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The human pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is exposed to antibiotics both during clinical treatment and in its saprophytic lifestyle. As one of the keys to successful treatment is continued antibiotic sensitivity, the purpose of this study was to determine if exposure to sublethal antibiotic concentrations would affect the bacterial physiology and induce antibiotic tolerance. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that each of the four antibiotics tested caused an antibiotic-specific gene expression pattern related to mode-of-action of the particular antibiotic. All four antibiotics caused the same changes in expression of several metabolic genes indicating a shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism and higher ethanol production. A mutant in the bifunctional acetaldehyde-CoA/alcohol dehydrogenase encoded by Imo1634 did not have altered antibiotic tolerance. However, a mutant in Imo1179 (eutE) encoding an aldehyde oxidoreductase where rerouting caused increased ethanol production was tolerant to three of four antibiotics tested. This shift in metabolism could be a survival strategy in response to antibiotics to avoid generation of ROS production from respiration by oxidation of NADH through ethanol production. The monocin locus encoding a cryptic prophage was induced by co-trimoxazole and repressed by ampicillin and gentamicin, and this correlated with an observed antibiotic-dependent biofilm formation. A monocin mutant (Delta lmaDCBA) had increased biofilm formation when exposed to increasing concentration of co-trimoxazole similar to the wild type, but was more tolerant to killing by co-trimoxazole and ampicillin. Thus, sublethal concentrations of antibiotics caused metabolic and physiological changes indicating that the organism is preparing to withstand lethal antibiotic concentrations.

In this thesis we examine Danish institutional privacy in relation to Facebook, the company behind the popular social media platform.First, we analyse Facebook in relation to the Danish users, before looking at relevant laws and regulations for both Denmark and the EU. We then thoroughly analyse Facebook’s collection and use of their users’ personal information, while considering specific legal implications. Next, we include our own interviews, as well as findings from other studies. We analyse and discuss Danish high-school Facebook users’ knowledge, attitude and behaviour in relation to institutional privacy and Facebook. We look for discrepancies and offer possible explanations. Here we include a coping-mechanism called Privacy Cynicism, still being formulated by Hoffmann, et al. and add our own thoughts for another coping-mechanism we name Privacy Naiveté. We then examine results from our own survey, backed by other survey findings, to look more broadly at the Danes. We analyse both attitudes and behaviours toward sharing personal information on Facebook, as well as attitudes in regard to private companies, such as Facebook, having access to that information. In the last part, we discuss all the issues our study has uncovered and offer possible solutions, where we can, before summarising the results.

This master thesis aims to create knowledge about how to strengthen the physical health of people with mental disabilities who live in their own home, through field studies at a communal day center for mentally disabled people. People with mental disabilities have a shortened life expectancy by 15 years compared to the general Danish population. This group also have a higher frequency of cancer, diabetes and suicide rates. The thesis argues that the Danish law “Serviceloven” plays an active role to these health problems, as it provides mentally disabled people with the right of self-determination, even though their ability to make informed decisions are a part of their disability. This means that they are put in situations where they themselves have the responsibility for what they eat or do not eat even though many of them are physically incapable of feeling full or hungry. Even if they can feel these physical emotions, the thesis shows that it may not be something they know how to act on in regards to either eating more or stop eating. On this background, the thesis engages in questions that concern these peoples’ possibilities to obtain better health by focusing on how to improve mentally disabled peoples’ health literacy at the communal day center “Havnen”, meaning “The Harbour”. Health literacy here means the ability to eat regular meals, as well as it entails habits, knowledge and skillsets that uses of the day center have acquired throughout their lives. The thesis’ empirical starting point springs from the ethnographic method fieldwork in form of participatory observation, as defined by anthropologists Kirsten Hastrup and Kirsten Ramløv. These observations are supplemented with interviews from two social education workers that work at the day center and two mentally disabled people, for whom the day center plays a vital part.The thesis’ theoretical approach is founded on empowerment theory as defined by John Andersen, followed by Mark Dooris, Jackie Green and Keith Tones’ conceptualizations of ways promote health through a setting approach. As for the theory of science, the thesis’ framework consists of a critical hermeneutic frame in form of the emancipatory potential as defined by Jürgen Habermas.

