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Статья посвящена анализу фейковых новостей, которые функционируют в различных типах дискурса: рекламном, политическом, научном и др. На основе нескольких определений фейков авторы выделяют характерологические признаки мистифицированного сообщения: медиапространство как среда бытования; противопостав-ление истинной и ложной информации. Отмечается, что особенностью фейковых новостей является то, что они «мимикрируют» под истинные сообщения и строятся по тому же принципу, что и «жесткая новость». Важным при этом является умение отличать ложные новости от истинных, базируясь на определенных линг-вистических механизмах: вплетение в «текстовую ткань» событий, которые не имели места или оценка ко-торых детерминирована аксиологическими установками акторов политической коммуникации; анонимная атрибуция, то есть отсутствие конкретных имен и фамилий людей, предоставивших данную информацию; тенденциозное цитирование мнения третьей стороны без указания имени и должности автора цитаты; наве-шивание «ярлыков», когда для характеристики политического лидера и его деятельности используются оце-ночные номинации; экстраполяция выводов по конкретной проблеме на более широкую геополитическую ситу-ацию; использование догадок и домыслов при оценке сложившейся ситуации; обсуждение политических собы-тий текущего периода на фоне широкого исторического контекста; предположение и желание представить ситуацию в выгодном для оппонентов ключе; нагнетание обстановки и прогнозирование возможного развития событий по деструктивному сценарию. Описываются факторы, от которых зависит распространение фей-ковых новостей, и даются советы по распознаванию ложной информации., The paper analyses fake news which function in the framework of different types of discourse: advertising, political, scientific, etc. On the basis of some definitions of fake news, the authors single out the specific features of a hoax message: media-space as the sphere of the fake news’ existence and the juxtaposition of the true and false information. It is pointed out that one of the peculiarities of fake news is that it imitates genuine news and is built on the same principles as “hard” news. The main thing here is the ability to distinguish between false and true news based on certain linguistic mechanisms: insertion into the text of events which didn’t exist or evaluation of which is determined by the axiological priorities of the political communication actors; anonymous attribution, i.e. the absence of concrete names of the people who have provided information; biased citation of a third party’s opinion without indicating the name and the title of the quotation author; labeling, when a political leader or their activity is characterized via evaluative nominations; extrapo-lation of conclusions on a topic on a broader geopolitical situation; using speculations and suppositions to estimate the current situation; discussing current event on the broad historical background; suppositions and the desire to present the situation to the opponents’ advantage; whipping up tension and forecasting the possible development of events ac-cording to a destructive scenario. The article describes the factors influencing fake news dissemination and gives advice how to spot fake news in mass media., Политическая лингвистика, Issue № 2 (80), Pages 77-82

The aim of this study was to analyze social networks’ information about the anti-vaccine movement. A systematic review was performed in PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL and CUIDEN databases. The search equations were: “vaccine AND social network” and “vaccine AND (Facebook[title] OR Twitter[title] OR Instagram[title] OR YouTube[title])”. The final sample was n = 12, including only articles published in the last 10 years, in English or Spanish. Social networks are used by the anti-vaccine groups to disseminate their information. To do this, these groups use different methods, including bots and trolls that generate anti-vaccination messages and spread quickly. In addition, the arguments that they use focus on possible harmful effects and the distrust of pharmaceuticals, promoting the use of social networks as a resource for finding health-related information. The anti-vaccine groups are able to use social networks and their resources to increase their number and do so through controversial arguments, such as the economic benefit of pharmaceuticals or personal stories of children to move the population without using reliable or evidence-based content.

