Search

The hydration, strength development and composition of hydration products of supersulphated cements were characterized from the first 48 hours up to 360 days. Two compositions of 80% Blast furnace slag, 10–15% Fluorgypsum and 10–5% Portland cement were cured in dry and wet conditions. The main hydration products were ettringite and C-S-H since the first hours and up to 360 days as evidenced by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and electron microscopy. The strength was favored by higher fluorgypsum contents and lower Portland cement contents. These cements generated heats of hydration of 40–57 KJ/Kg after 28 hours, which are lower than portland cement., Se realizó la caracterización de la hidratación, desarrollo de resistencia y la composición de los productos de hidratación de los cementos supersulfatados durante las primeras 48 horas y hasta 360 días. Se estudiaron dos composiciones de 80% de Escoria de alto horno, 10–15% de Fluoryeso y 10–5% de Cemento portland, se curaron en condiciones secas y húmedas. Los principales productos de hidratación fueron etringita y C-S-H desde las primeras horas y hasta 360 días, como se evidenció por difracción de rayos X, análisis térmico y microscopía electrónica de barrido. La resistencia se favoreció con mayor contenido de fluoryeso y bajos contenidos de cemento portland. Estos cementos generaron calores de hidratación de 40–57 KJ/Kg después de 28 horas, los cuales resultan más bajos que los generados por el cemento portland.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common genetic disorder, clinically manifested since birth, and associated with very high levels of plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), xanthomas, and premature coronary heart disease. Its early detection and treatment reduces coronary morbidity and mortality. Despite effective treatment being available, FH is underdiagnosed and under-treated. Identification of index cases and cascade screening using LDL-c levels and genetic testing are the most cost-effective strategies for detecting new cases and starting early treatment. Long-term treatment with statins has decreased the vascular risk to the levels of the general population. LDL-c targets are = 50% in LDL-c levels can be acceptable. Lipoprotein apheresis can be useful in homozygous, and in treatment-resistant severe heterozygous, cases. This Consensus Paper gives recommendations on the diagnosis, screening, and treatment of FH in children and adults, and specific advice to specialists and general practitioners with the objective of improving the clinical management of these patients, in order to reduce the high burden of coronary heart disease. (C) 2013 Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

This study used high-precision radiocarbon bomb-pulse dating of selected wood rings to provide an independent validation of the tree growth periodicity of Pseudolmedia rigida (Klotzsch & H. Karst.) Cuatrec. from the Moraceae family, collected in the Madidi National Park in Bolivia. �����C content was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) in 10 samples from a single tree covering over 70 yr from 1939 to 2011. These preliminary calendar dates were determined by dendrochronological techniques and were also used to select the samples for �����C AMS. In order to validate these preliminary dates using the established Southern Hemisphere (SH) �����C atmospheric concentration data set, the targeted rings were selected to be formed during periods before and after the �����C bomb spike nuclear tests (i.e. 1950s���1960s). The excellent agreement of the dendrochronological dates and the �����C signatures in tree rings associated with the same dates provided by the bombpulse �����C atmospheric values for the SH (SHCal zone 1���2) confirms the annual periodicity of the observed growth layers, and thus the high potential of this species for tree-ring analysis. The lack of discrepancies between both data sets also suggests that there are no significant latitudinal differences between the �����C SHCal zone 1���2 curve and the �����C values obtained from the selected tree rings at this geographic location (14��33���S, 68��49���W) in South America. The annual resolution of P. rigida tree rings opens the possibility of broader applications of dendrochronological analysis for ecological and paleoclimatic studies in the Bolivian tropics, as well as the possibility of using wood samples from some tree species from this region to improve the quality of the bomb-pulse �����C SHCal curve at this latitude.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common genetic disorder, clinically manifested since birth, and associated with very high levels of plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), xanthomas, and premature coronary heart disease. Its early detection and treatment reduces coronary morbidity and mortality. Despite effective treatment being available, FH is underdiagnosed and under-treated. Identification of index cases and cascade screening using LDL-c levels and genetic testing are the most cost-effective strategies for detecting new cases and starting early treatment. Long-term treatment with statins has decreased the vascular risk to the levels of the general population. LDL-c targets are < 130 mg/dL for children and young adults, < 100 mg/dL for adults, and < 70 mg/dL for adults with known coronary heart disease or diabetes. Most patients do not to reach these goals, and combined treatments with ezetimibe or other drugs may be necessary. When the goals are not achieved with the maximum tolerated drug treatment, a reduction = 50% in LDL-c levels can be acceptable. Lipoprotein apheresis can be useful in homozygous, and in treatment-resistant severe heterozygous, cases. This Consensus Paper gives recommendations on the diagnosis, screening, and treatment of FH in children and adults, and specific advice to specialists and general practitioners with the objective of improving the clinical management of these patients, in order to reduce the high burden of coronary heart disease. © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Partie 5 "Quinoa crop in Andean countries", chapitre 5.4. Cet ouvrage a été conçu dans le cadre de l'Année Internationale du Quinoa (FAO) en 2013; International audience; The biogeography of quinoa (Chenopodium quinua Willd.) provides a comprehensive view of a crop that is relatively minor in Chilean agriculture, despite growing in a large geographical area (18°–47°S). Quinoa’s genetic diversity illustrates that it is a vital crop in the South American Andes region. It was domesticated in various geographical zones, which generated a wide variety of adaptative morphological and environmental features. Specific adaptations in each macrozone throughout the Andes have created five ecotypes, associated with subcentres of diversity. Two ecotypes are present in Chile – quinoa from the salt flats in the country’s extreme north: Salare quinoa, and quinoa from sea-level areas in the central and south central regions: Coastal quinoa. Recently, these ecotypes have been associated with diverse production systems, depending on their biophysical, social and cultural features. Public policies and market relations also play a vital role in determining production system dynamics.

