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Cases of divorce and adultery are found in the context of society today. The issue of divorce and adultery is also discussed in the biblical text with its context. One of them is the Gospel of Matthew, which addresses these two cases in an inseparable frame. It is interesting that divorce issues that occur are often associated with adultery committed by one partner and harming the other party. The divorce case described by Matthew is not desired by Jesus. Jesus is depicted as a character who defends women but does not rule out men. In establishing family ties, men and women are expected to have the same responsibility to maintain the sanctity of the marital relationship that has been built. This study uses library research to produce interpretations and study of the text of the Gospel of Matthew 5: 27-32 by paying attention to women's experiences using a feminist perspective.

Disturbances during intrauterine life have been implicated in the origin of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and may modify the endocrine and metabolic function of a child born to a mother with PCOS independently of genetic inheritance and sex. Daughters of women with PCOS show 4 components of the syndrome (ovarian dysfunction, neuroendocrine dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and hyperinsulinemia) that appear in a sequential pattern during infancy, childhood, and puberty increasing the chance for developing PCOS during adulthood. Sons born to mothers with PCOS show few reproductive but important metabolic disturbances. These metabolic features, both in girls and boys, have early cardiovascular effects that may put these children at risk for later cardiovascular disease. Recent combined animal/human models have been able to identify common markers that will help us elucidate the precise mechanisms involved in the transgenerational transmission of this syndrome and provide possible therapies to prevent it.

Objectives We study the role of marital status and living arrangements in mortality among a 50+ population living in Europe by gender and welfare states. Methods Using data from waves 4, 5, and 6 of the Survey of Health Age and Retirement in Europe (n = 54,171), we implemented Cox proportional hazard models by gender and age groups (50–64 and 65–84). We estimated pooled models and separated models for two regions representing different welfare states (South-East and North-West). Results Among people aged 50–64, nonpartnered individuals (except never-married women) showed a higher mortality risk as compared with those partnered. Among the older population (65–84), divorce was associated with higher mortality among men, but not among women, and living with someone other than a partner was associated with higher mortality risk as compared to those partnered. In the South-East region living with a partner at ages 50–64 was associated with lower mortality. Conclusions Partnership and residential status are complementary for understanding the role of family dimensions in mortality. The presence of a partner is mortality protective, especially among 50–64-year-old men in South-East Europe. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00038-020-01371-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Previous research on internal migration has emphasised the importance of local ties to family members outside the household, and to parents in particular. Family members who live close to an individual’s place of residence represent a form of local social capital that could make migrating costlier, and therefore less likely. This idea has been empirically supported. Yet, how family ties bind remains largely unexplained. We assume that intergenerational support is a manifestation of local social capital, and that spatial proximity is needed for support to be exchanged. Thus, we used mediation analysis that includes explicit measures of support exchanges between parents and their adult–children born in 1971–1973, 1981–1983, and 1991–1993 to explain the binding effect of living close to parents. Logistic regression models of migrating a distance of more than 40 km were conducted using eight waves of the German pairfam data. Living close to one’s parents was indeed found to be negatively associated with the likelihood of migration, and part of this association could be explained through intergenerational support: the more the instrumental support an adult child exchanged with her/his parent, the less likely she/he was to migrate. Receiving emotional support from the parents was associated with an increase in migration propensity. Neither giving emotional help nor receiving help with childcare functioned as mediators. It thus appears that adult children are particularly likely to value the proximity of their parents when they are exchanging instrumental support, but that the emotional bond between adult children and their parents can often be maintained over longer distances.

Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Minas Gerais was heavily reliant on its slave labor force and invested in the social order shaped by slavery. The main systematic challenge to slavery was discrete negotiations of manumission that resulted in the freedom of a few individual slaves. This practice fueled the expansion of a free population of African descendants, who congregated most visibly in the captaincy's urban centers. Through an examination of manumission stories from two African-descendant families in the towns of Sabará and São José, this article underscores the relevance of family ties and social networks to the pursuit and experience of freedom in the region. As slavery remained entrenched in Brazil, despite Atlantic abolitionist efforts elsewhere, urban families’ pursuit and negotiation of manumissions shaped a historical process that naturalized the idea and possibility of black freedom.

We observe very deep changes involving the family. People live in different kinds of partnerships, not only in traditional marriages. They decide to have fewer children or even not have them at all. So is the family still beneficial in post-modern society? This article discusses the contemporary determinant conditions regarding the decision to start a family. The majority of them are connected with the labour market and social processes like inividualisation, changing social ties, and decaying of cultural universe. The post-modern society does not encourage people to start families. However, people still decide to have children and to form stable partnerships. This is because having offspring and a partner will give them something of the highest importance that is invaluable in post-modern society – emotional ties and emotional fulfilment.

