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Why stabilisation is lasting so far... the hypothesis of an inertial inflation in central eastern Europe The article relies on the empirical evidence according to which economies in transition are not yet definitely stabilized after a four year stabilisation policy, including when we consider only the rate of inflation. A theory of inertial inflation may explain such a fact as soon as priee increases are assumed to resuit from a conflict between social groups for the distribution of national income. Wage earners then react to priees in indexing their share, and the managers of State enterprises as well (indexing their investment capabili-ties). This hypothesis is successfully tested through the calculation of correlations between consumer priees and real wages, between priees and investment expenditures, and between wages and investment, for five Eastem European countries (1970-1992)., Quand la stabilisation dure... L'hypothèse d'une inflation inertielle en Europe centrale et orientale Partant du constat que les économies en transition ne sont toujours pas stabilisées après quatre ans de politique de stabilisation, y compris pour ce qui est du rythme de l'inflation, le texte s'appuie sur une théorie inertielle de l'inflation qui permet d'expliquer la hausse des prix par un conflit entre groupes sociaux au sujet de la répartition du revenu national, s'exprimant par des comportements d'indexation de la part des salariés et des dirigeants des entreprises d'État (portant sur les dépenses d'investissement). Cette hypothèse est vérifiée par des corrélations calculées entre les prix de détail et les salaires réels, entre les prix et les dépenses d'investissement, et entre les salaires réels et l'investissement., Andreff Wladimir, Bourguignon François. Quand la stabilisation dure... L'hypothèse d'une inflation inertielle en Europe centrale et orientale. In: Revue économique, volume 45, n°3, 1994. pp. 819-832.

Bourguignon F., Conxicœur P., Séquier P. Marchés émergents d'actions : prévisibilités et incertitudes. In: Revue d'économie financière, n°30, 1994. Les marchés financiers émergents (II) sous la direction de Olivier Pastré. pp. 85-115.

A twofold causal relationship links growth and income distribution. On one hand, income distribution affects growth through its effect on the accumulation of productive factors. On the other hand, growth may modify income distribution through a change in the remuneration rates of productive factors and the structure of their ownership in the population. It is the firts relationship that it is analyzed in the present paper in a cross section of 35 developing countries. The estimation of a simple structural model leads to the following main results : (i) Income inequality affects growth negatively through its negative impact on the accumulation of human capital, (ii) But it also affects growth positively through a positive impact on the accumulation of physical capital, (iii) The overall effect of income inequality upon growth is significantly negative. (iv) Human capital is at the center of a virtuous circle whereby growth and income equality are self-reinforcing phenomena, (v) The significance of income distribution in equations of growth and factor accumulation reduces only marginally the significance of the usual regional dummy variables., Il existe une double relation de causalité entre croissance et répartition des revenus. D'une part, la répartition influence le taux de croissance à travers ses effets sur l'accumulation des facteurs de production. D'autre part, la croissance économique modifie la répartition des revenus en faisant varier les rémunérations relatives des facteurs de production ainsi que leur distribution dans la population. C'est principalement la première relation qui est étudiée dans cet article à partir d'une analyse en coupe transversale d'un échantillon de 35 pays en voie de développement. L'estimation d'un modèle structurel simple conduit aux principaux résultats suivants : (i) L'inégalité des revenus affecte négativement la croissance à travers ses effets défavorables sur les taux de scolarisation et l'accumulation de capital humain, (ii) Mais elle affecte aussi la croissance positive¬ ment à travers un effet favorable sur l'accumulation de capital physique, (iii) Au total, l'effet de l'inégalité des revenus sur la croissance est significativement négatif, (iv) Le capital humain semble se trouver au centre d'un cercle vertueux où croissance et égalité des revenus s'entretiennent mutuellement, (v) L'introduction de l'inégalité des revenus dans les équations de croissance et d'accumulation de facteurs ne réduit que marginalement la signification des variables indicatrices régionales habituellement introduites dans ces régressions., Bourguignon François. Croissance, distribution et ressources humaines : comparaison internationale et spécificités régionales. In: Revue d'économie du développement, 1e année N°4, 1993. pp. 3-35.

Fiscal harmonization between EEC countries has been an important and somewhat controversial issue in France during the last years. The prospect of the unified EEC market in 1992 clearly raises the question of whether the present discrepancies between various national tax-benefit systems may remain unchanged without hampering economic integration. The debate focused, in particular, on whether VAT rates should be harmonized across countries and, in that case, on the consequences of such a harmonization.