The biogeography of quinoa (Chenopodium quinua Willd.) provides a comprehensive view of a crop that is relatively minor in Chilean agriculture, despite growing in a large geographical area (18°–47°S). Quinoa’s genetic diversity illustrates that it is a vital crop in the South American Andes region. It was domesticated in various geographical zones, which generated a wide variety of adaptative morphological and environmental features. Specific adaptations in each macrozone throughout the Andes have created five ecotypes, associated with subcentres of diversity. Two ecotypes are present in Chile – quinoa from the salt flats in the country’s extreme north: Salare quinoa, and quinoa from sea-level areas in the central and south central regions: Coastal quinoa. Recently, these ecotypes have been associated with diverse production systems, depending on their biophysical, social and cultural features. Public policies and market relations also play a vital role in determining production system dynamics.

[EN] The present work has been conducted aiming to develop additional phase [Ca3SiO5, Ca2SiO4 and/or Ca3Mg(SiO4)2]-bonded magnesia refractory materials via reaction sintering of dolomite-zircon mixtures, employing a Mexican dolomite containing an excess of 3 wt% of CaCO3. The study was based on phase equilibrium data extracted from the quaternary system CaO – MgO – SiO2 – ZrO2, to put it more precisely, base on the projection from the MgO-apex of the liquidus surface of the primary crystallization volume of MgO onto the opposite face of the above mentioned quaternary system. The refractory materials designed within this system were obtained by attrition milling, followed by cold isostatic pressing and high temperature reaction sintering. All initial and produced materials were characterized by ICP-AES, XRF, XRD, SEM-EDX, DTA and TG analyses. The results obtained indicated that reaction sintering of dolomite-zircon mixtures is an interesting route to produce MgO-CaZrO3-additional phase refractory materials., [ES] El propósito de este trabajo ha sido obtener materiales refractarios de magnesia, aglomerados con una fase adicional [Ca3SiO5, Ca2SiO4 y/o Ca3Mg(SiO4)2], mediante la sinterización reactiva de mezclas de dolomita-circón, empleando para ello una dolomita mexicana que contiene un exceso de 3% en peso de CaCO3. El estudio se basa en la información relativa al equilibrio de fases del sistema CaO – MgO – SiO2 – ZrO2. En concreto se usa la proyección, desde el vértice del MgO, de la superficie de liquidus del volumen de cristalización primaria de este, hacia la cara opuesta de sistema cuaternario. Los materiales refractarios diseñados se han obtenido por molienda de atrición, seguida de un prensado isostático en frío y sinterización reactiva a alta temperatura. Todos los materiales, iniciales y finales, han sido caracterizados mediante ICPAES, FRX, DRX, MEB-EDX, ATD y TG. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la sinterización reactiva de las mezclas de dolomita-circón es una ruta interesante para la producción de materiales refractarios de MgO-CaZrO3-fase adicional., The authors acknowledge the financial support of CINVESTAV and CONACYT (project number 39557-Y), both from México. Berenice Fernández-Arguijo thanks Eng. Felipe de Jesús Márquez-Torres of CINVESTAV-Saltillo for his assistance in the preparation of samples for SEM observations, as well as Eng. Carlos Palacios of Química del Rey, MET – MEX Peñoles, who supplied the dolomite used in this work.

