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Periodontitis is a local infection in the gingival crevices, which affects the structural organs surrounding the teeth like periodontal ligament, connective tissue and bone. Ornidazole is an antimicrobial drug widely used to treat periodontitis. The primary objective of this study was to design and evaluate periodontal films of ornidazole for placement into the periodontal pockets for targeted delivery of drug. Nine formulations (F1 to F9) were prepared by solvent casting method using polymer A, polymer B and plasticizer A. Chloroform and dichloromethane were used as solvent system. The API and dental films were then evaluated for various parameters including trinocular microscopic image, melting point, weight variation, thickness, folding endurance, surface pH, swelling index, percentage moisture loss, antimicrobial activity, content uniformity, in vitro drug release and release kinetics as well as RTIR and DSC. Formulation F1 showed the minimum weight and thickness and F9 showed the maximum. It was observed that weight and thickness of film were directly proportional to the total solid content of the film. RSDs of content uniformity test for all the batches were below 3.0%. Folding endurance and swelling index of films were inversely proportional to the amount of polymer in the film. The surface pH of all the batches were between 6-7. Formulation F1 revealed the maximum percentage of moisture loss (19.34%), while F8 showed the minimum (3.654%). Formulation F2 demonstrated data the highest zone of inhibition (21.91 mm).Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 19(2): 133-146, 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was formulation and optimization of vaginal film formulation containing abacavir (ABC), a potent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Methods: Vaginal films were prepared by solvent evaporation method using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) blended with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). Various physicochemical parameters of the prepared films such as drug content, thickness, tensile strength, percentage elongation at break, drug polymer interaction, swelling capacity, folding endurance, bio-adhesion, pH, and moisture content were evaluated with morphological studies. In vitro release study and in vivo release study were also performed. Results: Films exhibited favorable physicochemical properties. The in vitro study showed that HPMC-PVP combination can control the release of abacavir through vaginal films with higher amount of PVP in the formulation resulting in an enhanced drug release rate. During the in vivo study in rabbits, systemic absorption of the drug was noted and the films remained intact for long in vagina without causing any sort of irritations. Conclusion: Thus, in a nutshell, the findings of our experimental work indicate that such films can be considered as a novel drug carrier system for the treatment of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and are suitable for local as well as systemic effects.

Millio ns of people around the world suffers from the fever, effective treatment is essential by formulating Transdermal patch . Paracetamol IP traditionally considered as a NSAID, is an effe ctive analgesic and antipyretic fully sold without prescription . The conv entional formulations containing high dose as well as required to take the medication frequently so increase the risk factor associated with drug . T he prese nt study is an attempt to develop suitable ma trix type patch of Paracetamol using blends of Xanthan Gum and HPMC K 4 M with polyethylene glycol ( PEG - 400 ) as a plasticizer . To get better effect permeation enhancers such as Linseed oil and oleic acid was also incorporated and their optimum concentration was determined . P repared formulations were evaluated fo r compatibility, drug content , moisture loss and absorption, thickness , weight variation, adhesion , folding endurance etc . In vitro permeation study was performed by using Franz diffusion cell . Formulations were found to be uniform in physicochemical param eter with a fewer variations and there was no significant interaction between drug and polymer used . F ormulation of HPMC K 4 M along with Linseed oil showed faster release of drug from develo ped formulations . Based on the o bservation, No burst effect but HP MC K 4 M are better for faster release with linseed oil and xanthan gum for prolonged release for the development of patch . Stability studies indicated the formulations were remained stable both physically and chemically . All developed formulations showed de sired properties of an ideal TDDS and followed zero order rate profile . Thus, the study achieved target s by reduction in frequency of administration and systemic toxicity .

Purpose: Sumatriptan succinate (Sum) is a Serotonin 5- HT1 receptor agonist, used in the treatment of migraine. It is absorbed rapidly but incompletely when taken orally and underwent first - pass metabolism, resulting in a low bioavailability of about 15%. The aim was to design mucoadhesive buccal discs and sublingual films of Sum and metoclopramide (Met) combined to improve their bioavailability. Methods: In the current study, the microparticles and films were prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion (ESD) and solvent casting methods, respectively. Buccal-mucoadhesive microparticles and films with different drug to polymer ratios were prepared and characterized by encapsulation efficiency, particle size, DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetric), folding endurance, mucoadhesive property and drug release studies. Results: The best drug/s to polymer ratios in films and microparticles were 1:2.7:8 (SM2) and 1:4:6 (SM4), respectively. The film of SM2 showed 11.01 mg weight, 123 µm thickness and 300 folding endurance. The production yield was 107.33% for SM4 microparticles, 323.59 µm for mean particle size and 94.53% for loading efficiency (for Sum) and 104.18% (for Met). The DSC showed no stable characteristic of Sum and Met in the drug loaded films/discs and revealed amorphous form and transition of hydrate to anhydrous form for Met. The films exhibited very good mucoadhesive properties and shorter retention time (15-30 s) in comparison with the discs (130 min). The results showed that the discs prepared had slower release than the films (p

Nanofiber mats or films are promising platforms that can offer unique opportunities in oromucosoal drug delivery. However, the conventional film forming technologies are unable to produce mats with unique internal microstructure and properties. Thus, the present study was aimed to develop electrospun nanofiber mats of a model drug — ondansetron hydrochloride (OND) — for ultrafast drug release. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a water soluble synthetic polymer was used in the preparation of nanofiber mats and casting film. The OND nanofiber mats and conventional films were prepared by electrospinning and casting methods, respectively. Different electrospinning process variables (feed rate, electric voltage and tip to collector distance) were investigated. Nanofiber mats and casted films were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The folding endurance, drug content, wetting behavior and disintegration properties and in-vitro drug release studies were also performed. The SEM and AFM had revealed that the nanofiber mats were formed with smooth uniform texture. Solid state studies indicated that the OND was in amorphous state and uniformly dispersed in PVA mats and a film. The electrospun nanofiber mat and casted film of OND showed sufficient mechanical properties. Wet sponge method suggested that OND nanofiber mats were simultaneously wetted and disintegrated within 10 s, which is ultrafast compared to casted films. The total amount of OND was released in 90 s (1.5 min) and 1800 s (30 min) from OND–PVA electrospun nanofiber mats and casted film, respectively. OND nanofiber mats can be promising alternatives to existing solid dosage forms for ultrafast release of drugs.

Isosorbide dinitrate-polyvinylpyrrolidone (ISDN-PVP) electrospinning fibers were formulated and explored as potentially sublingual membrane. The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the formulation improved flexibility and reduced fluffiness of the fiber mat. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the fibers tended to be cross-linking, and the crosslinking degree increased with the increase of PEG amount. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that ISDN existed in non-crystalline state in the fibers (except at the highest drug content). The infrared spectroscopy suggested that ISDN had better compatibility with the ingredients owing to the hydrogen bonding (or hydrophobic interactions). The fibers were highly favorable for the fabrication of sublingual membrane due to neutral pH, large folding endurance and rapid drug release (complete dissolution within 120 s). The permeation study of ISDN through both dialysis membrane (DM) and porcine sublingual mucosa (SM) were carried out. A significant relationship of drug permeation rate through DM and SM was built up, which indicated that DM could be used to partly simulate SM and assess formulation. The pharmacokinetic study in rats demonstrated that the electrospinning fiber membrane had a higher Cmax and lower Tmax compared to the reference preparation, and the relative bioavailability of the fiber membrane was 151.6%.

