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Development of new repellent chemicals specifically to control crop damage by birds may be cost-prohibitive. Instead, the use of compounds developed for other pest control needs may be more practical. Thus, we conducted 2-cup feeding trials with singly caged red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) to test the repellency of a new seed treatment insecticide, imidacloprid (proposed common name for Miles Incorporated NTN33893). Both redwings and cowbirds were strongly deterred (P < 0.05) from feeding on rice seed treated with imidacloprid at 620 and 1,870 ppm. When applied to wheat seed, imidacloprid effectively reduced (P < 0.05) consumption by redwings at rates as low as 165 ppm

We evaluated the feeding responses of male red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) to rice seed treated with fungicidal compounds in a series of 2-cup, 1-cup, and flight pen trials. Of the materials tested, Kocide ® SD, a fungicide containing 30% copper hydroxide, was the most effective. Although this chemical caused mortality (due to hemolytic anemia) when applied at relatively high concentrations in the 1-cup test, birds consistently avoided it without ill effects in 2-cup and flight pen trials. Applied at the currently registered label rate, Kocide may safely and effectively repel birds feeding on newly planted rice. Currently registered fungicides and other pesticides may offer new alternatives for bird damage control

The Cornell storage ring CESR, designed to collide one bunch of e/sup +/ with one bunch of e/sup -/ at energies up to 8 GeV each, is used almost exclusively for research on b-quark physics (the /TAU/ region, 4.5 - 5.6 GeV per beam). Here the radiation loss is less than one-quarter the design maximum--low enough to relax beam-current limitations due to total rf power, yet still high enough to provide a comfortable amount of radiation damping (/tau/ /SUB rad/ approx. = 22 ms), which helps control beam instabilities. Performance is therefore relatively good. With single bunches, the luminosity (which scales roughly as E/sup 4/) reaches about 1.6 x 10/sup 31/ cm/sup -2/s/sup -1/ at 5.4 GeV. This is achieved with bunch currents of about 17 mA, in a regime where vertical beam blowup due to the beam-beam interaction makes L alpha I rather than I/sup 2/. The beam current is limited to this level by the onset of sudden beam losses during collision. To raise the luminosity, CESR has since 1983 operated with multiple bunches in each beam. At the unwanted crossing points within the guide-field arcs, these bunches are separated in the horizontal plane: e/sup +/ and e/supmore » -/ orbits are oppositely distorted, ''pretzel'' fashion, by a pair of electrostatic separators near the ends of each arc. The orbits still coincide around the two interaction points, and must do so very accurately of course. The required modifications of CESR, and early experience with multibunch operation, were described previously. We report our progress here, as an example of the considerations applying when two beams are bedded sideby-side in the same aperture, separated by electrostatic steering elements. The topics are: design constraints, Sec.2; lattice-optical and orbit effects, Secs. 3 and 4; and beam performance, Secs. 5 and 6.« less

A simple experimental setup for generating hydrogen fluoride laser pulses in the range from 25 to 3 nsec is presented. Dependence of pulse width and peak power upon laser gas pressure and mixture is discussed. Some details about the spectral resolved time behaviour of the multiline pulses (2.6–3.0μm) are given. Operation with DF has been performed too. Experiments with an amplifier stage are described.

Plasma focus devices are presently investigated in about 20 laboratories. All these devices generate hot (some 100 eV-some keV), dense (10 17 −10 20 particles cm −3 ) and short-lived (5−200 ns) plasmas. Due to improved diagnostics and theoretical models considerable progress in the understanding of these devices has been made since their invention in the early 1960 ies. The principle of operation, the important parameters for the mode of operation, the characteristics plasma properties and the possible applications (as realized or planned) are described.

Recent studies of the 200 kV plasma focus SPEED 1 show that the radial electric field between the electrodes of the accelerator is the cause of the unexplained phenomena (severe decrease in neutron and X-ray output by orders of magnitude) occuring at the interchange of the electrode polarity. Shielding out of this field results in almost equal behaviour of both polarities with respect to breakdown, dynamics, and focusing. This is demonstrated by means of current oscillograms, neutron yield, and operating range of filling pressure. Conclusions on possible improvement of focus devices are drawn.

