Search

Taking Gonghe oil shale as raw material, the rapid pyrolysis experiment was carried out using the Py-GC/MS device under different atmospheres. The effects of different pyrolysis atmospheres on the rapid pyrolysis products of Gonghe oil shale were studied. The results show that the H2 atmosphere can not only increase the content of saturated hydrocarbons and reduce the content of unsaturated hydrocarbons but also reduce the content of oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds. This may be because more H free radicals under the H2 atmosphere are produced to react with the free radical fragments formed by kerogen decomposition. The coupling between H free radicals and free radical fragments can prevent the polymerization among macromolecular free radicals and inhibit the generation of heavy byproducts, which can promote the kerogen pyrolysis and increase the release of volatile matter. In addition, the pyrolysis atmosphere is conducive to the deoxygenation of oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds to a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to provide more evidence to understand the termination mechanism in styrene free‐radical polymerization, (1‐bromoethyl) benzene and polystyrene with bromide end group (PSt‐Br) synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were used as the model compound and model polymer to study the termination behavior of styrenic radical by atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC), and then the NMR chemical shifts of the head‐to‐head enchainment from coupling termination were obtained. SEC and different NMR measurement methods were used to analyze and characterize the products. It is confirmed that there is no bimolecular disproportionation termination between styrenic free radicals, but only coupling termination to form the head‐to‐head enchainment. The proton and carbon chemical shifts of the head‐to‐head enchainment from coupling termination for (1‐bromoethyl) benzene are 2.7–2.86 ppm and ~47.3 ppm. As for the polystyrene through ATRC from PSt‐Br, the corresponding chemical shifts are 2.61–3.29 ppm and ~46.4 ppm, respectively, they are almost the same as the data in our previous paper (~3.05 ppm, ~46.6 ppm) for polystyrene initiated by BPO, proving that the chain termination in free‐radical polymerization of styrene initiated by BPO occurs through primary termination between chain radical and primary radical rather than bimolecular termination between chain radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary Photoinitiators of the oxime ester (OXE) or ketoxime ester (OXE‐CO) type can rapidly undergo N—O bond cleavage and generate free radicals to initiate photopolymerization under LED excitation, occupying an important position in the field of photocuring. However, the commercial OXEs, e.g., OXE 01 and 02 with λmax's at 326 and 344 nm, respectively, still do not well match the emission spectra of LEDs. Developing novel OXEs/OXE‐COs with high photosensitivity for long‐wavelength LEDs has great significance. Here, four new OXEs/OXE‐COs with nitro‐carbazole‐styrene conjugated chromophore were designed, synthesized, and used as photoinitiators. Results demonstrated that all photoinitiators had strong absorption within the UV–vis range (λmax: 381—392 nm, εmax: 8200—11500 M−1·cm−1). Molecular design of the oxime ester cleavage to produce a small volume methyl group and a methacryl group with an unsaturated double bond brings high activity and low migration, respectively, in one‐photon polymerization under 365—450 nm LEDs excitation. Moreover, OXEs/OXE‐COs with PETA exhibited a wide processing window, high resolution (line accuracy~100 nm) and good nano‐patterning capability under 780 nm femtosecond laser irradiation in two‐photon polymerization, indicating their great potential in 2D/3D microfabrication technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannery solid waste (TSW) contains 70–90% collagen by weight. The rapid extraction of collagen while preserving its original and unique triple-helical conformation has proved challenging. In this paper, an ionic liquid-synergistic dissolution and regeneration (IL-SDR) method was developed based on a TBAH/DMSO/H2O ternary (TDH) solvent for the rapid recovery of collagen from TSW under mild conditions. A solubility of 10.25% TSW and a collagen recovery yield of 51.2% were achieved in 30 minutes at room temperature. The original triplet helical conformation and the molecular weight of the collagen product were retained, confirmed via FT-IR, circular dichroism, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis. SEM was used to verify that dense and uniform pores could be formed within collagen by adjusting the DMSO content, and cytotoxicity and moisture retention tests demonstrated that the collagen produced via the IL-SDR process is comparable to natural collagen used in cosmetic and skincare applications. Moreover, the TDH solvent demonstrated excellent reproducibility across five cycles, achieving consistent solubility varying from 9.71% to 11.04%. EPR and 1H NMR showed that the OH– in TBAH induced the generation of DMSO˙ free radicals in the TDH solvent, and these radicals were indispensable for the dissolution of TSW. The DMSO content was positively correlated with the concentration of free radicals. A synergistic dissolution mechanism was proposed: DMSO˙ free radicals preferentially cleaved the terminal peptide chains, causing the collagen molecules to be exposed to DMSO. Subsequently, DMSO disrupted the original hydrogen bond network within the collagen molecules. Then, TBAH and DMSO formed hydrogen bonds with the collagen molecules, stabilizing the dissolved collagen and preventing the reformation of the hydrogen bond network between collagen molecules. This work provides an avenue for low-temperature and rapid dissolution of TSW, and reveals an in-depth, atypical dissolution mechanism for collagen-based materials during the IL-SDR process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bee-derived pharmaceutical products, including propolis (PRO) and royal jelly (ROJ), possess outstanding pharmacological properties. However, their efficiency in counteracting the deleterious influences of cadmium (Cd) in testes and the relevant mechanisms entail further investigations. Therefore, this study sheds light on the therapeutic efficacy of PRO and ROJ against testicular dysfunction and infertility induced by Cd. Toward this end, 30 mature male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into six groups (5 animals/group), including (I) control, (II) Cd, (III) PRO, (IV) ROJ, (V) PRO + Cd, and (VI) ROJ + Cd groups. Furthermore, antioxidant factors, semen quality, hormonal levels, steroidogenic enzymes, and genotoxicity were assessed. Moreover, histopathological and ultrastructural attributes and offspring rates were investigated. The Cd-treated group revealed marked reductions in reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) with an amplification of lipid peroxidation in testes, indicating disruption of the antioxidant defense system. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and DNA damage were significantly heightened, implying inflammation and genotoxicity, respectively. Moreover, steroidogenic enzymes, including 17β-Hydroxy Steroid Dehydrogenase 3 (HSD17b3), 3β-Hydroxy Steroid Dehydrogenase 2 (HSD3b2), 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1), and steroid 5α-reductase 2 (SRD5A2) were markedly diminished accompanied with disorders in luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone. Besides, spermatozoa quality was reduced, associated with a diminution in the diameter of seminiferous tubules. By contrast, PRO or ROJ significantly protected and/or counteracted the Cd-induced pathophysiological consequences, ameliorating antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers, steroidogenic enzymes, hormonal levels, and sperm properties, along with lessening DNA impairments. Critically, histological and ultrastructural analyses manifested several anomalies in the testicular tissues of the Cd-administered group, including the Leydig and Sertoli cells and spermatozoa. Conversely, PRO or ROJ sustained testicular tissues' structure, enhancing spermatozoa integrity and productivity. Interestingly, treatment with PRO or ROJ improved fertility indices through offspring rates compared to the Cd-animal group. Our data suggest that PRO is a more effective countermeasure than ROJ against Cd toxicity for securing the delicate testicular microenvironment for spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the vital roles of Fe0/biochar composites in the Fenton-like systems for eliminating pollutants that have been recognized, the