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Deals with a study which described the evolution of the electromyogram signal during tiring dynamic exercise. Materials and methods; Results; Discussion.

The major water bodies occurring on the Dungeness shingle comprise the two Open Pits, which are natural in origin, and a number of artificial gravel pits, varying from 20 to 90 years in age. These water bodies were found to exhibit significant variations in salinity, from fresh water to alpha-oligohaline, probably for reasons of local geography. Investigation of the phytoplankton communities of these water bodies, over a 12 month period from December 1990 to November 1991, demonstrated clear seasonal fluctuations in the populations of many species. It also placed the water bodies in three discrete groups which reflected mainly variations in salinity but which also suggested that the naturalness of the Open Pits was an important factor in determining these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Background For a same accelerometer, the manufacturer mentions that it can be worn at different positions on the body. However, we assume that the data are different according the accelerometer positions and the recorded activity. The aim of the study was to compare the energy expenditure values estimated by the Actigraph accelerometer according to accelerometer position on the body. Material and method Twenty-seven elderly (71 ± 4 years) volunteered to realize successively: 3 minutes computer-based word processing, 5 minutes biking (70 watts), 5 minutes walking (4.6 km/h) and 5 minutes running (5.8 km/h) on treadmill. The oxygen consumption was evaluated continuously by a gas analyzer (Metamax 3B). The energy expenditure was estimated by 3 accelerometers (Actigraph GT3X) worn on the hip, on the wrist and ankle on the dominant side (26 were right-handed and one was left-handed). Conclusion This study showed that for a same accelerometer positioned differently on the body, there are important differences in the energy expenditure estimation. This observation applies to both static and locomotor activities. Further works are necessary to find the best accelerometer position to estimate the energy expenditure in the elderly according to the activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Vaccine‐specific antibody responses are essential in the diagnosis of antibody deficiencies. Responses to Pneumovax II are used to assess the response to polysaccharide antigens, but interpretation may be complicated. Typhim Vi®, a polysaccharide vaccine for Salmonella typhoid fever, may be an additional option for assessing humoral responses in patients suspected of having an immunodeficiency. Here we report a UK multi‐centre study describing the analytical and clinical performance of a Typhi Vi immunoglobulin (Ig)G enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) calibrated to an affinity‐purified Typhi Vi IgG preparation. Intra‐ and interassay imprecision was low and the assay was linear, between 7·4 and 574 U/ml (slope = 0·99–1·00; R2 > 0·99); 71% of blood donors had undetectable Typhi Vi IgG antibody concentrations. Of those with antibody concentrations  > 7·4 U/ml, the concentration range was 7·7–167 U/ml. In antibody‐deficient patients receiving antibody replacement therapy the median Typhi Vi IgG antibody concentrations were  < 25 U/ml. In vaccinated normal healthy volunteers, the median concentration post‐vaccination was 107 U/ml (range 31–542 U/ml). Eight of eight patients (100%) had post‐vaccination concentration increases of at least threefold and six of eight (75%) of at least 10‐fold. In an antibody‐deficient population (n = 23), only 30% had post‐vaccination concentration increases of at least threefold and 10% of at least 10‐fold. The antibody responses to Pneumovax II and Typhim Vi® correlated. We conclude that IgG responses to Typhim Vi® vaccination can be measured using the VaccZyme Salmonella typhi Vi IgG ELISA, and that measurement of these antibodies maybe a useful additional test to accompany Pneumovax II responses for the assessment of antibody deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equine viral arteritis (EVA) may have serious economic impact on the equine industry. For this reason, it is monitored in many countries, especially in breeding stock, to avoid its spread during breeding activities. In France, surveillance is mainly based on serological tests, since mares are not vaccinated, but difficulties in interpreting certain series of results may impair the estimation of the number of outbreaks. In this study, we propose specific rules for identifying seroconversion in order to estimate the number of outbreaks that were detected by the breeding stock surveillance component (BSSC) in France between 2006 and 2013. A consensus among multidisciplinary experts was reached to consider seroconversion as a change in antibody titer from negative to at least 32, or as an eight-fold or greater increase in antibody level. Using these rules, 239 cases and 177 outbreaks were identified. Subsequently, we calculated the BSSC’s sensitivity as the ratio of the number of detected outbreaks to the total number of outbreaks that occurred in breeding stock (including unreported outbreaks) estimated using a capture-recapture model. The total number of outbreaks was estimated at 215 (95% credible interval 195–249) and the surveillance sensitivity at 82% (CrI 95% 71–91). Our results confirm EVA circulation in French breeding stock, show that neutralizing antibodies can persist up to eight years in naturally infected mares and suggest that certain mares have been reinfected. This study shows that the sensitivity of the BSSC is relatively high and supports its relevance to prevent the disease spreading through mating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is characterized by recurrent and persistent superficial infections, with Candida albicans affecting the mucous membranes, skin and nails. It can be acquired or caused by primary immune deficiencies, particularly those that impair interleukin (IL)−17 and IL-22 immunity. We describe a single kindred with CMC and the identification of a STAT1 GOF mutation by whole exome sequencing (WES). We show how detailed clinical and immunological phenotyping of this family in the context of WES has enabled revision of disease status and clinical management. Together with analysis of other CMC cases within our cohort of patients, we used knowledge arising from the characterization of this family to develop a rapid ex-vivo screening assay for the detection of T helper type 17 (Th17) deficiency better suited to the routine diagnostic setting than established in-vitro techniques, such as intracellular cytokine staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using cell culture supernatants. We demonstrate that cell surface staining of unstimulated whole blood for CCR6+CXCR3-CCR4+CD161+ T helper cells generates results that correlate with intracellular cytokine staining for IL-17A, and is able to discriminate between patients with molecularly defined CMC and healthy controls with 100% sensitivity and specificity within the cohort tested. Furthermore, removal of CCR4 and CD161 from the antibody staining panel did not affect assay performance, suggesting that the enumeration of CCR6+CXCR3-CD4+ T cells is sufficient for screening for Th17 deficiency in patients with CMC and could be used to guide further investigation aimed at identifying the underlying molecular cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study aimed to perform a retrospective analysis of contagious equine metritis (CEM) in France since 2006 for the purpose of determining its multilocus sequence typing (MLST) genotyping. The study is undertaken through considering thirty-eight (38) CEM cases confirmed by the French national reference laboratory. The results of the study found out that CEM case were generally sporadic.

B1 B cells represent a unique subset of B lymphocytes distinct from conventional B2 B cells, and are important in the production of natural antibodies. A potential human homologue of murine B1 cells was defined recently as a CD20+ CD27+ CD43+ cell. Common variable immunodeficiency ( CVID) is a group of heterogeneous conditions linked by symptomatic primary antibody failure. In this preliminary report, we examined the potential clinical utility of introducing CD20+ CD27+ CD43+ B1 cell immunophenotyping as a routine assay in a diagnostic clinical laboratory. Using a whole blood assay, putative B1 B cells in healthy controls and in CVID patients were measured. Peripheral blood from 33 healthy donors and 16 CVID patients were stained with relevant monoclonal antibodies and underwent flow cytometric evaluation. We established a rapid, whole blood flow cytometric assay to investigate putative human B1 B cells. Examination of CD20+ CD27+ CD43+ cells is complicated by CD3+ CD27+ CD43hi T cell contamination, even when using stringent CD20 gating. These can be excluded by gating on CD27+ CD43lo-int B cells. Although proportions of CD20+ CD27- CD43lo-int cells within B cells in CVID patients were decreased by 50% compared to controls ( P < 0·01), this was not significant when measured as a percentage of all CD27+ B cells ( P = 0·78). Immunophenotypic overlap of this subset with other innate-like B cells described recently in humans is limited. We have shown that putative B1 B cell immunophenotyping can be performed rapidly and reliably using whole blood. CD20+ CD27+ CD43lo-int cells may represent a distinct B1 cell subset within CD27+ B cells. CVID patients were not significantly different from healthy controls when existing CD27+ B cell deficiencies were taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) are a group of heterogeneous conditions that have in common primary failure of B cell function, although numerous T cell abnormalities have been described, including reduced proliferative response and reduced regulatory T cells. This study compared the T cell phenotype of CVID patients subdivided into clinical phenotypes as well as patients with partial antibody deficiencies [immunoglobulin (Ig)G subclass deficiency and selective IgA deficiency], X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) and healthy and disease controls. Absolute numbers of T cell subpopulations were measured by four-colour flow cytometry: naive T cells, central and effector memory and terminally differentiated (TEM) T cells, using CD45RA and CCR7 expression. Early, intermediate and late differentiation status of T cells was measured by CD27/CD28 expression. Putative follicular T cells, recent thymic emigrants and regulatory T cells were also assessed. Significant reduction