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International audience; Here we report the new features and improvements in our latest release of the H-Invitational Database (H-InvDB; http://www.h-invitational.jp/), a comprehensive annotation resource for human genes and transcripts. H-InvDB, originally developed as an integrated database of the human transcriptome based on extensive annotation of large sets of full-length cDNA (FLcDNA) clones, now provides annotation for 120 558 human mRNAs extracted from the International Nucleotide Sequence Databases (INSD), in addition to 54 978 human FLcDNAs, in the latest release H-InvDB_4.6. We mapped those human transcripts onto the human genome sequences (NCBI build 36.1) and determined 34 699 human gene clusters, which could define 34 057 (98.1%) protein-coding and 642 (1.9%) non-protein-coding loci; 858 (2.5%) transcribed loci overlapped with predicted pseudogenes. For all these transcripts and genes, we provide comprehensive annotation including gene structures, gene functions, alternative splicing variants, functional non-protein-coding RNAs, functional domains, predicted sub cellular localizations, metabolic pathways, predictions of protein 3D structure, mapping of SNPs and microsatellite repeat motifs, co-localization with orphan diseases, gene expression profiles, orthologous genes, protein-protein interactions (PPI) and annotation for gene families. The current H-InvDB annotation resources consist of two main views: Transcript view and Locus view and eight sub-databases: the DiseaseInfo Viewer, H-ANGEL, the Clustering Viewer, G-integra, the TOPO Viewer, Evola, the PPI view and the Gene family/group.

The mission of the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) (http://www.uniprot.org) is to provide the scientific community with a comprehensive, high-quality and freely accessible resource of protein sequences and functional annotation. It integrates, interprets and standardizes data from literature and numerous resources to achieve the most comprehensive catalog possible of protein information. The central activities are the biocuration of the UniProt Knowledgebase and the dissemination of these data through our Web site and web services. UniProt is produced by the UniProt Consortium, which consists of groups from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) and the Protein Information Resource (PIR). UniProt is updated and distributed every 4 weeks and can be accessed online for searches or downloads.

Unexpectedly large isotope effects have been reported for the vibrational lifetimes of the H-C stretch mode of the CH2*defect in Si and the asymmetric stretch of interstitial O in Si as well. First-principles theory can explain these effects. The results imply that defects trap phonons for lengths of time that depend on the defect and sometimes on its isotopic composition. Some consequences of phonon trapping are discussed.

Vibrational spectroscopy has been used to investigate the properties of hydrogen in multicrystalline Si (mc-Si) and its interactions with carbon impurities that can be present with high concentration. The properties of point defects containing N and O have been investigated by way of their vibrational properties and their far-infrared electronic transitions.

This paper describes the evolution of wine in Spain from Phoenician times to the present, within a historical context. Each of the six main sections deserves more careful analysis, but the broad overview given here could be of interest to the curious (and thirsty) reader.

The properties of interstitial vanadium $({\mathrm{V}}_{i})$ in Si and its interactions with the vacancy and the self-interstitial, as well as with hydrogen, are calculated using first-principles techniques. The stable configurations, gap levels, and binding energies agree well with the available experimental data. The nudged-elastic-band method is used to calculate the activation energies for diffusion of ${\mathrm{V}}_{i}$ in various charge states. They range from 1.46 (for ${{\mathrm{V}}_{i}}^{+}$) to 2.04 eV (for ${{\mathrm{V}}_{i}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$). The (trigonal) ${{\mathrm{V}}_{i},\mathrm{H}}$ pair has a binding energy of 1.15 eV, a donor level at ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.61\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, and possibly an acceptor level ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.07\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. Substitutional vanadium $({\mathrm{V}}_{s})$ can also trap H interstitials and form electrically active ${{\mathrm{V}}_{s},\mathrm{H}}$ and ${{\mathrm{V}}_{s},\mathrm{H},\mathrm{H}}$ complexes.