contributions of persistent free radicals (PFRs) of carbon-based materials are typically overlooked. In this study, the high-PFR-containing biochar nanoiron composites were prepared (nZVI/500), and the in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) were investigated. The results showed that nZVI/500 could effectively remove PNP in solution within the pH range of 3–8. Quantitative experiments of ·OH presented that, compared with low PFRs-containing composites, nZVI/500 could generate 64.6 µM ·OH in 60 min without any extra energy consumption. Mechanistic studies revealed that (1) both PFRs and Fe0 are able to utilize dissolved oxygen to generate H2O2 in situ; (2) PFRs can promote the cycling of Fe3+/Fe2+ in the system due to their strong electron exchange ability; and (3) PFRs directly transfer electrons to H2O2; therefore, the presence of PFRs accelerates the generation of ·OH in the system and facilitates the removal of PNP. This study provides an important theoretical basis and technical reference for expanding the application of PFR-rich carbon-based materials to remove environmental pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of complex chemicals that are formed and released during incomplete combustion during industrial processes or pyrolysis of the organic matter. Human exposure to PAHs primarily occurs through food consumption. One of the possible causes of formation in food is free radicals. Also, the confirmed mechanism of their toxicity in living organisms is oxidative stress. This complication is also caused by free radicals released during their metabolism. Chronic exposure to PAHs can lead to carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects in humans. Consequently, there is a need to minimize the presence of these compounds in food. Research suggests that antioxidants play a crucial role in reducing PAH levels in food. Therefore, formulating food products with the right combination of antioxidants could be an effective strategy to mitigate the formation of PAHs. Moreover, antioxidants have been found to alleviate the toxicity associated with PAHs in the human body. This manuscript discusses the effects and mechanisms of antioxidants in reducing PAH in food products and living organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of two‐component systems comprising camphorquinone (CQ) and aromatic amines has become prevalent in the photopolymerization. However, there are still concerns about the safety of this CQ/amine system, mainly because of the toxicity associated with the leaching of aromatic amines. In light of these concerns, this study aims to develop novel coinitiator combinations featuring CQ and amines which cannot be leached out of materials, enabling free radical polymerization of representative dentalmethacrylate resins under blue light irradiation. This approach involves the initial design and analysis of hydrogen donors with low C─H bond dissociation energy through molecular modeling. Subsequently, copolymerizable methacrylate functional groups are incorporated via chemical modification, allowing it to act as both coinitiator and copolymerization monomer to achieve low migrationand leachability properties. This work presents, for the first time, the synthesis of the innovative coinitiator and compares its performance with the benchmark CQ/ethyl‐4‐dimethylaminobenzoate (EDB)‐based photoinitiation system (PIS). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the newly proposed PIS. Finally, an in‐depth investigation is conducted into the reaction mechanism associated with this PIS through molecular orbital calculations and electron spin resonance studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a tree of the Punicaceae family that is widespread all over the world and has several types and therapeutic uses. The current study aimed to investigate the phytochemical compounds by GC analysis and carried out physical characterization of the pomegranate seed oil and its self-nanoemulsifying system. Then antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-lipase activities were investigated for both.The pomegranate seed oil was extracted, and its self-nanoemulsifying system was then prepared. Phytochemical compounds were analyzed by GC, and physical characterization was established of the pomegranate seed oil and its self-nanoemulsifying system. Then antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-lipase activities were investigated for both.The GC–MS analysis revealed that punicic acid, β-eleosteric acid, catalpic acid, α-eleosteric acid, and oleic acid were the most predominant compounds in pomegranate seed oil. Other active compounds like linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and α-linolenic acid were detected in trace percentages. The self-nanoemulsifying system was prepared using various concentrations of surfactant (Tween 80), co-surfactant (Span 80), and pomegranate seed oil. The selected formulation had a PDI of 0.229 ± 0.09 and a droplet size of 189.44 ± 2.1 nm. The free radical scavenging activity of pomegranate seed oil, the self-emulsifying system, and Trolox was conducted using DPPH. The oil-self-nanoemulsifying system showed potent antioxidant activity compared to Trolox. Also, pomegranate oil inhibited α-amylase with a weak IC50 value of 354.81 ± 2.3 µg/ml. The oil self-nanoemulsifying system showed potent activity compared to acarbose and had a weaker IC50 value (616.59 ± 2.1 µg/ml) and a potent IC50 value (43.65 ± 1.9 µg/ml) compared to orlistat.Pomegranate seed oil self-nanoemulsifying system could be applied in the future for the preparation of possible oral medications for the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress, diabetes, and obesity due to its high activity against free radical, amylase, and lipase enzymes compared to pomegranate seed oil itself and the references used. This study reveals that self-nanoemulsion systems can enhance oil drug formulations by improving pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, acting as drug reservoirs, and facilitating efficient oil release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin with several forms. Among these, α-tocopherol (TOC) is preferentially absorbed and accumulated in humans. In the body, it acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from the damage caused by free radicals. It is an organic chemical compound that undergoes degradation upon irradiation with UV light. To protect this bioactive chemical compound from UV light degradation, encapsulation was carried out using zein as a shell material. Due to the unique phase diagram of TOC in aqueous ethanol, the encapsulation efficiency was >99%. The size of encapsulated particles was ~300 nm or smaller, and the thickness of the shell wall was ~30 nm. The presented procedure offers the most simple and efficient encapsulation process that yields edible products. The investigation of the irradiation effect of UV on TOC revealed that the encapsulation effectively blocks UV light and prevents TOC from being degraded. The presented procedure offers an instantaneous and highly efficient encapsulation process, which yields edible products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the existence of various therapeutic approaches, diabetes mellitus and its complications have been an increasing burden of mortality and disability globally. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the efficacy and safety of medicinal plants to support existing drugs in treating diabetes. Xanthones, the main secondary metabolites found in Gentiana dinarica and Gentiana utriculosa, display various biological activities. In in vitro cultured and particularly in genetically transformed G. dinarica and G. utriculosa roots, there is a higher content of xanthones. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare antidiabetic properties of secondary metabolites (extracts) prepared from these two Gentiana species, cultured in vitro and genetically transformed with those collected from nature. We compare HPLC secondary metabolite profiles and the content of the main extract compounds of G. dinarica and G. utriculosa methanol extracts with their ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals and inhibit intestinal α-glucosidase in vitro. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of selected extracts was tested further in vivo on glucose-loaded Wistar rats. Our findings reveal that the most prominent radical scavenging potential and potential to control the rise in glucose level, detected in xanthone-rich extracts, were in direct correlation with an accumulation of xanthones norswertianin and norswertianin-1-O-primeveroside in G. dinarica and decussatin and decussatin-1-O-primeveroside in G. utriculosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural aromatic polymer lignin and its lignin-like oligomeric fragments have attracted attention for their antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activities. In this study, a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was employed to assess the antioxidant capacity of fractionated and partially depolymerized organosolv lignin by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results show significant antioxidant activity for both the lignin and oligomeric fragments, with the EPR measurements demonstrating their efficiency in quenching the free radicals. The EPR data were analyzed to derive the kinetic rate constants. The radical scavenging activity (RSA) of lignins was then determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy and the results were compared with the EPR method. This two-method approach improves the reliability and understanding of the antioxidant potential of lignin and its derivatives and provides valuable insights for their potential applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food preservation, and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because global sulfur emission has escalated, the development of high-efficiency deep desulfurization techniques has become imperative. Herein, to design a high-activity heterogeneous catalyst for the aerobic oxidation desulfurization (AODS) of fuel, Dawson-type polyoxometalate (H6P2W18O62 abbreviated as D-P2W18), characterized by its high activity and strong oxidative capacity, was applied to react with CuCl2·2H2O and H3TZI via a one-pot hydrothermal method. Consequently, blue crystalline H6P2W18O62@[Cu6O(TZI)3(H2O)6]4 (abbreviated as D-P2W18@rht-MOF-1; rht-MOF-1 = [Cu6O(TZI)3(H2O)6]4·nH2O) was afforded. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that D-P2W18 was successfully encapsulated in two different cages of rht-MOF-1, which is distinct from the crystal structure of Keggin-type POMs@rht-MOF-1. It represents the first crystal structure of Dawson-type POMs@rht-MOF-1. When D-P2W18@rht-MOF-1 was employed as a catalyst for AODS under ambient oxygen pressure with the assistance of surfactant dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DODMAC), it demonstrated remarkable catalytic capability and recyclability for both model fuel and commercial diesel. Further, the AODS reaction mechanism, identified as a free radical oxidation–reduction process, was verified by way of radical quenching experiments, EPR and XPS analysis. This approach offers a feasible route for the synthesis of new Dawson-type POMs@MOFs of heterogeneous catalysts for highly active AODS of fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the impact of enzymatic grafting modification on the structure and functional properties of pectin, aiming to provide a scientific foundation for the development of novel food packaging materials with bioactive properties. Using lipase as a catalyst, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid were grafted onto pectin molecules. The structure of the modified pectin was characterized using 1H NMR, FTIR, and XPS analytical techniques, and its antioxidant and antibacterial activities were evaluated. The results showed that the grafting rates of p-hydroxybenzoic acid-modified pectin (Hb-Pe) and gallic acid-modified pectin (Ga-Pe) reached 21.8% and 22.9%, respectively. Notably, compared to unmodified pectin, Ga-Pe exhibited significantly (P<0.05) enhanced DPPH free radical scavenging capacity (69.6%) and β-carotene bleaching inhibition capacity (65.5%), while the improvement in antioxidant activity of Hb-Pe was limited, with the two indicators being only 5.54% and 28.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the inhibition zone diameters of the two modified pectins against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 15.7, 13.3 mm (Hb-Pe) and 16.6, 12.6 mm (Ga-Pe), respectively, which were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of unmodified pectin. This study confirms that enzymatic grafting modification can effectively enhance the bioactivity of pectin, providing a new approach for extending the shelf life of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To improve the taste of sea buckthorn juice and remove the bitter substance isorhamnetin glycoside. Methods: Fermentation of sea buckthorn juice with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum to study the growth curves of probiotics, the changes of various indexes such as total phenolic content and antioxidant activity during the fermentation process, as well as the changes of isorhamnetin glycosides and isorhamnetin content. Results: The sea buckthorn juice fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 67-25-2 fermentation had its bitter flavour improved and the sensory analysis score reached 85, and the total free phenol content and antioxidant activity of the juice were increased, reaching maximum at 62 h, in which the total phenol content was increased to 598.9 mg GAE/L, and the scavenging rate of the ABTS+ free radicals and the DPPH free radicals were reached 67.5% and 61.8%, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that total phenol content and isorhamnetin content were significantly positively correlated with DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS+ radical scavenging (P<0.01). Conclusion: The main bitter substance in sea buckthorn, isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidin, was significantly (P<0.05) reduced by the fermentation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 67-25-2, which also significantly (P<0.05) increased the total phenol content and antioxidant activity. This research can serve as a theoretical foundation for the development of functional fermented sea buckthorn foods that contain highly active transformation products and methods for enhancing the taste of sea buckthorn fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental endocrine-disrupting compound that is resistant to conventional biological treatment, making it crucial to develop an oxidation process. This study introduces a novel hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) coupled with a Fenton + periodate (PI) oxidation system for the efficient degradation of BPA. By systematically examining the key parameters such as inlet pressure, Fe (II), H2O2, and PI concentration, it was found that HC performed optimally at a pressure of 0.5 MPa. A conversion of 98.14% was achieved within 60 min when the molar ratio of BPA, Fe (II), H2O2, and PI was approximately 1:1:5:1. Further analysis revealed that the gray correlation between H2O2 and PI concentrations on the degradation efficiency was 0.833 and 0.843, respectively, indicating that both of them had significant effects on the degradation process. The free radical quenching assay confirmed the hydroxyl radical (•OH) as the main active substance. Additionally, the toxicity of the degradation intermediates was evaluated using the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (TEST). An artificial neural network (ANN)-based model was constructed to predict the BPA-degradation process, facilitating precise reagent dosing and providing robust support for the intelligent application of water-treatment technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Styphnolobium japonicum leaves are considered a rich source of flavonoids, which are the prospective basis for various therapeutic effects. However, there has been a lack of comprehensive cytotoxic studies conducted on these leaves. Therefore, this ongoing investigation aimed to detect and isolate the flavonoids present in S. japonicum leaves, and assess their antioxidant and anticancer properties. The defatted extract from S. japonicum leaves was analyzed using HPLC, which resulted in the identification of seven phenolics and six flavonoids. Rutin and quercetin were found to be the most abundant. Furthermore, a comprehensive profile of flavonoids was obtained through UPLC/ESI–MS analysis in negative acquisition mode. Fragmentation pathways of the identified flavonoids were elucidated to gain relevant insights into their structural characteristics. Furthermore, genistein 7-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated and characterized. The defatted extract rich in flavonoids exhibited significant antioxidant, iron-reducing, free radicals scavenging impacts, and remarkable cytotoxicity against the liver cell line (IC50 337.9μg/ mL) and lung cell line (IC50 55.0 μg/mL). Furthermore, the antioxidant and anticancer capacities of the three isolated flavonoids have been evaluated, and it has been observed that their effects are concentration-dependent. The