En el presente estudio experimental se analiza cómo un tratamiento difuso-sistémico de los datos facilita el modelado e implementación de mecanismos de toma de decisiones en sistemas complejos afectados por un elevado número de variables, algunas de ellas con un comportamiento no claramente definido, situación que se adapta perfectamente al perfil de la empresa en red dadas las peculiaridades de su entorno extremadamente competitivo con frecuentes contradicciones entre la predicción de una demanda más bien constante y unos pedidos que fluctúan de manera imprevisible sin pautas repetitivas, lo que impide al decisor el poder hacer uso de la experiencia, e invalida la efectividad de la intuición en su toma de decisiones. / Presently experimental study is analyzed how a diffuse-systemic treatment of the data facilitates the modeling and implementation of mechanisms of taking of decisions in complex systems affected by a high number of variables. Some of them have a behavior not clearly defined, situation that adapts perfectly to the profile of the company in net in view of the peculiarities of its extremely competitive environment with frequent contradictions among the prediction of a demand rather constant and some orders that they fluctuate in an unforeseeable way without repetitive rules. This impedes to the decisor the power to make use of the experience, and it invalidates the effectiveness of the intuition in his taking of decisions.

El presente trabajo persigue como objetivo básico dejar constancia de la importancia que supone la cuantificación de la marca, cuando se va a acometer una valoración realista de una empresa de Intemet, y de cómo la apreciación de la imagen de marca para una posterior valoración de la empresa, puede ser un buen candidato para el uso de técnicas de control mediante lógica borrosa debido a su complejidad y comportamiento no lineal. / The present work persecutes like basic objective to make c\ear the importance that supposes the mark quantification, when we are going to undertake a realistic valuation of a Internet company, and how the appreciation ofthe image of mark for a later valuation ofthe company, can be a good candidate for using control technics by means of fuzzy logic due to its complexity and nonlinear behavior.

Partie 5 "Contexto del cultivo en su área originaria", chapitre 5.4. Cet ouvrage a été conçu dans le cadre de l'Année Internationale du Quinoa (FAO) en 2013; International audience; La biogeografía de la quinua (Chenopodium quinua Willd.) presenta una visión global de un cultivo menor en la agricultura chilena que tiene una amplia extensión geográfica (18°S-47°S). Su alta diversidad genética demuestra que es una de las especies de mayor importancia en Los Andes de Sudamérica. El proceso de domesticación de la quinua se ha realizado en distintas zonas geográficas, lo cual ha significado la existencia de una amplia variación de caracteres morfológicos y de adaptación medioambiental. Las adaptaciones particulares, en diferentes macro zonas a lo largo de Los Andes, han generado cinco ecotipos, asociados a sub-centros de diversidad. Chile cuenta con dos ecotipos, la quinua de los salares en el extremo norte del país y la quinua de la costa o de nivel del mar en la zona centro y centro-sur. Asimismo, estos ecotipos han sido recientemente asociados a la diversidad de sistemas de producción considerando aspectos biofísicos, sociales y culturales. Sin olvidar la influencia de las políticas públicas en la dinámica de los sistemas de producción como así también de las relaciones con los mercados.