Dexibuprofen is a practically water-insoluble nonsterodial anti-inflammatory drug. Following previous experience on enhancing the solubility of the drug, a mixed hydrotropic solubilization technique was here applied in order to improve the aqueous solubility of the drug so that a soluble form of dexibuprofen was prepared and then could be used as a main active ingredient in transdermal films. Nine formulae were prepared applying 32 full factorial design using different amounts of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30). The prepared formulae were evaluated for their physical properties, loading efficacy and In-vitro dissolution studies adopting the USP XXII dissolution method type V paddle over disk apparatus method. Permeation studies were done for best three films showing higher dissolution rate using Franz cell apparatus and also bioavailability study was carried out on the best formula to compare the absorption of dexibuprofen from the prepared film (treatment A) to commercial tablets (treatment B) following administration of a single dose to rabbits. The prepared films were off-white color, opaque, smooth, moist and non-sticky. Increasing the amounts of HPMC and PVP K30 lead to increasing weight, folding endurance, tensile strength, moisture content and moisture absorption. Transdermal films containing higher concentrations of PVP K30 and lower concentration of HPMC showed higher rate and amount of dexibuprofen released from dissolution medium and Franz cell. The bioavailability study showed that (Tmax) in treatments A and B is 3 hours and 2 hours respectively. The average peak plasma concentration values (Cmax) were 28.98±3.36 and 34.67±0.61 ug/mL, respectively and the AUC0-∞ values were 145.82±13.09 and 117.44±3.15 µg·h/mL, respectively. There were significant differences between treatments A and B in Cmax, t(1/2)ab, Kel, t(1/2)el, TCR, AUC0-8, AUC0-∞, AUMC0-8, AUMC0-∞, and MRT. While the difference was insignificant in Kab.

The Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) is one of the novel routes for systemic delivery of drugs through intact skin. A transdermal patch (TP) is a medicated patch that is placed on skin for delivery of medication through skin into the blood stream. The aim of present study was to formulate and evaluate a Unani transdermal patch that could be used for antiemetic therapy. The incorporation of Unani ingredients, namely, Khardal (Brassica nigra), Zanjabeel (Zingiber officinale), Podina (Mentha arvensis), and Sirka (Vinegar) were envisaged. The TP was prepared by solvent evaporation technique and was evaluated for organoleptic characteristics and other physicochemical properties, such as thickness, weight uniformity, folding endurance, moisture content, drug content, and tolerability and acceptability of patch. Thein vitropermeation study of the patch was carried out through Franz diffusion cell using egg shell membrane as barrier membrane. Phosphate buffer pH 7.4 was used as dissolution medium and the temperature was maintained at 37 ± 1°C. Thein vitropermeation study of the prepared TP indicated a time dependent increase in drug release throughout the study. The percentage of cumulative drug release was found to be 77.38% in 24 hours. The study shows a new approach to work in Unani pharmaceutics.

Purpose: To prepare ocular inserts of timolol maleate using guar gum as a polymer for treatment of glaucoma. Methods: Timolol maleate ocular inserts were prepared by solvent casting method using guar gum in different proportions (0.25% w/v, 0.50% w/v , 75 % w/v and 1.0% w/v). The prepared formulations were evaluated for thickness, weight variation, percentage drug content, surface pH, folding endurance, percentage moisture absorption and loss, percentage swelling, mechanical strength and in vitro transcorneal permeation. In-vitro transcorneal permeation study was performed on goat cornea using modified Franz diffusion cell. Results: The inserts were found to be of uniform thickness (ranging from 41.12±0.04µm to 79.90±0.03µm) and weight (0.84±0.07 mg to 2.11±0.09 mg). The % drug content in the inserts was found to be varied between 98.69±0.58to 96.37±0.58. The cumulative % drug releases from the formulation ranged from 50.22±1.41 to 97.72±0.67over a period of 24 h. In-vitro transcorneal study revealed that an increase in concentration of polymer slows down the release of timolol maleate from the formulation. Conclusion: Ocular inserts using guar gum as a polymer were successfully prepared and can be effectively used for sustain ocular delivery over a period of 24 h.

The tensile test is the most widely used method for testing the mechanical characteristics of orally disintegrating films (ODFs). The other available test is the folding endurance (FE) test, which is more suitable for clarifying the actual strength during the manufacturing and dosing. However, the FE test is performed manually, and the FE number it generates has not been adequately analyzed as an index. The aim of this studies were to establish an automatic method for determining the FE number, and to compare the resulting FE numbers with the tensile properties. For this purpose, a desktop-model endurance test machine was used. First, the operating conditions-i.e., the folding angle, the folding speed and the weight requirement were optimized using ODF models. Secondly, the FE of ODFs prepared from three film formers (HPMC, HPC, and PVA) and with insoluble particles (calcium carbonate), plasticizers (glycerin) and APIs (acetaminophen), was evaluated and compared with the tensile properties. Lastly, the commercial ODFs were investigated. The results showed that our automatic system could be successfully used to determine the FE characteristics of ODFs. FE was suggested to relate to not only the strength but also the elongation during the tensile test.

A novel cellulose nanofiber based flexible N-doped carbon mesh was prepared via the simple computerized numerical control (CNC) wet spinning and carbonization process using celluose nanofiber, graphene oxide and silk fibroin as raw materials. The cellulose nanofiber based flexible N-doped carbon mesh not only has welded microstructures at the intersection, but also has highly wrinkle microstructures along the axially oriented orientation. The N-doped carbon mesh materials exhibit excellent electrical conductivity with good flexibility. When the carbonization temperature is 1200 C, the sheet resistance of the carbon-based flexible mesh is only 27 ± 10 Ω/sq. In addition, the maximum area specific capacitance of flexible N-doped carbon mesh symmetric interdigital solid supercapacitor is about 4.5 mF cm−2 at a current density of 2.5 μA cm−2. The N-doped carbon mesh also displays excellent folding endurance. The capacitance retention rate is up to 152% after folding 50,000 times.

The study aimed to prepare and evaluate carvedilol loaded polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) electrospun nanofibers for sublingual drug delivery. The fabricated formulation was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and molecular docking techniques. Prepared nanofibers film was analyzed in terms of surface morphology, thickness, folding endurance, and drug release profile. The results indicated that carvedilol was amorphous in the fibers form and an average diameter of 745 ± 57 nm with a smooth cylinder cross-link structure. Both FT-IR and molecular docking studies demonstrated that hydrogen bonding contributed to drug-polymer intermolecular interaction. The drug dissolution and permeation were much higher than those of the physical mixture. Overall the developed fast dissolving electrospun polymeric film is a promising delivery carrier for carvedilol sublingual delivery.

Irradiation by light is considered to be one of the primary sources of damage to the cellulose matrix under environmental conditions. In this study, a laminated assembly method was used to coat 2, 4-dihydroxybenzophenone (UV-0) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) on the paper surface to form a light-shielding layer. The coating material was characterized by UV–vis and FTIR. The photostability of the coating treatment was further evaluated by comparing the measured values of UV–vis, infrared spectrum, degree of polymerization, tensile strength, folding endurance and chromaticity before and after accelerated aging for two kinds of paper samples. The results demonstrated that the coating treatment could significantly enhance the photodurability of cellulose-based materials with different pigments under accelerated UV aging conditions.

