Search

Gypsophilapaniculata L. is among the 10 best selling cut flower species globally and is considered a “target” plant for breeding varieties. The aim of this work was to make the genetic improvement of Gypsophila more rational and focused. The study of basic chromosome number and the reproductive system (potential barriers to intraspecific and interspecific incompatibilities) of the wild species as well as the commercial hybrids forms the basis of crossbreeding and selection of variety. A significant difference in ploidy was found between the species paniculata, its cultivar Flocon de Neige doubles, the species libanotica Boiss. (n = 34) and Pacifica Kom. (n = 68). A significant difference in the chromosome number was found among the commercial hybrids of Gypsophila under investigation, and this difference was observed among them as well as when compared with the wild type species. The flower structure of commercial hybrids can be remarkably complex. Some hybrids such as Biancanieves® and MeryG® showed empt...

Sophora arizonica , Sophora gypsophila , Sophora secundiflora , Sophora affinis , and Sophora japonica were recently reclassified as Dermatophyllum arizonicum , Dermatophyllum gypsophilum , Dermatophyllum secundiflorum , Styphnolobium affine , and Styphnolobium japonicum , respectively. Some legumes of the sub family Papilionoideae including Sophora species are reported to contain a variety of quinolizidine alkaloids. The quinolizidine alkaloid profiles of D. arizonicum , D. gypsophilum , D. secundiflorum , S. affine , and S. japonicum were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively using field collections and herbarium specimens throughout their range of geographical distribution for the native species. This is the first report of the alkaloid profiles of D. arizonicum and D. gypsophilum . Alkaloid profiles of the other species were compared to previous reports. The Dermatophyllum species contain quinolizidine alkaloids, and the teratogen anagyrine ( 11 ), while the Styphnolobium species do not contain quinolizidine alkaloids. The chemotaxonomic data are consistent with the reclassification of each species.

Six new aphid species of the genus Aphidura from Kazakhstan are described: A. togaica Kadyrbekov, sp. n. on Gypsophila spp., A. massagetica Kadyrbekov, sp. n. on Silene lithophila, A. nomadica Kadyrbekov, sp. n. on Silene suffrutescens, A. naimanica Kadyrbekov, sp. n. on Gypsophila spp., A. alatavica Kadyrbekov, sp. n. on Cerastium spp., and A. melandrii Kadyrbekov, sp. n. on Melandrium album. A more detailed description of A. ornatella Narzik. et Winkl., 1960 is given based on materials from Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. The validity of the species A. bharatia David, Sekh. et Bindra, 1970 and A. mingens Pint., 1970 is restored. A. prinsepiae Pashtsh., 1988 is reduced to a synonym of A. mordvilkoi Shap., 1984. A key to the known species of the genus Aphidura is provided.

We present a re-evaluation of the taxonomic status of Agave gypsophila, for which a narrower circumscription is proposed, and four new species from western Mexico are described and illustrated: Agave abisaii, A. andreae, A. kristenii and A. pablocarrilloi . All four species are narrow endemics occurring on a variety of limestone outcrops and belong to the subgenus Agave and to the Marmoratae species group sensu Berger. They are morphologically related to A. gypsophila s. s. from Guerrero, Mexico, but clearly differ from it in various qualitative and quantitative morphological and ecological characteristics.

Описаны 6 новых видов тлей рода Aphidura из Казахстана: A. togaica Kadyrbekov sp. n., живущий на Gypsophila spp., A. massagetica Kadyrbekov sp. n., живущий на Silene lithophila, A. nomadica Kadyrbekov sp. n., живущий на Silene suffrutescens, A. naimanica Kadyrbekov sp. n., живущий на Gypsophila spp., A. alatavica Kadyrbekov sp. n., живущий на Cerastium spp., A. melandrii Kadyrbekov sp. n., живущий на Melandrium album. Составлено более подробное описание A. ornatella Narzik. et Winkl. 1960 по материалам из Казахстана и Таджикистана. Восстановлена видовая самостоятельность A. bharatia David, Sekh. et Bindra 1970 и A. mingens Pint. 1970. A. prinsepiae Pashtsh. 1988 сведен в синоним к A. mordvilkoi Shap. 1984. Составлена определительная таблица для различения известных видов рода Aphidura.