The 27th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-2013) was held in Bologna, Italy, July 22–26, 2013. The conferences in this series, which dates back to 1959, are held every 2 years and provide a valuable forum where researchers studying the fundamentals of defects in semiconductors can share their most recent findings with colleagues and thereby advance understanding in this technologically and scientifically important field. The proceedings are published in part in the Journal of Applied Physics (mostly by invited papers) and in part in the AIP Proceedings (mostly contributed papers). Following tradition, a tutorial day was held on July 2l to help students and newcomers become familiar with important experimental and theoretical techniques used to study defects in semiconductors. The five speakers in the tutorial were Professors Michael Stavola (Lehigh University, USA), Michelle Moram (Imperial College London, UK), Michael Reshchikov (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA), John Morton (University College London, UK), and Audrius Alkauskas (University of California, Santa Barbara, USA). Nearly 50 junior scientists attended the tutorial day and thoroughly enjoyed the lectures. The atmosphere was most pleasant and the scientific level excellent. We thank the speakers for helping to educate the next generation of researchers. The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy subsidized this event. The conference itself attracted 256 participants from 36 countries. There were 6 plenary, 25 invited, and 67 contributed talks. Over 200 posters were distributed among two poster sessions. A wide range of defect-related issues was discussed in semiconductor materials ranging from the traditional group IV, III-V, and II-VI materials to organic semiconductors, and nanostructures. The defect issues included localized impurities and native defects, dislocations, interfaces and surfaces, magnetic impurities and spintronics, radiation-induced defects, as well as numerous defect-related issues in devices. Many attendees noted the high scientific level in the various sessions. An international Jury of five distinguished scientists was assigned the difficult task of selecting the Corbett Award winner. The Jury interviewed the six finalists during the poster sessions. Following a difficult debate, one winner was selected: Adurafimihan A. Abiona from the University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia. He received the award at the conference banquet. As is always the case in ICDS conferences, the registration fees covered only part of the expenses. This conference would not have been possible without the financial support provided by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy (ISE, Freiburg, Germany), the higher administration of the University of Bologna, the Department of Physics and Astronomy of the University of Bologna and the Enrico Fermi Center. We thank these institutions for their help putting this conference together. We also thank the Department of Physics and Astronomy for providing personnel to work at the conference site and the local organizing committee. Finally, we thank the members of the program committee who helped select presenters and the many referees who reviewed manuscripts. We also thank the speakers and poster participants who made the conference so interesting and enjoyable for all. We hope to see a similarly enthusiastic crowd of scientists in Finland, at ICDS-2015.

The proposal by Samuel Estreicher and Randal Milch, which can be implemented by a change in state supreme court rules, would allow students to become licensed to practice after completing two years of a prescribed law school curriculum and one year of a paid internship working principally on public service matters, broadly defined to include representation of poor and middle-class individuals and families. Law schools will not have to change their degree requirements but many will be under pressure to provide offerings that will be worth the year of tuition and foregone income; they will have to “earn” the third year, rather than have it imposed by law. President Obama's remarks on the utility of the third year of law school have rekindled public debate over the value of requiring students to finish three years of law school before they can take the bar examination and practice law. We are proposing a Public Service Residency Program as a practical alternative to the third year of law school. We believe that this Program, which can be flexibly implemented in accordance with local legal and political requirements, will produce new lawyers with greater experience and less debt, and thus with more to offer to prospective employers and greater freedom to take legal jobs of their choice and further the needs of the community. The Public Service Residency Program would be an option that students might select. It would not require law schools or the ABA to change their current requirements for a JD degree. The parameters of the proposal (which would require action by the State Supreme Court) are set out later, but the nuts and bolts are simple. After completing a core curriculum in the first two years of law school, participating students would, beginning in the summer after the second year, undertake a year's Public Service Residency with a participating law firm, corporate legal office, government agency, or nongovernmental organization. These sponsoring organizations would be responsible for providing the Residents with three things: supervised legal work on behalf of one or more clients involved in public service matters, compensation, and certification at the year's end of the Resident's satisfactory performance. There is no requirement that the sponsoring organization offer the Resident a permanent position at the end of the Residency.

U.S. law firms expend considerable resources supporting the pro bono activities of their lawyers. This chapter by Estreicher and Nash explores the reasons for law firm pro bono practices and suggests that more attention be paid to the training opportunities for junior lawyers that can be provided by a pro bono program that emphasizes assistance to individuals and groups on “retail” matters where legal assistance of any kind is typically unavailable. A questionnaire is offered to help law firms assess what they do in their pro bono programs. Why do large law firms engage in pro bono matters? One answer is that legal services on pro bono matters provide a benefit to society. Often pro bono projects involve provision of critical services to individuals and groups who may otherwise lack access to competent legal representation. Where this is the case, lawyers are making an important societal contribution, and fulfilling an ethical obligation of their profession. Pro bono matters also provide an opportunity for young lawyers to deal with clients and issues they would be unlikely to encounter, and hence to develop skills not ordinarily called upon in the course of at least their junior years of billable work. Such engagements thus offer an attractive training opportunity for young lawyers that, from the firm's standpoint, poses no risk to its paying clients. Law firms also use the prospect of pro bono work as a means to recruit and retain young associates. Pro bono matters also may improve the public image of law firms that underwrite them. From the firm's vantage, the benefits to society in helping to address social needs are important but may be secondary to the instrumental benefits. If there is a positive relationship between commitment to pro bono activities and measures of firm performance, such a finding may encourage firms to expand their underwriting of pro bono work by their associates. On the other hand, if a positive relationship is lacking or has become attenuated over time, firms may reassess their commitment to pro bono activities or implement controls to better further instrumental objectives.