Recent advancement of MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets has demonstrated the wide range of applications benefiting from its lightweight and high electrical conductivity. It possesses great potential as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material owing to its layered structure and high conductivity. Currently, the major shortcoming of utilizing MXene as EMI shielding films is the lack of flexibility and high oxidation tendency to TiO2 in humid condition, which might significantly impair their mechanical and electrical properties. To overcome this drawback, MXene/natural rubber (NR) composite films were prepared using a suction filtration of the mixed suspension containing MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and NR. The strong interaction between NR and MXene results in the formation of lightweight, interconnected and hydrophobic composite films. The MXene/NR60% film demonstrates high water contact angle (104°) and low density (1.28 g/cm3). It also shows a tensile strength of 34 MPa, elongation at break of 4.5%, and cyclic folding endurance of 7425 times, which are 1.5, 5.6 and 62 times of pure MXene film respectively. Microscale combustion calorimeter results show that higher concentration of MXene leads to more significant flame retardancy of MXene/NR composite films. MXene/NR60% film at a thickness of 65.6 μm exhibits outstanding EMI shielding efficiency 47.8 dB. After soaking in water for 15 days followed by bending 6000 times, this film retains high EMI shielding efficiency (32.8 dB), indicating an excellent durability. The high performance MXene/NR composite films combined with their mechanical endurance provide a new material for protecting wearable electronic devices and other sensitive equipment against microwaves.

In this study, mucoadhesive buccal films containing Buprenorphine Hydrochloride were made. The parameters include polymers and plasticizers such as hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, sodium alginate, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, Carbopol, propylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, and sodium lauryl sulfate were selected as independent variables and their effects on folding endurance, tensile strength, young modulus, swelling index, and maximum swelling time were investigated. Analysis of variance shows that the best model to fit the correlations between variables and responses is quadratic. The three proposed optimal formulations containing buprenorphine hydrochloride by the software were prepared and characterized by mechanical and physicochemical analysis plus DSC and SEM tests. Mechanical and physicochemical properties were similar to software-predicted values. DSC showed compatibility between drug and film components in optimal formulations. The cross-sectional SEM images showed morphology including one upper porous layer and another lower dense layer. Drug release and swelling profiles were influenced by the morphology. In this system, the maximum release time varied between 1.5 and 2.5 h.

Hyaluronic acid (HA), a linear polymer of glucuronic acid N acetyl glucosamine disaccharide, has tissue healing properties and is used for treatment of oral ulcers. This study aims to develop a controlled release mucoadhesive buccal film containing HA as a novel delivery system to overcome the drawbacks of the fast wash off of mouth rinses and gels used for treatment of aphthous ulcers. HA films are prepared by applying freeze and thaw cross linking technique. A full 21 × 31 × 41 factorial design was applied to study the effect of three independent variables namely polymer type, polymer concentration and the number of freeze/thaw cycles on the selected dependent variables of tensile strength, mucoadhesion and time required to release 50% of HA (T50%). The prepared HA films were evaluated for their physicochemical properties including folding endurance, surface pH, thickness, mucoadhesion properties, tensile strength and in vitro drug release. The optimum formula was evaluated for its clinical efficiency in treatment of patients have aphthous ulcer. The obtained results (good physical properties, mechanical properties (high TS), mucoadhesion properties and controlled release (high t50%)) indicated that an optimum formula for controlled release mucoadhesive buccal film which is aimed to be effective, safe and stable when used in treatment of aphthous ulcers. After clinical study, it was observed that the formulation of the hyaluronic acid resulted in a more potent effect and resistance to the washing effect of saliva and friction from food. The efficacy of hyaluronic acid was greatly affected by formulation which allowing for prolonged contact.

The aim of present work was to formulate and evaluate Sitagliptin buccal patch using solvent casting method. Buccal patch gained importance as it overcomes the limitations of current routes of administration, provides rapid onset of action by releasing drug directly to systemic circulation through oral mucosa by mucoadhesion. The formulated buccal patches were evaluated for various parameters like film thickness, surface pH, folding endurance, weight variation, % moisture loss, tensile strength, % elongation, drug content uniformity, and in vitro dissolution studies The optimized formulation (F4) containing HPMC E5 and Eudragit RL 100 polymer combination in 1:1 ratio showed highest in vitro dissolution (99.7 %) and satisfactory stability.

Scopolamine hydrobromide is the hydrobromide salt form of scopolamine and has anticholinergic, antiemetic and antivertigo properties. Its property of reducing the saliva secretion also reported. Orodispersible films are solid dosage forms, which disintegrate or dissolve within a minute when placed in the oral cavity. In order to overcome the drawback of the conventional scopolamine hydrobromide solution as antisialagogue we formulated the scopolamine hydrobromide orodispersible films by solvent casting method using pullulan and HPMC E15 polymer combination. The formulations were statistically optimized by full factorial design (32) using Design Expert® software. The optimized formulations were evaluated in vivo. The optimized formulations exhibited acceptable physical characteristics with good flexibility, folding endurance, tensile strength. As anticipated, the optimized scopolamine hydrobromide orodispersible films exhibited quick disintegration and drug release. From the in vitro disintegration and drug release study it was observed that the formulation F1 disintegrated in 9 ± 1 sec and ~98.37 drug was release at the end of 120 sec. Hence the scopolamine hydrobromide orodispersible films successfully tailored for the use in dentistry as an antisialagogue formulation.

The fast dissolving oral film of losartan potassium were prepared using different polymers like PVP, HPMC and Pectin by solvent casting method. The fast dissolving oral film evaluated for folding endurance, swelling index, surface pH, in vitro disintegration time, drug content, drug polymer compatibility (IR Study), and in vitro drug release. The physical appearance and folding endurance properties were found to be good. The average folding endurance time within the range of 112 to 208. The drug content showed uniform mixing of drug in all prepared fast dissolving films. The in vitro drug release showed 78 to 96% drug release within 5 minutes. Drug release obeys the first order kinetics. Hence it can be inferred that the fast dissolving oral film of losartan potassium may produce the rapid action thereby improving bioavilability and enhance the absorption by avoiding the first pass effect.

Beta carotene applied to the mucoadhesive gingiva patch was not significantly reduced the micronucleus as the negative effects of panoramic radiographic exposure on patients dental examination. Its solubility in the patch matrix was very low. Development of beta carotene nanoemulsion using combination of Rice Bran Oil (8%), Tween 80 (85%) and PEG 400 (7%) is expected to increase the solubility that dispersed into the mucoadhesive patch preparation. Beta carotene nanoemulsion mucoadhesive patches produced has a weight 91.0 ± 0.2 mg; thickness 0.18 ± 0.01 mm; folding endurance more than 300 times; maximum swelling 120.07 ± 5.28% at 10 minutes; and patch surface pH 6. The amount of beta carotene that dispersed into the patch matrix increased up to 14.39 ± 0.52 μg/4 cm2. The patch stuck to the rabbit palatal mucosa in 44.64±4.24 minutes and its released beta carotene across cellophane membranes by 19.7 ± 1.74% in 8 hours. SNEDDS formulations could increase the amount of beta carotene that dispersed into the mucoadhesive matrix carotene nanoemulsion patch and released beta carotene across the cellophane membrane following the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics and the mechanism of Fickian release.

