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Alcohol counterfeiting, which negatively affects people's lives in terms of economic, health, and social aspects, is one of the crucial problems that arise in many countries. For this reason, information should be made visible and traceable in all current flows of manufactured products from the raw material supplier to the retailer. In this study, a blockchain-based system architecture is proposed to ensure the traceability of raki (an anise-flavored Turkish drink), which is heavily counterfeited in Turkey. The information that adds value to the product is recorded in blocks in the blockchain, which is the building block of the system architecture, and this recorded information can be viewed by the relevant stakeholders. Product traceability is carried out with two smart contracts. With the Asset Registration Smart Contract (ARSC), assets are identified in the digital layer and the lot ID is assigned to the assets. The security of these smart contracts is ensured by storing recorded information in the blockchain, where it cannot be deleted or changed. Hyperledger Fabric, a blockchain platform, is used in the proposed architecture. In addition, QR codes integrated into the system act as a bridge between the physical and digital layers, directing consumers to the blockchain layer for traceability. Thus, the consumer will be able to see all the stages of the product that have transparently reached him and will be able to notice any counterfeiting event that may occur. In this context, it is foreseen that the proposed architecture will prevent raki counterfeiting as much as possible and provide transparency and traceability in all processes from raw material to bottle. This paper is arranged as follows. In Sec. 1, the problem is defined, the solution for the problem is explained, information is given about the technologies proposed for the solution, and current studies on the subject are discussed. In Sec. 2, the system architecture created for traceability is explained in detail. Section 3 describes the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fingerprints have been widely used and accepted as an effective method of human identification. This biometric tool aids in criminal investigations for personal identity for over a century. Whilst the Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) has bolstered security efforts, it has also opened doors to potential scams, affecting both civilian and law enforcement operations. Despite extensive research on fingerprint authentication issues, very little attention has been given to addressing the problem of fingerprint alteration or obfuscation. Fraudsters, with the guidance of experts, have developed new techniques to obscure their fingerprints intentionally. Fingerprint obfuscation is the deliberate alteration of fingerprint patterns with the aim of concealing their true identity, raising concerns amongst security and investigative organizations. The objective of the current communication is to highlight the numerous techniques used for obfuscation, forgery and alteration of fingerprints in humans. It further accentuates the need for identification and interpretation of these altered fingerprints and recommends notifying law enforcement agencies of potential threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the field of voice forgery detection, which is increasing in importance owing to the introduction of advanced voice editing technologies and the proliferation of smartphones. This study introduces a unique dataset that was built specifically to identify forgeries created using the "Mix Paste" technique. This editing technique can overlay audio segments from similar or different environments without creating a new timeframe, making it nearly infeasible to detect forgeries using traditional methods. The dataset consists of 4665 and 45,672 spectrogram images from 1555 original audio files and 15,224 forged audio files, respectively. The original audio was recorded using iPhone and Samsung Galaxy smartphones to ensure a realistic sampling environment. The forged files were created from these recordings and subsequently converted into spectrograms. The dataset also provided the metadata of the original voice files, offering additional context and information that could be used for analysis and detection. This dataset not only fills a gap in existing research but also provides valuable support for developing more efficient deep learning models for voice forgery detection. By addressing the "Mix Paste" technique, the dataset caters to a critical need in voice authentication and forensics, potentially contributing to enhancing security in society. Dataset:  https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/10cBCvQTF-XqCfdQuUU4y%5fssrbi3hUJkw (accessed on 19 November 2023). Dataset License: CC BY-NC-ND [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "counterfeit coins" according to Article 28 of Law 1613 were not Polish or Transylvanian coins, but low-quality 3 denier and groat of of a taler Issued in the German-Roman Empire. Colloquially known as "white groat", the notes had already caused disturbances in circulation in 1612 and 1613 and were the precursor of the great coinage debacle of the 1620s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of REMAH Journal is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to help the specialists and the experts in the field of document examination, with the presentation of some cases of counterfeit/forgery travel documents for the achievement of which were used some advanced methods and techniques. So, the counterfeits become more and more advanced, trying to imitate as good as it can be, graphic elements and security features, being in trend with the latest printing techniques implemented to the genuine travel documents. Regarding forgeries, there is an increased attention given to the area of the owner's photo, which is most often subjected to the process of alteration through various procedures. In this article were used techniques, instruments and research methods such as observation, examination and comparison of documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counterfeit and substandard medicines are a significant problem in Iraq and other conflict-affected countries. In Iraq, authorities regularly seize large quantities of counterfeit medicines, with reports indicating that 80% of medicines entering the country are counterfeit and substandard. These products can have serious health consequences, including antibiotic resistance and death. The issue is exacerbated in conflict settings where governance and health systems are weak. The Kurdistan Region of Iraq has implemented successful measures to regulate counterfeit and substandard medicines, which could be expanded to the rest of the country. Raising awareness and improving access to quality medicines are crucial steps in addressing this problem. [Extracted from the article]