[ES] En tiempos recientes, el desarrollo de las redes sociales y de las agencias de noticias han traído nuevos retos y amenazas a la web. Estas amenazas han llamado la atención de la comunidad investigadora en Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural (PLN) ya que están contaminando las plataformas de redes sociales. Un ejemplo de amenaza serían las noticias falsas, en las que los usuarios difunden y comparten información falsa, inexacta o engañosa. La información falsa no se limita a la información verificable, sino que también incluye información que se utiliza con fines nocivos. Además, uno de los desafíos a los que se enfrentan los investigadores es la gran cantidad de usuarios en las plataformas de redes sociales, donde detectar a los difusores de información falsa no es tarea fácil. Los trabajos previos que se han propuesto para limitar o estudiar el tema de la detección de información falsa se han centrado en comprender el lenguaje de la información falsa desde una perspectiva lingüística. En el caso de información verificable, estos enfoques se han propuesto en un entorno monolingüe. Además, apenas se ha investigado la detección de las fuentes o los difusores de información falsa en las redes sociales. En esta tesis estudiamos la información falsa desde varias perspectivas. En primer lugar, dado que los trabajos anteriores se centraron en el estudio de la información falsa en un entorno monolingüe, en esta tesis estudiamos la información falsa en un entorno multilingüe. Proponemos diferentes enfoques multilingües y los comparamos con un conjunto de baselines monolingües. Además, proporcionamos estudios sistemáticos para los resultados de la evaluación de nuestros enfoques para una mejor comprensión. En segundo lugar, hemos notado que el papel de la información afectiva no se ha investigado en profundidad. Por lo tanto, la segunda parte de nuestro trabajo de investigación estudia el papel de la información afectiva en la información falsa y muestra cómo los autores de contenido falso la emplean para manipular al lector. Aquí, investigamos varios tipos de información falsa para comprender la correlación entre la información afectiva y cada tipo (Propaganda, Trucos / Engaños, Clickbait y Sátira). Por último, aunque no menos importante, en un intento de limitar su propagación, también abordamos el problema de los difusores de información falsa en las redes sociales. En esta dirección de la investigación, nos enfocamos en explotar varias características basadas en texto extraídas de los mensajes de perfiles en línea de tales difusores. Estudiamos diferentes conjuntos de características que pueden tener el potencial de ayudar a discriminar entre difusores de información falsa y verificadores de hechos., [CA] En temps recents, el desenvolupament de les xarxes socials i de les agències de notícies han portat nous reptes i amenaces a la web. Aquestes amenaces han cridat l'atenció de la comunitat investigadora en Processament de Llenguatge Natural (PLN) ja que estan contaminant les plataformes de xarxes socials. Un exemple d'amenaça serien les notícies falses, en què els usuaris difonen i comparteixen informació falsa, inexacta o enganyosa. La informació falsa no es limita a la informació verificable, sinó que també inclou informació que s'utilitza amb fins nocius. A més, un dels desafiaments als quals s'enfronten els investigadors és la gran quantitat d'usuaris en les plataformes de xarxes socials, on detectar els difusors d'informació falsa no és tasca fàcil. Els treballs previs que s'han proposat per limitar o estudiar el tema de la detecció d'informació falsa s'han centrat en comprendre el llenguatge de la informació falsa des d'una perspectiva lingüística. En el cas d'informació verificable, aquests enfocaments s'han proposat en un entorn monolingüe. A més, gairebé no s'ha investigat la detecció de les fonts o els difusors d'informació falsa a les xarxes socials. En aquesta tesi estudiem la informació falsa des de diverses perspectives. En primer lloc, atès que els treballs anteriors es van centrar en l'estudi de la informació falsa en un entorn monolingüe, en aquesta tesi estudiem la informació falsa en un entorn multilingüe. Proposem diferents enfocaments multilingües i els comparem amb un conjunt de baselines monolingües. A més, proporcionem estudis sistemàtics per als resultats de l'avaluació dels nostres enfocaments per a una millor comprensió. En segon lloc, hem notat que el paper de la informació afectiva no s'ha investigat en profunditat. Per tant, la segona part del nostre treball de recerca estudia el paper de la informació afectiva en la informació falsa i mostra com els autors de contingut fals l'empren per manipular el lector. Aquí, investiguem diversos tipus d'informació falsa per comprendre la correlació entre la informació afectiva i cada tipus (Propaganda, Trucs / Enganys, Clickbait i Sàtira). Finalment, però no menys important, en un intent de limitar la seva propagació, també abordem el problema dels difusors d'informació falsa a les xarxes socials. En aquesta direcció de la investigació, ens enfoquem en explotar diverses característiques basades en text extretes dels missatges de perfils en línia de tals difusors. Estudiem diferents conjunts de característiques que poden tenir el potencial d'ajudar a discriminar entre difusors d'informació falsa i verificadors de fets., [EN] In the recent years, the development of social media and online news agencies has brought several challenges and threats to the Web. These threats have taken the attention of the Natural Language Processing (NLP) research community as they are polluting the online social media platforms. One of the examples of these threats is false information, in which false, inaccurate, or deceptive information is spread and shared by online users. False information is not limited to verifiable information, but it also involves information that is used for harmful purposes. Also, one of the challenges that researchers have to face is the massive number of users in social media platforms, where detecting false information spreaders is not an easy job. Previous work that has been proposed for limiting or studying the issue of detecting false information has focused on understanding the language of false information from a linguistic perspective. In the case of verifiable information, approaches have been proposed in a monolingual setting. Moreover, detecting the sources or the spreaders of false information in social media has not been investigated much. In this thesis we study false information from several aspects. First, since previous work focused on studying false information in a monolingual setting, in this thesis we study false information in a cross-lingual one. We propose different cross-lingual approaches and we compare them to a set of monolingual baselines. Also, we provide systematic studies for the evaluation results of our approaches for better understanding. Second, we noticed that the role of affective information was not investigated in depth. Therefore, the second part of our research work studies the role of the affective information in false information and shows how the authors of false content use it to manipulate the reader. Here, we investigate several types of false information to understand the correlation between affective information and each type (Propaganda, Hoax, Clickbait, Rumor, and Satire). Last but not least, in an attempt to limit its spread, we also address the problem of detecting false information spreaders in social media. In this research direction, we focus on exploiting several text-based features extracted from the online profile messages of those spreaders. We study different feature sets that can have the potential to help to identify false information spreaders from fact checkers.