The influence of NPK fertilization on plant growth and roots yield of Gypsophila paniculata and Gypsophila repens was investigated. The nutrients were applied in different proportions. The health state of Gypsophila was also analyzed. The pathogens isolated from plants showing the diseases symptoms represented eight species: Alternaria dianthicola Neergaard; Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc.; Fusarium culmorum (W. G.Smith) Sacc.; F.equiseti (Cola) Sacc.; F.oxysporum Schlecht., Snyder et Hansen; F.sambucinum Fuck; Phytophthora sp. de Bary; Rhizoctonia solani K. Fusarium oxysporum and other species of fungi were isolated from Gypsophila paniculata, whilst from Gypsophila repens only Fusarium oxysporum was obtained.

A new triterpeniod saponin 3-O- β -arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-[ β -galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]- β -glucuronopyranosyl gypsogenin ( 1 ), together with the known saponin 3-O- β -xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-[ β -galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]- β -glucuronopyranosyl gypsogenin ( 2 ), and three known triterpenes gypsogenic acid ( 3 ), quillaic acid ( 4 ) and gypsogenin ( 5 ) were isolated from the roots of Gypsophila trichotoma Wend. (Caryophyllaceae). Their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectral methods. Cytotoxic activity of compounds 1 and 2 were tested against seven human cancer cell lines. Compound 1 showed cytotoxic activity against all of them, while compound 2 only against two cell lines.

Pantoea agglomerans, a widespread epiphytic bacterium, has evolved into a hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp)‐dependent and host‐specific gall‐forming pathogen by the acquisition of a pathogenicity plasmid containing a type III secretion system (T3SS) and its effectors (T3Es). Pantoea agglomerans pv. betae (Pab) elicits galls on beet (Beta vulgaris) and gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculata), whereas P. agglomerans pv. gypsophilae (Pag) incites galls on gypsophila and a hypersensitive response (HR) on beet. Draft genome sequences were generated and employed in combination with a machine‐learning approach and a translocation assay into beet roots to identify the pools of T3Es in the two pathovars. The genomes of the sequenced Pab4188 and Pag824‐1 strains have a similar size (∼5 MB) and GC content (∼55%). Mutational analysis revealed that, in Pab4188, eight T3Es (HsvB, HsvG, PseB, DspA/E, HopAY1, HopX2, HopAF1 and HrpK) contribute to pathogenicity on beet and gypsophila. In Pag824‐1, nine T3Es (HsvG, HsvB, PthG, DspA/E, HopAY1, HopD1, HopX2, HopAF1 and HrpK) contribute to pathogenicity on gypsophila, whereas the PthG effector triggers HR on beet. HsvB, HsvG, PthG and PseB appear to endow pathovar specificities to Pab and Pag, and no homologous T3Es were identified for these proteins in other phytopathogenic bacteria. Conversely, the remaining T3Es contribute to the virulence of both pathovars, and homologous T3Es were found in other phytopathogenic bacteria. Remarkably, HsvG and HsvB, which act as host‐specific transcription factors, displayed the largest contribution to disease development.

Jonge tomaten- en paprikaplanten, maar ook een aantal andere gewassen, houden soms opeens op met groeien. Koploosheid was lange tijd een lastig maar zeer slecht begrepen fenomeen. De laatste jaren is het inzicht in een stroomversnelling gekomen. In ieder geval is het aantal mogelijke oorzaken drastisch ingeperkt.

The genus Gypsophila contains about 150 annual and perennial flowering plant species native to the temperate regions of Europe and Asia. Nowadays Gypsophila species are present worldwide as garden ornamental plants. Although Gypsophila is one of the most economically important ornamental crops, little is known about its genetic variability and the relationships among the different wild species, cultivars, and commercial hybrids. The aim of our work was to analyze genetic distances among 5 wild species and 13 commercial hybrids of Gypsophila with similar phenotypes but unknown origin. For this purpose, we have used amplified fragment length polymorphism, target region amplification polymorphism, and inter simple sequence repeat whole-genome markers and chloroplast simple sequence repeat (cpSSR), targeting chloroplast DNA. Nuclear markers were found to distinguish all the analyzed samples while cpSSR markers were found to discriminate the different wild species, but could not sufficiently separate the comme...

