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Today the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation is one of the most modern and open departments, which successfully copes with a wide range of tasks. It is important to note that the tax authorities of our country are constantly improving the quality of tax administration, digitizing services and services, making them as convenient as possible for various categories of taxpayers. A modern area of tax administration is the tax monitoring procedure aimed at creating more transparent and open procedures for monitoring compliance with tax legislation by certain categories of legal entities.

O presente artigo pretende discutir o regime de participação de empresas estrangeiras nas licitações no Brasil e traçar um comparativo com o panorama equivalente na União Europeia., This article aims to discuss the legal framework for foreign companies’ participation in competitive biddings in Brazil. Also, it draws a comparison with the legal system of European Union.

With a basis in long-standing Danish company law but also drawing on European legal arguments valid for all EU and EEA countries, this contribution considers the question of whether a host country can legally require a foreign company to think up an independent name for its branch in the host country in addition to the demand that the branch name must repeat the company's name, its nationality, and include the designation 'branch'.

An effective and efficient justice system is essential for sustained economic growth. In a well-functioning, independent, and efficient justice system, decisions are taken within a reasonable time and are predictably and effectively enforced, and individual rights, including property rights, are adequately protected. Among other objectives, the efficiency of the judicial system is important for creating a good business climate, attracting foreign direct investment, securing tax revenues, and supporting economic growth. Research has shown that weak contract enforcement, for example, raises the cost of borrowing and shortens loan maturities, with a resulting negative effect on investment and GDP. Weak court enforcement systems have also been linked to late payments, which can lead to liquidity issues for companies and increase insolvency. Since the publication of the World Bank’s World Development Report 2005, the importance of well-functioning courts to strengthening the investment climate and ultimately to reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity has been brought to the forefront and become internationally recognized. Indicators of commercial court performance, and business community perceptions of and trust in the courts, are a part of the World Bank Group’s (WBG) country-level investment climate assessments and its influential Investment Climate Surveys and Doing Business reports. Court performance has also become an element of European Union (EU) and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) accession. Helping countries to improve commercial court operations and ensure improved accessibility and effective delivery of services are important components of the development assistance provided by the WBG. The Commercial Court and Enforcement Assessment Tool has been designed to assist assessment teams and client agencies in this effort.

Celem publikacji jest ukazanie dorobku naukowego, głównie polskich i ukraińskich uczonych, w zakresie uwarunkowań procesów i rezultatów internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstw oraz jej wpływu na funkcjonowanie biznesu w dobie globalizacji. Opracowanie stanowi istotny wkład w zakresie teorii i praktyki w proces restrukturyzacji przedsiębiorstw w kierunku ich internacjonalizacji. Może posłużyć jako inspiracja do stworzenia strategii opartej na poszukiwaniach (prospector strategy), co będzie sprzyjać zwiększonej innowacyjności w budowaniu strategii i organizacji firm przechodzących transformację. Może też być przesłanką do zacieśniania współpracy biznesów z różnych krajów i do wspólnych badań w tym względzie. Książka powstała jako rezultat międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej (teoretyczno-metodyczno-praktycznej), zorganizowanej 21-22 listopada 2016 r. pt. „Internacjonalizacja polskich przedsiębiorstw – uwarunkowania, modele, wyniki badań”. Zamieszczone studia przypadków i analizy jakościowe mogą ułatwić przedsiębiorstwom dostosowanie się do warunków działania na nowych rynkach. Będą też pomocne menedżerom oraz przedsiębiorcom w zrozumieniu konieczności i metod dostosowania się do globalnej konkurencji, która generuje nowe akcenty w zarządzaniu. Artykuł, na podstawie wybranych danych statystycznych przedstawia krótką charakterystykę przedsiębiorstw z udziałem kapitału zagranicznego działających na terenie Polski, podejmuje również próbę oceny wpływu podmiotów gospodarczych z udziałem kapitału zagranicznego na kształtowanie wielkości zatrudnienia oraz strukturę i wartość kapitału podstawowego w latach 2009–2014. The article based on selected statistical data presents a brief description of enterprises with foreign capital operating on Polish territory, shall also attempt to assess the impact of economic entities with foreign capital in shaping the level of employment and the structure and value of the share capital in the years 2009 through 2014. Publikacja jest rezultatem ministerialnego projektu: międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej (teoretyczno-metodyczno-praktycznej) pt. Internacjonalizacja polskich przedsiębiorstw – uwarunkowania, modele, wyniki badań – finansowana w ramach umowy 641/P-DUN/2016 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego, przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.