This chapter discusses the generative role of early childhood play in human development. A complex dynamical systems theory perspective can help to better understand this generative process. The sensitive dependence on initial conditions; the equivalence of different surface manifestations with underlying processes; and dynamic phase transitions become a template for apprehending young children’s play and learning, and their interface with relevantly dynamic systems of educational implementation. Connections are drawn with a dynamic themes curriculum approach.

Furan, a potential carcinogen, has been detected in highly consumed starchy foods, such as bread and snacks; however, research on furan generation in these food matrixes has not been undertaken, thus far. The present study explored the effect of ascorbic acid addition and cooking methods (frying and baking) over furan occurrence and its relation with the non-enzymatic browning in a wheat flour starchy food model system. Results showed that furan generation significantly increased in the presence of ascorbic acid after 7 min of heating (p < 0.05). The strongest effect was observed for baked products. Additionally, the furan content in fried products increased with the increase of the oil uptake levels. As for Maillard reactions, in general, the furan level in all samples linearly correlated with their degree of non-enzymatic browning, represented by L* and a* color parameters (e.g., wheat flour baked samples showed a R(2) of 0.88 and 0.87 for L* and a*, respectively), when the sample moisture content decreased during heating.

Levels of organochlorine substances, including a number of organochlorine pesticides and PCB, are monitored in food, including meat, fish and dairy products. The substances are slowly degradable and therefore persist for long periods in the environment, where they accumulate in the fatty tissues of animals and humans. They are included, because of the potential health-hazardous effect of these compounds on humans. The highest average contents are found in cod liver and fatty fish. The Danish population’s average daily intake has been estimated at between 0.03 and 0.3 μg/day for organochlorine pesticides and 0.9 μg/day for the indicator PCB-sum. People with a relatively high intake of these substances (the 95th percentile) are estimated to consume approximately twice as much. In general, the highest contributions to the intake of the organochlorine environmental contaminants are from fish, meat and dairy products. However, children have a relatively higher intake from milk and milk products and a lower intake from fish compared to adults.

Background: In patients with hymenoptera venom allergy diagnostic tests are often positive with honey bee and Vespula venom causing problems in selection of venoms for immunotherapy. Methods: 100 patients each with allergic reactions to Vespula or honey bee stings and positive i.e. skin tests to the respective venom, were analysed for serum IgE to bee venom, Vespula venom and crossreacting carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) by UNICAP (CAP) and ADVIA Centaur (ADVIA). IgE-antibodies to species specific recombinant major allergens (SSMA) Api m1 for bee venom and Ves v5 for Vespula venom, were determined by ADVIA. 30 history and skin test negative patients served as controls. Results: By CAP sensitivity was 1.0 for bee and 0.91 for Vespula venom, by ADVIA 0.99 for bee and 0.91 for Vespula venom. None of the controls were positive with either test. Double positivity was observed in 59% of allergic patients by CAP, in 32% by ADVIA. slgE to Api m1 was detected in 97% of bee and 17% of Vespula venom allergic patients, slgE to Ves v5 in 87% of Vespula and 17% of bee venom allergic patients. slgE to CCDs were present in 37% of all allergic patients and in 56% of those with double positivity and were more frequent in bee than in Vespula venom allergic patients. Conclusions: Double positivity of IgE to bee and Vespula venom is often caused by crossreactions, especially to CCDs. IgE to both Api m1 and Ves v5 indicates true double sensitization and immunotherapy with both venoms.