In performing various missions using various types of vehicles or other moving objects, the positioning of each agent within the swarm is essential. In particular, for missions that require precise location estimation, the case of malicious attacks through data forgery cannot be excluded. In this paper, we propose a highly secure and accurate localization framework utilizing a Directed-Acyclic-Graph (DAG)-based distributed ledger as an intelligent vehicle network for an Ultra-Wideband (UWB) positioning system. When performing UWB positioning, the data generated from each node are used to calculate the Time of Flight (ToF), and if any of them are tampered with, the overall positioning performance is greatly reduced. We prevented positioning performance degradation by ensuring the safety and integrity of the data by applying a chain-based logical network between each node utilized for UWB positioning. The experimental results indicated that the proposed framework was effective at providing system stability and security without affecting the UWB positioning performance. In addition, the performance of the framework was verified by presenting defense indicators for various attack scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital media devices such as smartphones, cameras, and notebooks are becoming increasingly popular. Through digital platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, and others, people share digital images, videos, and audio in large quantities. Especially in a crime scene investigation, digital evidence plays a crucial role in a courtroom. Manipulating video content with high-quality software tools is easier, which helps fabricate video content more efficiently. It is therefore necessary to develop an authenticating method for detecting and verifying manipulated videos. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the passive methods for detecting video forgeries. This survey has the primary goal of studying and analyzing the existing passive techniques for detecting video forgeries. First, an overview of the basic information needed to understand video forgery detection is presented. Later, it provides an in-depth understanding of the techniques used in the spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal domain analysis of videos, datasets used, and their limitations are reviewed. In the following sections, standard benchmark video forgery datasets and the generalized architecture for passive video forgery detection techniques are discussed in more depth. Finally, identifying loopholes in existing surveys so detecting forged videos much more effectively in the future are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now-a-days biometric systems are useful in recognizing person’s identity but criminals change their appearance in behaviour and psychological to deceive recognition system. To overcome from this problem we are using new technique called Deep Texture Features extraction from images and then building train machine learning model using CNN (Convolution Neural Networks) algorithm. This technique refers as LBPNet or NLBPNet as this technique heavily dependent on features extraction using LBP (Local Binary Pattern) algorithm. In this project we are designing LBP Based machine learning Convolution Neural Network called LBPNET to detect fake face images. Here first we will extract LBP from images and then train LBP descriptor images with Convolution Neural Network to generate training model. Whenever we upload new test image then that test image will be applied on training model to detect whether test image contains fake image or non-fake image. Below we can see some details on LBP. Local binary patterns (LBP) is a type of visual descriptor used for classification in computer vision and is a simple yet very efficient texture operator which labels the pixels of an image by thresholding the neighborhood of each pixel and considers the result as a binary number. Due to its discriminative power and computational simplicity, LBP texture operator has become a popular approach in various applications. It can be seen as a unifying approach to the traditionally divergent statistical and structural models of texture analysis. Perhaps the most important property of the LBP operator in real-world applications is its robustness to monotonic gray-scale changes caused, for example, by illumination variations. Another important property is its computational simplicity, which makes it possible to analyze images in challenging real-time settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of biometrics has expanded the wings to many domains of application. However, various biometric features are being used in different security systems; the fingerprints have their own merits as it is more distinct. A different algorithm has been discussed earlier to improve the security and analysis of fingerprints to find forged ones, but it has a deficiency in expected performance. A multi-region minutiae depth value (MRMDV) based finger analysis algorithm has been presented to solve this issue. The image that is considered as input has been can be converted into noisy free with the help of median and Gabor filters. Further, the quality of the image is improved by sharpening the image. Second, the preprocessed image has been divided into many tiny images representing various regions. From the regional images, the features of ridge ends, ridge bifurcation, ridge enclosure, ridge dot, and ridge island. The multi-region minutiae depth value (MRMDV) has been computed based on the features which are extracted. The test image which has a similarity to the test image is estimated around MRMDV value towards forgery detection. The MRMDV approach produced noticeable results on forged fingerprint detection accuracy up to 98% with the least time complexity of 12 seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frame duplication forgery is the most common inter-frame video forgery type to alter the contents of digital video sequences. It can be used for removing or duplicating some events within the same video sequences. Most of the existing frame duplication forgery detection methods fail to detect highly similar frames in the surveillance videos. In this paper, we propose a frame duplication forgery detection method based on textural feature analysis of video frames for digital video sequences. Firstly, we compute the single-level 2-D wavelet decomposition for each frame in the forged video sequences. Secondly, textural features of each frame are extracted using the Gray Level of the Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM). Four second-order statistical descriptors, Contrast, Correlation, Energy, and Homogeneity, are computed for the extracted textural features of GLCM. Furthermore, we calculate four statistical features from each frame (standard deviation, entropy, Root-Mean-Square RMS, and variance). Finally, the combination of GLCM's parameters and the other statistical features are then used to detect and localize the duplicated frames in the video sequences using the correlation between features. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms other state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods in terms of P r e c i s i o n , R e c a l l , and F 1 S c o r e rates. Furthermore, the use of statistical features combined with GLCM features improves the performance of frame duplication forgery detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the gradual maturity of Smart Grid (SG), security challenges become the most important issues that need to be addressed urgently. In recent years, many schemes adopt mutual authentication and key agreement to ensure secure communication in SG. However, most existing methods have their own shortcomings in either security or efficiency which make them difficult to satisfy the security requirements of SG. In this paper, we propose a provable secure and lightweight authenticated key agreement scheme based on the Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC) for the cloud-edge-end collaboration SG communication network. The proposed scheme can guarantee the security of the communication and provide anonymity for both the edge server and the smart meters. The anonymity of the smart meters can be provided by a pseudonym mechanism. By rigorous security analysis, the proposed scheme can resist to the typical attacks including replay attacks and identity forgery attacks. The security properties are also evaluated by using the Canetti and Krawczyk (CK) adversary model. The performance simulation results denotes that the proposed scheme not only owns stronger security functions but also improves computation efficiency by 24.5% on average than other four schemes. By simulation results, the proposed scheme has been shown to hold high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, we present, comment and analyse some elements of our cultural and evangelical history, which have been marked by numerous philosophers and theologians starting from the ancient Church to the present day. Closing into the present actually means a ban on living. Present life has its roots in the past and offers its promises, expectations and courage to the future. History exists, and man can dwell in history, without which there is no creative culture, only when three dimensions of time are lived organically. In this context, we also observe the contribution of an immense procession of thinkers like St Thomas Aquinas in successive historical periods. In the article, we explore the possible contribution of metaphysics to the questions posed to the modern man. The evangelical influence on culture, which is a complex phenomenon, should certainly be shed light on. Furthermore, it can be more or less deep. It can be hidden, more or less conscious. It is not always strongly present where it is most required, it is not real where it is explicitly ordered. In addition to authentic fruits, one should also be aware of counterfeits and hypocritical activities. In short, its paths are different and manifold. It seems important to point this out so that we could evaluate this influence, which is authenticated and credibly confirmed in the eyes of Christian orthodoxy, and which establishes piety. Certain errors, exaggerations and deviations are not imaginable outside the Christian horizon, which unmask it or wage a battle with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of counterfeit items has increased dramatically, with modern global manufacturing being able to duplicate the materials, construction, and visual features of items. Detection of fraudulent coinage can parallel authentication of food, beverages, and manufactured goods by studying product‐inherent features. Counterfeit detection is performed by comparing an Example group with a Questioned group. A model is developed for both groups using standard tests on individual pieces. Coin weight is used here as an illustration. The model should also follow the natural science of the system. In this case, the manufacturing process variation is known and steady, and the underlying distribution is known or can be determined from authentic pieces. The proposed detection method uses testing of many individual pieces, then using reverse‐quality‐engineering methods to identify possible sources. This strategy looks at the variation between individual pieces to determine the process capability of a machine, assembly line, or plant to create product consistency for a manufacturer. Fraudulent items may be manufactured within specification, but demonstrate a manufacturing process capability different than that of the authentic manufacturer. In this report, we examine the model previously reported and use reconstruction techniques to re‐create the evidence set to validate the model, increase model accuracy, and confirm the conclusion previously reached, showing that the Questioned set is likely over 37% non‐conforming by weight. In this case, the decision outcome of the analysis was improved by using additional methods not included in the modeling software package originally used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational certificate counterfeiting poses a significant global challenge, demanding urgent attention and robust solutions. This paper addresses the problem of forgery and verification of educational certificates by leveraging blockchain technology as an anti-counterfeiting measure. A decentralized architecture for educational certificate verification systems is proposed and implemented using the Hyperledger Fabric as a blockchain platform and the Inter Planetary File System (IPFS). By utilizing the unique features of these technologies, we aim to establish a reliable and secure system for verifying authenticity of educational certificates without relying on third-party intermediaries. Our approach involves storing educational certificate files on a decentralized file system, namely IPFS, ensuring their integrity and accessibility. To enable efficient verification, each certificate is associated with a certificate ID, which retrieves the necessary validating information from the Hyperledger Fabric network. This integration ensures that educational certificates are securely stored on the blockchain, preventing any tampering attempts and enabling easy validation. The experimental results demonstrate that educational certificates are stored on the Hyperledger Fabric network in a manner that ensures their immutability, making it impossible to alter