يهتم البحث بدراسة مشکلة العلاقات الافتـراضية الجديدة، التـي تشکلت في البيئة الافتـراضية، واثـرت على العلاقات الاجتماعية التقليدية التـي تـرتبط بمنظومة قيمية راسخة، وما نتج عن ذلک من آثار سلبية أضعفت التماسک الأسري. وأضـحت تهدد کيان الأسرة المجتمع العربي، وجاء الاحساس بهذه المشکلة من الظواهر السلبية الناتجة عن انغماس أعداد کبيـرة من المستخدميـن في البيئة الافتـراضية للإعلام الجديد، من دون إعداد ووعي مسبق: مما تسبب بظهور علاقات افتـراضية بيـن الأفراد، تختلف عن العلاقات الاجتماعية المرتبطة بالقيم والمعاني الإنسانية التـي تـرسخت في المجتمع العربـي منذ قرون. مما تـرتب على ذلک ظهور العديد من الظواهر السلبية، التـي تضـخمت وانتشرت بسرعة کبيـرة حتـى تحول قسما منها إلى مشکلات شديدة التشعب والتعقيد. أضـحت تمثل تحديات تواجه التماسک الأسري على مستوى الأسرة والمجتمع. ولدراسة هذه المشکلة ومعالجة الآثار الناتجة عنها تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي لتوصيف المشکلة ومسح عينة من مجتمع البحث، وتمت الاستعانة بالمنهج التحليلي، لتحليل بيانات الدراسة الميدانية واستخلاص النتائج التـي تجيب عن تساؤلات البحث وتحقق أهدافه، وکان من أبـرز النتائج التـي توصل إليها البحث، أن 57.3% من المبحوثيـن يعتقدون بأن مواقع التواصل أضرت بجميع علاقاتهم الاجتماعية، مقابل 23.6% يـرون أنها أضرت بعلاقة المبحوث مع الأهل والأقارب، مقابل 19% يعتقدون أنها أضرت بعلاقة المبحوثيـن مع الأصدقاء وزملاء العمل. وأشارت النتائج إلى أن 44% يعتقدون ان مواقع التواصل تسببت بتفکک الروابط الأسرية، مقابل 22.6%. يـرون أنها أسهمت في تطويـر حياتهم الاجتماعية، وکان 14.3% من العينة يـرون أنها يمکن أن تساعد في تقوية الروابط الأسرية، وکان 11% من المبحوثيـن يعتقدون أن لها آثار أخـرى، بينما يعتقد 8% أنها تسبب تخلف الحياة الاجتماعية. وأکدت نتائج البحث أن 20% من المبحوثيـن يقيمون علاقات افتـراضية لإشباع حاجات اجتماعية مفقودة عند الأسرة والاقرباء، و12.3%. يقيمون هذه العلاقات لإشباع حاجات مفقودة عند الأصدقاء، و16.6%. أقاموا هذه العلاقات لإشباع حاجات عاطفية مقابل8.3%. لإشباع حاجات مفقودة عند زملاء العمل، وکان هناک 42.6% يقيمون هذه العلاقات لأسباب أخـرى. أتضـح من النتائج ان 59.3%. من المبحوثيـن لا يعتقدون بأن العلاقات الافتـراضية التـي يقيمونها على مواقع التواصل، يمکن أن تکون بديلا مناسبا عن علاقاتهم الاجتماعية، بينما يعتقد 32% من أفراد العينة بدرجة متوسطة أن العلاقات الافتـراضية يمکن أن تکون بديلا لعلاقاتهم الاجتماعية، مقابل 8.6% يعتقدون بدرجة کبيـرة أن العلاقات الافتـراضية کانت بديلا مناسبا لعلاقاتهم الاجتماعية. وتوصل البحث إلى عددا من التوصيات التـي تدعو إلى تکثيف الدراسات وتحويل نتائجها إلى خطط وبـرامج لإيجاد الحلول المناسبة لمواجهة الآثار السلبية الناتجة عن هذه المشکلة. The research cares about studying the problem of new virtual relationships, which formed in the virtual environment, and affected social relations and family cohesion with negative effects, threatening the family entity of Arab society, and the sense of this problem came from negative phenomena resulting from the immersion of large numbers of users in the virtual environment of the new media, from Without preparation and prior awareness: which caused the emergence of hypothetical relationships between individuals, different from the social relations that are accepted and the acceptance of the human values ​​and meanings that express them. This led to the emergence of many negative phenomena, which amplified and spread very quickly to turn part of them into very complex and complex problems. It has become challenges facing family cohesion at the family and community levels. To study this problem and Topics the resulting effects, a descriptive approach was used to describe the problem and survey a sample from the research Society, and the analytical approach was used to analyze field study data and extract the results that answer the research questions and achieve its goals, and one of the most prominent results of the research was that 57.3% Of the respondents believe that the communication sites have damaged all their social relationships, compared to 23.6% see it as damaging the relationship of the respondents with family and relatives, compared to 19% believe that it has damaged the relationship of the respondents with friends and co-workers. The results indicated that 44% believed that the communication sites caused the dissolution of family ties, compared to 22.6% who believed that they contributed to the development of their social life, and 14.3% of the sample believed that it could help in strengthening family ties, and 11% of the respondents believed that they had affects Others, while 8% believed that it caused social development. The results of the research confirmed that 20% of the respondents establish hypothetical relationships to satisfy missing social needs of the family and relatives, 12.3% evaluate these relationships to satisfy missing needs among friends, and 16.6% establish these relationships to satisfy emotional needs, compared to 8.3% to satisfy missing needs when Co-workers, and there were 42.6% were assessing these relationships for other reasons. It was clear from the results that 59.3% of the respondents do not believe that the hypothetical relationships they establish on the communication sites can be a suitable alternative to their social relationships, while 32% of the respondents believe, on average, that the hypothetical relationships can be an alternative to their social relations, compared to 8.6% They largely believed that hypothetical relationships were a suitable alternative to their social relationships. The research reached a number of recommendations that call for intensifying studies and converting their results into plans and programs to find appropriate solutions to confront the negative effects resulting from this problem.