in naive CD4 T cells, with reduced total CD4 and recent thymic emigrant numbers, was observed in CVID patients, most pronounced in those with autoimmune cytopenias or polyclonal lymphoproliferation. These findings suggest a lack of replenishment by new thymically derived cells. CD8 naive T cells were reduced in CVID patients, most significantly in the autoimmune cytopenia subgroup. There was a reduction in early differentiated CD4 and CD8 T cells and increased CD8 TEM in the CVID patients, particularly autoimmune cytopenia and polyclonal lymphoproliferation subgroups, suggesting a more activated T cell phenotype, due perhaps to an antigen-driven process. XLA patients had significantly reduced putative follicular T cells, which may depend on B cells for survival, while no significant alterations were observed in the T cells of those with IgG subclass deficiency or selective IgA deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to create a direct bridge between observations on peripheral and central responses to odorant mixtures and their components. Three experiments were performed using mixtures of fruity (isoamyl acetate; ISO) and woody (whiskey lactone; WL) odorants known to contribute to some of the major notes in Burgundy red wine. These experiments consisted of (i) calcium imaging of human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) transfected with olfactory receptors (ORs); (ii) single-unit electrophysiological recordings from olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and analyses of electro-olfactogram (EOG) responses in the rat nose in vivo; and (iii) psychophysical measurements of the perceived intensity of the mixtures as rated by human subjects. The calcium imaging and electrophysiological results revealed that ISO and WL can act simultaneously on single ORs or ORNs and confirm that receptor responses to mixtures are not the result of a simple sum of the effects of the individual mixture compounds. The addition of WL to ISO principally suppressed the ORN activation induced by ISO alone and was found to enhance this activation in a subset of cases. In the human studies, the addition of high concentrations of WL to ISO decreased the perceived intensity of the ISO. In contrast, the addition of low concentrations of WL enhanced the perceived intensity of the fruity note (ISO) in this mixture, as it enhanced EOG responses in ORNs. Thus, both OR and ORN responses to ISO + WL mixtures faithfully reflected perceptual response changes, so the odour mixture information is set up after the peripheral stage of the olfactory system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraproteinaemia following allo-SCT is common. We analysed 91 consecutive patients undergoing allo-SCT; conditioning included alemtuzumab in 42% of the patients. Paraproteinaemia incidence at 2 years was 32%. In univariate analysis paraproteinaemia was associated with unrelated donor, age, recipient seropositivity for CMV and alemtuzumab conditioning (hazard ratio (HR) 3.93, P=0.0006). Paraproteinaemia was not associated with haematological diagnosis; disease status at transplant; varicella zoster, herpes simplex or EBV serology; reduced-intensity vs myeloablative conditioning or GVHD. CMV reactivation-more frequent in alemtuzumab recipients-was associated with paraproteinaemia (HR 7.52, P<0.0001). In multivariate analysis, only increasing age (HR 1.04 per year, P=0.048) and CMV reactivation (HR 5.74, P=0.001) were significantly associated with paraproteinaemia. Alemtuzumab without CMV reactivation, however, resulted in significantly more paraproteinaemia, suggesting an effect that is independent of CMV reactivation. OS was poorer in patients with paraproteinaemia (HR 2.54, P=0.04) and relapse increased (HR 2.38, P=0.087). Paraproteinaemia was not significantly independently associated with decreased survival on multivariate analysis. Post transplant paraproteinaemia is associated with CMV reactivation, is more frequent in alemtuzumab-conditioned transplants and is not associated with improved OS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVIDs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by hypogammaglobulinaemia and consequent susceptibility to infection. CVID patients commonly develop a variety of additional manifestations for which the causative factors are not fully understood. Two such manifestations are granulomatous disease and enteropathy. Because the ability to predict complications would aid clinical management, we continue to search for possible disease modifier genes. NOD2 acts a microbial sensor and is involved in proinflammatory signalling. Particular mutations of the NOD2 gene are associated with Crohn's disease including gly908arg, leu1007finsc and arg702trp polymorphisms. We hypothesized that NOD2 polymorphisms may be a disease modifier gene towards an enteropathic or granulomatous phenotype within CVIDs. Sequence-specific primers returned genotypes for 285 CVID patients from centres across the United Kingdom and Europe. We present the frequencies of the different phenotypes of patients within our international cohort. Arg702trp polymorphisms were significantly less frequent than wild-type (WT) ( P = 0·038) among international CVID patients with splenomegaly. Gly908arg polymorphisms were more prevalent than WT in UK patients with autoimmune disorders ( P = 0·049) or enteropathy ( P = 0·049). NOD2 polymorphisms were not more prevalent than WT in CVID patients with clinical phenotypes of granulomata. UK allele frequencies of 0·014, 0·056 and 0·026 were found for gly908arg, arg702trp and leu1007finsc NOD2 polymorphisms, respectively. These do not differ significantly from UK immunocompetent controls confirming, as expected, that in addition these NOD2 polymorphisms do not confer susceptibility to CVIDs per se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) has been associated with cardiovascular disease in epidemiological and observational studies. