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A high-resolution synchrotron photoemission study of selenium, selenophene (Seph), and benzeneselenol (BSe) adsorption on a Cu(100) surface was performed, to investigate the film structure, chemical adsorption properties, and molecular orientation. Complementary measurements for selenophene adsorption on Au(111) were also performed. The investigation is based on determination of core level binding energies (CLBEs) by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge adsorption fine structure (NEXAFS). Se chemisorption was studied as a complement to the work on molecules in order to obtain data on the CLBEs for the atomic case. Se adsorption was performed from a Na2Se solution and thereafter annealing in vacuum. Annealing leads to appearance of ordered structures in LEED. Se 3d CLBEs were determined for the different cases. Fits of Se 3d XPS spectra show existence of several components attributable to different adsorption configurations. Also coadsorption with S was studied, which leads to changes in ad...

This report examines the assembly of chalcogenide organic molecules on various surfaces, focusing on cases when chemisorption is accompanied by carbon–chalcogen atom-bond scission. In the case of alkane and benzyl chalcogenides, this induces formation of a chalcogenized interface layer. This process can occur during the initial stages of adsorption and then, after passivation of the surface, molecular adsorption can proceed. The characteristics of the chalcogenized interface layer can be significantly different from the metal layer and can affect various properties such as electron conduction. For chalcogenophenes, the carbon–chalcogen atom-bond breaking can lead to opening of the ring and adsorption of an alkene chalcogenide. Such a disruption of the π-electron system affects charge transport along the chains. Awareness about these effects is of importance from the point of view of molecular electronics. We discuss some recent studies based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy that shed light on these aspects for a series of such organic molecules.

This progress report focuses on recent work on energy losses undergone by keV slow ions through crystals and on solid surfaces. We treat cases where strong corrugations of the electron density along ion trajectories occur and where an averaged electron density along the ion track cannot be assumed. We present experiments which reveal the existence of a threshold effect in stopping on d-electron metals and discuss experiments on scattering on surfaces where ion trajectories pass through regions with exponentially decreasing electron densities. The modeling realistically describes the inhomogeneous electron density in and above a crystal, especially in directions with high symmetry. We strive to highlight the most important features in these cases.

This article, written as a result of theoretical and practical research, describes a survey of condensate nucleation in heat exchangers utilizing low-potential heat of humid air. The authors conducted a series of studies aimed at developing energy-independent technical solutions to protect heat exchangers from the freezing of the moisture condensing on their exchange surfaces in the course of humid air heat recovery. There was a negative dependence of the thickness of the layer of condensate formed on the heat exchange surface, the condensation rate, and the moisture content of warm air. The article presents the outcomes of the numerical study aimed at building a model of the condensation processes that occur due to a flow of moist air when the air is cooled and heat is utilized. The study provided experimental validation for the consistency of the processes related to water vapor condensation in the flow of cooled moist air. The outcomes presented in the article can apply to both the exchange systems using the low potential heat of the atmospheric air, e.g., for room heating or snow melting, and to the exhaust air energy recovery systems of the building ventilation plant.

A study of selenium and benzeneselenol (BSe) interaction with a Cu(111) surface was performed, to investigate adsorption characteristics and molecular orientation. We report core level binding energies (CLBE) determined using high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near edge adsorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements. The Se chemisorption study complements the work on molecules providing data on the CLBE's for the atomic case. Se adsorption was performed using immersion into a Na2Se solution and annealing in vacuum. Annealing results in the appearance of ordered structures in low energy electron diffraction (LEED) images. The fits of Se 3d XPS spectra show the existence of several components related to different adsorption configurations depending on annealing temperatures. Coadsorption with S was studied, which leads to changes in adsorption configurations. Annealing after simultaneous adsorption leads to progressive S elimination. In the case of BSe adsorption, XPS and NEXAFS spectra indicate Se–C bond scission, leading to the appearance of atomic Se. This is accompanied by the coadsorption of molecules. NEXAFS revealed a degree of dichroism, showing that the molecules are tilted at about 30° from the surface normal, assuming a homogeneous layer. The results show that the molecular layer is formed on a complex interface that could affect electron transfer properties.