them. Furthermore, the system allows for verification of their authenticity without the need for any third-party intervention. By combining the power of blockchain technology with IPFS, our solution provides a robust approach to tackle the growing issue of educational certificate counterfeiting. This research contributes to the field by offering a decentralized architecture that enhances the security and trustworthiness of educational certificate verification systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning advancements have resulted in breakthroughs in facial forgery techniques. Facial forgery videos are growing increasingly lifelike, making it impossible for people to tell the difference between the real and the fake. The proliferation of facial forgery techniques, as well as the slowness with which they may be detected, could jeopardize personal data security. As a result, it's critical to look at approaches that can be trained on both real and fake videos and then utilized to identify facial forgeries or not in videos. This study found that forged face videos undergo truncation between consecutive frames of optical flow imaging after dense optical flow processing. We present an approach for detecting video face forgery that extracts and analyzes characteristics from real and fake material, then use those features to train classification models on Celeb-DF and FaceForensics++. In addition, we employ a unique facial double-triangle region to assist in the extraction of video inter-frame feature data. Experiments results show that the facial motion features extracted from the double triangle region successfully assist in capturing the dense optical flow truncation. Extensive evaluation suggests that our proposed approach is effective for video face forgery detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the archaeological contexts of the clay moulds used to produce copies of Roman coins in third-century Britain. Previous research has focused primarily upon the technology and chronology of the use of moulds to produce coins with the discarded remains of the used moulds considered as 'waste' items from an industrial process. This paper focuses attention on the deposition of the moulds. Using the best-recorded finds, it builds upon earlier suggestions that disused moulds were regularly discarded in boundary locations (settlement boundaries, field boundaries, drainage features, shafts/wells, coastal locations and disused structures). It proposes that the magical and ritual associations of production meant that the clay moulds, in addition to the coins that were produced, required careful handling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counterfeiting of diplomas in Indonesia is back lively. Case This is present in some areas and within various shapes. He quoted from Tirto. Id, 873 certificates were produced. A campus-only private sector in Tangerang graduated 145 students. That is, 728 diplomas were issued. Who knows who is entitled to them? Notary Public is officially authorized general For make deed Authentic and owned authority other as meant in Constitution Article 1 number 30 of 2004 concerning Position Notary (UUJN) as has changed become Constitution number 2 of 2014 concerning Position Notary. In matter This determination criminal forgery deed Notary Public Already walking 21 years more in Indonesia. Happen Counterfeiting deed by Notary refer to the Judgment East Jakarta District Court Number 290/Pid.B/2020/PN Jkt. Tim. Defendant Name Taufik kindly valid and convincing guilty do action criminal Counterfeiting Deed Authentic form criminal prison for 1 (one) year and 6 (six) months. Notary Public do deviation law Notary Public can sentence punishment or penalty form penalty civil, administrative/code ethics Position Notary Public berdarkan Constitution position Notary (UUJN) Article 15 paragraph. Islam recognizes degrees of forgery, The same thing as a liar. That is behavior. The lie is a finger. Finger action fear of crime influences society. Reference beginning istinbath law Ulama's considerations on criminal forgery are Al-Qur'an, Hadith maslahat al-Mursalah, Ulil Amri. This writing will answer Fiqh Law's responses to Jinayah to penalty prison forgery deed notary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protecting the data against forgery is an important concept and digital images are necessary for exhibiting information. Digital image forgeries are attaching extraordinary patterns to original images and it causes visual heterogeneousness. Image copy-move forgery is a challenging technique, that involves copying part of an image and then pasting the copied part into the same image. In this paper, the golden jackal optimization (GJO) is proposed for feature selection and multi-support vector machine (M-SVM) is proposed for effective classification. The GJO optimizes the feature selection process by iteratively searching for the most informative subset of features. By leveraging the exploration and exploitation of GJO, the algorithm efficiently explores the feature space, selecting relevant features that contribute to accurate forgery classification. This enhance the performance of MSVM by focusing on the most discriminative features. For this work, a dataset named as MICC-F2000 is examined which is managed by 2000 images in this 1300 are original and 700 are forged images. The result shows that the proposed GJO based MSVM model delivers the performance metrics like accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and MCC values about 99.47 %, 97.01%, 96.51%, 99.62%, and 96.39% respectively which ensures accurate forgery detection compared with existing methods such as SSDAE-GOA-SHO, ConvLSTM, CNN and dual branch CNN methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the rise of image manipulation techniques, an increasing number of individuals find it easy to manipulate image content. Undoubtedly, this presents a significant challenge to the integrity of multimedia data, thereby fueling the advancement of image forgery detection research. A majority of current methods employ convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for image manipulation localization, yielding promising outcomes. Nevertheless, CNN-based approaches possess limitations in establishing explicit long-range relationships. Consequently, addressing the image manipulation localization task necessitates a solution that adeptly builds global context while preserving a robust grasp of low-level details. In this paper, we propose GPNet to address this challenge. GPNet combines Transformer and CNN in parallel which can build global dependency and capture low-level details efficiently. Additionally, we devise an effective fusion module referred to as TcFusion, which proficiently amalgamates feature maps generated by both branches. Thorough extensive