Play is important to the optimum development of children during their middle childhood years. Unfortunately, though there is abundant research evidence showing that play supports young children's social, emotional, physical, and cognitive development, it has often been ignored or addressed only minimally (Fromberg and Bergen 2006). However, when young adults are asked to recall their most salient play experiences, they typically give elaborate and joyous accounts of their play during the ages of eight to 12 (Bergen and Williams 2008). Much of the play they report involves elaborate, pretense scripts conducted for a long duration at home, in their neighborhood, or in the school yard. The respondents report that they either personally played the roles or used small objects (action figures, cars, dolls) as the protagonists. They also report games with child-generated rules that they adapted during play. For example, they might have had bike-riding contests or played a baseball-like game that uses fence posts for bases and gives five-out turns to the youngest players. These young adults believed that their middle childhood play helped them learn "social skills," "hobbies," and often "career decisions" that influenced their later, adult experiences. For many children, the opportunities for such freely chosen play are narrowing. Much of their play time at home has been lost to music, dance, or other lessons; participation on sport teams (using adult-defined rules); and after-school homework or test preparation sessions. At the same time, many schools, especially those considered to be poor performers, have reduced or eliminated recess (Pellegrini 2005). Often, the only outdoor time in the school day is the 10 to 15 minutes left from a lunch period, with rules such as "no running allowed." Thus, the importance of play during middle childhood must be reemphasized by educators who understand why it facilitates skilled social interaction, emotional regulation, higher cognitive processing, and creativity. DEFINING MIDDLE CHILDHOOD PLAY At any age, for an activity to count as play, it must be voluntary and self-organized. Children identify an activity as play when they choose it, but they define the same activity as work when an adult chooses it for them (King 1992). Play differs from exploring an object because such exploration answers the question: "What can it do?" In contrast, play answers the question: "What can I do with it?" (Hutt 1976). Play in middle childhood continues to include practice play (repeating and elaborating on the same activities, often in the service of increasing skill levels), pretense (using symbolic means to envision characters and scenarios, using literary and other media experiences, as well as real-life experience sources), games with rules (revising existing games or making up elaborate games that have negotiated rules), and construction play (building and designing structures or artistic works). All of these types of play show increasing abilities to deal with cognitive, social, and emotional issues, as well as increases in physical skills. The rules of play become apparent as children oscillate between negotiating the play scenarios and seamlessly entering into the activities, whether in selecting teams and rules for game play or borrowing media characters to "become" the pretend characters. Script theory, a kind of grammar of play (Fromberg 2002), outlines this oscillating collaborative process. The play process develops throughout the middle childhood years with 1) props becoming more miniaturized, 2) play episodes more extended, 3) language more complex, 4) themes more coherent, and 5) physical prowess more refined. THE VALUE OF MIDDLE CHILDHOOD PLAY As the memories of young adults testify, play continues to be very valuable during the middle childhood years. Social and emotional competence, imagination, and cognitive development are fostered by many types of play. …

A fast and simple method for authenticating raspberry flavors from food products was developed. The two enantiomers of the compound (E)‐α‐ionone from raspberry flavor were separated on a chiral gas chromatographic column. Based on the ratio of these two enantiomers, the naturalness of a raspberry flavor can be evaluated due to the fact that a natural flavor will consist almost exclusively of the R enantiomer, while a chemical synthesis of the same compound will result in a racemic mixture. Twenty‐seven food products containing raspberry flavors where investigated using SPME‐chiral‐GC‐MS. We found raspberry jam, dried raspberries, and sodas declared to contain natural aroma all contained almost only R‐(E)‐α‐ionone supporting the content of natural raspberry aroma. Six out of eight sweets tested did not indicate a content of natural aroma on the labeling which was in agreement with the almost equal distribution of the R and S isomer. Two products were labeled to contain natural raspberry flavors but were found to contain almost equal amounts of both enantiomers indicating a presence of synthetic raspberry flavors only. Additionally, two products that were labeled to contain both raspberry juice and flavor showed equal amounts of both enantiomers, indicating the presence of synthetic flavor.

The political, economic, social, equity, and historical influences on the status of kindergarten education and early childhood teacher education in the United States are discussed. There are many sources of data that create a picture of the diverse programs, resources, and opportunities that kindergarten children experience, including the preparation of kindergarten teachers. This article addresses the questions: What does kindergarten curriculum look like today compared with other times? What is the status of full-day kindergarten? What are the influences of the high-stakes testing movement, school budgets, and economic status across communities? How has early childhood state teacher certification changed during the past two decades? What is worthwhile learning? This article takes an editorial position that supports an intellectually significant curriculum in which specially prepared early childhood teachers match teaching with the ways in which kindergarten children learn, and might want to learn more.

Malignant neoplasms of the fallopian tube are rare, accounting for 0.18% to 1.6% of all malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive tract. 1 They most commonly appear in postmenopausal women, usually in the sixth decade of life. 2 The clinical features of tubal adenocarcinoma are variable, but histologically these tumors resemble their uterine and ovarian counterparts. 1,3,4 A serous tumor of low malignant potential (STLMP) of the fallopian tube is a relatively recently described entity, characterized by formation of papillary projections, the presence of cellular stratification, the presence of nuclear atypia and mitotic figures, and the similarity of these features to borderline ovarian serous tumors. 5 Preoperative diagnosis of primary fallopian tube carcinoma (FTC) has been previously reported 6,7 ; however, most patients with suspected FTC undergo laparotomy with a presumed diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma. The final diagnosis is usually made at the time of surgery or on pathologic examination. Here we report a case of STLMP of the fallopian tube that was highly suspected preoperatively on the basis of transvaginal sonography and confirmed at exploratory laparotomy and subsequent pathologic examination of the resected specimen. We found no other such cases reported in the English literature.