The article analyzes the impact of false information, fake stuffing in the media on the legal consciousness of young people in general and such a category as young specialists of the defense-industrial complex (DIC), in particular. The mechanism of the psychological impact of false information on the consciousness of an individual is considered as a fake phenomenon, and options for countering the harmful influence of information attacks in the context of information war and total infodemic are proposed., В статье проанализированы вопросы влияния ложной информации, фейковых вбросов в СМИ на правосознание молодежи в целом и такой категории как молодые специалисты оборонно-промышленного комплекса (ОПК), в частности. Рассмотрен механизм психологического воздействия лжеинформации на сознание индивида, как феномен фейка и предложены варианты противодействия пагубному влиянию информационных атак в условиях информационной войны и тотальной инфодемии., Человеческий капитал, Выпуск 9 (141) 2020

El presente trabajo expone la manera en que la desinformación se ha hecho patente en el mundo actual, afectando a toda la sociedad en mayor o menor medida. Se ha vertebrado este artículo teniendo en cuenta algunos de los principales hechos que configuran la desinformación. En primer lugar, sus características, objetivos y algunos de sus flujos más destacables. En segundo lugar, el papel que cumplen los medios de comunicación o información en el complejo entramado de la desinformación, es decir, cómo son el terreno propicio para que en ellos arraigue el conjunto de métodos y técnicas desinformativos. En tercer lugar, se avanza el poner en claro un concepto del dato falso, lo que contribuye a hacer nítida la estructura de la desinformación. Esto es particularmente importante en el análisis de inteligencia. Un cuarto pilar lo constituye la necesidad de objetividad, veracidad y transparencia, precisamente porque en muchos medios que son víctimas de la desinformación estos elementos pueden estar ausentes o muy desdibujados. Un quinto y trascendental apartado lo constituye el intento de clasificación sobre las noticias falsas y la desinformación, a modo de aportar una aproximación estructural que sea útil a analistas. En sexto lugar se articula, de forma sintética, un acercamiento a los principales tipos y caracterización de los modelos empleados y la desinformación, lo que puede ayudar en gran medida a analistas y usuarios de todos los medios informativos. Las conclusiones plantean grandes áreas a cubrir en un futuro inmediato The present work exposes the way in which disinformation has become evident in today's world, affecting the whole of society to a greater or lesser extent. This article has been structured taking into account some of the main facts that make up disinformation. First, its characteristics, objectives and some of its most notable flows. Secondly, the role played by the media or information in the complex framework of disinformation, that is, how they are the right terrain for the set of disinformation methods and techniques to take root in them. Third, progress is made in clarifying a concept of false data, which helps to clarify the structure of disinformation. This is particularly important in intelligence analysis. A fourth pillar is the need for objectivity, truthfulness and transparency, precisely because in many media that are victims of misinformation these elements may be absent or very blurred. A fifth and far-reaching section is the attempt to classify false news and disinformation, in order to provide a structural approach that is useful to analysts. Sixthly, an approach to the main types and characterization of the models used and disinformation is articulated synthetically, which can greatly help analysts and users of all media. The conclusions raise large areas to be covered in the immediate future