Drawing lessons from country studies, the authors examine the effects of adjustment policies on the distribution of income in Chile, Cote d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Morocco. After analyzing the issues that must be confronted in designing adjustment programs with a focus on poverty, they synthesize the main conclusions of the different country studies. With simulation exercises they explore the effects of the design of the adjustment packages on poverty and on the sustainability of the measures undertaken in these countries. These exercises show considerable diversity in the evolution of income distribution during adjustment. They also expose the fatal flaws of narrowly designed adjustment programs. Adjustment programs - whether focused on efficiency or on welfare - will fail when they do not recognize the interdependence of the three criteria of efficiency, welfare, and political feasibility. Adjustment programs must be carefully packaged to fit country circumstances, taking into account both the political and economic environments.

International audience; This paper introduces the general structure of the "micro-macro" economy wide simulation model ("maquette") used in several case studies on the impact of adjustment policies on the distribution of income. The description of the maquette emphasizes how the short- and medium-run effects of adjustment packages are incorporated in a general equilibrium model and explains the common structure and variants in the specification and estimation of relationships in product, factor, financial, and foreign exchange markets. Simulations are used to illustrate the role of differences in assumptions about market adjustment mechanisms (e.g., fix-price or flex-price, closed or open financial system) on the effects of adjustment policies on the distribution of income. Adjustment to an external shock through devaluation or through fiscal retrenchment is then contrasted for an economy with different degrees of financial and foreign trade openness. The simulations show that assumptions about macroeconomic closures and behavioral parameters matter a great deal in determining the productive and distributive effects of a shock and a country's adjustment to that shock.

Saisonbedingtheit und Konsumverhalten, von François Bourguignon, Frédéric Gagey. In diesem Artikel werden die Stichproben ausgewertet, die in monatlichen Wellen im Rahmen einer Erhebung über das Budget der privaten Haushalte in Tunesien im Jahre 1980 entnommen wurden, um die Saisonbedingtheit des Konsums verschiedener Güter zu bestimmen. Die Saisonbereinigung erfolgt auf der Grundlage eines Konsummodells, das alien Stichprobenwellen der Erhebung gemeinsam ist und auf latenten Variablen des "permanenten" Einkommens und Konsums basiert. Die Korrektur, die sich für die Einkommenselastizitäten der verschiedenen Güter und für die Bewertung des Wohlstandes der Haushalte ergibt, erweist sich als bedeutend., Seasonality and Consumption Behaviour, by François Bourguignon, Frédéric Gagey. This article uses a sample by monthly waves of a survey on household budgets taken in Tunisia in 1980 to determine how seasonal the consumption of different goods can be. Deseasonalization is carried out by using a consumption model common to all the waves of the survey, based on latent variables of "permanent" income and consumption. The correction resulting therefrom for income-elasticities of various goods and for assessing household's welfare is important., Saisonnalité et comportements de consommation, par François Bourguignon, Frédéric Gagey. Cet article exploite l'échantillonnage par vagues mensuelles d'une enquête sur le budget des ménages réalisée en 1980 en Tunisie pour déterminer la saisonnalité de la consommation de divers biens. L'opération de désaisonnalisation est effectuée sur la base d'un modèle de consommation commun à touts les vagues de l'enquête et basé sur des variables latentes de revenu et de consommation "permanents". La correction qui en résulte pour les élasticités-revenu des divers biens et pour l'appréciation du bien-être des ménages s'avère importante., Estacionalidad y comportamientos de consumo, por François Bourguignon y Frédéric Gagey. En este artículo se presenta el análisis por períodos mensuales de un estudio relativo al presupuesto de los hogares realizado en 1 980 en Túnez, para determinar la estacionalidad del consumo de diversos bienes. La operación de destacionalización se efectúa en base a un modelo de consumo común para todos los períodos del estudio y se funda en variables latentes de ingreso y de consumo "permanentes". Así se pone de relieve la importancia de la corrección résultante para las elasticidades-ingreso de los diversos bienes y para la apreciaciôn del bienestar de los hogares., Bourguignon François, Gagey Frédéric. Saisonnalité et comportements de consommation. In: Économie & prévision, n°97, 1991-1. L'économie du développement. pp. 1-10.

Des limitations conceptuelles sont apparues tres tot dans le developpement de la conception monetaire de la pauvrete. Ces limitations avaient principalement trait a la definition de la pauvrete et a l'utilisation exclusive d'indicateurs comme le revenu ou les depenses de consommation pour la mesurer. De nouvelles conceptions de la pauvrete ont alors ete proposees autour de la notion de dotation, permettant un elargissement considerable du debat. Cependant, de serieux obstacles subsistent pour assurer a ces concepts plus generaux un caractere operationnel comparable a celui dont jouit aujourd'hui le paradigme de la pauvrete monetaire. Dans cet article, Francois Bourguignon, directeur d’etudes a l’EHESS et directeur de l’Ecole d’Economie de Paris, examine ces defis en mettant en regard les progres realises et les difficultes restant a surmonter.

