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OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of transcondylar screws placed from medial-to-lateral using preoperative planning on computed tomography (CT) and an aiming device in elbows with humeral intracondylar fissures (HIFs). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS Twenty-five client-owned dogs with HIF. METHODS A 4.5-mm transcondylar screw was placed in 34 elbows with HIF. humeral condylar diameter (HCD) was measured at the humeral condylar isthmus on CT. Entry and exit points were planned at 0.3 × HCD cranial and 0.2 × HCD distal to the medial epicondyle and 0.3 × HCD cranial and 0.3 × HCD distal to the lateral epicondyle. An aiming device was used to guide drilling from the medial entry point to the lateral exit point. The difference between planned and actual screw entry and exit points, and the angular deviation of the actual screw axis from the planned screw axis, was assessed on the postoperative CT scans. RESULTS Thirty-three out of 34 screws were completely within the humeral condyle. Thirteen out of 34 screws were placed less than 2 mm from planned entry and exit points in both the transverse and the frontal plane. The axis of the screw deviated by a mean of 3.2° (transverse plane) and 3.5° (frontal plane) from the planned axis. CONCLUSION Humeral transcondylar screws placed with the technique tested here were entirely within the humeral condyle in 33 out of 34 elbows. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Use of CT planning and an aiming device allows accurate placement of transcondylar screws from medial-to-lateral in dogs with HIF.

SolBio-Rev system is based on a creative combination of technologies to efficiently and flexibly exploit renewable energy for providing heating, cooling, DHW and electricity in different climatic conditions. Within the activity of Task 2.2, the generic system layout, which represents the basis for the sizing and evaluation of SolBio-Rev solution in different climates, was developed and is presented in the figure below.

In the present work, the integration of a three-fluids heat exchanger in the evaporator of a reversible heat pump is evaluated. The heat exchanger includes internally finned passages for the refrigerant of the heat pump cycle and for the heat transfer fluid (water/glycol mixture) and externally finned passages for Phase Change Material (PCM). The selected PCM is a commercial paraffin (RT4) with nominal melting point of 4°C. The operation of the integrated heat pump with latent storage under typical cooling season conditions in Mediterranean warm climates were evaluated through an experimental campaign at CNR. The effect of operating modes and operational conditions was identified. During charge, the variable speed of the compressor was found to yield the maximum effect on storage dynamics, whereas during discharge the prevalent effect is that of the heat transfer fluid flow rate. Based on the outcomes of measurement, a critical design review and control strategy improvement were carried out. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 768824 (HYBUILD).

Deliverable 5.1 developed reduced order and transient dynamic models for three GEOFIT demonstration sites, i.e. San Cugat in Spain (Section 1), Bordeaux in France (Section 2) and Galway in Ireland (Section 3). The development of these models is part of the approach to select, design and integrate the GEOFIT EGS/GSHP into the building according to its characteristics. The work presented here shows the capabilities of reduced order and transient models in building performance prediction and optimisation, as well as their flexibility to be used in building retrofit.

Characterization of materials is a fundamental and powerful tool to scientifically understand them. Their microscopic and macroscopic structure and their properties are measured and analysed, so that scientists and engineers can improve materials design and application . In the case of water adsorbents for thermally driven heat pumps and chillers, the characterization allows a better understanding of their performance with respect to achievable power density and energy per cycle [1], [2]. Models to estimate such performance, and to possibly improve the design and the operation of the heat transforming device, need a good knowledge of the sorbent structure (grain and pore size, composition, atomistic structure etc.) and properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, water capacity etc.): This report provides an overview over the measured properties of different currently commercially available and state of the art adsorption materials. In total 15 different materials were considered. The 15 materials have been selected from the 5 main classes of adsorber materials: silica gels, zeolites, activated carbons, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as well as composite materials. Within this report the differences of the properties relevant for sorption between and within the different materials classes are discussed: particle size, density and porosity, thermodynamic and kinetic properties, water sorption behaviour. The relevant results are summarized here whereas the full data set with the raw data for the measurements is available upon request.