findings of this research highlight the promising impact of flavonoids in cancer therapy. It is recommended that future scientific investigations prioritize the exploration of the distinct protective and therapeutic characteristics of S. japonicum leaves, which hold significant potential as a valuable natural resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical thermodynamic study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activity and mechanism of 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine derivatives (OTP) using a Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach. The study assessed how solvent environments influence the antioxidant properties of these derivatives. With the increasing prevalence of diseases linked to oxidative stress, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases, antioxidants are crucial in mitigating the damage caused by free radicals. Previous research has demonstrated the remarkable scavenging abilities of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives, prompting this investigation into their potential using computational methods. DFT calculations were employed to analyze key parameters, including bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), ionization potential (IP), proton dissociation enthalpy (PDE), and electron transfer enthalpy (ETE), to delineate the antioxidant mechanisms of these compounds. Our findings indicate that specific electron-donating groups such as amine on the phenyl rings significantly enhance the antioxidant activities of these derivatives. The study also integrates global and local reactivity descriptors, such as Fukui functions and HOMO-LUMO energies, to predict the stability and reactivity of these molecules, providing insights into their potential as effective synthetic antioxidants in pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a constant volume combustion system, the effect of dilution ratio changes on the laminar combustion characteristics of C 2 H 5 OH/air mixture was studied under an initial pressure of 1 bar, initial temperatures of 370 K, 400 K, 450 K, and equivalence ratios of 0.7–1.4. A chemical kinetic mechanism for ethanol-carbon dioxide was established, and the combined physical and chemical effects of carbon dioxide were separated. An independent parameter control method was proposed, introducing virtual species FN 2 , ICO 2 , FCO 2 , and KCO 2 , to isolate the dilution effect, thermal effect, direct reaction effect, third-body effect, and transport effect. Simulation analysis using the modified chemical kinetic mechanism revealed that various impacts of CO 2 reduce the peak progress rate and sensitivity coefficient of key elementary reactions. Furthermore, the dilution effect of CO 2 has the greatest influence on the sensitivity coefficients and net progress rates of important elementary reactions. Based on the results of the chemical kinetic simulations, a new global reaction pathway analysis method was created, overcoming the limitations of the Chemkin-pro method. The decomposition pathway of C 2 H 5 OH throughout the combustion process was calculated as C 2 H 5 OH → SC 2 H 4 OH → CH 3 CHO → CH 3 CO → CH 3 → CH 2 O → HCO → CO → CO 2. Changes in initial temperature and dilution ratio do not alter the main decomposition pathway of C 2 H 5 OH. Detailed chemical kinetics and free radical behavior analysis indicate that the LBV of the C 2 H 5 OH/CO 2 /air blends has a linear correlation with [H + O + OH] max. • The relationship curve between dilution ratio and LBV was fitted. • The introduction of virtual matter decouples the five chemical and physical combined effects of CO 2. • The five effects of CO 2 will all reduce the peak of the progress rate of key elemental reactions. • The decomposition pathway of C 2 H 5 OH during the entire combustion process was calculated. • The linear correlation between LBV and [H + O + OH] max of the blends has been verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-equilibrium plasma is applied for the first time to ignite the ammonium-hydrogen mixture and reduce the NO x /N 2 O emission with effect in this work. Gas chromatography (GC) experiments as well as a detailed kinetic model, including neutral molecules, free radicals, charged particles, vibratory excited states, and electron excited states, are integrated to investigate the kinetic process of ammonia-hydrogen doped ignition and NO x /N 2 O emission facilitated by nanosecond pulsed discharge. The numerical model closely matches the GC-measured values of NH 3 consumption, H 2 increase, and N 2 O production. Pathway fluxes of important species and sensitivity analysis of ignition delay time reveal that the addition of non-equilibrium plasma has an obvious promotion effect on ammonia and hydrogen-doped oxidation and ignition. The initial ignition temperature significantly impacts the ignition delay time, with a more pronounced plasma-promotion effect observed at lower temperatures. Conversely, as the hydrogen mixing ratio increases, the ignition delay time decreases, yet the generation of NO and N 2 O increases. This is attributed to the heightened production of H and NH through elementary reactions such as NH 3 +H NH 2 + H 2 , H + O 2 O + OH, and OH + H 2 H + H 2 O. Nevertheless, NO and N 2 O emissions are reduced by 1-2 orders of magnitude with plasma assistance compared to auto-ignition. The reduction in NO emissions can be attributed to increased consumption in the pathway of NO + NH 2 N 2 + H 2 O and decreased formation in the pathways of HNO + O 2 HO 2 + NO and NH + NO N 2 O + H. Additionally, it was discovered that the electron attachment dissociation reaction e + N 2 O → O− + N 2 predominantly contributes to the reduction of N 2 O. These research findings significantly contribute to advancing our understanding of the kinetics involved in ammonia-hydrogen doped ignition and emissions, particularly with plasma assistance, for potential engine applications. • Kinetic models for plasma-assisted NH 3 /H 2 /air ignition are established. • Measurements of products in plasma-activated NH 3 /H 2 /air pyrolysis are provided. • NO and N 2 O emissions are reduced with plasma assistance compared to auto-ignition. • Pathways for NO and N 2 O generation during NH 3 /H 2 /air ignition are elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the inhibition effectiveness and mechanisms of pentafluoroethane (C 2 HF 5), carbon dioxide (CO 2), and their blends, 9.5% methane (CH 4)-air mixture explosions under different inhibitors were tested by employing a 20 L spherical explosion system. A quadratic regression model was developed to predict impacts of factors on maximum explosion pressure (p m) through response surface method. The reactions and mechanisms under blended inhibitors were numerically investigated. Results depicted that increasing volume fractions of inhibitor led to decrease in p m , maximum rate of pressure rise, and delay in explosion induction time. Blended inhibitors demonstrated superior inhibition effectiveness, optimal inhibition-environmental was achieved at 4.5% C 2 HF 5 blended with 5.5% CO 2. A quadratic polynomial relation existed among p m , volume fractions of C 2 HF 5 , CO 2 , and CH 4 during the explosion. Key free radicals were weakened and the promoted explosive elementary reactions were primarily inhibited. CH 4 +OH CH 3 +H 2 O and CH 4 +H CH 3 +H 2 were the most diminished reactions by blended inhibitors compared to CO 2 alone. Carbon-containing reactions R82 and R84, and fluorinated reactions R1025 and R1099 reduced the key free radicals, interrupted the chain reactions and promoted the production of HF. Findings will provide new ideas for prevention of CH 4 -air mixture explosions and reduce hazardous effect. • Blended inhibitors demonstrated superior inhibition effectiveness. • The optimal inhibition-environment was achieved with a blend of 4.5% pentafluoroethane with 5.5% carbon dioxide. • A quadratic polynomial relation between maximum explosion pressure and pentafluoroethane volume fraction. • The physical and chemical inhibition mechanism by pentafluoroethane blend with carbon dioxide was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of biomass to chemicals/fuels has emerged as a valuable solution that offers both environmental and economic benefits, with the transformation of carbohydrate into formic acid garnering escalating scholar interest. However, the relative limited efficiency of catalyzed-oxidation or expensive cost of H2O2 and alkali in wet hydrothermal oxidation impose limitations on industrialization. This paper proposed a new idea for formic acid production by O2-H2O2 co-oxidation of carbohydrate. A two-step reaction method was developed, where the initial step is engineered to regulate the carbon chain cleavage of carbohydrates to augment the production of active intermediate. Oxygen was employed in the subsequent step as effective oxidant through free radical mechanism, resulting in a formic acid yield of 82.6%. Theoretical calculation, intermediates detection and real time EPR confirmed the reaction mechanism. Finally, the universality of the reaction was verified by using disaccharides and polysaccharides such as cellulose as substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we demonstrated the biological effects of acute low-dose neutrons on the whole body of rats and investigated the impact of that level of neutron dose to induce an in vivo radio-adaptive response. To understand the radio-adaptive response, the examined animals were exposed to acute neutron radiation doses of 5 and 10 mSv, followed by a 50 mSv challenge dose after 14 days. After irradiation, all groups receiving single and double doses were kept in cages for one day before sampling. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method was used to estimate the radiation-induced radicals in the blood, and some hematological parameters and lipid peroxidation (MDA) were determined. A comet assay was performed beside some of the antioxidant enzymes [catalase enzyme (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH)]. Seven groups of adult male rats were classified according to their dose of neutron exposure. Measurements of all studied markers are taken one week after harvesting, except for hematological markers, within 2 h. The results indicated lower production of antioxidant enzymes (CAT by 1.18–5.83%, SOD by 1.47–17.8%, and GSH by 11.3–82.1%). Additionally, there was an increase in red cell distribution width (RDW) (from 4.61 to 25.19%) and in comet assay parameters such as Tail Length, (from 6.16 to 10.81 µm), Tail Moment, (from 1.17 to 2.46 µm), and percentage of DNA in tail length (DNA%) (from 9.58 to 17.32%) in all groups exposed to acute doses of radiation ranging from 5 to 50 mSv, respectively. This emphasizes the ascending harmful effect with the increased acute thermal neutron doses. The values of the introduced factor of radio adaptive response for all markers under study reveal that the lower priming dose promotes a higher adaptation response and vice versa. Ultimately, the results indicate significant variations in DNA%, SOD enzyme levels, EPR intensity, total Hb concentration, and RDWs, suggesting their potential use as biomarkers for acute thermal neutron dosimetry. Further research is necessary to validate these measurements as biodosimetry for radiation exposure, including investigations involving the response impact of RAR with varied challenge doses and post-irradiation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a member of the Umbelliferae/Apiaceae family and one of the well-known essential oil-containing plants, in which the seeds are used in traditional medicine, and as flavoring in food preparation. Knowing the diverse chemical components of different parts of the plant, this work aims to investigate the antioxidant, the anti-inflammatory, and the immunostimulatory modulator effects of the Jordanian C. sativum's seed extracted essential oil (JCEO). Coriander oil extract was prepared by hydro-distillation method using the Clevenger apparatus. Different concentrations of coriander oil were examined by using DPPH radical scavenging assay, MTT assay, pro-inflammatory cytokine (Tumor Necrosis Factor-TNF-alpha) production in RAW264.7 murine macrophages in addition, scratch-wound assessment, NO level examination, Th1/Th2 assay, phagocytosis assay, and fluorescence imaging using DAPI stain were conducted. JCEO had a potential metabolic enhancer effect at a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL on cell viability with anti-inflammatory activities via increasing cytokines like IL-10, IL-4, and limiting NO, INF-γ, and TNF-α release into cell supernatant. Antioxidant activity was seen significantly at higher concentrations of JCEO reaching 98.7% when using 100mg/mL and minimally reaching 50% at 12.5mg/mL of the essential oil. Treated macrophages were able to attain full scratch closure after 48-hrs at concentrations below 0.3mg/mL. The seed-extracted JCEO showed significant free radical scavenging activity even at lower dilutions. It also significantly induced an anti-inflammatory effect via an increase in the release of cytokines but reduced the LPS-induced NO and TNF-α production at 0.16–0.3mg/mL. In summary, coriander essential oil demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory effects, showcasing its therapeutic potential at specific concentrations. The findings underscore its safety and metabolic enhancement properties, emphasizing its promising role in promoting cellular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study prepares a series of hollow‐structured CS/SA/POSS composite gel spheres with a diameter of ~2.5 mm by using hydrophilic Janus‐type polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (AS‐POSS) as a crosslinking agent in combination with sodium alginate and chitosan via electrostatic adsorption/free radical polymerization. As the content of POSS increases, the wall thickness of the gel spheres also increases from 20 to 30 μm, leading to a more compact and smooth wall structure in the polymerized CS/SA/POSS composite gel spheres. Additionally, the introduction and polymerization of POSS significantly enhance the stability, drug loading rate, and entrapment rate of the gel spheres, providing them with improved drug release capabilities. For hydrophilic drug doxorubicin, the loading rate and encapsulation rate reach 41.2% and 79.9%, respectively, while for the hydrophobic drug ibuprofen, they are 14.7% and 76.3%. Compared to some previously reported drug‐loaded gel materials, the gels prepared in this study demonstrate relatively higher drug loading performance. Thus, these hollow‐structured CS/SA/POSS composite gel spheres hold promise as innovative drug carriers in the biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research delves into the development of a hydrogel based on sodium alginate (Na‐Alg), CMTKG and PSA for the controlled release of Metformin Hydrochloride (Metformin HCl), a commonly used drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The hydrogel was synthesized via a free radical mechanism using N, N′‐methylene‐bis(acrylamide) (MBA) as a crosslinker and potassium persulphate (KPS) as an initiator. The hydrogels were analyzed using techniques such as ATR‐FTIR, and SEM. The research also investigated swelling behaviour, drug loading, drug encapsulation efficiency, and release kinetics of Metformin HCl. The finding revealed that the hydrogel exhibited pH‐responsive metformin HCl release, with higher drug release perceived at pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.2. Mathematical models were employed to study the drug release mechanism, indicating diffusion as a mechanism liable for the drug release from the hydrogel. Moreover, the synthesized metformin HCl‐loaded Na‐Alg/PSA/CMTKG hydrogel shows excellent anti‐diabetic activity on α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase enzyme. Henceforth, the formulated hydrogel reveals potential for facilitating the targeted release of Metformin HCl, offering opportunities for improving patient amenability and lessening side effects related to frequent dosing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antioxidant proteins are involved in several biological processes and can protect DNA and cells from the damage of free radicals. These proteins regulate the body's oxidative stress and perform a significant role in many antioxidant-based drugs. The current invitro-based medications are costly, time-consuming, and unable to efficiently screen and identify the targeted motif of antioxidant proteins. Methods: In this model, we proposed an accurate prediction method to discriminate antioxidant proteins namely StackedEnC-AOP. The training sequences are formulation encoded via incorporating a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) into the evolutionary matrix to decompose the PSSM-based images via two levels of DWT to form a Pseudo position-specific scoring matrix (PsePSSM-DWT) based embedded vector. Additionally, the Evolutionary difference formula and composite physiochemical properties methods are also employed to collect the structural and sequential descriptors. Then the combined vector of sequential features, evolutionary descriptors, and physiochemical properties is produced to cover the flaws of individual encoding schemes. To reduce the computational cost of the combined features vector, the optimal features are