continue to arouse controversy in the public arena and in civil society. They have played a central role in the universal declaration of human rights, inspiring the notion of « attack against human dignity » by Victor Schœlcher in 1848. Some succeeded in being established in public debates, expressed in commemoration, monumentality, school education and artistic production, and others have been classified as World Heritage of Humanity, after a long struggle of denunciation, indignation, protection and promotion of those who recognize themselves there. This is the case with the collective memories of the slave trade in Gorée, which will be discussed in this article. The latter proposes to study the process of heritage creation and the development of tourism memories of slavery in this « memory island », symbol of human exploitation. Therefore, it seeks to examine memory policies, identity claims and tourism practices that may result.

Standardized, large-scale assessment of educational outcomes has become a global phenomenon over the past three decades (Smith, 2016). A key challenge facing assessment designers is that standard formats may be inaccessible or may create barriers to student performance. Schwanke, Smith, and Edyburn's (Schwanke, T. D., 2001) A3 model describes how advocates have reacted to structural barriers by providing accommodations and, ultimately, accessibility. This paper synthesizes and evaluates three studies that attempted to improve accessibility in assessments for students who struggle with print reading through audio presentation of assessment items. Cross-study implications for policy and practice are considered.

The researchers studied motivating factors of Latinas studying at a university extended campus. Using mixed-methods, the following research question was investigated: What cultural, familial, and financial factors motivate Latinas to pursue a bachelor's degree at a rural border extended campus? Study participants were Latina family studies students attending an extended campus of a university within a southwestern rural border community. Findings yielded familial factors to have the greatest impact on motivations, followed by financial factors.

Background: Several studies have suggested that practitioners hold speech and language therapy (SLT) practice as tacit and consequently it is difficult for the therapist to describe. The current study uses a range of knowledge elicitation (KE) approaches, a technique not used before in SLT, as a way of accessing this tacit knowledge. There is currently no agreed framework that establishes key factors underpinning practice for preschool children with speech and language disorders. This paper attempts to address that gap. Aims: To develop a framework of SLTs' practice when working with preschool children with developmental speech and language disorders (DS&LD). Methods & Procedures: A mixed-methods approach was adopted for this study. Data were collected iteratively, from 245 SLTs with experience of working with preschool children with DS&LD across sites in England, by means of focus groups and national events. There were three stages of data collection: local sites, specific-interest groups and two national events. KE techniques were used to gather data, with initial data being collected in local site focus groups. Findings from groups were taken to subsequent larger groups where a combination of concept mapping, teach-back and sorting exercises generated a more detailed description of practice, using discussion of consensus and disagreement to stimulate further exploration and definition and provide validatory evidence. Outcomes & Results: This paper provides a high-level framework of therapy for preschool children with DS&LD that makes practice explicit in this area. The framework proposes that therapists' aims for this group of children fall into three categories: addressing children's areas of impairment and skills; achieving functionally meaningful skills and carryover; and supporting adults to provide a supportive communication environment. The exact configuration is shaped by the child's context and needs. Conclusions & Implications: The framework highlights themes that are well researched in the literature (e.g., speech) and others that have been little studied (e.g., adult understanding), indicating a disconnect between research evidence and practice. The research also highlights the complex nature of interventions for preschool children with DS&LD and the importance therapists attribute to tailoring therapy to individual needs. The framework provides a scaffold upon which SLTs can focus their clinical practice and encourages the profession to understand and explore better the gaps between research evidence and clinical practice for preschool children with DS&LD.

INTRODUCTION: Lichtenstein hernia repair is a clean surgical intervention and one of the most frequently applied operation worldwide. Despite guidelines, benefit of antibiotic prophylaxis in hernia surgery has been considered questionable and prophylaxis usage is not infrequent. Here, in this clinical randomized trial, we aimed to compare three different prophylaxis regimens to find out which one is more effective. METHODS: In this prospective study, patients were divided into three groups. First group (G1) received cefazoline, second group (G2) received topical gentamicin, and third group (G3) received combination of cefazoline and topical gentamicin. On 1st, 7th, and 30th postoperative days, surgical sites were examined for the signs of infection according to the definitions of Centers for Disease Control. Furthermore, effectiveness of infection prevention in patients with comorbid diseases was also analyzed. RESULTS: Totally 276 patients were analyzed. In G1 three, in G2 two, and in G3 0 infections were recorded. Total, infection rate was 1.8%. There was no any difference in infection rates between three groups (P = 0.285). Comorbidities did not rise infection rates under prophylaxis coverage (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: All three methods are equally effective in surgical site infection, but combination method seems better with “0” ratio. Prophlaxy coverage also prevents surgical site infection even in the presence of risk (comorbidities).

Medicinal plants from Chad grow under special climatic conditions in between the equatorial forest of Central Africa and the desert of North Africa and are understudied. Three medicinal plants from Chad (T. diversifolia, P. Biglobosa and C. Febrifuga) were evaluated for their phenolic composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities. The total phenolic composition varied from 203.19 ± 0.58 mg GAE/g DW in the ethyl acetate extract of P. biglobosa, to 56.41 ± 0.89 mg GAE/g DW in the methanol extract of C. febrifuga while the total flavonoid content varied from 51.85 ± 0.91 mg QE/g DW in the methanol extract of P. biglobosa to 08.56 ± 0.25 mg QE/g DW in the methanol extract of C. febrifuga. HPLC-DAD revealed that rutin, gallic acid and protocatechuic acid were the most abundant phenolics in T. diversifolia, P. Biglobosa and C. Febrifuga respectively. The antioxidant activity assayed by five different methods revealed very good activity especially in the DPPH•, ABTS•+ and CUPRAC assays where the extracts were more active than the standard compounds used. Good inhibition was exhibited against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with methanol (IC50: 15.63 ± 0.72 µg/mL), ethyl acetate (IC50: 16.20 ± 0.67 µg/mL) extracts of P. biglobosa, and methanol (IC50: 21.53 ± 0.65 µg/mL) and ethyl acetate (IC50: 30.81 ± 0.48 µg/mL) extracts of T. diversifolia showing higher inhibition than galantamine (IC50: 42.20 ± 0.44 µg/mL) against BChE. Equally, good inhibition was shown on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. On the α-glucosidase, the ethyl acetate (IC50 = 12.47 ± 0.61 µg/mL) and methanol extracts (IC50 = 16.51 ± 0.18 µg/mL) of P. biglobosa showed higher activity compared to the standard acarbose (IC50 = 17.35 ± 0.71 µg/mL) and on α-amylase, the ethyl acetate (IC50 = 13.50 ± 0.90 µg/mL) and methanol (IC50 = 18.12 ± 0.33 µg/mL) extracts of P. biglobosa showed higher activity compared to acarbose (IC50 = 23.84 ± 0.25 µg/mL). The results indicate that these plants are good sources of antioxidant phenolics and can be used to manage oxidative stress linked illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes.

A poem exploring issues of identity lost and found, and self-love, in the age of the #BlackLivesMatter movement.