In the present investigation, effort has been made to stabilize optimized nanosuspension of flurbiprofen through oral thin film formulation. To overcome the issue of stability of nanosuspension and poor bioavailability of flurbiprofen, nanosuspension loaded oral thin films were developed by solvent casting method. Oral thin films can be prepared by simple and scalable method easily. Nanosuspension loaded oral thin films were evaluated for thickness, % moisture absorption and loss, surface pH, weight variation, folding endurance, drug content, disintegration time, in vitro drug release and stability. The resultant oral thin films depicted that the particles size range was retained even after their stability study for three months. The dissolution rate of all flurbiprofen oral thin films were significantly increased compared with its marketed oral formulation. Thus it can be concluded that, oral thin films have potential for stabilization of nanosuspension with improved drug release.

The present study aimed at preparing fast dissolving oral films of Eletriptan as a model drug which is used for the migraine treatment. Fast dissolving dosage forms have acquired great importance in pharmaceutical industry because of their unique properties. In the present research work various trials were carried out using different grades of HPMC E3, E6, and E15, maltodextrin DE6 and other polymers by solvent casting method. The prepared films were evaluated for film thickness, folding endurance, surface pH, morphological properties, % drug content and content uniformity, tensile strength, percent elongation, in vitro disintegration time and in vitro dissolution studies. The optimized formulation F24 prepared using HPMC E15 showed minimum disintegration time (10 sec), highest dissolution rate i.e. 99% of drug within 8 min and satisfactory physicochemical properties. The optimized film was evaluated for its bioavailability compared with pure drug as reference standard. Statistical analysis revealed that no significant difference between the bioavailability parameters of the film and the reference standard indicated that they exhibited comparable plasma level-time profiles. These findings suggest that the fast dissolving film containing Eletriptan is considered to be potentially useful for the treatment of migraine where quick onset of action is desirable.

Effective management of schizophrenia, acute mania, mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorders, and depression can be managed with aripiprazole moiety. In the present research work an attempt was made to minimize the dose related side effects thus improving the quality life of the patients. A novel biopolymer was isolated from the fruits of Trachyspermum ammi. Ten optimized nanosized aripiprazole loaded formulations were prepared in 1-5% concentration of biopolymer (FA1-FA5) and sodium CMC (FM1-FM5) by solvent casting technique. The formulated flexy films were evaluated for thickness, folding endurance, weight uniformity, surface pH, mucoadhesivity, In-vitro drug release studies, In-vivo pharmacodynamic study and stability studies. The isolated biopolymer showed inbuilt fimability and mucoadhesivity and consists of carbonyl, hydroxyl and thiocarbonyl functional groups. All formulations showed folding endurance from 153 to 170, mucoadhesion time in the range of 24-48hrs., and in-vitro drug release was performed using dynamic Franz Diffusion cell and analyzed using BIT-SOFTWARE. The experimental animals showed improved activity score on actophotometer. The formulated nanosized aripiprazole loaded bio-flexy films showed pharmacotherapeutic response. Conclusion can be drawn that optimized formulation showed effective Pharmacodynamic activity and can be used as for improving therapeutic efficacy of aripiprazole through this platform.

Various parameters that may affect the efficiency of tri- and di-functional aminoalkylalkoxysilanes (AAAS) copolymer treatments to deacidify and mechanically strengthen aged complex papers (lignocellulosic pulp, additives) were studied. Three model papers were first hydrothermally aged (90 °C—50% RH) in order to achieve physicochemical characteristics similar to those of a naturally aged newsprint, and were then treated with AAAS copolymers. The chemical composition of the treatments varied from 50 to 5 wt% of tri-functional monomer APTES, the latter acting as cross-linker in the copolymer network. The respective ratio of tri- and di-functional monomers in the mixture was shown to greatly influence the mechanical properties of the treated papers in the case of APTES/DIAMINO but less so in the case of APTES/AMDES. If APTES/DIAMINO (50/50 wt%) did not strengthen the degraded papers, a higher proportion of DIAMINO (95 wt%) and lower proportion of APTES (5 wt%) led to improving the tensile strength and, more importantly for the function properties of paper, significantly enhancing the folding endurance. The treatment efficiency decreased at higher state of deterioration of the papers and in the presence of alum–rosin sizing. Lastly, the treatments developed for the artificially aged model papers were applied to the degraded newsprint paper specimen and successfully enhanced its mechanical properties.

In the present study, umbelliferone - phospholipids complex - loaded matrix film (UPLC – MF) was developed with a goal of improving transdermal permeation and anti-inflammatory potential of umbelliferone (UMB). Umbelliferone – phospholipids complex (UPLC) was prepared using solvent evaporation method. UPLC-MF was prepared by simple and reproducible solvent casting method. Prepared UPLC and UPLC-MF were both physico-chemically characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), weight variation, thickness, tensile strength, folding endurance, % elongation, moisture content and uptake Functional characterization of UPLC and UPLC-MF was carried out by solubility analysis, in vitro dissolution, diffusion, and ex vivo permeation via dialysis and biological membrane. UPLC – MF was also evaluated for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced Albino rat paw model. Design-based optimal values for formulation and process variables of UPLC were observed to be 1:1.78, 50 °C and 2 h, respectively. Physico-chemical characterization confirmed the formation of the complex and the film. UPLC demonstrated a higher aqueous solubility (~11-fold), compared to pure UMB. Rate and extent of dissolution of UMB from UPLC was enhanced significantly to that of pure UMB. Compared to UMB-MF, the diffusion and permeation rate of UMB from UPLC-MF enhanced significantly. The UPLC – MF improved the anti-inflammatory potential of UMB by significant enhancement of edema inhibition (%), compared to UMB-MF. The obtained results showed that the present combined formulation system could be employed as a promising strategy for improving transdermal permeation of UMB.

In this study, transfer from lab-scale non-continuous production to pilot-scale continuous production of orodispersible films was provided using solvent casting method under the framework of quality by design. Non-continuous production was carried out with petri dishes and continuous production was carried out with a coating machine. Films containing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E5 as film forming polymer, polyethylene glycol 400 and propylene glycol as plasticizers, quetiapine fumarate as drug were formulated. Viscosity of the polymer dispersions, weight, thickness and disintegration time of the films were compared for the transfer of production. pH, moisture content, mechanical properties, folding endurance, uniformity of dosage units, dissolution, stability studies were also performed in pilot-scale orodispersible films. Finally, cytotoxicity studies were performed to determine cell viability. The study showed the possibility of producing F2-p-65/70 (pilot-scale film formulation containing 10 mg propylene glycol, dried at 65 °C and 70 °C) and F4-p-65/70 (pilot-scale film formulation containing 15 mg propylene glycol, dried at 65 °C and 70 °C), as the most suitable for further studies. Thus, a promising improvement has been achieved for schizophrenic patients by the production of quetiapine fumarate loaded orodispersible films and the process of scale-up in films has been demonstrated.