Objective The problem faced by prisoners in correctional institutions is the limited space that can affect psychological conditions. The disorder is further aggravated by not fulfilling basic human needs, which are urgent to be met, such as love belonging need. However, prisoners experience seclusion from family. The purpose of this study is to explore the description of prisoners’ self-care in fulfilling love and belonging needs. Methods A qualitative method with a phenomenological approach was used in this study involved six participants. Results Compliment of prisoners’ picture of life on the needs of being loved and love can be described in the category of feelings, hopes, and visits. Conclusion The inmates feel sad and disappointed, they hope to fix their family ties and waiting for the family visit to complement their needs of being loved and loving.

Ukraine continues to work actively to combat domestic violence. The most serious crime that can be committed in this direction is murder, which was preceded by all kinds of domestic violence. There are innovations in criminal law aimed at protecting people from domestic violence. However, murders committed in connection with its use are not legally separated into a certain group of murders and have no qualifying features. In particular, there is no forensic characteristic of murders committed in connection with domestic violence. The purpose of the work is to define the concept, forensic characteristics of murders committed in connection with domestic violence, and its constituent elements. The general to partial method is used to establish the elements of the forensic characteristics of murders committed in connection with domestic violence. The forensic characteristics of all intentional homicides were taken as the basis. Besides, the author has carried out analysis of the main elements that assisted to distinguish these murders into a separate group, their mandatory features, namely family ties, the place of murder’s commission and the systematic use of domestic violence. Based on the analysis of scientific research, we have identified the concept of forensic characteristics of murders committed in connection with domestic violence, the constituent elements of the structure of forensic characteristics of such murders and their role in the investigation of criminal offenses.

The Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) of 1871 was a project to geographically redistribute and immobilize criminalized populations on the basis of family units. Family ties were a key site of contestation between criminalized people and the colonial state, as well as cooperation, or at least, situationally coinciding interests. This article’s focus on the family goes against the grain of existing literature, which has primarily debated the historical causes of the CTA and the colonial construction of the ‘criminal tribe’. This article explores a particular type of family tie—marriage—to provide a new vantage point on the minutiae of everyday life under the CTA, while also shedding light on the history of conjugality in modern South Asia. In 1891, the colonial government in north India launched a matchmaking campaign in which district Magistrates became marriage brokers. Colonial governments showed an uneven concern with marriage practices, which varied between criminalized communities and over time. In the case of ‘nomadic’ criminalized groups, colonial governments were more concerned with conjugality, since they attempted more significant transformations in the relationships between individuals, families, social groupings and space. Moreover, criminalized peoples’ strategies and demands propelled colonial involvement into marital matters. Yet the colonial government could not sustain a highly interventionist management of intimate relationships. Ministry of Education (MOE) The research for this article was funded by an 'Academic Research Fund Tier 1' grant from the Singaporean Ministry of Education.

The study is entitled the use of E-commerce to support MSMEs in marketing the "Wiro Djoyo" Case Study. UKM Wiro Djoyo Is one of the small and medium businesses engaged in selling herbal probiotics from Semarang such as herbal probiotics, tough and oil. This business is addressed to Reksosari, RT 09 / RW 01, Reksosari, Suruh, Semarang Regency. The product marketing system at Wiro Djoyo UKM is still very simple, namely by verbally conveying it by several people who have family ties or friends working with UKM Wiro Djoyo. Whereas for marketing the buyer still has to come to UKM Wiro Djoyo. So consumers who are far outside the area do not know the available address, so they are reluctant to come directly. The purpose of this study is to design, implement, and test e-commerce web-based e-commerce applications for product marketing at Wiro Djoyo. The research method used is a waterfall. Object modeling using UML. For coding using PHP and for databases using Myql. The results achieved are an e-commerce web to facilitate promotion and facilitate consumers in product marketing.

Women are more involved in family ties than men, but these differences may vary across generations as gender roles have shifted. We know little about gender patterns across generations in the same family, however. To address this gap, midlife men and women aged 40–60 ( n = 633) from the Family Exchanges Study reported on relationships with each aging parent and each grown child. Mothers were more involved (e.g., more frequent contact, greater positive and negative relationship qualities, and more frequent support exchanges) than fathers in both generations, with parental gender differences stronger in the older generation. Offspring gender differences were generally consistent across generations, with daughters more involved by phone in emotional forms of support, and in negative relationship quality; these gender differences were stronger in the younger generation than the older ones. We discuss pervasive gender differences that favor mothers, as well as shifts in gender differences across generations.