Summary The virulence of the bacterium Pantoea agglomerans pv. gypsophilae (Pag) on Gypsophila paniculata depends on a type III secretion system (T3SS) and its effectors. The hypothesis that plant-derived indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plays a major role in gall formation was examined by disrupting basipetal polar auxin transport with the specific inhibitors 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). On inoculation with Pag, galls developed in gypsophila stems above but not below lanolin rings containing TIBA or NPA, whereas, in controls, galls developed above and below the rings. In contrast, TIBA and NPA could not inhibit tumour formation in tomato caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The colonization of gypsophila stems by Pag was reduced below, but not above, the lanolin–TIBA ring. Following Pag inoculation and TIBA treatment, the expression of hrpL (a T3SS regulator) and pagR (a quorum-sensing transcriptional regulator) decreased four-fold and that of pthG (a T3SS effector) two-fold after 24 h. Expression of PIN2 (a putative auxin efflux carrier) increased 35-fold, 24 h after Pag inoculation. However, inoculation with a mutant in the T3SS effector pthG reduced the expression of PIN2 by two-fold compared with wild-type infection. The results suggest that pthG might govern the elevation of PIN2 expression during infection, and that polar auxin transport-derived IAA is essential for gall initiation.

Türkiye is the homeland of many plant species as it is located in a region where three important gene centers intersect. The richness of the Turkish flora is also an important source for the utilization of plants with different purposes. Therefore, it is quite essential to cultivate the species in our flora and determine their usage possibilities in the ornamental plants sector both in terms of the ex-situ conservation of the species and their conversion into an economic value. In this study that was conducted between 2005 and 2008, the populations of Gypsophila (Gypsophila sp.) species distributed in the natural vegetation of Türkiye were studied in terms of their potential for usage as ornamental plants, and seed and herbarium specimens were collected from 118 different locations. In addition, some 11 natural Gypsophila populations obtained from the Center for Gene Sources of the Aegean Agricultural Research Institute were also evaluated in the study. The seeds were sown in the Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute in Antalya, and the seedlings obtained were transferred to the collection garden and examined in terms of some phenological-morphological characteristics (plant height, branching status, petal shape, petal size, and petal color). With the data obtained in the study, suggestions were made about in which area the species under examination could be utilized in the ornamental plants sector. Furthermore, the obtained materials can be used as breeding materials in future studies., Türkiye, üç önemli gen merkezinin kesiştiği bir bölgede yer alması nedeniyle pek çok bitki türünün anavatanı konumundadır. Türkiye florasının zenginliği aynı zamanda bitkilerin farklı amaçlarla kullanılması için de önemli bir kaynaktır. Bu nedenle florada yer alan türlerin kültüre alınarak süs bitkileri sektöründe kullanım olanaklarının belirlenmesi, hem türlerin ex-situ korunması hem de ekonomik değere dönüştürülmesi bakımından oldukça önemlidir. 2005-2008 yılları arasında yürütülen bu çalışmada, Türkiye doğal bitki örtüsünde yayılış gösteren Gypsophila (Gypsophila sp.) türlerine ait populasyonlar, süs bitkisi olarak kullanım potansiyelleri yönünden taranmış ve 118 farklı lokasyondan tohum ve herbaryum örnekleri toplanmıştır. Ayrıca, Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Gen Kaynakları Merkezi’nden temin edilen 11 adet doğal gypsophila populasyonu da çalışmada değerlendirilmiştir. Tohumlar, Antalya Batı Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü’nde ekilmiş, elde edilen fideler koleksiyon bahçesine aktarılmış ve bazı fenolojik-morfolojik özellikler (bitki boyu, dallanma durumu, petal şekli, petal boyu, petal rengi) yönünden incelenmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen verilerle, incelenen türlerin süs bitkileri sektöründe hangi alanda değerlendirilebileceğine yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur. Ayrıca elde edilen materyaller ileride yapılacak çalışmalarda ıslah materyali olarak kullanılabilecektir.

The Turkish ecotype of Puccinellia distans displays exceptional boron (B) tolerance, >1,250 mg B L−1, compared to

Salinity is a major limiting factor to agricultural productivity. To ensure future productivity of the agricultural regions and achieve a selection of genetically transformed salt-tolerant plants, there is a need to select and characterize salt-tolerant plants. Gypsophila oblanceolata Bark. is a Turkish endemic and endangered halophyte occurring in salt marshes/hydromorphic soils. The aim of this experiment was to determine the responses of G. oblanceolata to salt stress during germination and vegetative growth. Therefore, effects of salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 300 mM NaCl) on germination and changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes/isoenzymes (SOD, CAT and POX) during germination under stress and recovery after stress were determined. Moreover, during vegetative growth (60 d old plants), changes in physiological parameters, ion concentrations, proline (Pro) content, lipid peroxidation (MDA), H2O2 content, NADPH oxidase activity and, antioxidant enzyme/isoenzyme system (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR)) were also investigated. Salt stress decreased both the germination percentage and rate. Few seeds germinated at 100 mM NaCl. Exposure to high concentrations of NaCl did not permanently inhibit germination. Salinity (50 mM NaCl) caused a decrease in activities of SOD, CAT and POX during germination. However, after stress, the activities of all enzymes were increased in recovered-plants. During vegetative growth, increased activities of SOD, CAT and APX in 50 and 100 mM NaCl treated-plants may help to avoid oxidative damage in G. oblanceolata. However, at higher doses, induced stimulation of the CAT, POX and GR was not sufficient to cope with the enhanced ROS production and MDA level. From the results obtained in present study, it can be suggested that G. oblanceolata is a moderately salt-tolerant species. Differential responses of antioxidant enzymes to salt stress during germination and vegetative growth suggested different antioxidant metabolism in G. oblanceolata.