chosen using Minimum redundancy and maximum relevance (mRMR). The optimal feature vector is trained using a stacking-based ensemble meta-model. Results: Our developed StackedEnC-AOP method reported a prediction accuracy of 98.40% and an AUC of 0.99 via training sequences. To evaluate model validation, the StackedEnC-AOP training model using an independent set achieved an accuracy of 96.92% and an AUC of 0.98. Conclusion: Our proposed StackedEnC-AOP strategy performed significantly better than current computational models with a ~ 5% and ~ 3% improved accuracy via training and independent sets, respectively. The efficacy and consistency of our proposed StackedEnC-AOP make it a valuable tool for data scientists and can execute a key role in research academia and drug design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reveal the influence of the diversity of precursors on the formation of environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs), pomelo peel (PP) and its physically divided portion, pomelo cuticle (PC), and white fiber (WF) were used as precursors to prepare six hydrochars: PPH-Fe, PCH-Fe, WFH-Fe, PPH, PCH, and WFH with and without Fe(III) addition during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). PPH-Fe and WFH-Fe had higher EPFRs content (9.11 × 1018 and 8.25 × 1018 spins·g−1) compared to PPH and WFH (3.33 × 1018 and 2.96 × 1018 spins·g−1), indicating that iron-doping favored EPFRs formation. However, PCH-Fe had lower EPFRs content (2.78 × 1018 spins·g−1) than PCH (7.95 × 1018 spins·g−1), possibly due to excessive iron leading to the consumption of the generated EPFRs. For another reason, the required Fe(III) amount for EPFRs formation might vary among different precursors. PC has a lower concentration of phenolic compounds but 68–97% fatty acids, while WF and PP are rich in cellulose and lignin. In the Fenton-like reaction, oxygen-centered radicals of hydrochar played a significant role in activating H2O2 and efficiently degrading bisphenol A (BPA). Mechanisms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in hydrochar/H2O2 system were proposed. EPFRs on hydrochar activate H2O2 via electron transfer, creating ·OH and 1O2, leading to BPA degradation. More importantly, the embedded EPFRs on the hydrochar's inner surface contributed to the prolonged Fenton-like reactivity of PPH-Fe stored for 45 days. This study demonstrates that by optimizing precursor selection and iron doping, hydrochars can be engineered to maximize their EPFRs content and reactivity, providing a cost-effective solution for the degradation of hazardous pollutants. Article Highlights: Characteristics and mechanisms for the generation and consumption of EPFRs were proposed. To favor g3-type EPFRs formation, the quantity of Fe(III) and aromatic compounds of the biomass should be matched. The g3-type EPFRs on hydrochars played a major role in the Fenton-like reaction. The external EPFRs of hydrochars were consumed easily while the internal EPFRs persisted during long-term storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBacterial infections present a major global challenge. Penicillin, a widely used antibiotic known for its effectiveness and safety, is frequently prescribed. However, its short half-life necessitates multiple high-dose daily administrations, leading to severe side-effects. Therefore, this study aims to address these issues by developing hydrogels which control the release of penicillin and alleviate its adverse effects. Various combinations of aspartic acid and acrylamide were crosslinked by N′, N′-methylene bisacrylamide through a free radical polymerization process to prepare aspartic acid/acrylamide (Asp/Am) hydrogels. The fabricated hydrogels underwent comprehensive characterization to assess physical properties and thermal stability. The soluble and insoluble fractions and porosity of the synthesized matrix were evaluated by sol-gel and porosity studies. Gel fraction was estimated at 88–96%, whereas sol fraction was found 12–4% and porosity found within the 63–78% range for fabricated hydrogel formulations. Maximum swelling and drug release were seen at pH 7.4, demonstrating a controlled drug release from hydrogel networks. The results showed that swelling, porosity, gel fraction, and drug release increased with higher concentrations of aspartic acid and acrylamide. However, integration of N′, N′-methylene bisacrylamide exhibited the opposite effect on swelling and porosity, while increasing gel fraction. All formulations followed the Korsymer–Peppas model of kinetics with ‘r’ values within the range of 0.9740–0.9980. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity study indicated an effective and safe use of hydrogel because the cell viability was higher than 70%. Therefore, these prepared hydrogels show promise candidates for controlled release of Penicillin and are anticipated to be valuable in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Traditional indigenous system of medicine employed many Chenopodium species to treat a wide range of ailments. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of the species Chenopodium album and Chenopodium pumilio. Methods: Phenolics and flavonoid content were quantified using spectrophotometric techniques. The antioxidant activity of Chenopodium extracts was evaluated by assaying ferric reducing antioxidant power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, phosphomolybdenum reducing power, ferrous ion chelating activity, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, deoxyribose degradation activity, and β-carotene bleaching activity. Results: In C. album and C. pumilio, total phenolic concentration was 17.5–23.8 and 13.3–25.3 mg tannic acid equivalent/g, respectively, and flavonoid content was 0.21–0.85 mg and 0.10–0.89 mg quercetin equivalent/g, respectively. Thus, C. pumilio had a higher content of phenolics and flavonoids than C. album. However, comparison of extracts in different solvents showed that ethanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited higher phenolics and flavonoid content than other solvent systems. The antioxidant capability of the species, determined by antioxidant assays, varied with the species evaluated and the solvents used for extraction. Remarkably, the correlation coefficient of different antioxidant assays with the phenolics and flavonoid content in both species showed discrepancy. Conclusion: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the Chenopodium species studied had higher phenolics, flavonoids, and free radical scavenging activity than methanolic and acetonic extracts. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the studied species provide a potential source of antioxidants for drug formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the current climate change scenario, high temperature stress is one of the major constraints limiting the yield of blackgram severely. The increasing global temperature is targeting the yield of blackgram by causing severe reproductive failures. In order to combat this problem, it is important and inevitable to screen blackgram genotypes that can withstand to high temperature and produce better yield even under adverse climatic conditions. Keeping this in view, the present investigation was carried out. Methods: Hundred blackgram genotypes were subjected to Temperature induction response technique, in which lethal temperature was standardized as 54°C for 3 hours and optimum induction temperature as 36-46°C. The selected genotypes from temperature induction response technique were further evaluated for biochemical traits using hierarchial clustering and principal component analysis. Result: The cellular level tolerance was assessed in blackgram genotypes using standardized lethal and optimum induction temperature. Based on the percent reduction in the seedling growth of induced over control and survival percentage, 27 blackgram genotypes were categorized as highly tolerant, 54 genotypes as moderately tolerant and 19 genotypes as susceptible. Biochemical characters such as antioxidant defence activity, lipid peroxidation and free radicals were analyzed in TIR induced 27 thermotolerant and 3 susceptible genotypes. The results indicated that all the traits such as total seedling length and antioxidant defence enzymes except malondialdehyde and free radicals showed a prominent increase under heat stress. Based on hierarchial clustering, 30 genotypes were clustered as 5 groups: tolerant (cluster-3,4), moderately tolerant (cluster-1,2) and susceptible (cluster-5). Principal component analysis showed that first five components showed 75.8% of total variation in control, whereas 63.3% of the total variance was covered by the first two PCs