SunHorizon (SH) will demonstrate up to TRL 7 innovative, reliable, cost-effective coupling of solar and HP technologies. SunHorizon addresses three main research pillars that interact each other towards project objectives achievement, demonstration and replication: i) optimized design, engineering and manufacturing of SunHorizon technologies, ii) smart functional monitoring for H&C, iii) Key Performance Indicators (KPI) driven management and demonstration.

The present work aims at the thermodynamic analysis of different working pairs in adsorption heat transformers (AdHT) for low-temperature waste heat upgrade in industrial processes. Two different AdHT configurations have been simulated, namely with and without heat recovery between the adsorbent beds. Ten working pairs, employing different adsorbent materials and four different refrigerants, have been compared at varying working boundary conditions. The effects of heat recovery and the presence of a temperature gradient for heat transfer between sinks/sources and the AdHT components have been analyzed. The achieved results demonstrate the possibility of increasing the overall performance when internal heat recovery is implemented. They also highlight the relevant role played by the existing temperature gradient between heat transfer fluids and components, that strongly affect the real operating cycle of the AdHT and thus its expected performance. Both extremely low, i.e., 40–50 °C, and low (i.e., 80 °C) waste heat source temperatures were investigated at variable ambient temperatures, evaluating the achievable COP and specific energy. The main results demonstrate that optimal performance can be achieved when 40–50 K of temperature difference between waste heat source and ambient temperature are guaranteed. Furthermore, composite sorbents demonstrated to be the most promising adsorbent materials for this application, given their high sorption capacity compared to pure adsorbents, which is reflected in much higher achievable specific energy.

The D3.3 reports the design efforts, experimental tests and optimization activities carried out on the hybrid chiller produced by FAHR. These activities are the core aims of T3.2 "Adsorption HP upgrade and guidelines for installation/combination with other H&C technologies" whose task leader is FAHR. The connected activities related to the guidelines for the hybrid chiller installation were already carried out and are fully explained in D3.4. FAHR was in charge to design and manufacture the hybrid chiller, ITAE lead the experimental test activities obtaining the full performance characterization of this technology and an optimization of the control strategy. FAHR designed a hybrid chiller composed by a sorption unit and a compression one connected in parallel to the on the load side (cold side) and in series connection to the heat sink (heat rejection side). The adsorption and compression heat pumps operate in parallel to each other supplying cold water to one common cold consumer. The adsorption chiller covers the base load, while the compression chiller is activated only if the required parameter cannot be achieved by the adsorption unit alone. Initially, a cascade layout was considered as the best solution for the SunHorizon project design. However, during the engineering works and tests it has been noted, that considering its specific advantages and drawbacks, the parallel layout is the most beneficial for the intended application. Several innovations were introduced in this technology, they regard the adsorber's coating, the heat exchangers and the process modules, more details about these aspects are explained in D3.11. A further innovation introduced, thanks to the experimental tests and ITAE support, is the optimization of the control strategy that will let to improve the efficiency and reliability of the hybrid chiller For the experimental tests, the hybrid chiller was shipped to the CNR-ITAE labs in Messina, an intense experimental campaign was planned with the aim to produce a full performance map of the tested technology and deeply investigate on its optimisation. During the tests several troubles with the control settings were founded and solved through the continuous exchange of information between FAHR and ITAE. Finally, a novel design of control strategy was suggested by ITAE and implemented by FAHR, thus achieving a global improvement of reliability and efficiency of the hybrid chiller. The results of the tests let also to produce the performance map of the chiller and a mathematical correlation, based on statistical regression, that let to easily calculate the performance by a polynomial expression. This last finding is useful for the modelling of the hybrid chiller and its implementation on simulations and AI interfaces. In conclusion, the experimental characterization showed that the hybrid configuration lets to achieve a lower improvement, in terms of performance, if compared with a compression chiller than the expected one. This was mainly related to the design of MT circuits and to the controls. The new control strategy will let to increase the efficiency and the reliability of the system, thus making the hybrid chiller more competitive of a compression one, in terms of cooling power and EER.

This deliverable presents the deployment activities based on the plan specification on the D6.2 in each pilot site and respective demonstration areas. It describes the installation and commissioning process.