Bimatoprost is widely used to manage glaucoma. Currently, it is delivered via eye drop solution in high doses due to poor ocular bioavailability. The high and daily ocular dosing lead to ocular hyperaemia causing patient non-compliance. The contact lenses can be used to sustain the release of drug by conventional soaking technology, without altering the critical contact lens properties. However, the soaking method showed low drug uptake and high burst release, due to the absence of efficient controlling membrane. Here we investigate the effect of microemulsion on bimatoprost uptake from the soaking solution and its effect on drug release kinetics. The contact lenses were soaked in bimatoprost-microemulsion soaking solution (ME) and compared with the bimatoprost-soaking solution (SM) without microemulsion. The uptake of bimatoprost-microemulsion in the contact lenses did not altered the swelling, transmittance and folding endurance properties. The two fold increase in the uptake/loading of bimatoprost was noted from the bimatoprost-microemulsion (ME) soaking solution in comparison to bimatoprost-soaking solution (SM). The in vitro flux data of ME batches (up to 48–96 h) showed improvement in the release rate profiles in comparison to SM batches (up to 24–36 h). The in vivo studies in the rabbit tear fluid showed low burst release and improvement in the bimatoprost retention time with ME contact lens in comparison to the SM contact lens and eye drop solution. The study demonstrate the potential of microemulsion to improve the uptake of bimatoprost and sustain release kinetics without altering the critical lens properties of the contact lens.

The present study intended to prepare orally disintegrating film (ODF) containing donepezil (DP) for the treatment of mild to moderate alzheimer disease. HPMC and HPC, glycerine were used as film forming agents, plasticizer, respectively. The ODFs were prepared by solvent casting method. The method was optimized with full factorial design considering the amount of film forming agents, the proportion of HPMC: HPC, amount of plasticizer as independent variables and tensile strength, elongation, folding endurance and disintegration time as dependent variables. Furthermore the studies of mechanical, drug release and bioavailability of the optimized DP-loading ODF formulation were performed. The results indicated the prepared film hold uniform, smooth film surface, non-sticky and disintegrated within 30 s, and over 85% of the drug dissolved in the first 5 min. And there was no significant difference between the optimized ODF formulation and the marketed one in cmax, tmax and AUC0-t.Current study suggested the optimized ODF formulation will be an effective alternative for commercially available dosage forms for the treatment of Alzheimer's diseases.

Effects of cellulose micro/nanofibrils were investigated relative to the strength and drainability of security paper made from cotton lint mixed pulp. Six types of cellulose micro/nanofibrils were made from bleached softwood kraft pulp (SwBKP) and bleached hardwood kraft pulp (HwBKP) using refining and micro-grinding processes, respectively. After their main properties were measured, handsheets were produced by adding micro/nanofibrils into a cotton pulp furnish, and the physical properties of the sheets were measured. The cotton pulp furnish drainage rate was also analyzed with respect to the dosage and the fibrillation degree of the cellulose micro/ nanofibrils. The cellulose micro/nanofibrils made from SwBKP resulted in higher viscosity, lower particle size, and higher zeta-potential than those made from HwBKP. The nanofibrils made from SwBKP were the most effective for enhancing the tensile strength, folding endurance, and sheet density of the security papers made from cotton lint mixed pulp. However, the cellulose micro/nanofibrils made from SwBKP could be limited as a paper additive in papermaking due to its high drainage resistance. Because the cellulose micro/nanofibrils made from HwBKP also reduced the drainage rate, the dosage and the fibrillation degree should be controlled by simultaneously considering the paper strength and drainage.

In current investigation an attempt has been made to formulate and evaluate Quinapril mouth dissolving films using HPMC 50cps, E5, E15 and in combination of Pullulan by Solvent evaporation method. Sodium starch glycolate acts as a super disintegrating agent and it is shown that as the concentration of the super disintegrates increases the disintegration time decreases. The films were evaluated for weight variation, surface pH, folding endurance, drug content, dissolving time, disintegration time, and in-vitro dissolution studies. Based on the evaluation parameters F17 was to be optimized formulation. The optimized film (F17) showed the more drug release i.e 99.40 ± 5.30% within 7 min, lowest in vitro disintegration time 10 sec. FTIR studies proved no drug polymer interaction takes place. These results revealed that fast dissolving films of Quinapril could be formulated for quick onset of action which is required in the efficient management of hypertension.

The current investigation was aimed with the objective of formulating Selegiline fast dissolving oral thin films allowing fast reproducible drug dissolution in oral cavity thus bypassing the first pass metabolism to enhance the patient convenience and compliance in the effective treatment of Parkinson's disease. Oral thin films of Selegiline were prepared by solvent casting method with using different film forming agents like HPMC5LV, HPMC 15LV, HPMC50LV and HPMC K4M. Propylene glycol, Sucrose, Vanillin is used as a plasticizer, sweetening agent, flavouring agent respectively and citric acid as saliva stimulating agent. FDOFs were evaluated for physical characteristics, Surface pH, weight variation, thickness, folding endurance, percent drug content, percentage elongation, disintegration time, in vitro dissolution studies. Based on all the evaluation studies F18 is selected as optimized formulation and in vitro disintegration time and amount of drug release from the film was 9 seconds and 99.68% within 7 min respectively

The oral route is most popular route for the administration of therapeutic agents because of the low cost of therapy and ease of administration lead to high levels of patient compliance. The most popular oral solid dosage forms are tablets and capsules. Many patients find it difficult to swallow tablets and hard gelatin capsules particularly pediatric and geriatric patients and do not take their medicines as prescribed. The objective of this research was to prepare fast dissolving oral thin film (FDOTF) containing Montelukast sodium is indicated for the prophylaxis and chronic treatment of asthma to enhance convenience and compliance to the elderly and pediatric patients for better therapeutic efficacy. The present investigation was undertaken with the objective of formulating of the montelukast sodium fast dissolving oral thin films allowing fast reproducible drug dissolution in oral cavity thus bypassing first pass metabolism. The film were prepared by using polymers such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and Maltodextrin, plasticizer such as PEG 400, by a solvent casting method. They were evaluated for physical characteristics such as thickness, uniformity of weight, folding endurance, drug content, surface ph, percentage elongation and tensile strength, drug polymers compatibility by FTIR study, scanning electron microscopy and in vitro drug release. The formulations were subjected to disintegration, in-vitro drug release test. The in vitro disintegration time of the optimized batch F4 was found to be 20 sec. The optimized batch was found to be stable for 1 month under specified stability conditions.

Lovastatinis a statin drug used to prevent and treat coronary heart disease and to treat high cholesterol. In the present study, oral disintegrating thin films (ODTs) of lovastatin were designed with a view to enhance patient compliance by solvent casting method. In the solvent casting method, Croscarmellose sodium (CCS) (2, 4 and 6 % w/w), Crospovidone (10 and 15% w/w) as superdisintegrants were used in different concentrations with Gelatin, Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) as a film forming base for the formulation of oral disintegrating thin films of lovastatin. The prepared formulations of films were evaluated for film thickness measurement, folding endurance study, in-vitrodisintegration time,in-vitrodrug release pattern and drug content. FTIR spectroscopy used to study drug-polymers interaction. Among all formulations, the formulation (F8) prepared by 4% crospovidone show enhanced drug release (99.27%) and it showed good stability for period of three months. Conclusively, the present study documents the development of a commercially viable formula lovastatin ODTs with rapidity in reducing heart problems.