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the treatment of choice for OSAS, but the impact of this intervention on systemic inflammation involved in the atherosclerotic process remains unclear. Methods: 100 men with moderate-severe OSAS were randomised to therapeutic (n = 51) or subtherapeutic (n = 49) CPAP treatment for 4 weeks to investigate the effects of active treatment on inflammatory markers such as highly sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin (IL)6, interferon γ (IFNγ) and anti-inflammatory adiponectin. Results: 4 weeks of therapeutic CPAP did not significantly change blood levels of hsCRP compared with the subtherapeutic control group (difference between median changes -0.24 mg/l (95% CI -0.88 to +0.24); p = 0.30). Plasma levels of IL6 and IFNγ did not change significantly following therapeutic compared with subtherapeutic CPAP (difference between median changes +0.52 and -0.07 pg/ml (95% CI -0.72 to +1.94 and -0.81 to +0.44); p = 0.45 and p = 0.82, respectively). Furthermore, 4 weeks of therapeutic CPAP did not significantly change levels of adiponectin in plasma compared with the subtherapeutic control group (difference between median changes +0.05 pg/ml (95% CI -0.36 to +0.47); p = 0.84). If patients with hsCRP values above 8 mg/l at baseline were excluded, differences between the changes in hsCRP, IL6, IFNγ and adiponectin after 4 weeks of CPAP were smaller, and again not statistically different between groups. Conclusions: 4 weeks of CPAP treatment has no beneficial effect on blood markers of inflammation and adiponectin in patients with moderate-severe obstructive sleep apnoea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CD45, the leucocyte common antigen, is a haematopoietic cell specific tyrosine phosphatase. Human polymorphic CD45 variants are associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases and alter the phenotype and function of lymphocytes, establishing CD45 as an important regulator of immune function. Here we report four patients with diverse diseases with unusual clinical features. All four have the C77G polymorphism of CD45 exon 4, which alters the splicing and CD45RA/CD45R0 phenotype of lymphocytes. We suggest that C77G may be a contributing factor in these unusual cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes an in vitro model of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) migration through human endothelial cells, held on polycarbonate inserts, which allows automatic differential counting of migrated cells as lymphocytes and monocytes. Using this system it was found that treatment of PBMC with the phosphodiesterase (PBMC) inhibitors theophylline (at 1 and 10 μg. ml) and RO-20-1724 (at I μM) inhibited the migration of the lymphocyte component to 64.2 ±16.4%. 48.9 ± 3.0% and 47.5 ± 5.8% of the control values. respectively, while the migration of the monocytes component was largely unaffected. The POE inhibitors needed to be present during the assay to inhibit migration, whereas pie-treatment of either the endothelium or the PBMC did not consistently effect lymphocyte migration. The drugs also inhibited the migration of lymphocytes through control inserts, either uncoated or coated with fibronectin. suggesting that some of the inhibition is an effect on lymphocyte motility rather than lymphocyte endothetial interact ions. Lymphocyte migration through fibronectin-coated filters was significantly enhanced compared with uncoated filters. Activation of the PBMC by anti-CD3 MoAb increased motility and migration by tip to 300%. This migration appeared to be greatly inhibited by the PDE inhibitors, although the effect was complicated by problems of lymphocyte aggregation. This study provides a novel method of measuring mononuclear cell transendothelial migration. and suggests a possible role of PDE inhibitors in reducing this Process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core of the French equine traceability system is the census database (SIRE) managed by the French horse and riding institute (IFCE). Following the death of an equine, owners are legally obliged to take charge of cadaver removal by contacting a rendering company directly or after registration on the national ATM-équidés ANGEE association (ATM) website, which proposes negotiated prices for removal and recording of the death in the SIRE database. Despite these offers, ATM notes few users. Owners are also legally obliged to return the equine's passport to the IFCE, but only 30–40 % of owners comply with the regulation. Rendering companies register data on equine mortality in the fallen stock data interchange database (FSDI), but it is difficult to cross-reference these data with SIRE data. Consequently, the death of equines is not well registered in the SIRE