experiments conducted on diverse datasets showcase that our network outperforms prevailing state-of-the-art manipulation detection and localization approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to deepen the knowledge of contemporary Bulgarian memoirs. In its theoretical terms, this literature is examined in view of its different genre definitions, narrative features and movement between documentary and fictional. Special attention is paid to the problem of subjectivism and its extreme manifestations leading to false statements. Exploring the history of literature, the paper focuses on the memories of the “anti-fascist struggles” and, above all, the partisan movement in Bulgaria, where the ideological tendenciousness of the narrative and the moral aspects of fiction and editorial processing are analyzed. The memoirs, which went out of print after the fall of the totalitarian regime, are presented in a big touch in view of the main thematic circles, ideological directions and author's presences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land registration system is a very critical component of a revenue department as it holds the record of lands and their owners. In many countries, land records are stored in paper form at centralized locations, making them vulnerable to forgery. Moreover, the centralized system has performance bottleneck, non-transparency, double-spending problems, and a single point of failure. Such issues lead to corruption and conflicts. Recently, Blockchain has been conceived as a technology having the potential to implement and enforce critical security requirements in land revenue systems. With Blockchain, the common issues in revenue systems, such as forgery, falsification, misrepresentation, and human-induced anomalies in records at various levels/stages, can be prevented. The focus of this research is to identify the relationship between Blockchain technology and the land administration system. We discuss issues with current paper-based centralized systems. The potential benefits of Blockchain technology in land management systems are also examined. We present the comparisons of state-of-the-art solutions along with their problems in detail. Finally, research challenges and future directions in Blockchain-enabled land management systems are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counterfeits harm consumers, governments, and intellectual property holders. They accounted for 3.3% of worldwide trades in 2016, having an estimated value of $509 billion in the same year. Estimations in the literature are mostly based on border seizures, but in this paper, we examined openly labeled counterfeits on darknet markets, which allowed us to gather and analyze information from a different perspective. Here, we analyzed data from 11 darknet markets for the period Jan-2014 and Sep-2015. The findings suggest that darknet markets harbor similar counterfeit product types to those found in seizures but that the share of watches is higher while the share of electronics, clothes, shoes, and Tobacco is lower on darknet markets. Also, darknet market counterfeits seem to have similar shipping origins as seized goods, with some exceptions, such as a relatively high share (5%) of dark market counterfeits originating from the US. Lastly, counterfeits on dark markets tend to have a relatively low price and sales volume. However, based on preliminary estimations, the equivalent products on the surface web appear to be advertised for a multiple of the prices found for darknet markets. We provide some suggestions on how information about darknet market counterfeits could be used by companies and authorities for preventative purposes, showing that insight gathering from the dark web is valuable and could be a cost-effective alternative (or compliment) to border seizures. Thus, monitoring darknet markets can help us understand the counterfeit landscape better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses learning-based color illumination techniques for the classification and localization of passive image geometric attack forgery classification and localization. Copy move and splicing forgery are classified using CNN. The classification accuracy obtained during validation for CASIAv1.0 is 97.35, CASIAv2.0 is 97.93, and DVMM is 97.86. The large data set is created to classify geometrical attacks by combining all the data sets with rotation and scale artifacts. The classification accuracy between rotation and scale during validation is 99.29. Machine learning-based color illumination technique is used for localization of forgery. An experiment was conducted on the CoMoFoD data set to detect passive image and geometric attack forgery. There are 48 images in the dataset with various geometric attacks such as scale and rotation. The results for identifying simple CMF attacks show an F1 score of 98.53%, a precision rate of 97.25%, and a recall rate of 100%. In the case of detecting CMF attacks on a larger scale, the F1 score is 79.1%, the precision rate is 85.2%, and the recall rate is 74.8%. For CMF attack rotation, the F1 score is 86.16%, the precision rate is 87.83%, and the recall rate is 76.33%. The proposed method demonstrates improved accuracy in detecting forgeries compared to existing approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's web represents the most extensive engineered system ever created by humankind. Web security is critical to web application providers and end-users. Burp Suite is established as a state-of-the-art and fully featured set of tools for web vulnerability scanners. This paper presents a novel approach using state of the art Machine Learning algorithms applied to the Burp Suite extension. These algorithms were used to scan for: SQL injection, Cross-Site Request Forgery, and XML External Entity vulnerabilities in university web applications. The results show that the best algorithm is Long Short-Term Memory and that the targeted website is safe to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the issue of franchisees filing claims against franchisors for alleged misrepresentations in Item 7 disclosures in the Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD). Item 7 disclosures provide estimates of the costs and expenses required to start a franchise. The article discusses strategies that franchisors can use to defend against fraud claims based on false or misleading Item 7 disclosures, and provides examples of court cases where franchisees have made such claims. It also explores the importance of reasonable reliance and due diligence in determining the outcome of these claims, and mentions the impact of COVID-19, supply chain disruptions, and inflation on construction costs. The article concludes by offering strategies for franchisors to protect themselves against misrepresentation claims related to Item 7 disclosures. [Extracted from the article]