With the growing popularity of electrical communication equipment, high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are widely used to deal with radiation pollution. However, the large thickness and poor mechanical properties of many EMI shielding materials usually limit their applications. In this study, ultrathin and highly flexible Ti3C2Tx (d-Ti3C2Tx, MXene)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composite paper with a nacre-like lamellar structure is fabricated via a vacuum-filtration-induced self-assembly process. By the interaction between one-dimensional (1D) CNFs and two-dimensional (2D) d-Ti3C2Tx MXene, the binary strengthening and toughening of the nacre-like d-Ti3C2Tx/CNF composite paper has been successfully achieved, leading to high tensile strength (up to 135.4 MPa) and fracture strain (up to 16.7%), as well as excellent folding endurance (up to 14 260 times). Moreover, the d-Ti3C2Tx/CNF composite paper exhibits high electrical conductivity (up to 739.4 S m–1) and excellent specifi...

Synthetic fibers have characteristics that plant fibers do not have, such as water resistance, chemical resistance, heat resistance, and thermal stability. If mixed with plant fibers and applied to make air filter paper, then the required properties of paper could be obtained. Two kinds of synthetic fiber, polypropylene (PP) and polyester (PET), were mixed with softwood pulp to make air filter base paper. The effects of the mixing ratio, the beating degree of softwood pulp, the variety and addition amount of reinforcing agents, and the process of pressing and drying on the properties of base paper were explored. Samples were found to meet the requirements of the physical properties and porosity of the filter paper base paper at the same time when the mixing ratio of synthetic fiber and plant fiber was 20/80, the beating degree of softwood pulp was 22 °SR, and the added amount of cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) was 0.06%. The PP fiber fell off easily from the page, but PET fiber did not. The addition of PET fiber increased the porosity, tear index, and folding endurance of the paper. In sum, PET fiber was more suitable for making air filter paper than PP fiber.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to improve the ocular delivery for ketorolactromethamine (KT) used to treat inflammation of the eye.Methods: Eudragit nanoparticles loaded with KT were prepared and incorporated in polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) films. Nanoparticles were characterized byFourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Physicochemicalproperties and encapsulation effciency were investigated for nanoparticles. Also, the insertswere evaluated for their physiochemical parameters like percentage moisture absorption,percentage moisture loss, thickness and folding endurance.Results: Mean particle size and zeta potential were in range of 153.8-217 nm and (-10.8) -(-40.7) mV, respectively. The results show that the use of a surfactant has not led to any majorchange on drug loading. The loading increases with the amount of polymer. The insert had athickness varying from 0.072 ± 0.0098 to 0.0865 ± 0.0035 mm. The thicknesses of the insertsand the folding endurance increased with the total polymer concentration. The physicochemicalproperties showed that the Eudragit® L-100 nanoparticles loaded PVA-HEC films could be aneffective carrier for KT.Conclusion: For the first time, inserts of Eudragit nanoparticles were successfully prepared forophthalmic drug delivery system to prevent frequent drug administration and enhance patientcompliance.

Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic drug approved worldwide for treatment of acute and long term schizophrenia in adults. Increasingly atypical antipsychotics are playing a key role in the management of schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to design a mucoadhesive dosage form for buccal delivery of aripiprazole which could provide a rapid drug delivery to the systemic circulation. Nanocrystals of aripiprazole were prepared by nano-precipitation using acid-base neutralization. These nanocrystals were then incorporated into buccoadhesive chitosan films. All the drug loaded films were found to smooth, non-tacky possessing high mechanical strength. Films were characterized for crystallinity of drug, surface pH, thickness, folding endurance, swelling behavior, mucoadhesive strength, drug release and ex-vivo permeation across rabbit cheek mucosa. In-vitro drug release studies indicated distinctly higher drug release from nanocrystal loaded films, FAPZ 13 and FAPZ 14. Permeation studies indicated a higher flux from films FAPZ 14 (442.34 ± 51.08 μg/cm2/h, P < 0.0001) when compared to film FAPZ 12. These promising results indicate that the developed nanocrystal loaded buccal films FAPZ 14 have the potential to provide a faster availability of aripiprazole and the buccoadhesive films offer promising option to patients with schizophrenia especially for geriatric patients.

Muhammad Rouf Akram,1 Mahmood Ahmad,1 Asad Abrar,1 Rai Muhammad Sarfraz,2 Asif Mahmood3 1Faculty of Pharmacy & Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; 2Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; 3Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Background: The present work was conducted to prepare and evaluate transdermal patches with optimization of suitable polymeric blend of poly(meth) acrylates (Eudragit®) (Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer Ph Eur) for sustained transdermal delivery of glimepiride. Method: Polymeric matrix transdermal films were prepared by using Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer Ph Eur RL 100 and Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer Ph Eur RS 100 as the film former, and dibutyl phthalate (30% w/w) as the plasticizer. Patches were characterized by physical appearance, thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, percentage erosion, swelling index, moisture content, and moisture uptake capacity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies and differential scanning calorimetry analysis of physical mixtures of contents were performed to identify any chemical and physical interaction between drug and excipients. Five different enhancers (isopropyl myristate [IPM], Span® 80, Tween® 20, eucalyptus oil, and limonene) were employed at three different concentrations of polymer (2%, 5%, and 10% w/w) in order to enhance permeation through rabbit skin. In vitro drug release studies were performed at pH 7.4, and scanning electron microscopy was conducted to elucidate surface morphology before and after the drug release. In vitro permeation studies through rabbit skin were performed on Franz diffusion cells and permeation kinetics followed the Higuchi model. Results: Results of in vitro permeation studies revealed that these enhancers not only increased drug release but also augmented the skin permeation of glimepiride. Conclusion: IPM was the most effective enhancer with the highest permeation flux of 51.763 μg/cm2/hr, and the enhancement effect of different enhancers on glimepiride permeation through rabbit skin was in the rank order of IPM > eucalyptus oil > Span® 80 > Tween® 20> limonene. Keywords: transdermal patches, polymers, transdermal, permeation enhancers, glimepiride

Transdermal drug delivery has made an important contribution to medical practice. It is a medicated patch that delivers a specific amount of medication through the skin into the blood stream. An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types of medication delivery is that the patch provides a controlled release of the medication into the patient, usually through either a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or through body heat melting thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The present investigation was aimed to formulate transdermal films of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Diclofenac sodium using mercury substrate method and evaluated for physicochemical parameters like thickness, weight variation, moisture uptake, moisture content, folding endurance, and drug content values. Three transdermal patches were prepared using different concentrations of ethyl cellulose. It was concluded that as the concentration of polymer increases the thickness of patch, weight uniformity and folding endurance increases. Percentage moisture content and percentage moisture uptake decreases with increase in polymer concentration.

A growing concern about Candida albicans is the emergence of high incidence of resistance against antifungal agents, which requires searching for new medications or improving the response to the existing members. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the miconazole in the absence and presence of urea, as a penetration enhancer, against C. albicans. In addition to, formulating both of them in a polymer film to be used topically for treatment of mouth fungal white patches caused by C. albicans. A synergistic effect was recorded between this imidazole and urea against the test strain. Miconazole MIC (32 mg/L) was dramatically reduced to 0.0625 mg/L following combination with urea. Transmission electron microscopy explained the mechanisms of action mediated by the test agents. Minimal fungicidal dose of miconazole combined with urea showed early apoptotic cells with condensed chromatin and small blebs. Cytoplasmic leakage and necrosis in some cells was observed at high fungicidal dose. Buccal bioadhesive films were prepared using increasing values of the drug MIC and urea. The physicochemical characters of the prepared films including; film weight, thickness, swelling index, drug content, folding endurance, surface pH, bioadhesion force and time and drug release kinetics, were studied. Microbiological evaluation of all prepared films showed an increase in the inhibition zone diameters for films containing increasing concentrations of both miconazole and urea in a concentration-dependent manner (30-40 mm) compared to miconazole alone (18 mm). Based on our results, the prepared films are promising for buccal administration of miconazole/urea showing synergistic effect for treatment of C. albicans infection.