Market-based reforms and the opening up of trade and investment initiated over the past four years have had a positive impact on growth in Myanmar. These have enhanced private sector participation and increased the role of exports in the economy. Reforms have included streamlined business entry procedures, reduced export and import licensing requirements, and enhanced public-private partnerships and dialogue. Promoting private sector competitiveness and inclusion in Myanmar have enormous potential to drive job creation, economic diversification, and structural transformation. This would involve improving the investment climate with an emphasis on transparency and predictability; reducing trade costs and strengthening connectivity for economic integration; enhancing public-private partnerships; and strengthening institutional capacity to drive the reform process. The ongoing peace process calls for careful sequencing of reforms, starting with reducing the costs of doing business and engaging in trade; consulting with local communities; and supporting vulnerable groups adversely affected by economic changes.

Выпускная работа бакалавра посвящена совершенствованию стратегии зарубежной строительной компании AstaldiIctas на рынке Санкт-Петербурга. В работе были рассмотрены теоретические основы внешнеэкономической деятельности предприятия в строительстве; проведен анализ деятельности зарубежных строительных компаний на российском рынке (в том числе на рынке Санкт-Петербурга); выявлены факторы, влияющие на изменения в динамике строительного рынка Санкт-Петербурга. Был проведен анализ стратегии компании AstaldiIctas и были предложены меры по ее совершенствованию на рынке Санкт-Петербурга., Bachelor graduation paper is devoted to the improvement of the strategy of foreign construction company AstaldiIctasin the market of Saint Petersburg. In this paper theoretical bases of foreign economic activity of the enterprise in construction were discussed; the activities of foreign companies in the Russian construction market were analyzed (including the market of Saint Petersburg); the factors, influencing the changes in the dynamics of the construction market of Saint Petersburg were identified. The strategy of the company AstaldyIctas was analyzed and the measures for its improvement in the market of Saint Petersburg were proposed.

This paper studies the effects of voluntary accounting information disclosure through auditing on firm access to finance, exposure to corruption, and sales growth. Relying on a data set of more than 70,000 firms in 121 countries, the analysis finds that disclosure can be a double-edged sword. On the one hand, audited firms exhibit a slightly lower level of financial constraints than unaudited firms. On the other hand, audited firms face a significantly higher level of corruption obstacles. The net effects of voluntary information disclosure on firm growth are negative, which can largely be explained by the fact that most of the countries in the sample are developing countries where institutions are weak. The beneficial effect of disclosure increases as a country’s property rights protection improves. The qualitative results are robust to considerations of the endogeneity of auditing and to alternative measures of corruption and financial constraints. The findings reveal the dark side of voluntary information disclosure: exposing firms to government expropriation where institutions are weak.

‘The recognition of’ a foreign legal person (company) may be considered in two aspects. Firstly, the question is whether, or under what conditions a legal person (company) can enjoy legal capacity (a narrow sense of the term ‘recognition’) in a country other than the country of its origin. Secondly, ‘recognition’ (in the broad sense) may be understood as the ‘acceptance’ of the whole structure of a foreign legal person by the legal system.The recognition of the legal personality of a ‘foreign’ legal person by the national legal system is not self-explanatory. It should be, however, acknowledged that the situation is exactly the same as in the case of ‘recognising’ an foreign marriage, or even the order of succession established by a foreign legal system. Similar ‘concessions’ to a foreign legal systems are, at the same time, the central core of private international law. Moreover, they also constitute the necessary basis for the legal unity among nations. Mutual recognition turns out to be also one of the foundations of the European Union, both in terms of the freedoms of the single market (e.g. a well‑known case of Cassis de Dijon), and in terms of the scope of freedom, security and justice (e.g. the mutual recognition of judicial decisions) within the Union. The acceptance of the effects of the events which resulted in the establishment of a company, its transformation, division, merger, etc. by foreign law, however, leads to questioning — at least within the field of international company law, the so‑called collision method (for determining the applicable law) in favour of a competing ‘method’ principle — ‘the principle of recognition’.