Nascent entrepreneurs are those individuals who engage in start-up activities as part of the process of starting a new venture. In many cases, these activities lead to successful founding, but in some situations, the entrepreneur’s initial ideas go unrealized because the new venture cannot mobilize the necessary resources needed to create a fledging firm. In this paper, we look at the impact of the family and university social context on young student nascent entrepreneurs. Our findings based on Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey (GUESSS) wave in 2011 suggest that both family and university have a significant impact on the entrepreneurs’ progress through the venturing process. However, when we take a finergrained look, we find surprising gender differences. Although female entrepreneurs rely on strong family ties for support, they are better than men at utilizing their weaker university connections to make progress through the venture creation process. This suggests that for women, all types of social support are important in their venture creation processes. Nascent entrepreneurs are those individuals who engage in start-up activities as part of the process of starting a new venture. In many cases, these activities lead to successful founding, but in some situations, the entrepreneur’s initial ideas go unrealized because the new venture cannot mobilize the necessary resources needed to create a fledging firm. In this paper, we look at the impact of the family and university social context on young student nascent entrepreneurs. Our findings based on Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey (GUESSS) wave in 2011 suggest that both family and university have a significant impact on the entrepreneurs’ progress through the venturing process. However, when we take a finergrained look, we find surprising gender differences. Although female entrepreneurs rely on strong family ties for support, they are better than men at utilizing their weaker university connections to make progress through the venture creation process. This suggests that for women, all types of social support are important in their venture creation processes.

O presente trabalho surgiu da compreensao de que, embora muitas familias sejam abaladas por estressores, em muitas outras o fortalecimento emana em meio as crises. Esta evidencia levou-nos ao desafio de compreender a resiliencia como constructo de grupo social e nao apenas individual. Objetivo do estudo: refletir sobre os conceitos de resiliencia familiar, bem como entender como esse conceito pode ser determinante na ressignificacao dos vinculos afetivos e familiares. Metodo: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, no qual buscou-se efetivar uma reflexao acerca do constructo Resiliencia, ancorados no referencial teorico psicanalitico e na visao sistemica de Resiliencia familiar. Sobretudo, a analise contemplou contextos da resiliencia familiar ou malhagem de lacos psiquicos, padroes organizacionais como promotores de resiliencia familiar, e avaliacao orientada para a pratica da resiliencia familiar. O conceito de resiliencia familiar e construto novo e ainda restrito em termos de pesquisa no Brasil. Portanto, e relevante compreender em nosso contexto, que o grupo familiar e campo e objeto de elaboracao de novos conceitos mediante a sua dinâmica, necessita de ampliacao de suas modalidades de intervencao, o que podera contribuir para mudancas positivas frente as adversidades cotidianas.

This study exploits a natural experiment to investigate the impact of land reform on the fertility outcomes of households in rural Ethiopia. Public policies and customs created a situation where Ethiopian households could influence their usufruct rights to land via a demographic expansion of the family. The study evaluates the impact of the abolishment of these pronatal property rights on fertility outcomes. By matching aggregated census data before and after the reform with administrative data on the reform, a difference-in-differences approach between reform and non-reform districts is used to assess the impact of the reform on fertility outcomes. The impact appears to be large. The study estimates that women in rural areas reduced their life-time fertility by 1.2 children due to the reform. Robustness checks show that the impact estimates are not biased by spillovers or policy endogeneity.

большое количество разводов поднимает вопрос о жизнеспособности института брака и, как следствие, о стабильном и долгосрочном существовании традиционной семьи, основанной на браке. В связи с этой проблемой неизменно возникают сложности в реализации прав детей, в частности права ребенка жить и воспитываться в семье, при решении вопроса общения ребенка с родителями, проживающими отдельно. Между тем единство семьи является одним из основополагающих принципов международного права. Возникает необходимость понимания того, что представляет собой институт семьи в современных условиях и каковы критерии отнесения тех или иных отношений к семейным. В связи с этим автор работы поставил перед собой задачу выявить в международной и российской практике критерии, которые позволяют называть связи семейными. В результате исследования сделан вывод о том, что понятие «семейная жизнь» на международном уровне в настоящее время имеет тенденцию к расширению. При этом в российской судебной практике, воспринявшей некоторые позиции Европейского Суда по правам человека, также отмечается такая тенденция, но через призму традиционных для России семейных ценностей., a large number of divorces raises the question of the viability of the institution of marriage, and as a result, the stable and long-term existence of a traditional family based on marriage. In connection with this problem, difficulties invariably arise in the implementation of children’s rights, in particular, in the implementation of the child’s right to live and be brought up in a family, in resolving the issue of communication between a child and parents living separately. Meanwhile, the unity of the family is one of the fundamental principles of international law. There is a need to understand what the institution of the family is in modern conditions and what are the criteria for classifying certain relationships as family. In this regard, the author of the work set himself the task of identifying criteria in international and Russian practice that allow us to call family ties. As a result of the study, the author came to the conclusion that the concept of “family life” at the international level currently tends to expand. At the same time, in Russian judicial practice, which has adopted some positions of the European Court of Human Rights, such a trend is also noted, but through the prism of family values traditional for Russia.