in heat induced conditions. The information generated from the study would help the breeders in developing heat tolerant varieties that perform better even under extreme high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Opuntia dillenii (O. dillenii) belongs to the Cactaceae family and usually grows in arid and semi-arid zones worldwide. This succulent plant is known for its multiple health benefits and virtues. In practical terms, the current study aims to investigate the morphological and the physicochemical characteristics of Opuntia dillenii fruit collected from Morocco, as well as the determination of flavonoids, polyphenols and betacyanins contents in order to characterize, identify and facilitate the valorization of this species. The obtained results are compared with existing literature and thoroughly discussed. In addition, the pigment of betacyanins was extracted from the fruit pulp and characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The study of the stablity of betacyanins was carried out in the presence of certain parameters such as the change of pH, temperature, light and the addition of salt. The antioxidant activity of the extracted betacyanins was further examined using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay and the total antioxidant capacity method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this chapter, we will discuss the issues of inhibitor consumption outside the ignition region and the advantages of the method for determining rate constants from ignition limits, as well as a method for determining rate constants for reactions of displacement of atoms and from a molecule by an attacking atom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia bellirica (T. bellirica) (Gaertn.) Roxb. is a well-known traditional medicinal plants that show promising treatment because of fewer side effects in humans. In the present study, the total phenol, flavonoid, condensed and hydrolyzable tannins extracted and analyzed from cold macerated (CM) T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. fruit (TBF) and leaves (TBL) extract with the identification of bioactive compounds using GC-MS/MS technique. The highest amount of bioactive content was found in ethanolic extract than toluene. Current experimental data of TBF extract shows the maximum and significant biological activity like free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and FRAP assays with IC50 values of 51.07 ± 0.52 μg/ml and 63.14 ± 0.59 μg/ml respectively. However, IC50 cytotoxicity values of TBF extract on MCF-7 cells for 24 hrs was found to be 6.34 ± 0.72 μg/ml. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for infectious pathogens Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus was >12.5 μg/ml and >100 μg/ml respectively, however, anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated as an IC50 value of 509.1 ± 1.72 μg/ml. Cold macerated fruit extract revealed threatening inhibitory potential against the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, with IC50 of 50.98 ± 0.23 μg/ml and 46.70 ± 1.38 μg/ml respectively. Finally, the outcome of this study showed that T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. fruit extract could be an effective source of bioactives with efficient biomedical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides derived from Auricularia auricula exhibit diverse biological activities and hold significant potential for commercial utilization as functional food ingredients. In this investigation, polysaccharides from A. auricula were obtained using six extraction techniques (ammonium oxalate solution extraction, sodium hydroxide solution extraction, hot water extraction, pectinase and cellulase-assisted extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction). Subsequently, a comprehensive comparison was conducted to evaluate their physicochemical properties and biological functionalities. The ammonium oxalate solution extraction method yielded a higher extraction rate (11.76%) and polysaccharide content (84.12%), as well as a higher uronic acid content (10.13%). Although the six Auricularia polysaccharides had different molecular weight distributions, monosaccharide molar ratios, similar monosaccharide compositions, and characteristic functional groups of polysaccharides, they exhibited different surface morphology. In vitro assays showed that polysaccharides extracted by ammonium oxalate solution possessed good scavenging ability against DPPH free radical, hydroxyl free radical and superoxide anion free radical as well as reduction power of iron ion. At the same time, both polysaccharides extracted by ammonium oxalate solution and sodium hydroxide solution promoted NO production in mouse macrophages along with the secretion of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These results indicated significant differences in the structure and characteristics among Auricularia polysaccharides prepared by various extraction methods, which may be related to the variety or origin of A. auricula; furthermore, their bioactivities varied accordingly in vitro assays where the ammonium oxalate solution extraction method was found more beneficial for obtaining high-quality bioactive Auricularia polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of antioxidants could thus prove an effective medication to prevent or facilitate recovery from oxidative stress-induced sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). One promising strategy to prevent SNHL is developing probucol (PB)-based nanoparticles using encapsulation technology and administering them to the inner ear via the established intratympanic route. The preclinical, clinical and epidemiological studies support that PB is a proven antioxidant that could effectively prevent oxidative stress in different study models. Such findings suggest its applicability in preventing oxidative stress within the inner ear and its associated neural cells. However, several hurdles, such as overcoming the blood-labyrinth barrier, ensuring sustained release, minimising systemic side effects and optimising targeted delivery in the intricate inner ear structures, must be overcome to efficiently deliver PB to the inner ear. This review explores the background and pathogenesis of hearing loss, the potential of PB in treating oxidative stress and its cellular mechanisms, and the obstacles linked to inner ear drug delivery for effectively introducing PB to the inner ear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exploring potential medicinal value from production waste of Chinese herbal medicine and realizing its resourceful utilization is an important way to enhance income and alleviate poverty. • Essential oils from the branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of finger citron were studied for composition and antioxidant activity. • Extraction rate and relative content of essential components of young leaf essential oil were high and antioxidant capacity was moderate. • Young leaves could be preferred in the late development of finger citron non-medicinal parts to develop by-products such as finger citron essential oil perfume and fragrance. The finger citron (Citrus medica L.var. sarcodactylis Swingle) is a both medicinal and edible species specified by the China Ministry of Health, It is also a regional medicinal plant grown in Chinaʼs Chongqing Municipality. We explored the utilization value of flower, leaf, and branch resources of non-medicinal sections of finger citron of Chongqing origin and identified variations in its yield, content, and antioxidant activity in essential oils in several organs. From several finger citron organs, essential oils were extracted using ultrasonic-assisted steam distillation, and their essential components were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). To assess antioxidant properties of various finger citron organs, DPPH free radical scavenging rate, ABTS free radical scavenging rate, and total reducing power of essential oils were determined. A total of 71 chemical components were discovered, and a cluster heat map revealed that d-limonene, Citral, (Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal, γ-Terpinene, O Cymene, and Ocimene were the most significant components and that their composition and concentration in essential oils of different organs varied substantially, with the average total amount in the four major organs in descending order: branches (79.34 %), leaves (73.40 %), flowers (68.85 %), and dried fruits (55.69 %). Finger citron's non-medicinal sections and organs' essential oils exhibited some level of antioxidant activity. The maximal clearance rate of the final flower group was 19.26 % when the essential