This article explores the meaning of professionalism as it relates to early childhood teacher education. The poignant need for such professionalism is timely within the context of contemporary policies that have the potential to de‐skill educational professionalism as well as minimize the breadth and depth of early childhood education. After exploring problems/issues associated with a number of specific policies with such potential, an action plan and strategies for implementing such a plan are proposed. Now that early childhood teacher certification has been receiving increased attention in several states, the author concludes with what she feels is a problem worthy of immediate attention—greater school administrator preparation in early childhood curriculum.

Column overloading is a problem when analyzing δ2H, due to the low natural abundance of deuterium and poor ionization efficiency of H2. This problem can be overcome by using split injections instead of splitless. In this study we have compared the influence upon the measured isotopic ratios when using the two injection methods.

Die Problematik der Komplikationen des Diabetes mellitus und die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit wird in Zukunft immer wichtiger. Übersicht über die Diabetes-folgen, bei denen die plastisch-rekonstruktive Chirurgie unterstützend helfen kann – z.B. durch Deckung von chronischen[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 45. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft der Plastischen, Rekonstruktiven und Ästhetischen Chirurgen (DGPRÄC), 19. Jahrestagung der Vereinigung der Deutschen Ästhetisch-Plastischen Chirurgen (VDÄPC), 52. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Plastische, Ästhetische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie (ÖGPRÄC)

Cytosolic thymidine kinase (TK1) cDNA from human lymphocytes was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized with respect to the ATP effect on thymidine affinity and oligomerization. Sequence analysis of this lymphocyte TK1 cDNA and 21 other cDNAs or genomic TK1 DNAs from healthy cells or leukemic or transformed cell lines revealed a valine at amino acid position 106. The TK1 sequence in NCBI GenBank(TM) has methionine at this position. The recombinant lymphocyte TK1(Val-106) (rLy-TK1(Val-106)) has the same enzymatic and oligomerization properties as endogenous human lymphocyte TK1 (Ly-TK1); ATP exposure induces an enzyme concentration-dependent reversible transition from a dimer to a tetramer with 20-30-fold higher thymidine affinity (K(m) about 15 and 0.5 microm, respectively). Substitution of Val-106 with methionine to give rLy-TK1(Met-106) results in a permanent tetramer with the high thymidine affinity (K(m) about 0.5 microm), even without ATP exposure. Furthermore, rLy-TK1(Met-106) is considerably less stable than rLy-TK1(Val-106) (t(12) at 15 degrees C is 41 and 392 min, respectively). Because valine with high probability is the naturally occurring amino acid at position 106 in human TK1 and because this position has high impact on the enzyme properties, the Val-106 form should be used in future investigations of recombinant human TK1.

The levels of toxaphene congeners, in addition to PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides, were determined in various fish samples from different Danish waters. While PCB-153 and p,p'-DDE show different levels depending on the fishing area, with highest levels in fish from the Western Baltic Sea, toxaphene was detected in all the samples investigated at a more constant level. The distribution of the three toxaphene congeners Parlar #26, #50 and #62 depends on the fishing area, with the Western Baltic Sea being different from the other waters by having almost equal levels of toxaphene congeners #26 and #50.

Over the last 7 years 128 latissimus dorsi free flaps have been performed at the BG Unfallklinik in Murnau. Since 1995, the use of a partial latissimus dorsi, sized according to the defect that has to be covered, leaving a functional remnant has continuously increased. We compared the donor site morbidity after standard and after partial latissimus dorsi flap in a small group of 10 patients each (n=20). The mean follow-up time was 18 and 24 months, the mean age of the patient 42.5 and 43.6 years. The evaluation included complaints, subjective loss of strength, scar length, ROM of the shoulder, and measured loss of strength, taking into account the patient’s dominant side. The acceptance of the donor area by the patients was very good in both groups. It was found that the loss of strength after partial latissimus dorsi is less evident than after standard latissimus dorsi. The scar length was independent of the type of flap chosen. There was no loss in range of movement. In both groups it was found that if the flap was taken from the non-dominant side the difference in strength to the dominant side was more than if the flap was taken from the dominant side. We could not see a causal relationship between age and the amount of strength lost. Because of the decreased donor site morbidity we think the partial latissimus dorsi flap should be used instead of the standard latissimus whenever possible.