In order to examine the systematic application of seed-coat micro-morphology in Gypsophila and allied genera, seed surfaces of 30 species and two varieties representing four genera of tribe Caryophylleae were examined with scanning electron microscope. The seeds of examined species range between 0.5–2.1 mm in length and 0.3–2.4 mm in diameter. The exomorphology of the seed coat shows two distinctive cell patterns. The epidermis is constructed either of elongated polygonal or of broad polygonal cells. The elongated type is the most common among the studied species, but the variation in alignment of testa cells, their size and shape as well as the density of protuberances may provide further information and useful diagnostic characters at generic and specific rank. The testa cells in Gypsophila and Saponaria are shallowly undulate, deeply undulate, lobed and armed at anticlinal walls. Deeply undulate anticlinal walls were observed in both Gypsophila and Ankyropetalum and a few species of Saponaria. Non- or indistinctly grooved anticlinal walls is the more common type in Allochrusa. Seed-coat characters support the separation of Gypsophila and Saponaria to some extent but disagree with recognition of Ankyropetalum as a genus separate from Gypsophila.

The expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is upregulated in many human tumors. We developed the targeted toxin SE, consisting of the plant toxin saporin-3 and human EGF. The cytotoxic effect of SE drastically increases in a synergistic manner by a combined treatment with Saponinum album (Spn), a saponin composite from Gypsophila paniculata L. Here we analyzed which endocytic pathways are involved in the uptake of SE and which are mandatory for the Spn-mediated enhancement. We treated HER14 cells (NIH-3T3 cells transfected with human EGF receptor) with either chlorpromazine, dynasore, latrunculin A, chloroquine, bafilomycin A1 or filipin and analyzed the effect on the cytotoxicity of SE alone or in combination with Spn. We demonstrated that SE in combination with Spn enters cells via clathrin- and actin-dependent pathways and the acidification of the endosomes after endocytosis is relevant for the cytotoxicity of SE. Notably, our data suggest that SE without Spn follows a different endocytic uptake pathway. SE cytotoxicity is independent of blocking of clathrin or actin, and the decrease in endosomal pH is irrelevant for SE cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Spn has no influence on the retrograde transport. This work is important for the better understanding of the underlying mechanism of Spn-enhanced cytotoxicity and helps to describe the role of Spn better.

Three new sulfated triterpenoids (1-3), along with one known compound (4), were isolated from the roots of Gypsophila pacifica Kom. The structures of the new compounds were established as 3β-O-sulfate gypsogenin 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (1), 3β-O-sulfate gypsogenin (2), and 3β-O-sulfate quillaic acid (3) on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS methods.

Focused on water pollution in China's rural area, taking Oenanthe javanica (Oj), Gypsophila sp. (Gy), Rohdea japonica (Rj), Dracaena sanderiana (Ds), Gardenia jasminoides Var. grandiflora (Gg), Gardenia jasminoides Var. prostrata (Gp), and Salix babylonica (Sb) as research objects, this paper investigated the growth characteristics and nutrient uptake of these seven species cultivated on artificial floating beds. The results indicated that after about 130 days’ acclimation, these seven species had different growth characteristics. The survival rates of each species were close to 100%. Dry matter biomass ranged from 33.7 to 307.1 g m −2 in the following order: Sb > Gy > Oj > Ds > Gg > Gp > Rj. There were significant linear relationships between above-water and under-water biomass ( R > 0.875); thus, the above-water biomass could best reflect the under-water biomass. N and P concentrations and distribution in the root, stem and leaf were quite different both within and between the species. N and P concentrations in plant body ranged from 15.31 to 23.15 g kg −1 in the relationship Oj > Ds > Gy > Gp > Sb > Rj > Gg, and from 1.07 to 1.89 g kg −1 in the relationship Rj > Gp > Oj > Gg > Gy > Sb > Ds, respectively. N and P accumulations ranged from 0.51 to 4.48 g m −2 and from 0.062 to 0.331 g m −2 , respectively, in which plant nutrient uptake ability could be placed as follows: Sb > Gy > Oj > Ds > Gp/Gg > Rj. The outcomes also indicated that there were positive and significant linear relationships between N and P accumulations and plant biomass ( R > 0.964), respectively; thus, plant harvest could be a means of taking N and P out of wastewater. Seven species, especially Sb, Gy, and Oj, had an ideal effect on TN and TP removal and could be widely utilized for the treatment of wastewater in rural areas.