Pandemia koronawirusa zaburzyła życie w społeczeństwie. Restrykcje pandemiczne oddzieliły jednostki od środowisk społecznych i zawodowych. Rodziny zaczęły doświadczać bezpośrednich i niebezpośrednich efektów pandemii. Czy ta specyficzna sytuacja ma wpływ na więzi w rodzinie? Przedstawiana analiza zawiera wycinek szerszych badań, które objęły przedstawicieli czterech grup wiekowych: w wieku 13-15 lat, 19-23 lata, 45-59 lat oraz 65+. Z przeprowadzonych wywiadów wynikają ogólnie dwa stanowiska wskazujące na wzmocnienie więzi lub brak zmian. Zauważalne są zbieżności spostrzeżeń dotyczące wpływu pandemii, ale także zróżnicowanie związane z wiekiem badanych. The coronavirus pandemic has disrupted life in society. Pandemic restrictions separated individuals from social and professional environments. Families began to experience the direct and in-direct effects of the pandemic. Does this specific situation affect family ties? The presented analysis includes a fragment of a wider study that covered representatives of the four groups: aged 13-15, 19-23, 45-59 and 65+. From the interviews conducted, two general positions indicate - strengthening the bond or no change. There are similar observations regarding the impact of the pandemic, but also differences related to the age of the respondents.

Psiholoģija Psiholoģija Psychology Psychology Pētījuma mērķis bija izstrādāt sistemātisko pārskatu par ģimenes saišu nozīmes saistību ar notiesāto psiholoģiskajiem, emocionālajiem, sociālajiem faktoriem un uzvedību. Lai atbildētu uz pētījuma jautājumu, kāda ir ģimenes saišu nozīmes saistība ar notiesāto psiholoģiskajiem, emocionālajiem, sociālajiem faktoriem uz uzvedību, tika meklēti pilna teksta longitudināli pētījumi tiešsaistes datu bāzēs ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Sage Journal, Wiley Online Library. Pētījumi tika sistemātiski atlasīti, izmantojot Prisma Flow shēmu (Moher et. al., 2009). Pētījumā tika iekļauti 4 pētījumi, kas atbilda iekļaušanas un izslēgšanas kritērijiem. Visos pētījumos tika pētīta ģimenes saišu nozīmes saistība ar notiesāto psiholoģiskajiem, emocionālajiem, sociālajiem faktoriem un uzvedību, kuri varētu veicināt recidīvu. Pētījumi tika novērtēti pēc Havkeres un kolēģu skalas ("Pierādījumu novērtēšana: sistemātiska atšķirīgu datu pārskatīšana.", Hawker et al., 2002). Viens bija augstas kvalitātes pētījums un trīs bija vidējas kvalitātes pētījumi. Zinātniskā stipruma nodrošināšanai tika veikta triangulācija. Pētījuma rezultāti atspoguļoja, ka ģimenes saišu uzturēšana uzrādīja mazāku recidīva risku jeb atkārtotu noziegumu izdarīšanu (Markson et al., 2015; Brunton-Smith & McCarthy, 2016), mentālās veselības uzlabošanos (Folk et al., 2019; Markson et al., 2015), mazāku narkotisko vielu lietošanas risku (Brunton-Smith & McCarthy, 2016; Liu & Visher, 2021), kā arī viens no pētījumiem uzrādīja, ka ģimenes saišu uzturēšana ieslodzījuma vietā veicina arī veiksmīgāku notiesātā nodarbinātības iegūšanu pēc atbrīvošanas no ieslodzījuma vietas (Brunton-Smith & McCarthy, 2016). Kopumā, ģimenes saišu uzturēšana ieslodzījuma laikā ir svarīga ģimenei, atsevišķiem ģimenes locekļiem, tostarp pašiem ieslodzītajiem un to bērniem, kā arī plašākai sabiedrībai. Ģimenes saites ir svarīgas, lai mazinātu stresu, ko izjūt indivīdi, kas ir šķirti no saviem tuviniekiem, nodrošinātu ģimenēm, ka viņu ieslodzītajam radiniekam viss ir kārtībā, veicinātu ieslodzītā garīgo veselību, saglabātu kontaku ar ģimeni arī ārpus ieslodzījuma vietas, samazinātu recidīvu un palielinātu drošību sabiedrībā. Pētījuma rezultāti varētu praktiski kalpot par pamatu ģimenes saišu veicinošu pasākumu izveidē un īstenošanā, kā arī sabiedrības izglītošanā par šo tēmu. Pētījumā aplūkotie faktori varētu būt par pamatu dažādu ģimenes saišu veicinošu aktivitāšu un prevencijas pasākumu izstrādes nepieciešamībai, lai turpinātu stiprināt ģimenes saites arī ārpus ieslodzījuma vietas. The aim of the study was to develop a systematic review with research on the relationship between the role of family ties and the psychological, emotional, social, and behavioral factors of an incarcerated person. To answer the research questions about the relationship between the role of family ties and the psychological, emotional, social, and behavioral factors of an incarcerated person, full-text longitudinal studies were searched in four online databases - ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Sage Journal and Wiley Online Library. Studies were systematically selected using the Prisma Flow scheme (Moher et al., 2009). The study included four studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies were systematically selected and plotted using the Prism Flow chart. All studies examined the relationship between the role of family ties and the psychological, emotional, social, and behavioral factors of an incarcerated person that could contribute to recidivism. The methodological quality of the study was assessed using "Appraising the Evidence: Reviewing Disparate Data Systematically" Hawker et at. scale. There were one high-quality study and three medium-quality studies, all of them confirmed the importance of family ties. Studies have shown that maintaining family ties showed a lower risk of recidivism (Markson et al., 2015; Brunton-Smith & McCarthy, 2016), and improved mental health (Folk et al., 2019; Markson et al., 2015), as well as a lower risk of drug use (Brunton-Smith & McCarthy, 2016; Liu & Visher, 2021), one study found that maintaining family ties in prison also contributes to the successful employment of a convicted person after release from prison (Brunton-Smith & McCarthy, 2016). Strengthening family ties during imprisonment is important for the family, for individual family members, including the prisoners themselves and the children of the prisoners, and for society as a whole. Family ties are important to reduce the stress experienced by prisoners who are separated from their families, to promote the prisoner's mental health, to maintain contact with the family outside prison, to reduce recidivism and to increase safety. The results of the research and the factors considered in this study could practically serve as a basis for the need to develop various activities and implementation of measures to promote family ties in order to further strengthen family ties outside the prison, as well as for educating the public on this topic.