В работе авторами раскрывается проблема информационной безопасности как основная задача государства, затрагивающая многие сферы жизнедеятельности и обеспечения не только внутригосударственных вопросов, но и многосторонних международных отношений., The authors reveal the problem of information security as the main task of the state, affecting many spheres of life and ensuring not only domestic issues, but also multilateral international relations

Fake news is a type of propaganda that consists of deliberate misinformation. This false information is mainly spread through journals, magazines, mainstream media or social media. With the increasing popularity of social media and mobile phone, more and more people consume news from social media instead of traditional news media. Thus social media has proved to be a powerful source for fake news propagation. This paper provides a brief introduction to fake news.

False information are multiplying and are spreading quickly on social networks. In this thesis, we analyze the publications from a multimodal point of view between the text and the associated image. Several studies were conducted during this thesis. The first compares several types of media present on social networks and aims to discriminate them automatically. The second one allows the detection and the localization of modifications in an image thanks to the comparison with an old version of this image. Finally, we focused on merged knowledge based on the predictions of other research teams to create a single system.; Les fausses informations se multiplient et se propagent rapidement sur les réseaux sociaux. Dans cette thèse, nous analysons les publications d’un point de vue multimodal entre le texte et l’image associée. Plusieurs études ont été menées durant cette thèse. La première compare plusieurs types de médias présents sur les réseaux sociaux et vise à les discriminer de manière automatique. La second permet la détection et la localisation de modifications dans une image grâce à la comparaison avec une ancienne version de l’image. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à des fusions de connaissances basées sur les prédictions d’autres équipes de recherche afin de créer un système unique.

The paper looks at the phenomenon of fake news in the modern media. Attempts have been made to provide the theoretical background of the phenomenon of fabricating information and clarify the signs of false messages. The empirical review deals with the trends in spreading fake news in the media landscape. We rank fake news topics by popularity; examine the issues of changing public trust in various news media as a source of information; structure the sources of misinformation and identify the major motives behind them; and discuss positive and negative outcomes of posting fake news. The study shows that propaganda is effective if society receives customized information that triggers the expected emotional response of the target audience. For these purposes, the article establishes the fundamental mechanisms for using fake news. The research presents the criteria for identifying fake news and develops its classification according to the degree of falsity. The generalization conducted makes it possible to conceptualize the phenomenon of fake news. The research results aim to resolve the problem of recognizing and controlling fake news in the mass media.

A new era of Information Warfare has arrived. Various actors, including state-sponsored ones, are weaponizing information on Online Social Networks to run false-information campaigns with targeted manipulation of public opinion on specific topics. These false-information campaigns can have dire consequences to the public: mutating their opinions and actions, especially with respect to critical world events like major elections. Evidently, the problem of false information on the Web is a crucial one and needs increased public awareness as well as immediate attention from law enforcement agencies, public institutions, and in particular, the research community. In this article, we make a step in this direction by providing a typology of the Web’s false-information ecosystem, composed of various types of false-information, actors, and their motives. We report a comprehensive overview of existing research on the false-information ecosystem by identifying several lines of work: (1) how the public perceives false information; (2) understanding the propagation of false information; (3) detecting and containing false information on the Web; and (4) false information on the political stage. In this work, we pay particular attention to political false information as: (1) it can have dire consequences to the community (e.g., when election results are mutated) and (2) previous work shows that this type of false information propagates faster and further when compared to other types of false information. Finally, for each of these lines of work, we report several future research directions that can help us better understand and mitigate the emerging problem of false-information dissemination on the Web.