The energy supply situation grows more and more critical. Alternatives to presently used fuels are necessary, mainly for road transport. Alcohol fuels, mainly methanol and Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) offer the possibility for use in engines with high thermal efficiency. The necessary modifications with regard to present gasoline engines are discussed. Results from engine tuning and vehicle tests are reported. Both fuels have advantages over present gasoline engines if the engine—vehicle concept is optimized for these fuels. Thermal efficiency and power output increase while exhaust emissions are lower. These results offer a basis for decisions how future energy questions can be resolved depending on economic, political and technical factors.

SUMMARY Clinical investigation of epithelial ovarian cancer must involve the precise definition of the lesion, careful application of new techniques, the objective evaluation of such techniques, the comparison of results in a randomized fashion with prior forms of therapy, careful pathological evaluation of the tumour, and the evaluation of toxicity to the patient. The interdisciplinary team approach to the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer and the development of randomized, prospective trials are essential. Utilizing these two elements, a better integration of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can be accomplished. Of great importance is the evaluation of response patterns by an observer who is skilled in pelvic examinations and familiar with the natural history of epithelial ovarian cancer. The increasingly important role of surgery in the treatment of this cancer is now more clearly defined. The psychological effects of chemotherapy as well as the response patterns to chemotherapy must be evaluated. During the past 20 years, considerable progress has been made in prolonging the useful, functional life of the patient. The ultimate cure is still a matter for the future and is predicated on more effective combinations of potent chemotherapeutic combinations and a clearer definition of the role of radiation therapy.

Numerical and experimental studies have been made concerning an increase of the effective discharge current for the plasma focus from a bank of constant energy. From the higher discharge current an increased neutron yield is expected. Experimentally an 85 kV/12 kJ device with a current rise time of 600 ns was investigated. The obtained neutron yield was larger by a factor of 3 compared to devices of equal energy but low voltage. The geometrical and pressure variations necessary for optimization, are discussed. Using MHD-calculations and impedance considerations, various banks, including those with high voltage and low inductance, are compared with respect to plasma data and discharge current.

Theoretical investigations of plasma focus discharges revealed that in magnetically driven sheaths an additional voltage is generated that is actually measured at the fast plasma focus SPEED 1 and in this case reaches values of about 10 kV. Starting from an ionizing shock wave model it is shown that this voltage is caused via charge separation in a current carrying skin layer of the current sheath by inertial forces due to sheath acceleration. Introducing this effect into circuit equations rendered possible (i) signal simulation and (ii) parameter evaluation of SPEED 1 discharges.

Neutral particle fluxes onto the walls of ASDEX have been investigated using a time-of-flight (TOF) method. The energy distributions of the neutrals could be determined in the range of 10–1000 eV/amu. Ohmic divertor and limiter discharges with equal plasma currents and densities have been compared for He and D2. The He0 outflux at ∼2000 eV from He discharges is 110 of the corresponding D0 flux in D2 discharges. At lower energies this difference is much smaller. In all cases many more He neutrals were observed than was anticipated from the CX rate-coefficients for He2+. The impurity fluxes due to sputtering by the CX-neutrals show no significant difference for He and D2 discharges. For divertor discharges CX-sputtering can fully account for the Fe impurity content determined spectroscopically.

Using small magnetic probes, which were decoupled from the ground potential, the plasma focus current was measured. Only some-pressure dependent-fraction of the total current in the device flows at the focus region. The correlation between this current and the neutron yield can be described as Y approximately I4. The occurrence of m=0 instabilities in the focus plasma appears in the probe signal and is also correlated to the neutron yield. A comparison between MHD-calculations and the observed field structures is presented.

A two-stage Delphi research study was undertaken to determine and measure the attitudes of the public regarding factors that may either inhibit or stimulate solar energy commercialization today and over the next 10 years. Some factors judged important were product cost, lack of product knowledge, lack of governmental support, and public concern over the energy crisis. The factors were determined by a group of energy conscious respondents who completed the Delphi research. They also indicated the likely and desirable actions to be taken by government and business. These included more funding of research and development, tax incentives, increased public education, and reduced prices. The Delphi research proved to be an effective method for investigating solar energy commercialization, as the attitudes expressed in the second survey converged with those identified during the first stage. Furthermore, governmental and business actions suggested in the study could help to initiate greater solar energy use and developmental efforts.