The present study deals with the synthesis of a novel proline-rich cyclopeptide - gypsin B 7 via coupling of tripeptide units Boc-l-Tyr-l-Phe-l-Pro-OH and Gly-l-Leu-l-Pro-OMe utilizing two different carbodiimides, followed by cyclization of linear polypeptide fragment. Structure elucidation of newly synthesized peptide was done on basis of FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, ESI-MS/MS data. From biological evaluation, it was concluded that cyclic hexapeptide 7 exhibited potent antidermatophyte activity against pathogenic Microsporum audouinii andTrichophyton mentagrophytes. Also, good bioactivity against pathogenicCandida albicans and gram-negative bacteria, and moderate antihelmintic activity against three species of earthworms was observed for newly synthesized cyclohexapeptide. Key words: Gypsophila arabica, cyclic hexapeptide, gypsin B, peptide coupling, antimicrobial activity, antihelmintic activity.

Pantoea agglomerans pvs. gypsophilae and betae are related gall-forming bacteria. While P. agglomerans pv. beta initiates gall formation on both beet and gypsophila, the gypsophila pathovar causes gall formation only on gypsophila. PthG is a type III effector determining host range of these pathogens, initiating the hypersensitivity response in beet, but is a virulence factor in gypsophila. The role of PthG and its mode of action in pathogenicity remain unclear. Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants expressing pthG were created. PthG over-expression was often lethal, and surviving pthG-bearing lines showed morphological and developmental abnormalities such as leaf deformation and abnormal vascular branching, dwarf stature, loss of apical dominance, seedling apical meristem loss, rapid germination, reduced fertility, plants which cease growth for several weeks later producing a new lateral shoot, and loss of endophyte resistance (bearing unusual saprophyte populations). Some transformants required light for seed germination and showed rapid seedling greening. In in vitro assays PthG expression modified responses to auxin and cytokinin, inhibiting root and shoot production but not callus formation. In vitro differentiation responses to light were modified by PthG expression. This effector may interfere in the plant auxin signalling pathways resulting in higher observed auxin and ethylene levels, and subsequent blockage of root and shoot development. Apparently PthG tunes the host response to high hormone levels, changing the developmental response. Since shoot and root development are delayed, we hypothesize that callus/gall formation is supported by this activity. However, interference by PthG with hormone and light signalling does not explain all the responses observed in pthG-bearing lines.

Gypsophila flowering stems are treated with a commercial formula before shipment; however, it is not clear if this treatment is the best one to enhance floret water uptake. Moreover it is not clear if it can ameliorate damage caused by exposure to air that is encountered during harvest. Water uptake by individual gypsophila florets was measured by the apoplastic fluorescent dye 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS). By employing this dye, it was determined that desiccation of flowering stems of more than 15% of their fresh weight, followed by rehydration with water, decreased floret water uptake. Reduction in water uptake was not observed in whole stems; nevertheless, floret opening was reduced. To improve floret water uptake following desiccation, the effects of rehydration with the detergents polyoxyethylene (10) lauryl ether, mixture of quaternary ammoniums, sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100 were examined. Triton X-100 was the most effective detergent in enhancing floret water uptake and it was better than TOG3 (included in the commercial formula), which was also shown to improve floret water uptake. Since flower opening was correlated with higher floret water uptake, the TOG3 in the commercial formula was replaced with Triton X-100. These solutions were equally effective in improving flower opening; however, neither completely reversed the desiccation-enhancement of flower wilting. Our results support the notion that water absorption by florets is not the sole contributor to flower opening. Taken together, our results suggest that it is possible to replace TOG3 with Triton X-100 in the commercial formula and rehydration with this solution following desiccation can overcome the reduction in floret water uptake.