Are Americans making under $50,000 a year compelled to navigate the legal system on their own, or do they simply give up because they cannot afford lawyers? We know anecdotally that Americans of median or lower income generally do without legal representation or resort to a sector of the legal profession that - because of the sheer volume of claims, inadequate training, and other causes - provides deficient representation and advice. This book poses the question: can we - at the current level of resources, both public and private - better address the legal needs of all Americans? Leading judges, researchers, and activists discuss the role of technology, pro bono services, bar association resources, affordable solo and small firm fees, public service internships, and law student and nonlawyer representation.

Advances in high-throughput and advanced technologies allow researchers to routinely perform whole genome and proteome analysis. For this purpose, they need high-quality resources providing comprehensive gene and protein sets for their organisms of interest. Using the example of the human proteome, we will describe the content of a complete proteome in the UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB). We will show how manual expert curation of UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot is complemented by expert-driven automatic annotation to build a comprehensive, high-quality and traceable resource. We will also illustrate how the complexity of the human proteome is captured and structured in UniProtKB. Database URL: www.uniprot.org.

This paper urges government agencies responsible for enforcing antidiscrimination laws to use existing authority to promulgate “safe harbor” rules to encourage employment of individuals who are unlikely to obtain employment because of the risks to employers of an erroneous hiring, coupled with the improbability of enforcement. Such perennially frustrated job seekers include individuals aged 65 and over, individuals with obvious disabilities whose employment entails significant accommodation costs, and individuals convicted of serious crimes.Without detracting from traditional education and enforcement activities, the responsible administrative agencies should promulgate “safe harbors” for employers willing to hire individuals from these categories of high employment risk. The safe harbor would be in the form of a regulation, promulgated after notice and opportunity for public comment, that individuals from these categories may be hired as probationary employees for a defined, say three-year, period, during which they may be discharged without cause or consequence for the employer. (Other provisions of the antidiscrimination laws would be unchanged). If such employees are retained beyond the probationary period, they would be treated the same as other employees in all respects, including the full force of the antidiscrimination laws.The benefit of the safe-harbor approach is that it directly addresses the concerns that motivate the employer’s non-hiring decision. The employer is given a relatively cost-free opportunity to evaluate whether engaging the employee from the high-risk category will in fact entail the predicted risks or whether an employee’s actual performance will belie the predicted concern. There are three principal objections to the safe-harbor approach. The first is that the standard may be set too low – that employers will be given a safe harbor when reliance on conventional antidiscrimination activities would yield the same employment outcomes for the workers in question. Stating the point in the somewhat different way, the concern is that the safe harbor will increase the incentive for noncompliance.This kind of objection has less force in the present context because the safe harbor, under this proposal, would be available only for chronically unemployed or underemployed individuals in high-risk groups. Promulgation would occur only after considerable experience with conventional antidiscrimination enforcement. The second objection is a moral objection – that a safe-harbor approach recognizes and legitimates discrimination against individuals in the high-risk group. There is, of course, some force to this point but it ignores the fact that the underlying objective of the law is to promote the employment of individuals from discriminated-against groups. In addition, after the probationary period, the full force of the antidiscrimination laws will be restored.The third objection is based on the projected inutility of the safe-harbor approach. Here, the argument is that employers will hire strategically to take advantage of the probationary period with no intention to retain these employees as potential regular employees at the end of that period. This is largely an empirical objection to be evaluated in the course of actual experience with safe-harbor induced probationary employment. In addition, it is difficult to understand what benefits would accrue to the employer in engaging in such a strategy. Hiring a new employee always entails training and workforce-integration costs, which most employers will not want to incur unless they hope to recoup that investment over the course of sustained employment.This is a preliminary look at the potential benefits of a “safe harbor” approach to antidiscrimination goals. Creation of carefully cabined regulatory safe harbors for hiring employees from high-risk categories has the potential to spur improved utilization of such employees with limited harm to the moral force of the antidiscrimination regime.

Going against the well-established tipping norm in the United States, a growing number of restaurant owners are moving to ban tipping, and instead raise prices, in their restaurants. They argue that existing law precludes them from sharing tips with “back-of-the-house” employees (like chefs and dishwashers), and thus makes it hard to compensate those employees fairly. We argue that the movement against tipping is ill-advised. Tipping is a valuable social institution that allows customers to monitor service where management cannot. The better answer is to remove legal restrictions on tip-pooling. Pooling tips among a broad swath of employees (other than management-level employees) is in keeping with the cooperative effort that underlies the provision of service in settings like restaurants.