Psychological traits exhibit substantial variation worldwide, especially among the so-called WEIRD populations. Such psychological variation could be explained by the intensity of kinship family ties that, we hypothesize, depends on the reception of innovations in family organizations. These innovations originated from several centers that also spread other crucial novelties such as agriculture. Less exposed to these innovations to family organizations, areas far from these centers should exhibit lower kinship intensity. Indeed, we show that the distance to innovation centers is strongly associated with kinship intensity as measured by a kinship intensity index and the rate of cousin marriage both across countries worldwide and across regions within European countries. This association is stronger than that with Church exposure introduced by Schulz et al. (2019). This distance is also associated with psychological traits observed through different indicators at different levels, although it is stronger outside Western Europe, where exposure to the Church seems to play an additional role.

En Chile, la mayor parte de los recién nacidos que no son reclamados por sus familias de origen al nacer, son derivados al sistema de protección y sometidos a una institucionalización temprana, careciendo el bebé de una figura de afecto exclusiva y estable. Las condiciones institucionales producen y sostienen muchas veces dinámicas de funcionamiento deshumanizadas, realizando así una oferta vacía de identidad para cada niño/a. El presente trabajo, relata la experiencia de acompañamiento terapéutico a un bebé desprovisto de lazos familiares desde su nacimiento e institucionalizado, abriendo preguntas sobre el trabajo terapéutico a realizar en dichos contextos de sufrimiento.

The article analyzes the national and foreign experience on the problem of organizing active family leisure, as it is one of the spheres of life where the task of preserving the health of different population groups can be most fruitfully solved. Objective. To summarize the provisions of literary sources, documentary materials, domestic and world practical experience on the theoretical foundations of family leisure organization with the use of outdoor activities. Methods. Theoretical analysis of scientific and methodological literature and documentary materials; comparative method, structural and functional analysis, sociological; pedagogical methods (pedagogical observation), methods of mathematical statistics. Results. Theoretical bases of leisure activities have been characterized. Most families prefer passive recreation without leaving their home. It should be noted that the variety of health related and recreational services provided by specialized health centers and complexes are very popular among the citizens. The study of leisure activities for people of all ages found that most respondents spend free time with their family. These data indicate that there is a strong need to cultivate and maintain family ties through the recreational and health related measures. Given the considerable attractiveness of the recreational and health related motor activity, it is advisable to develop respective programs that will have a pronounced recreational effect.

Debarment from inheritance regulated in articles 510 to 512 of the Turkish Civil Code no. 4721. Debarment from inheritance is one of the exceptional situations that completely or partially eliminate the reserved portion of the heirs. There are two types of debarment from inheritance. These are protective and retributive debarment from inheritance. Retributive debarment from inheritance.takes place as a result of some behaviors that seriously damage the family ties between the portion and the heirs of the reserved portion. This type of debarment from inheritance is based on reasons for limited availability regulated in the legislation. In addition, debarment from inheritance should be done with testamentary disposition. In our study, the definition and purpose of retributive debarment from inheritance, to compare with similar legal institutions, various legal relations to which it applies, its conditions, conclusions and invalidity are discussed.

En Three novels by Octavia Butler, the first famous African-American speculative fiction writer, feature characters who suffer from memory loss. All three novels begin with the isolated and forgetful individual who in the course of the narrative recovers some memory of the past and uses it to build or reconstruct family ties. The article analyzes the way those amnesiac subjects are represented and the types of amnesia they suffer from. It also looks at some elements of what is retrieved in order to trace back the roots of certain recurrent motifs. Finally, it questions the figure of the Black woman fighting to recover her memory and use it as basis to construct a community. Trois romans écrits par Octavia Butler, la première auteure afro-américaine célèbre, présentent de personnages qui souffrent de pertes de mémoire. Ces trois romans s’ouvrent sur l’image d’un individu isolé et oublieux, qui par la suite et tout au long de la narration recouvre une partie de sa mémoire du passé et l’utilise afin de construire ou reconstruire les liens familiaux. Notre article analyse la manière dont ces sujets oublieux sont représentés et les types d’amnésie dont ils souffrent. Nous essayons aussi de montrer certains éléments que ces personnages arrivent à récupérer afin de retracer les origines de certains motifs récurrents. Finalement, nous interrogeons le personnage de la femme Noire qui s’efforce de retrouver sa mémoire et de l’utiliser pour bâtir une communauté.