SummaryThis paper analyzes the optimal allocation of a given antipoverty budget consistent with various usual measures of poverty. It is shown that it is generally optimal to give all the budget either to the poorest or to the richest of the poor. It is only with the Sen index of poverty that it is sometimes optimal to combine both types of allocation. This property may be related to the normalization rule used in the derivation of that measure and sheds some new light on the axiomatics of poverty measurement.

Openness and development: a political economy perspective This paper presents a model in which education affects simultaneously individual productivity and political participation. A capitalist oligarchy initially holds political power in a developing economy where the majority of workers are uneducated. When the economy is closed, it can be in the interest of the capitalist Elite to subsidize the education of the workers in order to increase the domestic return on capital. This incentive however disappears when the economy becomes open to foreign capital flows. The paper investigates the costs and benefits of openness from the point of view of the various agents and the national economy as a whole., Le modèle présenté dans cet article est basé sur l'idée que l'éducation augmente la productivité et la participation politique des citoyens. Une oligarchie capitaliste est supposée détenir initialement le pouvoir dans une économie en développement où la masse des travailleurs est peu éduquée. Lorsque l'économie est fermée, il peut être dans l'intérêt de l'oligarchie d'éduquer les masses et éventuellement d'abdiquer son pouvoir politique si l'éducation des travailleurs contribue à augmenter la rentabilité du capital. En revanche, cette incitation disparaît si l'économie est ouverte aux capitaux étrangers. L'article étudie les coûts et les bénéfices de l'ouverture pour les divers agents et pour la collectivité nationale., Bourguignon François, Verdier Thierry. Ouverture et développement. Considérations d'économie politique. In: Revue économique, volume 52, n°3, 2001. pp. 495-506.

This paper relates growth and income distribution in the development of a dual economy. Its originality lies in the fact that the analysis of income inequality uses the whole Lorenz curve instead of some summary measures, and that the dual economy is represented through a fully-specified general equilibrium model. Conditions for particular shifts in the Lorenz curve are derived. They mostly involve the income and price elasticities of demand faced by the traditional sector of the economy, and suggest that an unambiguous drop in income inequality is somewhat unlikely at the dual stage of development.

This paper provides sequential labor supply estimates for French married men and women under specifications analogous to those used by Hausman to account for the effects of taxation upon the budget constraint. Results suggest that, even though labor force participation follows the expected pattern, work hours are quite rigid, most of the variation in the latter being attributed to measurement errors. The second part of the paper concentrates on the simultaneous estimation of male and female labor supply. Conditional maximum likelihood techniques are shown to permit the separate estimation of work hours for both spouses with an appropriate set of instruments aimed at correcting for the biases arising from simultaneity, selectivity, and the nonlinearity of the budget constraint. Although consistent, the resulting estimates apparently contradict the usual rationality restrictions on family labor supply behavior and seem to confirm the lack of flexibility in work hours.

This paper summarizes the structure of a a computable general equilibrium model which incorporates short-run disequilibrium mechanisms stemming from natural rigidities of the economic system. Illustrative simulations based on the Venezuelan economy are reported. The model seems a priori to offer a more satisfactory representation of the sequence of short-run effects leading to a structural modification of the economy after some exogenous shock. The adjustment is more progressive than with a pure general equilibrium model and involves quantity variables as well as price variables. With the rather realistic macroeconomic specifications selected for these experiments, however, this double adjustment process has spillover effects that would not be found so explicitly in pure models. The paper, which is mainly theoretical, shows simply that generalizing the available computable general equilibrium models to disequilibrium situations and price-quantity adjustment mechanisms is quite possible, although not easy.

This paper constructs estimates of income and consumption inequality for the world (124 countries), using various measures of inequality. It then goes on to examine the possible effects of various sources of error in the estimates, and attempts to set rough limits to the size of such effects. Among the sources of error examined are purchasing power parities used for currency conversion, systematic errors in estimates of per capita incomes, differences in age structure, government tax and expenditure policy, and lifetime income effects. The paper concludes that, although the level of uncertainty in the estimates is too great to permit conclusions about, for instance, trends over time, it is clear that the level of world inequality is extreme, and that it is primarily due to differences in average incomes across countries rather than to intra-country inequality.