An analytical method for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides in mussels, fish liver, bird liver, and seal blubber is described. Different calibration functions were tested to establish the optimal fit to the nonlinear response of all included compounds. Detection limits and within-batch variations were determined from standard deviations of duplicate analyses of real samples. Within-batch, between-batch, and total relative standard deviations were calculated from regular use of control material. Percentage recovery was estimated by spiking samples with 3 selected PCB congeners and by spiking selected samples with all compounds included in the procedure. Quality assurance is described, covering analysis of about 450 samples divided into 38 batches. Because between-batch variation was twice the within-batch variation, the use of in-house control material and control charts is considered to be mandatory for this type of analyses. Use of certified reference material and regular participation in intercomparison exercises have demonstrated the high quality of the method and the adequacy of the quality assurance applied.

The literature concerning persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment of Greenland and the Faroe Islands covering the period up to 1995 has been revisited. It is difficult to compare data from earlier studies with those from more recent investigations. Thus as the former quantified the content of CBs by comparison to a technical mixture of CBs (e.g. Aroclor 1254), the latter analyses typically are quantified on a single congener level. Single CB congeners have in some cases been determined, but the results were subsequently expressed as total PCB related to an Aroclor standard. For studies based on single CB congener determinations, the highest levels are reported for porpoise blubber from Greenland (700-4500 micrograms/kg wet weight), the conclusion, however being based on two determinations only. In Greenlandic seal blubber and peregrine falcon plasma equal levels of CBs (130-750 micrograms/kg ww) and of DDTs (150-860 micrograms/kg ww) were found. Levels of CBs and DDTs in fish liver were found to be around 40-75 micrograms/kg ww. In sediment samples the CBs were almost all below the detection limit (< 0.02-0.1 microgram/kg dry weight), and thereby being the matrix with the lowest CBs concentration levels. Earlier data based on Aroclor standards showed DDT levels in Greenlandic whale blubber in the range of 2700-4100 micrograms/kg ww and PCB levels of 3700 micrograms/kg-5400 micrograms/kg ww. DDT levels for seal blubber were at the same level (2700-4500 micrograms/kg ww) whereas the PCB level was lower (900-3900 micrograms/kg ww). The PCB level corresponds to the level found in human adipose tissue determined with a similar quantification technique. The lowest levels reported for mammals correspond to walrus blubber, the sum of PCBs and DDTs being in the ranges of 180-360 micrograms/kg ww and 50-90 micrograms/kg ww, respectively. The content of PCBs in scallops was found to be 3 micrograms/kg ww near the Thule Air base.

There is a discontinuity between the nonlinear ways that young children learn and the linear educational institutions where teachers and caregivers are trained, even though research shows that specialized training for the age group is essential. Programs for teacher preparation vary widely in content and strategy, and accreditation is not yet consistent or a consistent commitment. Presently, these are weaknesses, but the diversity of the field allows for alternative, dynamic approaches consistent with nonlinear learning.

Background Intake of ACE inhibitors may promote angioedema which can appear months and years after the medication has been stopped. Surgery and local anaesthesia can further aggravate angioedema. A 61-year-old patient with age-related cataract was admitted to our hospital for elective out-patient cataract surgery. A few days after surgery, the patient complained of pain and reduced vision in the operated eye. Results Postoperative findings were elevated intraocular pressure (28 mmHg) and a significant reduction of vision. The anterior chamber was shallow. Ophthalmoscopy showed a circumferential choroidal and focal exudative retinal detachment. Local and systemic therapy with antiglaucomatous medications as well as steroids (methylprednisolone) and antibiotics (ciprofloxacin) resulted in control of the eye pressure and an increase of vision. After two weeks, the choroidal detachment disappeared. Important preexisting diseases included a minimal change glomerulonephritis under treatment with low doses of cortisone (4 mg), as well as arterial hypertension. An ACE inhibitor (ramipril) was taken. Conclusions ACE inhibitor intake might be associated with choroidal effusion. A preoperative change to another antihypertensive medication should be considered in patients with a tendency to develop angioedema. A glomerulonephritis might also support edema. Patients with such edema should undergo diagnostic evaluation and receive treatment before cataract surgery.