La biogeografía de la quinua (Chenopodium quinua Willd.) presenta una visión global de un cultivo menor en la agricultura chilena que tiene una amplia extensión geográfica (18°S-47°S). Su alta diversidad genética demuestra que es una de las especies de mayor importancia en Los Andes de Sudamérica. El proceso de domesticación de la quinua se ha realizado en distintas zonas geográficas, lo cual ha significado la existencia de una amplia variación de caracteres morfológicos y de adaptación medioambiental. Las adaptaciones particulares, en diferentes macro zonas a lo largo de Los Andes, han generado cinco ecotipos, asociados a sub-centros de diversidad. Chile cuenta con dos ecotipos, la quinua de los salares en el extremo norte del país y la quinua de la costa o de nivel del mar en la zona centro y centro-sur. Asimismo, estos ecotipos han sido recientemente asociados a la diversidad de sistemas de producción considerando aspectos biofísicos, sociales y culturales. Sin olvidar la influencia de las políticas públicas en la dinámica de los sistemas de producción como así también de las relaciones con los mercados.

Platelets, crucial mediators of the acute complications of atherosclerosis that cause life-threatening ischemic events at late stages of the disease, are also key effectors of inflammation throughout plaque development through their interaction with endothelial and immune cells in the injured vessel wall. During the first steps of atherosclerosis, blood inflammatory leukocytes interact with the damaged endothelium in areas rich in platelet aggregates. In late stages of the disease, platelets secrete several inflammatory molecules, even without forming aggregates. These molecules exacerbate the inflammation and induce the transition from chronic to acute disease, featuring increased instability of the atherosclerotic lesion that results in plaque rupture and thrombosis. Moreover, platelets play an important role in vascular wall remodeling induced by chronic inflammation by controlling vascular cell differentiation and proliferation. In this review, we discuss the role of platelets as cell mediators that link inflammation and thrombosis in atherosclerotic disease and their potential in the development of new therapeutic tools to fight cardiovascular disease.

This paper starts with a general revision on some of the most important aspects and findings in the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) from both a psycholinguistic and a didactic perspective. We will refer to the dichotomies cognition / automation, induction / deduction and acquisition / learning, together with the role of the interrogative in the spoken language throughout the main influential currents. We will also study the relationship between the concepts of transitional constructions and interlanguage and the stages of development of interrogatives in conversation. After that, we will comment on the relationship between the interrogatives and the narrative text. Later, we will go on with the analysis and description of the verbal production of interrogatives on the part of a group of students of English as a Foreign Language. Our study is based on a corpus of 69 questions produced by 63 students in the second cycle of Secondary Education. Our analysis corroborates some of the current hypotheses on the acquisition of interrogatives: a) the use of formulas on the part of our students, and b) the coherence of their process of acquisition of the interrogative with the natural stages in the development of this structure. To finish, we will try to set some educational implications for the teaching of interrogatives in Secondary Education. Este artículo comienza con una revisión general sobre algunos de los aspectos y hallazgos más importantes en el campo de la adquisición de segundas lenguas (SLA) desde una doble perspectiva psicolingüística y didáctica. Nos referiremos a las dicotomías cognición / automatización, inducción / deducción y adquisición / aprendizaje, junto al papel de las interrogativas en la lengua hablada a través de las principales corrientes de influencia. También estudiaremos la relación entre los conceptos de construcciones transicionales e interlengua y las etapas de desarrollo de las interrogativas en conversación. Seguidamente, comentaremos la relación existente entre las interrogativas y el texto narrativo. Más tarde procederemos al análisis y descripción de la producción verbal de interrogativas por parte de un grupo de estudiantes de inglés como lengua extranjera. Nuestro estudio está basado en un corpus de 69 preguntas producidas por 63 estudiantes en el segundo ciclo de Educación Secundaria. Nuestro análisis corrobora algunas de las hipótesis actuales sobre la adquisición de las interrogativas: a) el uso de fórmulas por parte de nuestros estudiantes, y b) la coherencia de su proceso de adquisición de la interrogativa con las etapas naturales en el desarrollo de dicha estructura. Para terminar, intentaremos establecer algunas implicaciones educativas para la enseñanza de las interrogativas en Educación Secundaria.