Israel has had perhaps more than its share of problems, but the country is a remarkable success story. Israel has maintained, largely successfully, a vibrant democratic and civil society in the face of ongoing threats to its national security and public order. Few, if any, countries, including the United States) have (or could have) fared as well. The great domestic challenge for Israel, however, is how best to address the needs and aspirations of the nearly 20% of Israeli society who are Arab citizens. They are not a fifth column, but they are a population with conflicting orientations between Israeli (where polls consistently indicate they prefer to live) and their Palestinian brethren in Gaza and the West Bank. They are a minority population on the edge, unhappy with their status, not fully within Israeli society, nor lost to the radical, nihilistic forces from without. The task for Israel is successful “integration” of this important minority, not in the sense of suppressing its distinct culture or its emotional connection to the fate of Palestinians elsewhere but rather in normalizing its economic and social position within Israel. Four strategies for integration/normalization are considered (1) instituting vigorous enforcement of anti-discrimination laws in employment, housing and business, coupled with a visible affirmative action program to place university graduates in the high-tech and other growing sectors of the economy; (2) requiring all Israeli citizens to complete 2 years of national service, which need not be military service; (3) changing the electoral system so that the system is based on legislator accountability to local constituencies rather than political parties; and (4) promoting public symbols of inclusion.

This article examines the constitutional validity of President Obama's decision, as part of his 2015 agreement with Iran, effectively to repeal 17 different sanctions laws for the 15-year life of the agreement. Although Congress had legislated extensively in this area, the President effected this change by entering into a "nonbinding political agreement" with Iran and by aggregating individual waiver provisions in the sanctions laws into an-across-the-board waiver of sanctions. We argue that the commitments made by the President in the Iran agreement violate a fundamental separation-of-powers limit on executive power—what we term "the Steel Seizure principle," after the Youngstown Steel Seizure Case. As the Supreme Court reaffirmed in the Steel Seizure Case, the President does not have lawmaking power even where national-security and foreign-relations concerns are at stake. A vast literature has grown around the Steel Seizure Case, especially the influential concurring opinion by Justice Robert Jackson. Yet relatively little attention has been paid to the majority view of the Justices that President Truman’s seizure order was unlawful not because it contravened any express statutory prohibition but because it flouted the congressional "plan" for addressing the particular policy issue. This central aspect of the Steel Seizure Case highlights what is particularly problematic about President Obama's decision to aggregate authorities in the sanctions laws and to commit the United States to an across-the-board waiver of nuclear-related sanctions pursuant to his agreement with Iran. The President treated the waiver provisions as an invitation to end the congressionally prescribed sanctions regime for addressing Iran's nuclear weapons program and to replace it with his own non-sanctions regime for addressing the same issue. Yet the President lacks the unilateral power to overturn Congress's prescribed policy and to replace it with his own.The President is both an agent and, particularly in the foreign relations area, can be viewed as a co-principal with Congress. The Steel Seizure principle highlights the limits of the co-principal conception of the President. Once Congress has developed a legislative framework for a subject matter, that framework occupies the field; the President's role becomes one of a responsible agent. In the Iran sanctions laws, Congress provided bounded waiver authority, acting responsibly to allow limited executive discretion rather than requiring the President to seek new legislation each time flexibility was needed. It did not, however, invite the President to override the sanctions framework altogether, as occurred in connection with the Iran nuclear agreement. An emergent literature in administrative law has praised Congress's delegation of waiver authority to the executive branch as providing needed flexibility and other policy benefits. Yet that literature recognizes that the President's exercise of waiver authority must be carefully circumscribed to avoid the problem of the President revising a statutory regime out of disagreement with Congress's policy choices. Such limiting principles are no less necessary in the foreign-affairs context, where the President has used purported waiver authority in the Iran sanctions statutes to pursue his own independent policy in defiance of Congress.

Carbon impurities in Si are common in floating-zone and cast-Si materials. The simplest and most discussed carbon complex is the interstitial–substitutional C i C s pair, which readily forms when self-interstitials are present in the material. This pair has three possible configurations, each of which is electrically active. The less common C s C s pair has been studied in irradiated material but has also recently been seen in as-grown C-rich cast-Si, which is commonly used to fabricate solar cells. The third pair consists of two interstitial C atoms: C i C i . Although its formation probability is low for several reasons, the C i C i pair is very stable and electrically inactive. In this contribution, we report preliminary results of first-principles calculations of these three C pairs in Si. The structures, binding energies, vibrational spectra, and electrical activity are predicted.