The physiological characteristics of the extremely boron (B)-tolerant plant species, Puccinellia distans, were compared with those of the moderately tolerant Gypsophila arrostil, two species collected from a B-mining area of Eskişehir, Turkey. Boron was supplied to plants hydroponically at B concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 50 mg B/L for G. arrostil, and from 0.5 to 2000 mg B/L for P. distans. The results show that P. distans has a strikingly greater tolerance to B than G. arrostil. While G. arrostil was unable to survive B supply concentrations greater than 50 mg B/L, P. distans grew at B supply concentrations exceeding 1250 mg B/L. Our research supports the conclusion that from 0.5 to 50 mg B/L, P. distans is better able to restrict the accumulation of B in the whole plant, and the transport of B from root to shoot, than G. arrostil. We propose that P. distans uses several strategies to achieve B tolerance including the ability to restrict the accumulation of B relative to its accumulation of biomass, the ability to restrict the transport of B from root to shoot, and, to a lesser extent, the ability to tolerate high concentrations of B in its shoot and root tissues.

A simple and rapid method of excised root cultures from six Gypsophila species was performed allowing continuous growth without phytohormones. Established on MH3 medium from solid-grown seedlings these roots were subcultured for 1 year on a solid medium before being transferred in a liquid medium to obtain substantial biomass for saponin content analysis. Morphologically, the different root lines presented different growth behaviors and different physical aspects: some have linear growth by the tip of the main axial root from the original seedling; others have additional lateral root initiations producing a hairy root-system more or less dense. A marked increase of biomass was observed in the light by comparison with dark conditions. Significant growth for Gypsophila glomerata was achieved within 3 weeks on liquid medium; biomass grew up to 50-fold in batch cultures reaching 10 g DW. The fingerprints of the saponin HPLC profiles of the six Gypsophila species were drastically different with at least up to 30 different saponins detected for some of them. The roots of Gypsophila elegans accumulated saponins up to 65 mg/g DW. These amounts were higher than in Gypsophila paniculata roots classically found as the best producing ones. On the contrary the root lines of G. glomerata showed a smaller quantitative amount of saponins (between 1.3 and 7.10 mg/g DW) than those of G. elegans but nearly the same HPLC profiles as for root extracts of G. paniculata plants grown directly in the fields.

A recent molecular phylogenetic study of Caryophylleae (Caryophyllaceae) by Madhani et al . (2018: 96) showed that “ Velezia and the second group of Petrorhagia (including P. armerioides , P. alpina and P. candica )” are phylogenetically rooted in Dianthus Linnaeus (1753: 409) sensu stricto . New names and new combinations were proposed by Madhani et al . (l.c.) to reflect the revealed phylogenetic patterns in an updated nomenclatural scheme.

This paper provides two new combinations and formal descriptions for eight new species and three new subspecies that have resulted from the preparation of accounts for Volume 1 of the Flora of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra for the genera Cleome (Capparaceae), Polycarpaea, Silene, Gypsophila and Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae), and Rubus (Rosaceae).

Gypsophila bermejoi G. López is an allopolyploid species derived from the parental G. struthium L. subsp. struthium and G. tomentosa L. All these plants are gypsophytes endemic to the Iberian Peninsula of particular ecological, evolutionary and biochemical interest. In this study, we present evidence of a possible repression on the process of G. bermejoi speciation by climatic factors. We modelled the ecological niches of the three taxa considered here using a maximum entropy approach and employing a series of bioclimatic variables. Subsequently, we projected these models onto the geographical space of the Iberian Peninsula in the present age and at two past ages: the Last Glacial Maximum and the mid-Holocene period. Furthermore, we compared these niches using the statistical method devised by Warren to calculate their degree of overlap. We also evaluated the evolution of the bioclimatic habitat suitability at those sites were the soil favors the growth of these species. Both the maximum entropy model and the degree of overlap indicated that the ecological behavior of the hybrid differs notably from that of the parental species. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the two parental species appear to take refuge in the western coastal strip of the Peninsula, a region in which there are virtually no sites where G. bermejoi could potentially be found. However, in the mid-Holocene period the suitability of G. bermejoi to sites with favorable soils shifts from almost null to a strong adaptation, a clear change in this tendency. These results suggest that the ecological niches of hybrid allopolyploids can be considerably different to those of their parental species, which may have evolutionary and ecologically relevant consequences. The data obtained indicate that certain bioclimatic variables may possibly repress the processes by which new species are formed. The difference in the ecological niche of G. bermejoi with respect to its parental species prevented it from prospering during the Last Glacial Maximum. However, the climatic change in the mid-Holocene period released this block and as such, it permitted the new species to establish itself. Accordingly, we favor a recent origin of the current populations of G. bermejoi.