The Trademark Modernization Act of 2020 established a rebuttable presumption of irreparable harm for trademark owners seeking injunctive relief in cases of infringement and unfair competition. However, courts have struggled with how to apply this presumption consistently. The level of success required to trigger the presumption is unclear, and it is uncertain whether the burden of proof or production shifts. The article explores the application and implications of the presumption, including the weight given to it by courts and the evidence defendants can use to rebut it. It also discusses factors that affect the analysis of irreparable harm in trademark infringement cases, such as default or counterfeiting by the defendant, and provides recommendations for trademark owners to improve their chances of securing injunctive relief. [Extracted from the article]

As manipulated faces become more realistic and indistinguishable, there is a high demand for efficiently and accurately detecting deepfakes. Existing CNN-based deepfake detection methods either learn a global feature representation of the whole face or learn multiple local features. However, these methods learn the global and local features independently, thus neglect the spatial correlations between the local features and global context, which are vital in identifying different forgery patterns. Therefore, in this paper, we propose Spatial Interaction Network (SI-Net), a deepfake detection method to mine potential complementary and co-occurrent features between local texture and global context concurrently. Specifically, we first utilize a region feature extractor that distills local features from the global features, to simplify the procedure of local feature extraction. We then propose spatial-aware transformer to learn the co-occurrence feature from local texture and global context, concurrently. We capture the attended feature from the local regions according to their importance. The final prediction is made through the composite considerations of the aforementioned modules. Experimental results on two public datasets, FaceForensics++ and WildDeepfake, demonstrate the superior performance of SI-Net compared with the state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological forgery refers to forged artifacts, inscriptions, or other archaeological material made with the intent to deceive researchers, collectors, or the public. Forgery has long existed in the world of archeology and art history. Identifying counterfeit artifacts requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes collaboration between archaeologists, art historians, materials scientists, linguists, and other experts. In this study, a process related to the material characterization to be applied in the research of the authenticity of the works is suggested. The identification of the artifact is evaluated within the chaîne opératoire of various materials. The identification of archaeological finds in this chain provides a better classification of their physical, chemical, formal, and aesthetic features. In the study, material characterization methods used in the analysis of archaeological artifacts made of stone, terracotta, and metal raw materials in the context of the process chain are mentioned. It is also stated that the analysis of the patina layer of the works whose authenticity was examined gives information about the natural or artificial formation of this layer. As a result, the importance of detailed evaluation of material analysis of archaeological finds is emphasized in terms of providing data for comparison during the identification of counterfeit artifacts. In addition, it has been suggested in the study that a database to be created with measurements obtained from real works with RGB and CIE XYZ color analysis methods will allow preliminary evaluation in a much shorter time and with less cost in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of counterfeit educational certificates is an ongoing issue around the world, including Tanzania. The effect of this malpractice is detrimental to the credibility of education. Traditional strategies to prevent fake certificates are abortive, calling for a more sophisticated approach. Blockchain technology has recently emerged as an ideal solution to this problem due to its inherent attributes that ensure disintermediation, immutability, tamper proof, anonymity, transparency, consensus, security, and trust. However, most existing blockchain-based solutions lack crucial functionalities that are pertinent to the Tanzanian education system. This study unveiled the challenges faced by the current verification system in Tanzania and proposed a blockchain-based conceptual model to address them. The proposed model is based on blockchain, smart contracts, and the Interplanetary File System (IPFS). Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to investigate certification problems in Tanzania and modeling techniques were used to construct the conceptual model. The findings showed that the main challenges of the current verification system emanate from manual procedures, unverifiable credentials, susceptibility of centralized storage systems, disintegrated verification systems, revocation problems, difficulties in communication, and high dependency on the issuers. These challenges undermine certificate verification, impose a significant setback in the fight against forgeries, and create loopholes for forgeries to persist. It was conceptually demonstrated that these issues can be resolved through the proposed blockchain-based solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article reveals the theoretical part of document falsification, analyses the essence and concept of document falsification as a criminal act, analyses the methods of document falsification and how they can be detected, and the dangerousness of the act of document falsification and its consequences. It examines how a pre-trial investigation is conducted in accordance with Article 300 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania and what criminal liability arises for forgery of documents. A quantitative study is conducted by conducting a questionnaire survey of prosecutors and assistant prosecutors in the regional prosecutor's offices of the Panevėžys District Prosecutor's Office, the Utena Prosecutor's Office, revealing their concept of document forgery, how often it is encountered and what criminal liability is applied. The problem of the article - in judicial practice, conclusions can be found that any documents (private or official) can be forged if they contain information relevant to the emergence, change or termination of legal facts. In practice, there are cases when documents are signed with the permission of another person or