Individual or strategic rationality : The case of family labor supply François Bourguignon This paper explores the status of Slutsky conditions for testing the rationality of labor-supply decision-making in a two-members household. It is shown that those conditions may hold in a game-theoretic model, fundamentally distinct from the collective utility maximization assumption, and that, conversely, they may not be empirically satisfied under the latter assumption, which might thus be considered as a postulate., Cet article analyse le statut des conditions de Slutsky dans le test de la rationalité des décisions d'offre de travail d'un ménage à deux membres. Il y est montré que ces conditions peuvent être satisfaites dans un modèle stratégique, fondamenta­lement différent de la maximisation d'une utilité collective, et que, inversement, elles ne sont pas toujours satisfaites, empiriquement, sous cette dernière hypothèse qui peut, dans ces conditions, être à considérer comme un postulat., Bourguignon François. Rationalité individuelle ou rationalité stratégique : le cas de l'offre familiale de travail. In: Revue économique, volume 35, n°1, 1984. pp. 147-162.

Earnings mobility over the life-cycle : A 30-years panel sampfle of french " cadres " François Bourguignon., Christian Morrisson This papers is based on a panel of " executives " born in 1920 whose earnings are observal from 1945-1950 until 1977. Over 1950-1977, earnings mobility seems important since most individuals jump from an incarne class to another. However, the correlation between earnings in 1950 and 1977 remains quite significant since 18 % over the variance of earnings in 1977 is explained by earnings in 1950. On the other hand, that correlation sharply drops, and becomes almost negligible, when a longer period (1945-1977) is considered. This shows that, even if there still is some mobility after 40, the first ten years play a crucial role in an executive career. Inequality over the life cycle is alno measurel, showing a drop of 20 % to 35 %, according to the inequality index and the length of the period, in comparison with the average annual inequality. Finally, an econometric model of variance decomposition is estimated in ordre to explain those varions results., Cette étude est fondée sur un échantillon de cadres nés en 1920 dont on connaît le salaire de 1945 ou 1950 à 1977. Sur la période 1950-1977, il y a une mobilité importante dans la mesure où la majorité des individus change de tranche de revenu, mais la corrélation entre les salaires en 1950 et 1977 demeure significative .(des écarts de salaires à 30 ans contribuent pour 18 % à ceux à 57 ans). En revanche, la corrélation entre les salaires en 1945 et en 1977 est insignifiante. Ceci montre que, même si l'on observe encore une réelle mobilité après 40 ans, les dix premières années jouent un rôle essentiel dans la carrière d'un cadre. La réduction de l'inégalité, si l'on considère le total des salaires perçus par rapport à l'inégalité moyenne chaque année, est importante sur l'ensemble de la vie active (— 20 à — 35 % selon l'indicateur d'inégalité). Finalement, un modèle économétrique de décomposition de la variance explique l'ensemble de ces résultats., Bourguignon François, Morrisson Christian. La mobilité des salaires sur le cycle de vie : un échantillon de cadres français sur trente ans. In: Revue économique, volume 35, n°5, 1984. pp. 929-970.

El artA­culo se encuentra dividido por secciones, la primera secciA³n describe la informaciA³n sobre la cual se basa el estudio. Segunda secciA³n ataca el problema de la pobreza y trata de probar su difusiA³n relativa en la estructura econA³mica urbana. Tercera secciA³n define la dicotomA­a moderna tradicional y analiza su relaciA³n con la pobreza. Cuarta SecciA³n se harAi una comparaciA³n mAis general de los sectores moderno y tradicional donde, asA­ mismo, compararAi el caso colombiano con el de otros paA­ses latinoamericanos. Entonces, tratarAi de probar las dos hipA³tesis fundamentales de la teorA­a dualista del desarrollo urbano. Quinta secciA³n relaciA³n competitiva entre los dos sectores y la existencia de diferenciales significativos en los ingresos de trabajo; por un lado, el sector moderno, donde las firmas capitalistas suministran a sus empleados ingresos relativamente altos y regulares gracias a una organizaciA³n eficiente y a una tecnologA­a avanzada; por otro, el sector residual, donde las personas apenas sobreviven, vinculadas a actividades tradicionales y de baja productividad.

Trata sobre los pocos trabajos existentes encuato a la economA­a de la familia en los paA­ses en vA­a de desarrollo. Algunos de los estudios existentes son de naturaleza mAis sociolA³gica que econA³mica. Se busca remediar parcialmente para el caso colombiano, presentando ciertos datos micro-econA³micos familiares originales, y cuestionando sus implicaciones. Sin embargo, solo se debe considerar como una etapa preliminar de una investigaciA³n teA³rica y empA­rica mAis extensa sobre la economA­a de la familia en Colombia. Se ha restringido al anAilisis de algunos aspectos de la distribuciA³n de los ingresos familiares en Colombia, asA­ como la distribuciA³n de los individuos por niveles del bienestar familiar.