El trabajo aborda la recepción legislativa de la agencia como forma de funcionamiento de una sociedad extranjera en Chile. Su establecimiento estaba directamente relacionado con la autorización administrativa prevista para el funcionamiento de las sociedades anónimas nacionales, de manera de mantener una simetría con aquellas extranjeras que deseasen ejercer su giro en el país. Al avanzar el siglo XIX, la creciente internacionalización del comercio de seguros impulsó un cambio en el régimen de la agencia. La Ley N° 18.046 impuso condiciones más exigentes. La figura se extendió primero a las cooperativas, después a las compañías de seguros y finalmente a cualquier sociedad o persona jurídica con fines de lucro. Sólo quedaron fuera las representaciones de corporaciones y fundaciones de origen extranjero. La tendencia actual apunta hacia una formalización automática de la agencia, sin mayor control de la autoridad pública. This work addresses the legal reception of the agency as a manner in whicha foreign company operates in Chile. Its establishment was directly related to the administrative authorization that was planned for the operation of Chilean public limited companies so as to keep symmetry with those foreign companies that wished to carry out their line of business in the country. As the 20th century went by, the increasing internationalization of insurance trade boosted a change in the agency. Law No. 18.046 set more demanding conditions. The concept first extended to cooperatives, then to insurance companies and finally to any for-profit legal company or person. Only the representatives of foreign corporations and foundations are not included. The current trend is the automatic formalization of the agency, without greater control from public authorities.

MCom (South African and International Tax), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014 Since the declaration of South Africa as the Gateway to Africa in 2010 by National Treasury, various changes have been made to South African legislation to make South Africa more attractive to foreign investors looking to expand their operations into Africa. The headquarter company regime was introduced with the purpose to provide a base from which these investments may be managed. From a tax perspective this regime eliminates or reduces specific taxes or rates of taxes for companies who elect to be classified as headquarter companies, provided that certain requirements are met. These requirements refer specifically to investments in qualifying foreign companies. The reference to foreign companies inevitably requires that the resident definition be considered. In South Africa residence of a person other than a natural person is the place where the company is incorporated, formed or established or the place of effective management which is a term subject to various interpretations. Regardless of the differences, all the interpretations refer to a senior level of management. Foreign incorporated companies with their place of effective management in South Africa are excluded from the definition should they qualify as controlled foreign companies with foreign business establishments subject to a high level of tax if the place of effective management is disregarded. The lack of skills in African countries as a product of shortfalls in the quality of education result in challenges to establish appropriately skilled management teams in these countries. When a centralised management team is set up at the headquarter company in South Africa the African subsidiaries risk being resident in South Africa and therefore the structure would not qualify for the benefits of the headquarter company regime. Further challenges arise when the exclusion to the resident definition is applied as shares held by a headquarter company are disregarded when the controlled foreign company status of the subsidiaries are determined. Therefore it is recommended that the headquarter company legislation be changed to correspond with successful regimes such as the Luxembourg and the Netherlands in that it does not only apply to foreign investment. It is further recommend that the resident definition be changed to exclude from the place of effective management test group structures that would comply with section 9I should the test be disregarded. Masters

This synthesis paper is based on a review of three countries in West Africa-Burkina Faso, Mali, and Mauritania where state owned enterprises (SOEs) continue to play an important role and Governments have embarked on a number of public sector reforms are intended to have a positive impact on SOEs. SOE governance practices and problems are having strong similarities in all of the countries reviewed. These commonalities can be ascribed to the fact that all of the countries are transitioning from centrally controlled economic and political traditions to more liberal economies and to a more democratic government. All are facing challenges with implementing the legal structures left behind from colonial times. The data that is available shows that wholly-owned and state controlled SOEs under perform. Many are technically insolvent and survive only through government support. Their performance is not only poor in the financial area but also in the provision of needed social services. The country studies link the poor performance of SOEs, in particular wholly-owned SOEs, to their governance practices. Long-lasting reforms are not simply a matter of plugging holes in the legislative or institutional framework. Corporate governance is the result of a complex interplay of law, practice, institutions and culture. Action plans need to take into account incentives and the political, social and cultural context of corporate governance in the country in addition to the legal framework. Indeed, SOE governance is a system and making it work better requires a systems approach. Most reform plans in the past have focused on one or another element of SOE governance, which might explain why many have fallen short of hopes and expectations. Systems approaches, on the other hand, are important in complex organizations (such as SOEs) whose success depends upon the interaction and cooperation of other organizations and institutions. This synthesis paper presents the objectives and the methodology used in carrying out the reviews followed by a discussion of the features and importance of SOEs in each of the countries studied. It then segues into a discussion on the performance of SOEs which is supplemented by case studies of both successful and unsuccessful SOEs and key lessons learned the paper then presents the current Government initiatives for reform and the remaining challenges and recommendations. The paper concludes with suggestions on how to implement the recommendations based on examples from other countries that have embarked on comprehensive governance reforms for the SOE sector.