This work aimed to using optimization study to formulate a patient-friendly captopril fast-dissolving oral film with satisfactory disintegration time. Films were made with pullulan and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) by using the solvent-casting method. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was used as a compatibilizer and glycerine was used as a plasticizer. In order to find an optimum formulation, a response surface methodology and a central composite design were employed. The concentration percentages of pullulan and glycerine were considered to be the design factors. Disintegration time, tensile strength, percent elongation at break, and folding endurance were considered to be the responses. The results showed that CNF improved the compatibility and tensile strength of the pullulan and HPMC blend. Also, the rigid nature of CNF reduced the film elongation but the addition of glycerine improved its flexibility. All formulations showed an acceptable uniformity content and dissolution rate. Complete dissolution for all formulations occurred within 2 min. Films with 26% pullulan, 74% HPMC, 1% CNF, and 5% glycerine were reported to be optimum formulations for captopril fast-dissolving oral films, with 95% confidence levels. The in vivo comparison of optimized formulation with a conventional captopril sublingual tablet exhibited significant increase in AUC (~ 62%) and Cmax (~ 52%) and a major decrease in Tmax (~ 33%). The overall results showed that the captopril FDF is a promising candidate for enhanced in vivo orotransmucosal absorption.

The effect of Semantan bamboo virgin pulp on the recycled paper properties enhancement, for corrugated paper manufacturing, has been studied. The pulping of Semantan bamboo revealed that pulping condition with 15% alkali charge and 150 °C cooking temperature with 8000 beating revolutions leads to good paper properties. The paper tensile index was 87.71 Nm/g, bursting index was 6.94 kPa m2/g, tearing index was 12.72 mN m2/g and folding endurance was 613 double folds. These are the important strength determination for paper mechanical properties prediction. After that, the bamboo pulp was blended with recycled paper pulp and made into 120 g/m2 paper for corrugated paper manufacturing. The results revealed improved values with increasing bamboo percentage added to the recycled paper. Zero-span index and flat crush test (FCT) index of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% bamboo added with recycled paper properties were 90.06, 91.38, 95.23 and 96.90 Nm/g and 1.49, 1.49, 1.53 and 1.61 Nm/g, respectively. Zero-span and FCT index are the testing for corrugated paper determination strength. It showed that the addition of Semantan bamboo virgin pulp gave positive impact to the strength properties of recycled paper. In conclusion, Malaysian bamboo possesses great potential in enhancing the recycled paper properties. Therefore, bamboo serves as a good substitute for currently imported virgin softwood pulps.

Purpose: To purpose of this research work was to develop nanosized Topiramate loaded bio-flexy films containing biopolymer isolated from natural edible source of Solanum melongena pulp. Soft palate drug delivery bypasses first-pass metabolism in gastrointestinal tract. The biopolymer was isolated from pulp of Solanum melongena as bio-excipient cum retardant for preparing bio-flexy films due to its biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic nature, inertness to soft palatal mucosal surface. Topiramate, anticonvulsant drug which is used for treatment of Epilepsy by reducing glutamatergic neurotransmission have adverse effects like stomach pain, inflammation of pharynx, suicidal ideation and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Thus, the adverse reactions are minimized by reducing dose, dose frequency which can be achieved by nanosizing of drug and its smart delivery by Soft Palatal route. Method: Topiramate was nanosized using Solvent Evaporation and Sonication methods respectively. Nanosized Topiramate loaded bio-flexy films containing isolated Solanum melongena biopolymer were prepared by Film Solvent Casting Technique. Formulations containing different ratios of Topiramate: Solanum melongena biopolymer (1:1; 1:3, 1:5, 1:6, 1:10) (FMO1-FMO5) were taken in mortar. Optimized quantity of Dextrose, Fructose and Glycerin were added and triturated properly. Added Distilled Water up to 20 mL uniformly triturated for 2 mins. Mixtures were subjected to Magnetic Stirring for 45 mins, followed by sonication for 5 cycles (each cycle 180 seconds). 10 mL of the solutions were poured into petridishes. Kept for natural drying for 24 hours. Removed by rinsing with 0.1 mL of 1% borax solution. Checked filmability of prepared films. Evaluation parameters were performed for Mucoretentivity, Swelling Index, Thickness, Tensile Strength, Folding Endurance, Surface pH, Weight Uniformity, Drug Content Uniformity, Percentage Moisture Uptake (PTU), in vitro release, and stability studies. Results: The isolated Solanum melongena biopolymer showed percentage yield of 0.58% ± 0.02. Significant mucoretention of prepared bio-flexy films was observed on Capra aegagrus intestinal mucosa in comparison with standard Sodium Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose films. Swelling Percentage of nanosized Topiramate loaded bioflexy films containing Solanum melongena biopolymer (FMO1-FMO5) was ranging from: 70% ± 0.5 to 73% ± 0.3, Thickness 0.027 ± 0.006 mm to 0.037 ± 0.002 mm, Tensile Strength: 89.38 g ± 2.8 to 100.05 g ± 2.4, Folding Endurance: 102-167, Surface pH: 7.01 ± 0.05 to 7.01 ± 0.03, Weight Uniformity: 0.020 ± 0.05 to 0.031 ± 0.04, Drug Content Uniformity: 90.4% ± 0.65 to 98.6% ± 0.60, Percentage Moisture Uptake (PTU): 2.2% ± 0.13 to 2.6% ± 0.12. Conclusion: The bio-flexy film FMO1 prepared using Topiramate: Solanum melongena biopolymer in ratio of 1:1 was taken as Best film. It showed Regression square value of 0.9618, Higuchi Matrix equation as best fit model, followed Anomalous Transport release mode of action, Time required for 50%, drug release was 24 hours and for 80% drug release was 32 hours as per BITS Software. Stability study showed stable bio-flexy films. Prepared formulations of Topiramate loaded bio-flexy films containing Solanum melongena biopolymer were appropriate for Soft Palatal Delivery as it showed significant mucoretention due to its bio-polymeric nature.