oil concentration of each group was 4.0 mg·mL−1 for the assessment of DPPH free radical scavenging activity. DPPH free radical clearance rates of the bud group, initial flower group, full flower group, final flower group, branch group, and young leaf group were significantly different from the medicinal parts dried fruits group (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in the old leaf group (P > 0.05). When the essential oil concentration of each group was 0.10 mg·mL−1 for the ABTS radical scavenging ability measurement, the bud group had the highest scavenging rate of 32.24 %, and significant differences in the ABTS radical scavenging rates of the bud group, primary flower group, full flower group, final flower group, and branch group were observed when compared to the dried fruits group (P < 0.05). Between the young leaf and old leaf groups, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). When the essential oil concentration was 3.0 mg·mL−1 for the measurement of overall reduction capacity, the old leaf group's highest absorbance value was 0.310. and the total reduction capacity of the bud group, first flower group, complete flower group, last flower group, branch group, young leaf group, and old leaf group substantially differed from the dried fruits (P < 0.05). This study provides a reference for the formation of "green" concurrent consumption and development of medicinal and non-medicinal elements of Chinese medicinal materials as well as theoretical support for the diverse utilization of finger citron resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article commemorates the 50th anniversary of the passing of Karl Ziegler, a Nobel Prize-winning German chemist, by exploring his scientific journey and remarkable contributions. Ziegler's unwavering passion for science, unique thinking, and exceptional experimental skills formed the bedrock of his scientific endeavors. His research primarily focused on free radical compounds, polycyclic compounds, and organometallic compounds. The Ziegler-Natta catalyst, which he co-invented and named alongside Giulio Natta, had far-reaching implications for the global polyolefin industry, giving rise to a market worth billions of dollars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytic fungi can be used as a source of herbal antioxidants to overcome the limitations of low yield and lengthy growth cycles associated with using plants as raw materials for antioxidant production. Papaya fruit is often susceptible to infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides after harvest, leading to postharvest rot. Endophytic fungi were extracted with ethyl acetate, and the initial screening concentration was 100 mg/L. Seven strains were identified, with scavenging rates exceeding 50% and strong antioxidant activity. The IC50 values in DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays ranged from 19.72 to 84.06 mg/L and from 14.34 to 64.63 mg/L, respectively. Strain Y17 exhibited robust antioxidant activity (IC50 < 20 mg/L) and was identified as Penicillium rolfsii (MT729953) through ITS sequencing. Treatment of papaya fruit wounds with a fermentation broth of strain Y17 significantly inhibited the infection and colonization of anthracnose pathogens, resulting in a slowed disease incidence rate. This promoted the activity of protective enzymes, such as CAT, POD, and SOD, in the papaya fruit and slowed down the rate of MDA accumulation. This strain, which was found to have antioxidant activity in this study, has the potential to control anthracnose in papaya and has value in terms of further development and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a pandemic disease characterized by lipid accumulation, increased proinflammatory cytokines, and reactive oxygen species. It is associated with the development of comorbidities that lead to death. Additionally, drug treatments developed to control obesity are insufficient and have a variety of adverse effects. Thus, the search for new anti-obesity therapies is necessary. Campomanesia adamantium is a species from the Brazilian Cerrado that has the potential to treat obesity, as described by the antihyperlipidemic activity of its roots. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the activity of the aqueous extract of C. adamantium leaves (AECa) on the control of reactive species in vitro, on lipid accumulation in adipocytes and Caenorhabditis elegans, and on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in adipocytes. The antioxidant capacity of AECa was observed by its action in scavenging DPPH• free radical, iron-reducing power, and inhibition of β-carotene bleaching. AECa reduced lipid accumulation in preadipocytes and in C. elegans. Moreover, AECa reduced the production of the proinflammatory cytokines MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 in adipocytes. In summary, the antioxidant activity and the ability of AECa to reduce the accumulation of lipids and proinflammatory cytokines indicate, for the first time, the anti-obesity potential of C. adamantium leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yataprasen (YTPS) remedy formulary, a national Thai traditional medicine formulary, comprises 13 herbal plants. It has been extensively prescribed to relieve osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal pain in the Thai traditional medicine healthcare system. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the bioactive compounds (β-amyrin and stigmasterol) of YTPS remedy formulary ethanolic extract, along with its composition. The YTPS formulary extract contains 70.30 nM of β-amyrin and 605.76 nM of stigmasterol. The YTPS formulary extract exhibited ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 144.50 ± 2.82 and 31.85 ± 0.18 µg/mL, respectively. The ethanolic extract of YTPS at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL showed a significant (p < 0.01) anti-inflammatory effect, mainly by reducing IL-6 and TNF-α release in response to LPS. NO production was prominently lowered by 50% at 24.76 ± 1.48 µg/mL, 55.52 ± 24.40 µM, and more than 570 µM of YTPS formulary extract, β-amyrin, and stigmasterol, respectively. Major components of YTPS, β-amyrin, and stigmasterol exerted significant anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting LPS-induced IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α secretion in THP-1 cells. Our findings suggest that the ethanolic extract from YTPS holds promise as an alternative topical treatment for osteoarthritis and inflammatory disorders, potentially with fewer side effects than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma longa) and black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) are polyherbal ingredients used for the management of cancer and other chronic inflammatory diseases in Nigerian ethnomedicine. Previous studies have shown the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities of the individual plant extracts. However, the two spices have not been biologically potentiated in their combined form. Therefore, this study obtained essential oils (EOs) from the combined spices and evaluated their inhibitory effects on free radicals, protein denaturation, and cancer proliferation. The EOs were extracted by hydro-distillation (HD) and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In vitro antioxidant assessment was conducted based on DPPH, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), and ferric ion (Fe3+) radical scavenging assays. The cytotoxicity of the oil against non-tumorigenic (HEK293) and cancerous (HepG2 and HeLa) cell lines was determined following the MTT cell viability assay. An in silico molecular docking analysis of the oil constituents was also performed. Six batches of EOs I–VI were afforded, comprising twenty-two major constituents, with aromatic Ar-turmerone being the most prominent compound. There was a marked improvement in the bioactivity of the oils upon repeated HD and as a combination. The batch VI oil exhibited the best activity, with a cytotoxicity (CC50) of 10.16 ± 1.69 µg/100 µL against the HepG2 cell line, which was comparable to 5-fluorouracil (standard, CC50 = 8.59 ± 1.33 µg/100 µL). In silico molecular docking suggested δ-curcumene, Ar-curcumene, Ar-turmerol, and Ar-turmerone among the promising compounds based on their high binding energy scores with NOX2, NF-κB, and mdm2 proteins. In conclusion, the oils from the turmeric–black cumin combined possess a considerable inhibition ability against free radicals, protein denaturation, and cancer proliferation. This study's findings further underscore the effectiveness of turmeric–black cumin as a polyherbal medicinal ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]