The present deliverable describes the activity of T2.2, regarding the development of high-temperature and low-temperature thermal storages in the HYBUILD solution. The high temperature heat storage was specifically developed for the application in the Continental HYBUILD system, and is integrated in the hot refrigerant flow exiting the compressor of a compression HP on the primary side and in the process water flow on the secondary side.The low temperature heat storage, specifically developed for the Mediterranean HYBUILD system, is meant to store the cooling energy at the evaporator of the Heat Pump (HP), thus extending the operating hour of the cooling system or allowing to shift the operation of heat pump in hours where electricity production is cheaper or more efficient. The RPW-HEX is integrated as a secondary evaporator unit in the HP.

The present work describes the activities performed to develop the prototype of the electric energy storage system of the HYBUILD project. The final purpose of the work done was to choose, test, and assemble the electric energy storage system.

In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, current and future energy systems need to be made more efficient and sustainable. This change can be accomplished by increasing the penetration of renewable energy sources and using efficient technologies in energy generation systems. One way to improve the operation of the whole energy system is through the generation and end-use sector coupling. Power-to-heat energy conversion and storage technologies, in this view, are enabling technologies that can help in balancing and improving the efficiency of both thermal and electric grids. In the present paper, a comprehensive analysis of the role of heat pumps and thermal energy storage for sector coupling is presented. The main features of the analyzed technologies are presented in the context of smart electric grid, district heating and cooling and multi-carrier energy systems, and recent findings and developments are highlighted. Finally, the technical, social, and economic challenges in the adoption of investigated technologies are discussed. This work was partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España (RTI2018-093849-B-C31—MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades—Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) (RED2018-102431-T). The authors at the University of Lleida would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to her research group GREiA (2017 SGR 1537). GREiA is a certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia. This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia program.

This is part of the project that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 768824. The content of this document reflects only the author’s view and the Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

Heat pumps are one of the most promising technologies for residential and industrial applications in the perspective of a decarbonized society. Their role in climate change mitigation can be fully capitalized through their direct coupling with renewable energy sources, among which solar heat is the most abundant one. The systems that feature the integration of heat pumps and solar systems are known as solar-assisted heat pumps. In the present chapter, the fundamentals of mechanical compression and sorption heat pumps are given and their utilization in combination with solar thermal collectors is discussed, highlighting the relevant features of each possible layout according to the expected useful effect and field of application, showing that heat pumping technology has a central role in the reduction of emissions due to heating and cooling production.

The aim of this report is to evaluate the environmental performance of the SWS-Heating system through Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology.

This confidential report (D10.8) is the third of the four-part GEOFIT Data Management Plan (DMP) deliverable series. Specifically, the series tracks at each phase of the project how generated data is being handled and entails both living and envisaged results.

This chapter focuses on the experimental characterization techniques commonly employed to get a deep understanding of the thermal energy storage (TES) materials properties. In particular, experimental methodologies available to characterize thermophysical parameters qualifying both thermodynamic and dynamic performance of TES materials are discussed, trying to highlight pros and cons. The analysis is performed for the three TES categories, sensible, latent and thermochemical, representing a contribution toward the proper selection of experimental techniques at material level.

The present deliverable presents the activities done within T2.3 on the development of DC-driven compression heat pumps for both the HYBUILD Continental system and the HYBUILD Mediterranean system. The heat pumps integrate the RPW-HEX (latent storage) described in D2.2 and have been modified to allow the operation in DC.

The modeling of sorption systems for thermal energy storage can involve different levels, that is, from powdery level (modeling of material) up to system level and make use of a continuum or lumped (noncontinuum) approach. Different levels of detail and different scales of the problem require the implementation and solutions of diverse sets of equations and solution methodologies. In this chapter, the model at reactor and system level is discussed, with specific focus on the equilibrium description of working pairs and the solution of heat and mass transfer problems in continuum or lumped reactor systems, as well as the black-box models employed when the integration of a thermal energy storage in a more complex energy system is required. Finally, some examples of applications are discussed to show the potentialities of the different methodologies.