documents are signed that do not have any legal force and this is already referred to as forgery of documents, but there are cases when the court of cassation states that the act is of minor importance or acquits the person (Forgery Laws..., 2023). This is not fundamentally a correct practice since the court of cassation must correct the errors of the first or appellate courts. The purpose of the article is to analyze the falsification of documents as a criminal act and the resulting criminal liability. The main problems. In court practice, conclusions can be found that any documents (private or official) can be forged if they contain information relevant to the emergence, change or termination of legal facts. In practice, there are cases when documents are signed with the permission of another person or documents are signed that do not have any legal force and this is already referred to as forgery of documents, but there are cases when the court of cassation states that the act is of minor importance or acquits the person. This is not fundamentally a correct practice, since the court of cassation must correct the errors of the first or appellate courts. Tasks of the article: 1) to examine the theoretical aspects of document forgery; 2) present methods of forging documents; 3) to analyze the legal norms arising in criminal liability for forgery of documents. The aim of the work. To analyze document falsification as a criminal act and the resulting criminal liability. The paper concluded the theoretical part of this work reveals the falsification of documents as a criminal act, methods of falsification, i.e. what liability arises in criminal law. The novelty. Documents perform an important task in the state, which convey various aspects of activities, and are also unavoidable in our daily life. In order to achieve selfish goals, or to try to hide mistakes, there is a need to falsify documents. The vagueness of the concept of a document has long encouraged researchers to be interested in the composition of document forgery (Forgery Laws..., 2023). However, today this topic is relevant not only because there is still no unequivocal and suitable for all cases document for the concept of Article 300 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, but also due to the fact that written documents are being replaced by electronic documents, the content of which is equivalent to written, paper documents. Society is changing and learning to use smart technologies, which encourages the emergence of new ways to authenticate documents. Documents, as a result of social relations, because they change accordingly with the changing needs of society, new ways of consolidating information appear. Court practice testifies that there is a greater need to analyze the content of a document in more detail, because it depends on whether it can be recognized as a document in a specific situation according to the meaning of Article 300 of the Civil Code. The outcome of the case depends on the correct interpretation of the content of the document. Therefore, forgery of documents is a hard-to-explain crime. As the result - It is very important to find out which crimes are related to forgery of documents and what criminal liability is applicable to them in criminal law. Forgery of documents is a crime, people do not reflect or accept it as a social norm. Forgery of documents is a negative collective social phenomenon, which causes negative repercussions in the social and political, state management, economic and international relations spheres. Methods: research methods used for the analysis of the scientific literature of the final thesis: analysis of scientific literature, analysis of judicial practice, analysis of legal acts, synthesis, comparison, integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Product counterfeiting has been ubiquitously observed in various segments of the supply chain. The intrinsic values of brands create more opportunities for counterfeiting. The damaging reputation of such brands leaves them to deal with the fallouts of counterfeits. Hence, such companies address them mainly through legal action, price and quality strategy. However, consumer characteristics and the random distribution of counterfeit products to the consumer types affect the effectiveness of a counter strategy. This paper aims to generate insights on how to leverage digital technology to curb counterfeit entities with consideration of consumer characteristics and the random distribution of counterfeits to them. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used game theory and vertical differentiation model to understand and encounter deceptive counterfeiting of brand products. The study understands the economic relationship between a brand product manufacturer and consumer types based on their awareness. Further, the authors have considered different cases in the model to gain useful insights. Findings: The results reveal that when the consumers are proactive, informed and value-conscious brand product manufacturers take digital technology counterstrategy to earn the maximum revenue. Hence, this analysis highlights that the effectiveness of a counterstrategy critically depends on the consumer characteristics, whether they are proactive, informed or unaware. Practical implications: The study outlines that brand product manufacturers must emphasize on the digital supply chain, product redesign and product tracking facility to empower informed and value-conscious and proactive consumers. Moreover, the government should take steps to create awareness among uninformed consumers via information campaigns. Originality/value: This paper incorporates the role of consumers and brand product manufacturers to understand and address the deceptive counterfeiting issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Have you ever looked at a powder diffractogram during a routine qualitative test and wondered how much of a particular powder compound is in the powder material? Several methods can work this out, but none of them could be used in our case because something was missing from each in performing a rapid quantity test for an active ingredient in a tablet. A semiquantitative method of an X-ray powder diffraction analysis of products containing sildenafil citrate is proposed. This method utilizes calibration curves for the most common compositions encountered in falsified and not-registered Viagra analogues. Sildenafil doses are established for singularly prepared powder probes of a medicinal product, and two runs of data collection are used: the first, the fast one, for the qualitative analysis of the product, and the second for selected 2θ regions for the API and identified excipients. An example of a product composed mainly of sildenafil citrate, gypsum and microcrystalline cellulose is