trated in Asia, has worsened. The top 10% of the world population has lost some of its share in world incarne but not in world consumption. A decomposition of the observed changes in world inequality based on the elasticities of decomposable inequality measures gives estimates of countries' contributions to these changes. Inequality increasing factors are the faster demographic growth and the slower economic (GNP/capita) growth in poorest countries, and the above average economic growth in developed countries, US exclused. In the short run, fluctuations of inequality measures are mostly explained by the economic performances of a few and large countries : China, India, USA. An attempt is mode to study the effect of changes in international economic order on world inequality since 1973., Cette étude présente pour la première fois des estimations annuelles de la distribution mondiale des révenus réels sur une période longue, les pays socialistes sont exclus, puis inclus, la distribution interne est prise en compte. L'inégalité mondiale des consommations (pays socialistes exclus) a augmenté depuis 1950 ; mais on ne peut distinguer aucune tendance significative si l'on exclut les pays socialistes ou si l'on considère l'inégalité des revenus. De toute façon, le bilan s'avère favorable aux groupes à revenu intermédiaire aux dépens des plus pauvres qui se trouvent concentrés de plus en plus en Asie. La part des plus riches dans les revenus a baissé, mais non pour les consommations. Une analyse de décomposition effectuée sur les variations d'indicateurs d'inégalité a permis d'identifier les facteurs d'inégalité et d'apprécier leur rôle. A long terme, la croissance démographique rapide des pays les plus pauvres, la croissance économique, lente dans ces pays, rapide dans les pays développés, Etats-Unis exclus, ont accru l'inégalité. A court terme, la conjoncture économique en Chine, en Inde et aux Etats-Unis est le premier facteur de variation. On a tenté d'analyser les conséquences du nouvel ordre économique international sur l'inégalité mondiale depuis 1973., Bourguignon François, Morrisson Christian, Berry Albert. La distribution mondiale des revenus entre 1950 et 1977. In: Revue économique, volume 33, n°3, 1982. pp. 379-425.

This paper generalizes previous results on income distribution dominance in the case where the population of income recipients is broken down into groups with distinct utility functions. The example taken here is that of income redistribution across families of different sizes. The paper first investigates the simplest assumptions that can be made about family utility functions. A simple dominance criterion is then derived under the only assumptions that family functions are increasing and concave with income and the marginal utility of income increases with family size.

This paper generalizes to uncertaintly the neoclassical one-sector model by transforming the basic differential equation on the capital labor ratio into a “stochastic” differential equation. The capital-labor ratio and related economic variables become random variables whose probability distributions vary with time, and the paper is focused on the existence of a steady state denfined by the (probabilistic) stationarity of these variables. An application of the results is given for a specific example with a Cobb-Douglas production function and uncertainty on the saving coefficient, the labor-force rate of growth, and the capital depreciation rate.