At present, pharmaceutical researchers are focusing on instantaneous intraoral dispersible technologies as novel drug delivery systems because; they have outstanding advantages over the traditional oral and parenteral routes of drug administration. Some essential natural drugs have low oral bioavailability due to extensive first pass metabolism and pre systemic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. Now, a cheap rice paper Intraoral Dispersible Film (IDF) has been developed. In this study, formulation was optimized using the experimental factorial design. The IDFs were loaded with model, natural, anti-cancer drugs, Resveratrol and Curcumin with low oral bioavailability. They were evaluated for thickness, folding endurance, swelling behaviour, among others. These related to their drug release properties. Permeation was evaluated using the pig mucosal membrane mounted on a Franz diffusion cell. Taste testing was done to determine acceptability using a taste panel. Sixteen formulations showed variations in their profiles. Formulation 16 proved optimal. The dissolution rate at steady state concentrations of Resveratrol was 29 mg per second and the Permeability coefficient was 389 mg/sec.cm2. Curcumin dissolution rate at steady state concentrations was 0.25 mg per second and the Permeability coefficient was 42.71 mg/sec.cm2. Resveratrol permeability rate was 0.42 mg/sec. And that of Curcumin was 0.14 mg/sec. Resveratrol Flux was 0.21 mg/sec./cm2. Curcumin Flux was 0.14 mg/sec. / cm2. Drug entrapment was 80% for both molecules. The 20 mg of Resveratrol and Curcumin dissolved in 47.6 sec. and 71.4 sec. respectively. In this study, after permeation, a concentration of 6.73 mg/ml of Resveratrol and 0.061 mg/ml of Curcumin were detected after 2 hours of the experiment on administering only 20 mg of each of the drugs suggesting that Curcumin is 100 times less permeable than Resveratrol. The release profile was a burst release. On contrast, Curcumin oral dose of 2 g/kg to rats yielded 1.35 ± 0.23 μg/ml in 0.83 hours and in humans, given the same dose yielded either undetectable or extremely low (0.006 ± 0.005 μg/ml after 1 hour in blood. Two separate monoglucuronide metabolites yielded a Cmax of ~7.5 μm following a single 5.0 g oral dosage of Resveratrol. The key finding was, ex vivo release profiles of the optimized formulation revealed first order release and later zero order. Therefore, it is evident that rice paper IDF could efficiently deliver natural drugs into the systemic circulation intraorally. However, further studies using human subjects need to be performed to prove increased bioavailability in human subjects (Graphical Abstract).

International audience; The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of certain components of paper such as lignin and papermaking additives (fillers and sizing) on the efficiency of a recently proposed treatment for simultaneous deacidification and mechanical strengthening with polyaminosiloxane copolymer networks. Mixed mechanical and chemical pulp papers containing various additives were treated with aminoalkylalkoxysilanes (AAAS) by immersion or by spray. Upon treatment, the deposited alkaline reserve varied from 0.34 to 1.14 mol kg −1 . For all the papers, copolymers formed from binary mixtures of a di- and a tri-functional AAAS provided the best improvement in the mechanical properties, i.e. in the tensile strength and the folding endurance, indicating an increase in the interfiber bonding energy and in the paper flexibility and plasticity, respectively. It was found that fillers had no influence while sizing hampered the efficiency of the treatment. The presence of mechanical pulp was shown to have a significant impact on the effect of the treatments as well by increasing the tensile resistance more than the folding endurance, indicating an increase in the paper rigidity. This observation was attributed to the response of lignin to the treatment.

Shaikh Ershadul Haque, Angappan Sheela Materials Chemistry Division, Centre for Nanomaterials, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, India Abstract: Fast-dissolving drug-delivery systems are considered advantageous over the existing conventional oral dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and syrups for being patient friendly. Buccal films are one such system responsible for systemic drug delivery at the desired site of action by avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism. Metformin hydrochloride (Met), an antidiabetic drug, has poor bioavailability due to its high solubility and low permeability. The purpose of the study reported here was to develop a polymer-bound fast-dissolving buccal film of metformin to exploit these unique properties. In the study, metformin fast-dissolving films were prepared by the solvent-casting method using chitosan, a bioadhesive polymer. Further, starch, sodium starch glycolate, and microcrystalline cellulose were the disintegrants added to different ratios, forming various formulations (F1 to F7). The buccal films were evaluated for various parameters like weight variation, thickness, folding endurance, surface pH, content uniformity, tensile strength, and percentage of elongation. The films were also subjected to in vitro dissolution study, and the disintegration time was found to be less than 30 minutes for all formulations, which was attributed to the effect of disintegrants. Formulation F6 showed 92.2% drug release within 6 minutes due to the combined effect of sodium starch glycolate and microcrystalline cellulose. Keywords: chitosan, sodium starch glycolate, microcrystalline cellulose, drug-delivery system, immediate release

Ergotamine tartrate (ET), a serotonin 5-HT1 receptor agonist, is an anti-migraine drug. Due to high first-pass metabolism, ET shows a very low bioavailability in oral administrations (

In recent years, it had focused on the improvement of paper properties by addition of NFC (Nano-fibrillated Cellulose). Although the addition of NFC to wet-end of papermaking process could be suggested as a new solution to improve the strength properties of pa-per, it was not possible to avoid the bad drainage caused by the added NFC’s chocking pores of wet web. Instead of the direct addition to wet-end, spraying of NFC to web in wire-section was tried in this study and evaluated by checking various paper properties including surface smoothness, tensile strength, folding endurance and stiffness. Accord-ing to the increase of spraying amount of NFC, above mentioned paper properties were enhanced without excessive deterioration of drainage. Compared with direct introduction to wet-end, spraying could be regarded as a more proper method to enhance the surface smoothness and strength properties of paper.Keywords: Nano-fibrillated cellulose, grinding, strength characteristics, recycled pulp

In this study, we investigated influence of ground calcium carbonate (GCC) modified by washless multilayering of polyelectrolytes on paper quality. Three layers of polyelectro-lytes (cationic starch/anionic polyacrylamide/cationic starch) were formed on the surface of GCC using laboratory inline washless polyelectrolytes multilayering system, which was called inline LbL GCC. Base papers were prepared with untreated GCC or inline LbL GCC using a laboratory handsheet former. These handsheets were coated with rod coater, and then printed by black ink. Properties of base paper and fold crack of coated paper were evaluated. Base paper with inline LbL GCC showed much higher mechanical strength in terms of tensile index, strain, internal bond strength, and folding endurance. The fold crack of coated paper with inline LbL GCC occurred more frequently compared to coated paper with untreated GCC. This might be due to highly improved internal bond strength of base paper, which resulted in smaller delamination that played a role of stress dissipation. It would be recommended to design a proper coating layer in order to prevent fold crack.Keywords: Filler, high loading, polyelectrolyte, multilayer, paper strength, fold crack

Periodontitis is a serious gum disease that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone that supports the teeth. According to WHO, globally 15–20% of middle-aged (35-44 years) adults, suffer from severe periodontal (gum) diseases. Metronidazole benzoate is an antibacterial agent prescribed against different diseases including, periodontitis and several other protozoal infestations. The aim of this experiment was to formulate intrapocket periodontal patches of metronidazole benzoate to provide site specific therapeutic activity with very small loading dose. Nine (F1 to F9) formulations of metronidazole benzoate were prepared by solvent casting method using ethyl cellulose and Eudragit RLPO as polymers, dibutyl phthalate as plasticizer and alcohol and chloroform as solvent system. Various physicochemical evaluations including FTIR, Trinocular Microscopic images, folding endurance, surface pH and content uniformity were determined. All the batches revealed content uniformity between 94.0% to 98.0%. It was observed that the thickness and weight of the films were directly proportional to the total solid content of the film. F1 showed the lowest thickness and weight (232.5 ?m and 35.45 mg respectively) and F9 displayed the highest (864.7 ?m and 85.23 mg respectively). Folding endurance was directly proportional to the content of plasticizer. Formulation F3 was considered as the best formulation based on its transparent appearance, folding endurance (>200 times), surface pH (6-7) and 97.5% content uniformity.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18(2): 97-102, 2015