Gypsophila osmangaziensis, an endemic species from Eskişehir (Turkey) is here studied from the anatomical and micromorphological points of view for the first time. Root, stem and leaf cross-sections as well as seed, leaf and pollen grains surfaces are investigated. Root shows perennial characteristics. Pericycle layer of the stem is composed of sclerenchymatic cells that have 15–17 very thick, layered cell walls. Leaf mesophyll is isobilateral and partly carries druse crystals. Seed surface has an obtuse tubercle. Pollen shape is oblate spheroidal.

Saporin is a type I ribosome-inactivating protein with N-glycosidase activity. It removes adenine residues from the 28S ribosomal RNA resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis. Recently we have shown that saporin exerts no cytotoxicity on seven human cell lines. However, the combination of saporin with a special mixture of Gypsophila saponins (Soapwort saponins) from Gypsophila paniculata L. (baby's breath) rendered saporin to a potent cytotoxin comparable to viscumin, a highly toxic type II ribosome-inactivating protein. In this study we investigated whether the enhancement of the saporin-cytotoxicity by Gypsophila saponins is mediated by a saponin-triggered modulation of endocytosis, exocytosis or impaired degradation processes of his-tagged saporin ((his)saporin) in ECV-304 cells. For this purpose (his)saporin was labelled with tritium and cytotoxicity of the toxin alone and in combination with Gypsophila saponins was scrutinized. The transport and degradation processes of (his)saporin were not different in Gypsophila saponin-treated and control cells. However, after ultracentrifugation of a post-nuclear supernatant the amount of cytosolic (his)saporin was significantly higher in saponin-treated cells than in cells, which were only incubated with (his)saporin. This indicates a saponin mediated endosomal escape of saporin.

The European leafminer, Scaptomyza flava, is an important pest of brassicas, peas and gypsophila in New Zealand. The patterns of S. flava adult eclosion, mating and oviposition were determined in the laboratory. Most adults (97%) emerged in the photophase with maximum adult eclosion occurring between 2 and 3 h into the photophase. Mating took place exclusively in the photophase and peaked about 30 min after lights on. Both male and female S. flava mated more than once. Females started oviposition 3 days after emergence, and the fecundity (number of eggs laid) and fertility (number of eggs hatched) peaked between 5 and 10 days after emergence. The mean lifetime fecundity was 133.5±4.1 eggs with the fertility rate being 57% during the 40-day oviposition period.

Gypsophila trichotoma Wend. (Caryophyllaceae) is a perennial herbaceous plant, growing in Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia, Kazakhstan, West Mongolia, Russia and Turkmenistan. The species is spread in Bulgaria along the Black Sea coast [1]. Previous researchers reported the isolation of six triterpene glucosides with gypsogenin as an aglycon from the plant [2 – 6]. In a continuation of our phytochemical investigation on Gypsophila trichotoma [7], we describe the isolation and structure elucidation of three new sulfated oleanane-type saponins (1 – 3).

As a major contributor to the flower market, Gypsophila paniculata is an important target for the breeding of new varieties. However, gypsophila breeding is strongly hampered by the sterility of this species’ genotypes and the lack of a genetic-transformation procedure for this genus. Here we describe the establishment of a transformation procedure for gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculata L.) based on Agrobacterium inoculation of highly regenerative stem segments. The transformation procedure employs stem explants derived from GA3-pretreated mother plants and a two-step selection scheme. The GA3 treatment was crucial for obtaining high gene-transfer frequencies (75–90% GUS-expressing explants out of total inoculated explants), as shown using three different gypsophila varieties. An overall transformation efficiency of five GUS-expressing shoots per 100 stem explants was demonstrated for cv. Arbel. The applicability of the transformation system to gypsophila was further reinforced by the generation of transgenic plants expressing Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolC driven by a CaMV 35S promoter. Transgenic gypsophila plantlets exhibited extensive rooting and branching, traits that could be beneficial to the ornamental industry.

Saporin, a type I ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP), removes an adenine residue from the 28S ribosomal RNA as part of a process that leads to inhibition of protein synthesis. As a result, saporin has been shown to exert a strong toxicity in the immune system against macrophages. However, studies have shown that macrophage-like U937 cells are fully resistant against low concentrations of unmodified and his-tagged saporin solutions (6 pM) that normally kill macrophages and APC. In the studies reported here, we noted that with these cells, these RIP solutions only became highly cytotoxic when they were used in a combined treatment with Gypsophila saponins. We determined that this cytotoxicity was the result of an induction of apoptosis triggered by the now-internalized saporin molecules that had previously remained outside of these cells. The results here indicate that the Gypsophila saponins induce, in some manner yet to be fully defined, a stimulation of the endocytosis of saporin by these cells.