Career profiles of a sample of workers and employees - The individual evolution of salaries in the course of professional life is still not well known. Until now, in order to study salary " mobility" beyond a five year period, only a sample of upper-level cadres was available. The sample presented in this study is its indispensible complement, in that it collects series of annual salaries received by workers, employees, supervisors and technicians over a period of 28 years, from 1950 to 1977, and even over a period of 39 years for a sub-sample. Thus, measured over a part of their professional life, the inequality of salaries among workers and employees is much less great than the " instantaneous " inequality to which reference is usually made. If the totality of active life is considered, inequality is 30 % to 50 % lower, depending on the indicators, than that observed on average each year. For the whole of the sample followed and on average, salary " mobility " seems moderate. It would be much greater if a small but privileged group were excluded : employees of large companies salaried for life. On the other hand, mobility among workers and employees remains significant even after age 40 or 45. This is not the case for cadres and salaried employees of large companies who alone benefit from relative career stability starting at a certain age. The results that issue from these series are close to outside estimates. Such a confirmation, however, is not without interest, considering the uncertainty attached to all this data taken from small samples that are not representative of a whole active generation., L'évolution individuelle des salaires au cours de la vie professionnelle est encore très mal connue. Au-delà d'une période de cinq ans, on ne disposait jusqu'ici pour étudier la « mobilité » des salaires que d'un échantillon de cadres supérieurs. L'échantillon présenté dans cette étude en est le complément indispensable, puisqu'il collecte des séries de salaires annuels perçus par des ouvriers, des employés, des agents de maîtrise et des techniciens pendant vingt-huit années, de 1 950 à 1 977, pendant trente-neuf années même pour un sous-échantillon. Mesurée ainsi sur une partie de leur vie professionnelle, l'inégalité des salaires parmi les ouvriers et employés est beaucoup plus faible que l'inégalité « instantanée » à laquelle on se réfère habituellement. Si l'on considère l'ensemble de la vie active, l'inégalité est inférieure de 30 % à 50 % selon les indicateurs à celle observée en moyenne chaque année. Sur l'ensemble de l'échantillon suivi et en moyenne, la « mobilité » des salaires paraît modérée. Elle serait beaucoup plus grande si l'on excluait un groupe privilégié mais réduit en nombre : les salariés à vie des grandes entreprises. D'autre part, la mobilité parmi les ouvriers et employés demeure significative même après 40 ou 45 ans, ce qui n'est pas le cas pour les cadres ou les salariés des grandes entreprises, qui seuls bénéficient d'une relative stabilité de carrière à partir d'un certain âge. Les résultats issus de ces séries sont proches des estimations étrangères. Mais une telle confirmation n'est pas dépourvue d'intérêt, compte tenu de l'incertitude qui s'attache à toutes ces données tirées de petits échantillons non représentatifs de l'ensemble d'une génération d'actifs., Perfil de carrera de una muestra constituida pour obreros y empleados - La evolución individual de los salarios en el transcurso de la vida profesional no se conoce aún muy bien. Para estudiar la « movilidad » de los salarios, más alla de un periodo de cinco a nos, solo se disponia hasta ahora de una muestra constituida por ejecutivos. La que se presenta en este estudio constituye su complemento indispensable puesto que en la misma se efectûa un acopio de series de sueldos anuales percibidos por obreros, empleados, capataces y técnicos durante 28 años, desde 1950 hasta 1977 y durante 39 anos para unasubmuestra. La desigualdad de salarios entre obreros y empleados, medida de este modo durante una parte de su actividad profesional, es mucho más baja que la desemejanza « instantánea » a la que se hace habitualmente referencia. Si se considera la vida activa en su totalidad, la desigualdad es inferior en un porcentaje de 30 a 50 %, según los indicadores, a la que se observa en termino medio cada año. En el promedio del conjunto de la muestra continua la « movilidad » de los salarios aparenta ser moderada. La misma séria mucho más importante si se excluyese un grupo privilegiado aunque reducido en cantidad, constituido por los asalariados vitalicios de las grandes empresas. Por otra parte, la movilidad entre obreros y empleados sigue siendo significative, aun después de los 40 ó 45 anos; tal situación no se presenta de la misma manera para los ejecutivos y asalariados de las grandes empresas quienes son los únicos en beneficiar de una rela- tiva estabilidad de carrera a partir de una cierta edad. Los resultados que se desprenden de estas series son muy similares a las estimaciones extraderas. Pero tal confirmación no esta desprovista de interés, dada la incertidumbre ligada a los datos extraidos de muestras pequenas no representativas del conjunto de una generación en actividad., Bourguignon François, Morrisson Christian. Profils de carrière d'un échantillon d'ouvriers et d'employés. In: Economie et statistique, n°198, Avril 1987. Emploi et chômage en 1986 / Les carrières des ouvriers et des employés / Les voyages de courte durée. pp. 21-35.

The treatment of needs in assessing economic equity is a subject that arouses strong feelings. Very different approaches have been adopted in the study of this subject. There are those who regard differences in needs as sufficient grounds for rejecting any analysis of income inequality. For them to try to compare one distribution of income, Y1,…, Y h with another, Y1*,…, Y h *, is without meaning, since the people concerned may have quite different needs. ‘Welfare’ depends not just on income but also on other dimensions. Precisely what other dimensions we should take into account is open to debate, but most people would agree on certain factors such as health, handicap, age or family size. Arrow gives the example of ‘the haemophiliac who needs about $4,000 worth per annum of coagulant therapy to arrive at a state of security from bleeding at all comparable to that of the normal person’, an example he contrasts with the ‘facetious’ one of a person who is ‘desperate without pre-phylloxera clarets and plovers’ eggs’ (1973, p. 254).