Cataloged from PDF version of article. Thesis (M.S.): Bilkent University, Department of Psychology, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, 2017. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-58). Expository and narrative books differ in terms of their structure, content, and language. This study investigated 3- and 5-year-old children’s learning of information from different genres, and whether children differ in their preference for the expository genre. Seventy six Turkish-speaking 3- and 5-year olds were presented with expository and narrative books that cover the same topic (i.e., caterpillars). These books contained 4 types of facts (i.e., Narrative-only, Expository-only, Conflicting and Supporting) that aim to investigate: (1) Amount of information children learned from the expository and the narrative book, (2) Children’s preference for the expository book when information between genres conflicted, (3) The effect of convergent information in both the expository and the narrative book on children’s learning. After hearing both the expository and the narrative book each child was asked questions related to information presented in the books. Analysis of children’s answers revealed that 5-year-olds learned more information from both the narrative and the expository book. When information conflicted between narrative and expository books, 3- and 5-year-olds differed in their preference for the expository book. Five-year-olds showed a preference for the expository book whereas 3-year-olds were at chance level indicating susceptibility to learn false information. Lastly, when information converged across the two genres all children regardless of age retained more information. Findings and their implications are discussed in light of the literature. by Emre Aydın. M.A.

Life-saving decisions in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) depend on the availability of highly accurate, up-to-date, and reliable data exchanged by neighboring vehicles. However, spreading inaccurate, unreliable, and false data by intruders create traffic illusions that may cause loss of lives and assets. Although several solutions for misbehavior detection have been proposed to address these issues, those solutions lack adequate representation and the adaptability to vehicular context. The use of predefined static thresholds and lack of comprehensive context representation have rendered the existing solutions limited to specific scenarios and attack types, which impedes their generalizability. This paper addresses these limitations by proposing an ensemble-based hybrid context-aware misbehavior detection system (EHCA-MDS) model. EHCA-MDS has been developed in four phases, as follows. The static thresholds have been replaced by dynamic ones created on the fly by analyzing the spatial and temporal properties of the mobility information collected from neighboring vehicles. Kalman filter-based algorithms were used to collect the mobility information of neighboring vehicles. Three sets of features were then derived, each of which has a different perspective, namely data consistency, data plausibility, and vehicle behavior. These features were used to construct a dynamic context reference using the Hampel filter. The Hampel-based z-score was used to evaluate the vehicles based on their behavioral activities, data consistency, and plausibility. For comprehensive features representation, multifaceted, non-parametric-based statistical classifiers were constructed and updated online using a Hampel filter-based algorithm. For accurate representation, the output of the statistical classifiers, vehicles’ scores, context reference parameters, and the derived features were used as input to an ensemble learning-based algorithm. Such representation helps to identify the misbehaving vehicles more effectively. The proposed EHCA-MDS model was evaluated in the presence of different types of misbehaving vehicles under different context scenarios through extensive simulations, utilizing a real-world traffic dataset. The results show that the accuracy and robustness of the proposed EHCA-MDS under different vehicular dynamic context scenarios were higher than existing solutions, which confirms its feasibility and effectiveness to improve the performance of VANET critical applications.