database. The objective of the present study was to identify levers that could be used to improve dead equine traceability by i) investigating the level of satisfaction of equine owners with ATM and rendering company services; and ii) investigating the drawbacks of owners having to return the passport to the IFCE. An online survey was designed and distributed by email to the 5 158 owners who used ATM services between April 2017 and April 2018. The response rate was 16.4 %. Most owners were satisfied by ATM and rendering company services. The lack of simple and quick removal procedures and the lack of any connection between ATM and the rendering companies were among the main drawbacks identified. Regarding the return of the passport to the IFCE, most responding owners returned it through the rendering company (65 %) or directly (2 %). The passport was returned significantly more frequently when requested by the renderers. The main reason for not providing the passport was the owner wanted to keep it as a souvenir. These results suggest that ATM and the rendering companies are key players in dead equine traceability. ATM services should be developed through the establishment of a direct connection with rendering companies to accelerate the cadaver removal request and to allow the cross-referencing of data between the ATM, FSDI and SIRE databases for a better dead equine traceability. Rendering companies need regulatory support to help them ask owners for the equine's passport, formalizing their contribution to equine traceability. Finally, effective communication has to be established to inform owners about the removal procedures and the regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the immunocytochemical staining of breast carcinoma using the monoclonal antibody NCRC 11. Process of staining; Relationship between the intensity of staining and patient survival; Predictors of the prognosis in patients with operable breast cancer.

This study correlated mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) cognitive changes with ASL-MRI glymphatic clearance rates (GCRs) and recovery with GCR improvement. mTBI disrupts the blood brain barrier (BBB), reducing capillary mean transit time and GCRs. mTBI is clinically diagnosed utilizing history/examination findings with no physiologic biomarkers. 3D TGSE (turbo-gradient spin-echo) pulsed arterial spin-labeling 3T MRI with 7 long inversion times (TIs) assessed the signal clearance of labeled protons 2800-4000 ms postlabeling in bifrontal, bitemporal, and biparietal regions within 7 days of mTBI and once clinically cleared to resume activities. The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool Version 5 (SKAT5) and Brief Oculomotor/Vestibular Assessment evaluated injured athletes' cognitive function prior to MRIs. The pilot study demonstrated significant GCRs improvement (95% CI - 0.06 to - 0.03 acute phase; to CI-recovery CI 0.0772 to - 0.0497; P < 0.001 in frontal lobes; and parietal lobes (95% CI - 0.0584 to - 0.0251 acute; CI - 0.0727 to - 0.0392 recovery; P = 0.024) in 9 mTBI athletes (8 female, 1 male). Six age/activity-matched controls (4 females, 2 males) were also compared. mTBI disrupts the BBB, reducing GCR measured using the 3D ASL MRI technique. ASL MRI is a potential noninvasive biomarker of mTBI and subsequent recovery., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The extraordinary capabilities of the canine nose are increasingly being used by law enforcement agencies in many countries to solve and reconstruct crimes. As a result, this type of forensic evidence can be and is still being challenged in the courts. So far, only a few publications have addressed the jurisprudence concerning mantrailing. We provide an overview of the jurisprudence in Germany and the USA, as well as insights from France. Relevant databases were searched, and 201 verdicts from Germany and 801 verdicts from the USA were analyzed. As a result, 16 published verdicts on the topic of mantrailing were found for Germany, and 44 verdicts since 2010 were found for the USA. The use of mantrailers and human scent discrimination dogs is employed in the investigative process in all three countries. The results derived from these methods are admissible as evidence in court, albeit not as sole evidence., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Background: Vestibular dysfunction is common following sports-related concussions (SRC). Within the current practice, it is theorized that patients with vestibular dysfunction as sequelae of sports-related concussion have a prolonged recovery time compared to those without vestibular dysfunction., Study Method:  A retrospective, cohort investigation of 282 subjects with sports-related concussions with vestibular dysfunction was conducted at The Sports Medicine Concussion Clinic, Duke University. The primary endpoint was the return-to-play (RTP) date., Results: For every one-day increase in time from injury to initial vestibular therapy, the geometric mean time from injury to RTP increases by 1.02 days (exp{β}=1.02 days; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.02 days; p<0.001)., Conclusion:  Our data suggest an association between the timing of vestibular therapy in SRC and a direct relationship to earlier recovery and return to sport., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Ferry et al.)