This paper studies the impact of women’s retirement on their daughters’ employment. Using SHARE and self-collected historical data on legal retirement ages in 20 European countries, I find that women’s retirement leads to an increase in their daughters’ employment only in countries with limited family policies and strong family ties. This positive effect can be explained by increases in in-kind transfers to daughters and grandchild care following retirement.

Principal leadership in building the school and family ties in the education of children in schools through a parenting program is important and Necessary to support and encourage the growth and development of children. Parenting programs in early childhood meant that children's education is not only the responsibility of the school but rather a shared responsibility. The purpose of this study is: know the principal's leadership in implementing parenting programs; forms of parenting programs implemented in early childhood education institutions. This study was designed with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, observation and documents. The results Showed that the principal's leadership played a psycho-religious educators. In managerial principal's plan, implement, establish relationships, and conduct monitoring and evaluation of the parenting program. In the application of parenting found 5 program include: the group of parent meetings; the involvement of parents in the group; Parental involvement in the event together; the consultation of parents; and home visits. Keywords-early childhood education, parenting programs, principal leadership .

This article uses hundreds of letters written by the families of patients committed to Victorian Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum to provide the first sustained examination of the effects of asylum committal on patients’ individual family members. It shows that, despite what historians have previously suggested, the effect on families was not solely, or even necessarily primarily, economic; it had significant emotional effects, and affected family members’ sense of self and relationships outside the asylum. It also shows that family ties and affective relationships mattered a great deal to working-class Victorians. Some found new ways to give meaning to their relationship with, and the life of, their incarcerated relative, despite the costs this entailed. By taking a new approach – engaging with the history of the family, shifting focus from patients to their individual family members, and considering factors including age, class, gender, change over time, and life stage – this article demonstrates the breadth and depth of the effects of asylum committal, and in doing so provides new and significant insights into the history of the Victorian asylum. It also enriches the history of the family by providing an insight into working-class quotidian lives, bonds, and emotions.

From the perspective of “familiness”, this paper aims to understand the behaviour of family businesses in light of the pandemic caused by COVID-19. In the empirical study, a qualitative design was applied. Following Eisenhardt (1989) and Eisenhardt y Graebner (2007), a minimum of 4 (four) cases were selected to explore and report on the first responses in terms of organisational strategies implemented by family businesses located in a medium-sized municipality in Argentina and belonging to the agri-food chain. The results obtained make it possible to state that, in the face of this crisis, the participating organisations focused on evaluating external circumstances and adopting a series of immediate measures aimed at reducing expenses to maintain themselves, but also at growing towards new markets, relying on self-financing and strong family ties and relationships with third parties. The paper provides new evidence on the resilience of these companies in critical contexts, particularly those located in geographically delimited environments., Desde la perspectiva de la “familiaridad”, el objetivo de este trabajo es comprender el comportamiento de las empresas familiares frente a la pandemia originada por el COVID-19. En el estudio empírico se aplicó un diseño cualitativo; siguiendo a Eisenhardt (1989) y Eisenhardt y Graebner (2007), se optó por seleccionar un mínimo de cuatro casos con la finalidad de explorar e informar acerca de las primeras respuestas en términos de estrategias organizacionales implementadas por empresas de naturaleza familiar, ubicadas en un municipio de tamaño intermedio de Argentina y pertenecientes a la cadena agroalimentaria. Los resultados obtenidos permiten manifestar que, frente a esta crisis, las organizaciones participantes se enfocaron en evaluar las circunstancias externas y adoptar una serie de medidas inmediatas orientadas a reducir gastos para mantenerse, aunque también en el crecimiento hacia nuevos mercados, apoyándose en el autofinanciamiento y los fuertes vínculos familiares y con terceros. El trabajo proporciona nueva evidencia sobre la capacidad de recuperación de estas empresas en contextos críticos, en particular aquellas ubicadas en entornos geográficamente delimitados., Facultad de Ciencias Económicas

What does it take for a couple to stand out as married to others? In Morocco, an ideal scenario to marry today involves families celebrating three stages: an engagement, a legal contract, and a wedding. Yet, as I will show, couples may also turn out to be married without such ceremonies. Other elements can make for evident marriages. Still, legal recognition has, over the past decades, become increasingly essential within people’s own creations of conjugal bonds. Moreover, family and penal code revisions, together with the civil registry’s expansion, have profoundly changed proceedings and possibilities to legally marry. These processes defy simple binaries of legal versus licit domains. Legal and licit understandings of marriage interlace both in people’s own evaluations and in state officials’ approaches. However, as I will argue, increased emphasis on legal registration also heightens state control over family ties and reduces people’s opportunities to leave marital definitions open-ended as this suits them over time.