discussed in detail. The data obtained from X-ray experiments were compared with the results obtained from validated liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and mass spectrometry methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial recognition technology, utilizing short-duration video, offers an accurate access control mechanism, capable of distinguishing genuine faces from fraudulent representations. However, the ability to detect concealed or artificially altered faces, as well as printed spoofs, remains a considerable challenge, even with sophisticated biometric recognition algorithms. This limitation can significantly undermine the performance of access control systems, rendering them susceptible to potential security breaches. In this study, we present an innovative technique that leverages the separation of Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) channels to discern between authentic faces and printed spoofs in color video recordings. This technique is deployed over a 20-second duration to effectively intercept and preclude security violations in access control systems. The proposed method was evaluated with a dataset from 20 participants, demonstrating commendable accuracy in detecting both real and spoof faces. Specifically, the technique exhibited remarkable precision in real face detection and counterfeit face detection. When applied to a 4-second video dataset from the same participants, comparable results were obtained. This method provides a significant advancement in the realm of face-controlled access systems by facilitating precise real-face detection via cost-effective video imaging, predicated on cardiac pulse rhythm signals. This methodology holds the potential to enhance the reliability of facial recognition systems, particularly in high-security environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern identity and travel documents, such as identity cards, driver's licenses, residence permits and passports are made entirely or partially of polycarbonate. Polycarbonate documents are well secured since polycarbonate enables the incorporation of various fraud-resistant security features. Due to a wide range of temperature resistance, it is possible to individualize polycarbonate documents by laser engraving. Various printing techniques, such as thermal printing, laser, and inkjet printing, have been used for individualization of counterfeit travel and identity documents made of polymer. However, counterfeit documents made of polymers that have similar general characteristics such as polycarbonate have recently been detected where laser engraving of the photograph and data of the holder has been used. The subject of this paper was to identify polymers used for production of counterfeit documents individualized by laser engraving. IR- spectroscopy was used for analysis of the qualitative chemical composition of the polymer of counterfeit documents. The obtained IR-spectra were compared with the IR-spectra of the document specimen, as well as with the IR-spectra available in the European Network Forensic Science Institute database, while the search was performed using "KnowItAll" software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the digital society, forensic analysis of signatures, in addition to the traditional analysis of signatures written with a writing medium on a common writing base, has also expanded to the analysis of signatures that are digitally scanned or digitally captured. Digitally scanned signatures represent some authentic signatures that have been scanned and implemented in the disputed document using computer technology and can in no way be considered authentic, especially if the scanning was performed by a person whose name is not signed in the disputed signature. Digitally captured signatures are gradually replacing the traditional way of signing, especially in banking transactions both within the Republic of Croatia and internationally. They become part of the modern forensic analysis of signatures and represent the authentic signatures of a person who made the writing with his own handwriting with a pen on the signature plate. The paper aims to present the latest trends in the development of technologies used for signing and also to present the latest trends in signature forgery. Additionally, in this paper, we present the possibilities of analysing such signatures in potential real situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One manuscript of an oratorio in I-Mc dating from 1784 is described, on its title page, as a pasticcio by “celebrated Neapolitan maestri”. I suggest that the source is actually a forgery and linked to three non-Neapolitan composers. The inference is that it was associ- ated with Naples purely for marketing reasons.

The article is devoted to determining the structure of the forensic characteristics of crimes under Article 200 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine “Illegal actions with the documents for transfer, payment cards and other means of access to bank accounts, electronic money, equipment for their production”. The theoretical foundations of developing forensic characteristics of a particular type of crime have been analysed and the grounds for forming its structure have been highlighted. These grounds include criminal law elements of a crime, a list of circumstances to be proved in criminal proceedings, and elements of the mechanism of committing illegal actions with payment instruments. Significant elements for the forensic methodology of the criminal law characteristics of the crime under investigation are its subject matter, method of commission and subjective features. Among the elements of the subject matter of proof, the most important are also the object, method and identity of the offender, as well as the time, place and other circumstances of the crime. In turn, the mechanism of illegal actions with payment instruments determines the need to study these elements in their broadest sense, i.e., taking into account all stages of criminal activity (preparation, direct commission and concealment), means and conditions of its implementation. Based on the analysis of the above theoretical foundations for the formation of a forensic characteristic of this type of crime, the author identifies the following elements which should be included in its structure: the subject matter of the crime; the method of the crime and its links with other criminal offences; typical traces (trace pattern); the setting (conditions) of the crime; and the identity of the perpetrator. This structure is the most optimal one, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the typical features of the crime mechanism and building its qualitative information model as the basis for further development of the relevant separate forensic methodology.