Deliverable D3.3 "Full hybrid storage integrated" describes the integration phase of the hybrid storages for the Mediterranean and the Continental concept in the laboratories. Special focus was put on the hydraulic and electric integration of the main components. With D3.3, the knowledge about the integration of the specific components of the HYBUILD concepts is passed to the demo sites inside the HYBUILD project, where the technologies will be installed. Furthermore, it may help researchers and developers working on future experiments with the same or similar components. Therefore, potential problems in the system integration can be identified in advance. Although the thermal and electric storages used in both concepts of HYBUILD are similar, their integration into the two concepts is different. Hence, both concepts are always dealt separately in the following. For the Mediterranean sub-system, the main purpose of the activity described in D3.3 was the integration of the different components: heat pump with latent storage (RPW-HEX), batteries with DC bus and sorption module and the subsequent integration of all of them together at lab scale. For the Continental sub-system, the main purposes were: the integration of the heat pump with a DC powered inverter and the latent storage (RPW-HEX) in a first experimental test series (2019) and the integration of the heat pump with a DC powered inverter, the latent storage (RPW-HEX), the decentralized DHW storages and the thermal controller in a second experimental test series (2020). The aim of the second test series was also to demonstrate heating/cooling and DHW-generation operation under realistic test conditions in the lab.

Sorption devices are important tools for the efficient utilization of fuels and waste heat. Amid a tremendous diversity of cycles and applications, all sorption systems have an equilibrium vapor pressure that depends on the sorbent temperature and composition. The vapor pressure properties of working fluids are reported in the literature in a variety of ways, which impedes wide-ranging cross comparisons or screening studies for novel applications. This work compiles equilibrium vapor pressure properties for 123 liquid absorbents with 31 absorbates and 139 solid adsorbents with 16 adsorbates. The adsorption pairs are represented with six functional forms. Most of the absorption pairs are represented with 10 functional forms, plus several that are represented with custom empirical equations. Because the functional forms used in the literature vary widely, in this work each functional form was generalized. This paper is designed to facilitate comparisons of working fluid properties for screening studies, provide a quick reference to existing research, and present a framework for standardizing the reportage of vapor pressure equilibrium data for existing and future working pairs.

Sorption thermal energy storage (STES) systems exploit reversible sorption and desorption processes to store thermal energy as potential energy between a sorbate (e.g., water, ammonia, alcohols) and a sorbent (e.g., salt solutions, salt hydrates, solid sorbents). This technology belongs to the wider family of thermo-chemical reactions and is specifically suited for low and medium charging temperatures (i.e., below 200°C). In this chapter, the working principle of different STES configurations is discussed. Furthermore, experimental methodologies to evaluate the expected efficiency of the working pairs are described. Finally, some examples of lab-scale reactors recently developed and tested are described to present the current state of the technology development.

The scope of this deliverable is to is present in detail the simulation platform of the SWS HEATING system developed in TRNSYS environment alongside the main results and conclusions for the operation of the system and the sizing of the most important sizing parameters (i.e. the solar collectors surface, the mass of the SWS material and the mass of the PCM buffer tank)

Increasing the energy efficiency of residential and non-residential buildings is a crucial point towards the development of the sustainable cities of the future. To reach such a goal, the commonly employed intervention measures (for instance, on facades and glass) are not sufficient and efforts in reaching a fully renewable energy generation are mandatory. In this context, this paper discusses the applicability of a system with solar and biomass as the main energy sources in different climates for heating, cooling, domestic hot water and electricity generation in office buildings. The energy system includes solar thermal collectors with thermoelectric generators, a biomass boiler, a reversible heat pump/organic Rankine cycle and an adsorption chiller. The results showed that the system can operate with a share of renewables higher than 70% for all energy needs, with up to 80% of the overall energy demand supplied only by solar and biomass sources even in the northern locations. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 814945 (SolBio-Rev)

This deliverable document (D9.3) contains the Hycool communication and dissemination plan, a guide that describes the actions, tools and channels to be used throughout the whole project life. The aim of the document is to outline the strategy, activities, and tools with which the Hycool project will carry out an effective dissemination activity for maximizing the impact of the project, building trust towards the potential of solar thermal applications in European industry and finally, ensuring the largest possible exploitation of results.

The main goal of WP6 "System testing and technology validation" is to build and test a system prototype to validate the concept of the SWS-Heating system. In this work package, the generic heating system developed in WP2 is adapted to a demo scale with downsized components to fit into a commercial container that will be used to test the real operation of the SWS-Heating system in two different locations (Germany and Sweden).