Progressivite and total incidence of income-redistribution in developped countries After defining the concepts of progressivity and intensity of an incarne transfer, this paper investigates the possibility of expressing the total effect of a transfer (or a sum of transfers} upon measures of inequality as a function of its progressivity and its intensity. Some inequality measures satisfy this property rigorously whereas others satisfy it only approximately (for small transfers). The paper applies then those analytical tools to a comparative study of income redistribution Systems in Canada, France, U.K. and U.S.A. It appears that the progressivity of varions types of transfers differs Utile among countried, and that the total effect of the various, Après avoir défini les concepts de progressivité et d'intensité, on traite d'une manière complète le problème de la décomposabilité de l'incidence d'un transfert ou d'une somme de transferts en montrant que certains indicateurs d'inégalité permettent une décomposabilité complète, tandis que les autres satisfont seulement la pro­priété d'une décomposabilité approchée. L'application de ces instruments à la redistribution au Canada, aux Etats-Unis, en France et en Grande-Bretagne montre que la progressivité de chaque transfert varie assez peu d'un pays à l'autre. L'effet redistributif total dépend des différences d'intensité. L'estimation théorique de l'incidence de divers transferts laisse penser que le moyen le plus efficace pour accroître l'effet redistributif total est le développement de transferts répartis inégalitairement au bénéfice des ménages à bas revenus. En revanche, l'accroissement de l'impôt direct s'avère un moyen peu efficace. Enfin, une comparaison entre plusieurs indicateurs d'inégalité montre que l'ordre de progressivité des transferts est pratiquement le même quel que soit l'indicateur choisi., Bourguignon François, Morrisson Christian. Progressivité et incidence de la redistribution des revenus en pays développés. In: Revue économique, volume 31, n°2, 1980. pp. 197-233.

The various increases in oil prices which have taken place since 1973 have raised Venezuela’s national income by more than 30 per cent. A fundamental question arises in view of such dramatic gain; have all sectors of the population shared equally in this oil ‘bonus’ or has it benefited only specific groups?

This Sixth Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, one of the world's best-known series of conferences, aims at the presentation, and discussion of new knowledge on development. The theme of the conference was "Doha, Monterrey, and Johannesburg: Are We on Track to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?" The conference provides a forum for the world's leading development thinkers to share new knowledge, and ideas. This Conference was designed to look at how four flows (flows of people, capital, aid, and trade) link developed and developing countries. Discussions show not only where some of the main opportunities are in each of these four areas, but also where the main blockages are, and what the real risks are-both when flows accelerate, and when flows dry up. Notably, it was argued that developed countries should have the courage to push globalization further: Europe, like the United States, is protectionist, and as long as it stays that way, there can be no real free trade on the global level. It was proposed a political counterpart to what exists on the economic level be created, i.e., to replace the G-8 of rich countries, with a G-8 of local and regional groups. Such a G-8 would grant a legitimate place to the South, and could serve as a forum for consultation among various continental structures - African Union, Mercosur, the European Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and the North American Free Trade Agreement. Such a G-8 would not only contribute to improved relations between various parties, but would also encourage various regions to intensify their cooperation. Similarly, the creation within the United Nations of an Economic, Social, and Environmental Security Council was proposed, which would form the new framework for globalization, thus monitor implementation of conclusions from large conferences, and, coordinate the major international institutions such as the World Trade Organization, International Labor Organization, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank. Redistribution through official development assistance is extremely limited, and it is cancelled out by rich countries' restrictions that limit poor countries' market access. It is argued that the objective of aid is not to redistribute income today, in order to increase immediate consumption; the objective is to transfer growth potential from rich countries to poor countries. Trade flows, capital flows, and migration flows could also be seen as influencing the growth potential of the poorest countries. Maximizing this potential is essential for a future unambiguous, improvement in the world distribution of income. Furthermore, an alternative way forward for the Doha Round is presented, based on the principles of social justice and economic analysis. The World Trade Organization (WTO) needs to establish a source of impartial, and publicly available analysis of the effects of various initiatives on different countries.

International audience; This paper addresses the impact of aid supply on aid effectiveness. First, we review theoretical literature that deals with the problem of governance in donor–recipient relationships and are susceptible of highlighting effects of aggregate aid availability. Second, we provide a conceptual framework that explicitly incorporates a trade-off between considerations of needs and governance. We examine the impact of aid supply on the manner in which a donor agency allocates the available money between countries differing in terms of both needs and domestic governance. The central conclusion is that a donor’s utility function that embodies the need-governance trade-off and the associated optimization mechanism yield a meaningful rule to guide inter-country allocation of aid resources.

This book addresses questions of international trade policy and the relationship between growth, distribution, and human resource development in the Latin American region.Abstract: Este libro presenta un análisis de cuestiones sobre comercio internacional y la relación entre crecimiento, distribución y desarrollo de recursos humanos.

This volume presents a collection of studies on the dynamics of income inequality based on micro data. Using a simple but powerful empirical methodology, the authors analyze the roles of prices, occupational choice, and educational choice in accounting for household income and its contribution to inequality. It casts doubt on the grand theories of growth and income inequality that have dominated discussions in development economics. It paves the way for a full-blown, micro-based general equilibrium theory of income determination and income inequality.