У статті аналізується категорія шикана у цивільних правовідносинах. Розтлумачено зміст норми ст. 13 Цивільного кодексу України, що передбачає заборону шикани. Указується на складність встановлення на практиці, що суб’єкт мав намір завдати шкоду іншій особі, реалізуючи своє право. Обґрунтовано, що одним із найбільш небезпечних порушень принципу добросовісності, розумності та справедливості є реалізація суб’єктивного права з метою завдати шкоду іншій особі, тобто шикана. Досліджується правова доктрина, судова практика, розглянуто здійснення шикану як спосіб поширення недостовірної інформації та вироблено науково-практичні рекомендації щодо розвитку сучасного цивільного законодавства в сфері заборони шикани., In the article the category of chicane is analyzed in civil legal relationships. Meaning of norm is explained by art. 13 the Civil Code of Ukraine that envisages prohibition of chicane. Attention applies on that the danger of chicane consists in that outwardly she always looks as an action of person, that comes true within the limits of right. Specified on complication of establishment in practice, that a subject intended to inflict harm to other person, realizing the right. Authorial determination of chicane is set forth, in accordance with that, chicane is the actions of person that comes true with direct intention and primary purpose to inflict harm to other person. It is marked that the characteristic signs of chicane are: harmfulness; direct intention; wrongfulness; the object of encroachment are property and personal moral rights and interests of subjects of legal relationships; guilt. In addition, by the sign of chicane except an aim to inflict harm to other person mercenary interest that could be realized another way is certain, that does not create for other unfavorable consequences. A question is investigational about principles and limits of realization of equitable rights that are one of most difficult in legal science. Specified on that science of civil law many European countries, among that there is Germany, France, Italy, USA, Netherlands during centuries formed conception of conscientious, clever and just realization by the face of the equitable right. Certainly, that principle of honesty, cleverness and justice is not only general by principle civil legislation, that determines limits realization equitable civil rights but also legal presumption. Reasonably, that one of the most dangerous violations of this principle there is realization of subjective right with the purpose of to inflict harm to other person, namely chicane, that finds the display not only in the field of abuse material but also by judicial rights. The public danger of such behavior, that consists in that the authorized subject operates though, is grounded, realizing an subjective right, in actual fact tries intentionally to inflict harm to the rights or interests of other person. Specified on that such behavior does not answer principle of honesty, cleverness and justice and violates the set public balance. Certainly, that chicane as a method of distribution of unreliable information is such type of abuse of right on distribution of information, that harms to honor, dignity and business reputation of other person. Marked, that domestic courts avoid the use in practice of term of chicane, as it is not enough well-regulated the norms of right legal institute. Imperfection envisaged in by art. 13 the Civil Code of Ukraine of position about chicane, creates the problems proof of her in practice, that causes the necessity of clear determination of this category at legislative level, responsibility will come for that. Proposed to amend by art. 13 the Civil Code of Ukraine, expanding its concept, characteristics and norms that prohibit chicane. The necessity of adding is reasonable to art. 1166, 280, 302, making alteration to part 4 art. 13the Civil code of Ukraine, addition part 5 art. 27 the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine., В статье анализируется категория шиканы в гражданских правоотношениях. Разъяснено содержание нормы ст. 13 Гражданского кодекса Украины, которая предусматривает запрет шиканы. Указывается на сложность установления на практике того, что субъект был намерен нанести вред другому лицу, реализуя свое право. Обосновано, что одним из самых опасных нарушений принципа добросовестности, разумности и справедливости является реализация субъективного права с целью нанесения вреда другому лицу, то есть шикана. Исследуется правовая доктрина, судебная практика, рассмотрено осуществление шиканы как способа распространения недостоверной информации и разработаны научно-практические рекомендации по развитию современного гражданского законодательства в сфере запрета шиканы.

¿Cómo prevenir o atenuar las ineficiencias informativas alojadas en el mercado de capitales y que redundan en un incorrecta formación de los precios? Concretamente, ¿cómo evitar que las empresas cotizantes en bolsa o los intermediarios bursátiles mientan u omitan entregar información relevante al mercado? ¿Qué rol desempeñan las autorregulaciones de mercado y las regulaciones estatales en este contexto? El artículo aborda estos problemas pasando revista por los diversos "remedios" propuestos al efecto - dando fundamentalmente cuenta de la abundante literatura estadounidense en lo pertinente - y pronunciándose en definitiva por una propuesta intermedia, que combina autorregulación de mercado y regulación estatal (no sin denunciar la inexistencia de "modelos perfectos", que prescindan de la libertad del agente). En fin, se detiene especialmente en el aporte preventivo de las sanciones (civiles y penales), ofreciendo una visión desde la perspectiva de análisis costo-beneficio, propia de los modelos clásicos de la law and economics theory. How to prevent or ameliorate informative inefficiencies in capital markets that result in an improper price formation? Specifically, how to avoid the possibility of public companies or stockbrokers lying or not providing relevant information to the market? What role do market self-regulation and government regulation play in this context? The article strives to answer these questions by analyzing the diverse available remedies - by reviewing the abundant specific American doctrine - and finally proposing an intermediate solution, combining market self-regulation with government regulation (by also denouncing the inexistence of "perfect models", that ignore the agent's liberty). The preventive contribution of (civil and criminal) sanctions is especially reviewed, offering a cost-benefit analysis, typical of classic models of law and economics theory.

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