Studies demonstrate that the family members’ criminal behaviour is one of the best predictors of involvement in criminal activity by younger people. However, little attention has been paid by the literature to the intergenerational transmission of delinquent behaviour inside organized crime groups. This chapter aims to understand and discuss intergenerational family ties among organized crime offenders. Based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of a sample of Portuguese court decisions on Criminal Association, we examine the extent of intergenerational continuity of crime inside organized crime groups and the underlying mechanisms, such as gender, and the extent to which sentencing outcomes vary with family ties and intergenerational links. We conclude that offenders responsible for that transmission are the ones more likely to be convicted to prison.

The article focuses on the formulation of a research question and reviews main theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the place and role of children in modern international migration. The concept of “children of migrants” covers not only those who came to a new country with their parents, but also those who remained in a sending country. This raises the question of how international migration to Russia affects the children of migrants “here” and “there”, how it transforms the understanding and practices of childhood, and how it affects the migration of their parents and the migration situation in general. The theoretical framework for the study is anthropology and sociology of childhood. When studying children of migrants and their childhood, we emphasize the need to proceed from the fact that like adults, children are active subjects of modern transnational migration. In this regard, we propose to study the migrant children in the context of such a concept as “transnational childhood”. The article overviews the following research on children in the context of international migration: studies of generations, structural characteristics of childhood in the context of migration, practices of upbringing in transnational social contexts, sharing of parental responsibilities, the maintenance of family ties and arranging care at a distance, the impact of resettlement on well-being of migrant families, as well as education and integration of migrant children into a recipient society. The article is the first part of a paper devoted to transnational childhood in Russia. Its second part is scheduled for publication in one of next issues of the journal and presents the results of a field study on the role and place of children in migration from Central Asia to Russia.

The emigration of doctors from Nigeria has been on the increase in recent years, with no obvious efforts to manage or mitigate the negative impacts of this growing trend on the already weak health system. This study assessed the emigration intentions of doctors undergoing residency training at the premier tertiary healthcare center in Nigeria and the factors that influence these intentions. This mixed-method study was cross-sectional in design. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to identify the factors that influence the emigration intentions of resident doctors at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. In-depth interviews (IDIs) were also conducted to further explore the push and pull factors identified from the survey and their migration preferences. A total of 244 resident doctors completed the questionnaires and 10 participated in the IDIs. Overall, 57.4% of the respondents had emigration intentions and 34.8% had made various attempts at emigrating. Major factors that encouraged resident doctors to emigrate to developed countries included better working and living conditions, good salary and the opportunity for career advancement in destination countries. Family ties was the single most important factor that deterred resident doctors from emigrating. The UK was found to be the top preferred destination. Strategic approaches and multisectoral collaborations will be required to address doctors' emigration from Nigeria. These efforts should be targeted at not just the health sector but should also include the social and economic aspects of the lives of resident doctors, to improve their living conditions.

This article examines one of the earliest periodicals published in the Dutch Republic, the hitherto unknown Nederlantse Mercurius (1665). Only a single issue of this monthly journal has survived, but its publication history can be enriched considerably thanks to extant newspaper advertisements. This article investigates the Nederlantse Mercurius in the context of the growth of the periodical market in the seventeenth century; in the context of the career and family ties of the man responsible for the journal, the Amsterdam printer Joost Otto Smient, a young publisher launching his first independent venture; and in the context of the European news market. Publisher PDF

There is long-standing evidence within the literature of class cleavages in social policy preferences. We re-evaluate class cleavages in support for redistribution by specifically focusing on the role played by cross-class embeddedness: the idea that individuals can be embedded in multiple social classes through family ties. Stronger affinity to the working class is hypothesized to be associated with stronger support for redistribution. We construct a harmonized measure of cross-class embeddedness combining information on social class positions for individuals, their parents, and their partner. The results demonstrate that cross-class embeddedness is highly common in the European context and linear probability models show that it is robustly associated with support for redistribution. Individuals who have more ties with the working classes are more supportive of redistribution and the effect is somewhat stronger for women than for men. Cross-class embeddedness through close family ties accounts for substantial heterogeneity within the upper classes. We conclude that family needs to be recognized as the unit of stratification that influences material interests and as a context of socialization that likely shapes solidarity. Cross-class embeddedness through family ties is thus important to consider in any analysis of social policy preferences.

The social structure of a population shapes many aspects of individuals' lives. Network analysis details how individuals are tied to one another within a “social network” (1). Although the relevance of social networks for behavior and ecology is becoming well established, the processes that govern their underlying structure, and individuals' social positions relative to others, are less well known (2). On p. 348 of this issue, Ilany et al. (3) apply social network analysis to a population of wild spotted hyenas over 27 years and spanning multiple hyena generations. Their findings support a proposed model (2) that inheritance of social network ties—specifically that offsprings' social bonds are derived from their mothers' social affiliates—plays a key role in shaping social structure across generations. Furthermore, these inherited networks may be linked to survival, providing a potential selective force that promotes the evolution of the inheritance of social networks.