SPEED 1 fusion source characteristics differ from those of conventional plasma focus discharges in this energy range (20 kJ): (i) intensity maximum of end-on proton spectra is pressure dependent; (ii) fusion reactions start prior to maximum compression; (iii) isotropic emission corresponds to rather stable pinches during fusion activity. Conclusions on possible mechanisms are drawn.

An schlieren method with sub-millimeter and sub-nanosecond resolution was used to investigate profile variations of a fast collapsing focus plasma. Computer simulations allowed the authors to trace rays through the plasma and the schlieren system to the film plane where they produce intensity distributions which depend on density profiles of the plasma. In matching simulated intensity distributions to experimentally produced schlieren pictures, parameter ranges for density, density gradients and sheath thickness have been determined.

The object of this study of stratified charge combustion was to investigate various combustion chamber configurations and to evaluate their potential for automotive engines with low exhaust emissions. In single cylinder engine tests with a prechamber of approximately 30% of the total swept volume, numer-ous parameters that influence the combustion process markedly, such as air fuel ratio, cross-section of the passage, injector and spark plug position, air throttling, etc., were studied. These tests were supported with high speed photographs taken from the mixing and combustion process in a combustion bomb. Investigations of various combustion chamber configurations have shown that, with regard to NO x -emissions, the divided combustion chamber comprising a main chamber and a prechamber is preferable. Greater control of mixture stratification can be achieved over a wide engine speed range. The reduction of the HC-emissions is a more difficult matter, although tests with the multicylinder engine confirmed that thermal oxidation in the exhaust system is very effective. A significant reduction of emissions with a minimum of power loss can only be obtained by accurate control of the fuel quantities supplied to the main and prechamber. While combustion stability at very lean operation is guaranteed, intake air throttling in the part load range is necessary to keep combustion temperature high enough for effective oxidation of CO and HC. For good mixture preparation, a modest swirl in the precombustion chamber is advantageous, although too high a swirl results in an unacceptable combustion pressure gradient. The spark plug must be located further down the flow line than the injector to facilitate ignition of the mixture in a broader engine speed range. The injection timing can be kept constant over the entire operating range of the engine.

Topographical descriptions of three major plasma membrane glycoproteins of murine 3T3 cells were obtained by immunoelectron microscopy with monoclonal antibodies. A glycoprotein of Mr 80,000 was distributed throughout the total cell surface. A second of Mr 90,000 was concentrated in coated pits, and a third of Mr 100,000 was localized at cell junctions.

At the Mayo Clinic, 18.7% of 208 patients with carcinoma of the cervix who were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) showed an objective response or stabilization of their tumors. In 24 additional patients, 5-FU was used with local radiation, and 8.3% showed a similar response. Of 40 patients treated with cyclophosphamide alone, 17.5% had tumor control.

Drivers for dynamical pinch discharges (z-pinch, plasma focus) have to meet requirements (impedance, voltage) that are not easily satisfied if discharge currents in the MA range are needed. These requirements are discussed and the fast 300 kV driver SPEED 2, a capacitor bank (187 kJ) of unusually high impedance (60 mω) and current efficiency ( I 0 W 0 = 27 A J ) is introduced. Results are given from a first application of SPEED 2 to a plasma focus.

In a prospective study of 22 patients with diffuse peritonitis managed by the method of electively staged multiple laparotomies, the abdomen was left open in 9 patients. The patients were selected on the basis of the severity of their intra-abdominal infection: only massive faecal peritonitis, postoperative peritonitis and pancreatic abscesses were included. These amounted to only 9 per cent of all patients with intra-abdominal infection treated over a 2-year period. Up to seven re-operations were required per patient. In view of a high mortality rate of 32 per cent, the superiority of this aggressive management strategy over conventional methods is not fully established.

During the Ohmic Heating Phase of JET operation (June 1983 - September 1984), impurities in the plasma have been studied by visible and VUV spectroscopy, and from bolometer and soft X-ray signals.T ...

An experiment for measuring electron density spatially resolved with high time resolution is described. The experiment was performed side on on a Theta pinch plasma. The light source (TEA-CO2 laser), the window problem, the area detector for the interferogram are discussed. The sensitivity of the technique is 1–2×1015 electrons/cm2. Some examples of measured density profiles show that the method may be used effectively on toroidal plasma machines.