Four multiparous pregnant Nubian goats at late lactation were subjected to injection of a saponin preparation from Gypsophila roots. Saponin solution was injected into one single gland of each goat after milking 8 times. At day 2 in treatment, milk yield began to be affected, and dropped down dramatically from day 3 till dry off at day 8. The pH value of milk was increased in udder halves treated with the saponin solution after 2 days, whereas the control halves exhibited semi-plateau manner all over the experiment. Sodium concentration increased and potassium concentration decreased af- ter 2 d in treatment. Calcium concentration in the treated udder declined after 8 d and the values of these ions were round- about the plasma concentrations indicating that milk secreted from the treated udder halves with saponins was mostly composed of interstitial fluid.

An unusual new cyclic peptide with a pyrrolidine-2,5-dione unit, gypsophin (1), was isolated from Gypsophila oldhamiana. Its structure was elucidated by the spectroscopic evidences. The stereochemistry was determined by application of the Marfey's method and the single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 exhibited inhibitory activity against alpha-glucosidase with IC50 of 305 microM.

SummaryOne of the main external factors that influence anthocyanin accumulation is temperature, with low temperatures increasing and elevated temperatures decreasing pigment concentration. Recently we showed that higher magnesium levels increased anthocyanin accumulation in aster flowers grown at elevated temperatures, probably due to increased stability of the pigments. The aims of this study were to further characterise the effect of magnesium treatment on pigmentation in a variety of plants, and to determine the specificity of the treatment with respect to plants, plant organs and anthocyanins. Four ornamental plants that accumulate anthocyanins in different organs were chosen: Anigozanthos ‘Mini Ranger’ with red flower buds, Limonium ‘Blue Night’ with blue bracts, Gypsophila ‘Pinkolina’ with pink flowers, and Aconitum napellus with blue flowers. The plants varied in the specific anthocyanins that generate their colour. Magnesium treatment caused a significant increase in anthocyanin concentrations (be...

The negatively charged polysaccharide Hyaluronic acid (HA) has diverse physiological and pathophysiological functions depending on its chain size. Space‑filling, anti‑inflammatory and antiangiogenic effects are triggered by high molecular weight HA (HMW HA) (>20 kDa). Hydrolyzation of HMW HA by Hyal‑1 results in low molecular weight HA (LMW HA) (

Gypsophila L. is the 3rd-largest genus of Caryophyllaceae in Turkey, a country that includes 60 taxa belonging to 56 species of the 126 recognized in the genus. A total of 35 taxa are endemic to Turkey, with an approximately 60% endemism ratio. In this study, the genetic diversity of 14 Gypsophila species from Turkey was analyzed using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Sixteen RAPD and 6 ISSR primers produced 132 polymorphic bands. RAPD, ISSR, and RAPD + ISSR primers for the 14 species showed 92.7, 93.8, and 92.9% polymorphism, respectively. Our results indicate that RAPD and ISSR markers are reliable and effective for assessing the genetic diversity of Gypsophila species. Gypsophila species studied were separated into 2 clusters. Our analysis shows that the clusters correlated with geographic and phytogeographic regions.

Blepharis gypsophila Thulin & Vollesen, a gypsum endemic from south-eastern Ethiopia, is described, illustrated and compared with similar species. Information on the ecology, distribution and conservation status of the new species is provided.

Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of gypsophila and rose plants from greenhouses in Debrezeit and Ziway localities in Ethiopia. Among the many specimens of plant-parasitic nematodes extracted from the soil, four were identified as new records of Ethiopia, namely Mesocriconema sphaerocephaloides; Longidorus laevicapitatus; Paratylenchus obtusicaudatus, and Nanidorus minor. A comprehensive analysis of morphological and morphometrical characters is provided and species-specific variability in those characters between populations originating from different regions is discussed. Overall, this updated information will improve identification of this species in the future and also increase awareness of those species as a potential threat in cut-flower production.

Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Gypsophila oldhamiana afforded two new β-carboline alkaloids, oldhamiaines A and B (1 and 2), along with a known analogue (3). Their structures were elucidated by using spectroscopic and chemical methods. This is the first report of β-carboline alkaloids in the genus Gypsophila.