The deliverable D6.2 - Report on Design and specification of the SunHorizon demo sites is the only report included in T6.2 - Engineering and design of the demo sites. According to the DoA, Task 6.2 should have a twofold objective: -Schedule monitoring: to track the progress of each demo site, from the preparation of the detailed design until the deployment (to be then analysed in Task 6.3) taking into account both timing and legal issues (i.e. bidding/authorisation procedures); -Technical assessment of detailed design. In addition to the above-mentioned goals, T6.2 has supported the collection of information on the budget for each demo, to precisely define the boundaries of partners responsibility. The final figures are still needed to be inalised and have therefore been excluded from the present report. The figures will be then used to define possible budget reallocations among partners, to be formalised by means of an amendment. In the report, a chapter is dedicated to each demo site, focusing in particular on: -Description of the intervention and activity schedule: the final sizing of the components to be installed is reported, as well as a GANTT chart for the activities considering, design, deployment commissioning and monitoring phases. -Final design of the TP: articulated into high level design, detailed design and monitoring plan. -Architectural and structural aspects: such as the positioning of the components inside the demo building as well as any structural study carried out.

The buildings sector is one of the least sustainable activities in the world, accounting for around 40% of the total global energy demand. With the aim to reduce the environmental impact of this sector, the use of renewable energy sources coupled with energy storage systems in buildings has been investigated in recent years. Innovative solutions for cooling, heating, and domestic hot water in buildings can contribute to the buildings' decarbonization by achieving a reduction of building electrical consumption needed to keep comfortable conditions. However, the environmental impact of a new system is not only related to its electrical consumption from the grid, but also to the environmental load produced in the manufacturing and disposal stages of system components. This study investigates the environmental impact of an innovative system proposed for residential buildings in Mediterranean climate through a life cycle assessment. The results show that, due to the complexity of the system, the manufacturing and disposal stages have a high environmental impact, which is not compensated by the reduction of the impact during the operational stage. A parametric study was also performed to investigate the effect of the design of the storage system on the overall system impact. This project received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 768824 (HYBUILD). This work was partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España (RTI2018-093849-B-C31—MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades—Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) (RED2018-102431-T). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (2017 SGR 1537). GREiA is certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia. This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme.

The present document constitutes the Deliverable "D1.4 Second Year Activities Reporting", developed within WP1 in the framework of the HORIZON 2020 European funded SunHorizon project. It is the second (out of four) Management reports among Progress and Periodic Report and will present the project activities between M12 and M24.

The D3.10 perspective is to report activities about the semi-virtual test results of TP1 and TP2 (CEA, Boostheat, Ratiotherm, TVPsolar, Dualsun), the simulation study around TP5 (CNR, CEA, CARTIF, RINA, Boostheat, Ratiotherm, TVPsolar) and the TPs' commissioning guidelines (all WP3 technology providers).

This deliverable is dedicated to the experimental investigations carried out to identify the type and size of the evaporator heat exchanger for the STES modules. It begins in Chapter 2 with a literature survey on plate heat exchangers applied so for as evaporator/condensers in typical vapour compression and sorption refrigeration and heat pump systems, which has been carried out by Dr. Valeria Palomba (CNR). Chapter 3 presents the experimental investigations along with the obtained results by applying an asymmetric plate heat exchanger as a stagnant condenser/evaporator with two different sizes of adsorber heat exchangers in order to investigate the degree of matching between the sizes of both components.

The deployment of adsorption cycles for heating and cooling purposes is often limited by poor efficiency and high reactor volumes determined by the adsorber material used [1]. The appropriate selection of the solid sorbent in early stages of design can allow to identify quickly the most promising solutions. In this Deliverable, a reliable and robust methodology for adsorber material screening and evaluation is proposed, such that minimizes the characterization and simulation efforts, without jeopardizing the accuracy of the evaluations.

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 768824 (HYBUILD). This work is partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España (RTI2018-093849-B-C31 - MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades - Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) (RED2018- 102431-T). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (2017 SGR 1537). GREiA is a certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia. This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme. Boniface Dominick Mselle would like to thank Programa Santander Predoc UdL for his research fellowship.