Presenting the proceedings of the May 2003 World Bank Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics (ABCDE), the volume imparts new research findings and discussions on key policy issues related to poverty reduction by eminent scholars and practitioners from around the world. Topics include Fostering Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Growth; Challenges of Development in Lagging Regions; Participation, Inclusion and Results and Scaling Up and Evaluation. Contributors to the volume include, Nicholas Stern, Senior Vice President and Chief Economist of the World Bank; Azim Hasham Premji, Chairman of Bangalore's Wipro Corporation; Francois Bourguignon of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Possiy, France; Partha Dasgupta of Cambridge University; Justin Lin of Hong Kong University; Rakesh Mohan, Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India; Jean Philippe Platteau of the University of Namur, Belgium; Karen Polenske of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; T. N. Srinivasan, of Yale University; and Anthony Venables of the London School of Economics.

Cet article examine le problème de la comparaison entre familles de taille et composition différente dans les analyses normatives de la distribution des revenus. Sont d’abord rappelées les faiblesses logiques de la notion et de l’estimation d’échelle d’équivalence. On examine alors le critère de la « dominance généralisée » qui permet de se libérer du choix d’une échelle d’équivalence, en même temps que les limitations inhérentes à ce critère. On s’interroge enfin sur la pertinence des travaux théoriques et empiriques récents sur l’allocation intra-familiale des biens pour effectuer des comparaisons inter-familiales. On peut en effet penser que l’accent mis par ces modèles sur l’individu devrait en effet rendre inutile le passage par les échelles d’équivalence., This paper considers the problem of comparing the welfare of families with different size and composition in normative income distribution studies. We first summarize the problems linked with the concept and the measurement of equivalence scales. Then, we discuss the criterion of "generalized dominance" which permits to free the analysis from the choice of a particular equivalence scale and the limitations of that criterion. Finally, we investigate the relevance of recent theoretical and empirical work on the intra-family allocation of goods and labour in making comparisons across families. It may be thought that by focussing on individuals rather than on families these models permit to avoid using equivalence scales altogether.

The Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics (ABCDE) is one of the best-known conferences for the presentation and discussion of new knowledge on development. It is an opportunity for many of the world's finest development thinkers to present their ideas. The 2007 ABCDE -- held in Tokyo on May 29-30, 2006, and cosponsored by the Government of Japan -- was devoted to "Rethinking Infrastructure for Development." The conference opened with remarks by Sadakazu Tanigaki, Japan's Minister of Finance, and Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank. Their remarks were followed by keynote addresses by Donald Kaberuka, President of the African Development Bank; Sadako Ogata, President of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA); and Joseph Stiglitz, University Professor at Columbia University. Six papers were presented addressing the issues of infrastructure for growth, sustainable development and infrastructure, rural infrastructure and agricultural development, and infrastructure and regional cooperation. François Bourguignon, Chief Economist and Senior Vice President of the World Bank, delivered closing remarks.

This annual conference is a global gathering of the world's leading scholars and practitioners. Among the attendees are participants from developing countries, think tanks, NGOs, and international institutions. The papers included in this book concern issues such as: inequality and growth in transition; trade liberalization, inequality and poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean; can economic policy overcome geographic disadvantage in Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States; and patterns of spatial convergence and divergence in India and China.

This book assembles methodologies and techniques to evaluate the poverty impact of macroeconomic policies. It takes as a departure point a companion volume, the impact of economic policies on poverty and income distribution: evaluation techniques and tools. This volume was primarily a review of microeconomic techniques aimed at assessing policies that are directly concerned with the welfare of poor households or individuals such as changing the level of cash transfers to the poorest households, increasing price subsidies for basic consumer goods, and the like. In addition, the second part of that earlier publication introduced basic techniques to deal with the poverty impact of macroeconomic policies that by definition are not targeted and affect the whole population. This volume presents a comprehensive array of macro-micro modeling frameworks. It begins by highlighting the limitation of macroeconomic models that use representative household groups to link macroeconomic policies and microeconomic data. It then moves to more complexes, top-down modeling frameworks, which combine (top) macro models and (down) micro simulation models that, in turn, can be simple micro accounting models or behavioral micro models. The book also explores integrated models, in which the macro and micro parts are either linked by iterative feedback loops or solved simultaneously as a single model. By providing clear access to these techniques, by documenting their analytical underpinnings, their data requirements, and their range of applicability, and even by highlighting some of their limitations, this book provides a unique compendium for practitioners, policy makers, and anyone interested in economic development.

The Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics (ABCDE) brings together the world s leading scholars and development practitioners for a lively debate on state-of-the-art thinking in development policy and the implications for the global economy. The 17th conference was held in Dakar, Senegal, on January 27, 2005. The theme of the conference was growth and integration, which was divided into five topics: growth and integration, financial reforms, economic development, trade and development, and investment climate.