Background: Stroke is the leading cause of acquired disability in France. While 90% of patients recover the ability to walk, it is often limited with a steady speed of approximately 0.7 m/s. This limitation of walking activity is partly related to a decrease in strength associated with more or less significant spasticity. In particular, it seems that the strength of the dorsiflexor muscles is directly related to walking speed. We hypothesise that a protocol based on gestural repetition targeted at the ankle during the subacute phase potentiates the recovery of motor control, improving walking activity, and participates in recovering better social participation., Methods: An estimated total of 60 patients with subacute stroke will be recruited to participate in this multicentre, interventional, prospective, randomised controlled trial. All participants will benefit from conventional rehabilitation. In addition, the experimental group will take part in an ankle isokinetic rehabilitation programme for 6 weeks (at least 25 sessions). The control group will receive the same duration of conventional rehabilitation. The primary outcome measure will be a 10-m walking speed at post-intervention. Secondary outcomes will include social participation, walking spatio-temporal parameters, and dorsiflexor strength. Outcome measurements will be taken at baseline, immediately after treatment (6 weeks), then at 6 months and 1 year of follow-up., Discussion: This study aims to provide scientific evidence that a protocol based on an early over-solicitation of the ankle dorsiflexor muscles to promote their "awakening" can serve to achieve a more effective walking activity, which in turn encourages social participation following discharge from the hospital. This protocol should also help optimise physical medicine and rehabilitation practices: the more systematic use of the isokinetic dynamometer as a technique associated with, and integrated into the conventional rehabilitation protocol would allow an objective evaluation of the rehabilitation benefits and should increase the rehabilitation gain in central nervous system disorders., Trial Registration: Limoges University Hospital is the sponsor of this research (Unique Protocol ID: 87RI18&#95;0010) This research is supported by the French Ministry of Health (PHRC 2020-A03328-31) and is conducted with the support of DGOS (PHRC interregional - GIRCI SOHO). The study protocol was approved by the French Human Subjects Protection Review Board (Comité de Protection des Personnes Nord-Ouest III) on February 23, 2021. The trial was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov registry ( NCT04800601 ) on March 16, 2021., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Physical activity has many health benefits in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Clinicians must be comfortable counseling patients with both types of diabetes on how to participate safely in various types of physical activity. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), most people with diabetes do not need further testing before initiation of low- to moderate-intensity exercise. Recommended physical activity for adults includes at least 150 min/week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity plus resistance training 2 to 3 times/week; for children and adolescents the recommendation is 60 min/day. Important steps to ensure safe participation in physical activity include modifying the insulin regimen and carbohydrate intake, as well as more frequent monitoring of blood glucose in the time periods surrounding exercise. For patients using multiple daily insulin injections, the preprandial bolus insulin dose typically should be decreased relative to the expected intensity and duration of aerobic exercise. For those using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps, the basal insulin rate should be reduced by 50% to 80% approximately 90 min before aerobic exercise. Continuous glucose monitoring provides an opportunity for more frequent glucose monitoring and tighter glycemic control during exercise participation.

There is limited evidence regarding the proportion of dead equids in France that were euthanized and the factors influencing the decision-making of euthanasia. The better understanding of which could facilitate research on improvement of welfare, especially on end of life issues. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of euthanasia and identify associated factors in equids in France. A web-based survey was created and distributed by the French horse and riding institute to owners who reported an equine death between April 2017 and April 2018 (n = 5 158). Factors associated with euthanasia were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. The percentage of responses was 10.6% (n = 548/5 158; 95% CI 9.8% to 11.5%). The proportion of euthanasia was 71.0% (n = 389/548; 95% CI 67.2% to 74.8%). The factors "age category", "cause of natural death or reason for euthanasia" and "the length of time during which the animal was reported to be ill by the owner" were significantly associated with euthanasia (P <0.001). The results highlighted that a large majority of owners faced euthanasia decisions and our findings could support veterinarians and owners to better prepare for such an eventuality., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.)