A review of 271 patients with stage I (FIGO) epithelial cancer of the ovary who were seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1950 to 1966 revealed that other factors influence survival within the stage category. These are the gross characteristics and grade of the lesion and whether the lesion has ruptured. The addition of adjuvant therapy to the usual surgery is dependent on these factors.

Small magnetic probes for use in a collisionless shock experiment have been constructed. The method of building the coil, connecting it to the oscilloscope, shielding and enclosing the probe, calibration, and testing of the time response with a fast square wave pulse and a sampling oscilloscope are described. These probes, with response times of

Chemotherapy is a rapidly changing field which at present offers palliation and prolongation of life to some cancer patients. Drugs currently in use are classified, and selection of patients and evaluation of results are discussed.Part 2 of this paper, on procedures in the treatment of specific tumors, will be published next month.

An experiment which allows measurement of a collective scattering spectrum of a plasma in the forward direction (7°) in a single discharge is described. The ion temperatures were determined from the scattering spectra for filling pressures between 10 and 100 μD2. To improve accuracy the electron temperature was also measured by a 90° scattering experiment. In all cases measured spectra agreed within experimental accuracy with those expected of thermal plasmas.

Postmenopausal women with recurrent or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the endometrium were treated with Delalutin (17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate), Depo-Provera (6-methyl-17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone acetate), or Colprone (6,17-dimethyl-6-dehydroprogesterone). Numbers of patients on each medication were 20, 25, and 30, respectively. The regimens of these progestogens were .5-1.0 gm of Delalutin intramuscularly twice (in 1 case thrice) a week; Depo-Provera intramuscularly 100 mg/day for 10-14 days, then 100 mg 3 times a week for 6 weeks, finally 200 mg/month; and Colprone orally at 100 mg/day for Week 1, 200 mg/day for Week 2, 400 mg/day for Week 3, 800 mg/day for Week 4 on, and, with an objective or equivocal response, 400 mg/day as a maintenance dose. 3 months was considered an adequate trial period. Responses were considered objectively present (positive response), equivocal, or absent. Objective responses were 5 with Delalutin, 6 with Depo-Provera, and 7 with Colprone. Responses were absent in 11 Delalutin, 17 Depo-Provera, and 17 Colprone patients. Objective responses occurred with 3 of 39 pelvic masses, 8 of 22 abdominal masses, 6 of 23 vaginal lesions, and 9 of 21 pulmonary metastatic problems. None of the 5 osseous or central nervous system lesions responded to therapy. Results were especially good in patients who had recurrences 3 or more years after primary (nonprogestogen) therapy, patients with low-grade lesions, and those who had pulmonary metastasis. The progestogens produced an objective response rate of 24%. Use of progestogens is recommended after other measures have failed. In an added discussion, 2 physicians report findings similar to the ones in the main article.

Ninety-five patients with intraepithelial carcinoma of the cervix and 7 with early invasive carcinoma associated with pregnancy have been observed at the Mayo Clinic from 1932 through 1963. The various forms of investigation and therapy through this transitional period are discussed. The present approach, consisting of conization, vaginal delivery, and suitable follow-up examinations, is outlined. Pregnancy loss from the therapy has been minimal.

Intraperitoneal radioactive colloidal gold (radiogold; 198 Au) was given after operation to 142 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. In this series, a statistically significant improvement in five-year survival was noted when radiogold was given at the time of operation because rupture of a cystic Stage I ovarian cancer had occurred. Further palliation was also noted in the control of ascites. Complications of the therapy were not prohibitive.

At the Mayo Clinic from May 1960, through December 1965, 138 patients with recurrent and metastatic ovarian cancer were treated with cancer chemotherapy. Of these, 106 patients had tumors that were considered to be unequivocally ovarian in origin. Of the 106 patients, 82 were treated with cyclophosphamide, with and without radiation; 17 of these had objective remission and 8 had arrest of progress of the tumor. Thus, 23.6 per cent obtained significant palliation. Toxicity of the compound was moderate. No cures resulted from the therapy. Continued investigation of treatment regimens and comparison with other compounds are contemplated.

Certain gynecologic tumors respond to chemotherapeutic agents, although at present the hoped-for benefits are palliation and prolongation of life rather than cure. Hopefully, further research will result in more effective interference with the function and reproduction of the malignant cell through the use of chemical agents.