The present report describes the activity regarding the development of the sorption module, that is an essential part of HYBUILD Mediterranean solution, since it allows the operation of the compression with high efficiency by storage and conversion of solar energy. The main components that were optimised within WP2 of HYBUILD project are the adsorber and the evaporator of the sorption module.

WP3 of the project SolBio-Rev aims to develop optimised control and simulation tools to maximise the efficiency of the system. In this case, the system can integrate a smart control module that uses dynamic models (both of building and components) to predict the behaviour of the system and to maximize or minimize objectives expressed in terms of performance indicators. This deliverable presents the development of different rule-based strategies based on the operational modes of the SolBio-Rev generic system that are going to be implemented in a smart control environment. Furthermore, the algorithms of smart control are described including the optimization objectives and the models that will be used to develop an optimal control for the SolBio-Rev system.

The present deliverable D3.11 - "SunHorizon technologies catalogue", as part of the T3.7 - "Upgraded SunHorizon enabling technologies validation and final design for prototypation and commissioning", aims to collect a full catalogue of Technical datasheets and innovations from the SunHorizon Technologies and the main features for the Technology Packages integration.

This workshop brought together a selection of H2020 EU-funded projects involving experts from the biomass, geothermal, solar thermal, and heat pump sectors to discuss a common strategy for increasing the use of renewable energy technologies for heating and cooling for buildings and industry.

Deliverable 5.1 developed reduced order and transient dynamic models for three GEOFIT demonstration sites, i.e. San Cugat in Spain (Section 1), Bordeaux in France (Section 2) and Galway in Ireland (Section 3). The development of these models is part of the approach to select, design and integrate the GEOFIT EGS/GSHP into the building according to its characteristics. The work presented here shows the capabilities of reduced order and transient models in building performance prediction and optimisation, as well as their flexibility to be used in building retrofit.

Adsorption desalination (AD) is an emerging technology to reduce risk of freshwater scarcity, able to use renewable energy and applicable in decentralized areas. Only limited sorbents have been tested experimentally for AD systems. This study developed two composite sorbents based on LiCl as embedded salt and two matrices, namely, silica gel (LiCl@SG_30) and expanded vermiculite (LiCl@EVM_45). The performed analysis figured out how the trade-off between high sorption capacity and good mass transfer caused by their different pore structures influences the desalination operations. The results were compared against a standard microporous Siogel. The sorption isobars indicated that the sorption behavior of LiCl@SG_30 is the combination of silica gel and the embedded LiCl crystals, while for LiCl@EVM_45 is mainly the sorption process of the embedded LiCl crystals. LiCl@EVM_45 reached the highest sorption capacity. The Dubinin-Astakhov equation described the equilibrium capacities of the sorbents. The kinetics coefficient (k) was employed to evaluate the sorption rate. Microporous Siogel showed the highest sorption rate, followed by LiCl@SG_30 and LiCl@EVM_45. Finally, predicted specific daily water production (SDWP) were calculated, showing promising features for both LiCl@SG_30 and LiCl@EVM_45, with LiCl@SG_30 achieving SDWP ranging from 43 to 60 m3/tonne/day) for the selected conditions.

Il capitolo si sofferma sull'analisi delle politiche pubbliche, mettendo in evidenza le tecniche di valutazione e i punti di forza e di debolezza di ciascuna di esse. A partire dalla definizione di politica pubblica e dalle condizioni di domanda e offerta, sono trattati i concetti essenziali per la valutazione ex ante, in itinere, ex post. L'attenzione è anche rivolta alla valutazione delle strutture amministrative e della dirigenza, nonché e all'esperienza italiana e all'AIR.

Pur conservando la struttura dei principali manuali di sociologia generale, dei quali sono forniti alcuni riferimenti in bibliografia, questo compendio tratta in forma più sintetica i concetti basilari della disciplina. Tale scelta si rende funzionale a raggiungere i risultati che si concretizzeranno in una immediata conoscenza dei fondamentali riferimenti sul piano teorico che riguardano le principali dinamiche sociali. Per queste ragioni, l'attenzione è orientata in modo specifico alla trattazione dei gruppi sociali, delle istituzioni, delle variabili intervenienti negli scenari del mutamento sociale e, in generale, dei diversi fenomeni che costituiscono gli ambiti di interesse primario per lo scienziato sociale.