Highlights: • New predatory protist (Tunicaraptor) with unique morphology is related to animals • Tunicaraptor calls into question many of the well-accepted relationships in Holozoa • Tunicaraptor possesses a unique combination of “animal-specific” gene products • Eukaryovorous flagellates may represent a major share of unicellular animal relatives The origin of animals is one of the most intensely studied evolutionary events, and our understanding of this transition was greatly advanced by analyses of unicellular relatives of animals, which have shown many “animal-specific” genes actually arose in protistan ancestors long before the emergence of animals [1–3]. These genes have complex distributions, and the protists have diverse lifestyles, so understanding their evolutionary significance requires both a robust phylogeny of animal relatives and a detailed understanding of their biology [4, 5]. But discoveries of new animal-related lineages are rare and historically biased to bacteriovores and parasites. Here, we characterize the morphology and transcriptome content of a new animal-related lineage, predatory flagellate Tunicaraptor unikontum. Tunicaraptor is an extremely small (3–5 μm) and morphologically simple cell superficially resembling some fungal zoospores, but it survives by preying on other eukaryotes, possibly using a dedicated but transient “mouth,” which is unique for unicellular opisthokonts. The Tunicaraptor transcriptome encodes a full complement of flagellar genes and the flagella-associated calcium channel, which is only common to predatory animal relatives and missing in microbial parasites and grazers. Tunicaraptor also encodes several major classes of animal cell adhesion molecules, as well as transcription factors and homologs of proteins involved in neurodevelopment that have not been found in other animal-related lineages. Phylogenomics, including Tunicaraptor, challenges the existing framework used to reconstruct the evolution of animal-specific genes and emphasizes that the diversity of animal-related lineages may be better understood only once the smaller, more inconspicuous animal-related lineages are better studied.

The personal role of sub-national rulers is crucial for regional development in countries with weak institutions. This paper studies the impact of regional governors’ tenure in office and their local ties on procurement performance in Russia. To identify the causal effect, we construct instruments for governor’s tenure by exploiting the regional vote share of ruling party in past parliament elections. We find the evidence that governors who do not have pre-governing local ties in the region (outsiders) demonstrate predatory behaviour, compared to governors with local ties (insiders). Namely, governors-outsiders restrict the competition at awarding stage significantly more than governors-insiders. Moreover, for governors-outsiders this restriction becomes stronger with tenure in office, while governors-insiders do not demonstrate such negative tenure effect. We argue that this restriction of competition by governors-outsiders cannot be explained by the intention of better contracts execution: the delays in execution and the probability of contract termination either increase or keep stable with tenure for governors-outsiders and these outcomes decrease with tenure for governors-insiders.

The solution of systems of linear equations has a large number of practical applications related to solving ill-conditioned problems. In paper, the technique of solving systems of linear equations based on the least squares method is considered. It is shown that the problem of the least squares method can have an alternative formulation. It consists in formulating the problem for elements of a multilevel wavelet decomposition of the residual vector. The proposed approach is demonstrated by the example of a linear quadratic problem. Experiments have shown that the wavelet decomposition of the residual can significantly improve the accuracy of solving the system of equations, making it comparable to the accuracy obtained by applying projection methods. The number of levels of the wavelet decomposition is determined by the structural parameters of the matrix. The quality of the solution can also depend on the type of wavelet used in the transformation of the residual.

Summary The combination of specific near-surface conditions associated with the shape of river banks, as well as the presence of a sharp jump in the acoustic impedance under these rivers, such as salt lenses, leads to the formation of multiply diffracted interference waves reverberating in the upper layer and appearing on seismic data as repeatable diffractions with peaks, which are focused in the footprints of the rivers after migration. These prints repeat the shape of the rivers and are clearly visible on horizontal time slices in different time intervals.

This paper analyses the role of autocratic governors in public procurement performance on the sub-national level. In particular, we estimate the impact of autocratic governors’ tenure and their local ties on competition over public procurement and contract execution. To this purpose, we use the data on public contracts on road construction and repair in Russian regions from 2011-2014 and match it with the biographical information of governors, who administrate the auctions. We find the evidence that governors who are appointed by the president and do not have pre-governing local ties in the region (governors-outsiders) demonstrate predatory behaviour, compared with governors with local ties (governors-insiders). In particular, governors-outsiders restrict the competition at public procurement auctions significantly more than governors-insiders. Moreover, this restriction becomes worse with tenure in office by governors-outsiders, while governors-insiders do not exert this tenure effect. We argue that this restriction of competition cannot be explained by the intention of better contracts execution. Namely, the delays in execution and the probability of contract termination both increase with tenure for governors-outsiders and are quite stable for governors-insiders.

Results of a study of electronic energy loss of low keV protons interacting with multilayer graphene targets are presented. Proton energy loss shows an unexpectedly high value as compared with measurements in amorphous carbon and carbon nanotubes. Furthermore, we observe a classical linear behavior of the energy loss with the ion velocity but with an apparent velocity threshold around 0.1 a.u., which is not observed in other carbon allotropes. This suggests low dimensionality effects which can be due to the extraordinary graphene properties. This work was mainly supported by the grants Fondecyt [grant number 1100759], CONICYT-MEC [grant number 80150073] and DGIIP-UTFSM [grant number 216.11.3]. MM and BF acknowledge the Basal Program for Centers of Excellence, Grant FB0807 CEDENNA, CONICYT. RGM and IA acknowledge financial support provided by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and the European Regional Development Fund (Project No. FIS2014-58849-P), as well as by the Fundación Séneca (Project No. 19907/GERM/15).

Summary It is necessary to correctly execute the entire complex of modern processing procedures to obtain a qualitative result and the possibility of carrying out a further forecast using seismic data. It must be remembered that without an adequate solution of the kinematic problem, it will be impossible to restore the dynamic characteristics of the seismic record, and, consequently, to fulfill the forecast of the filter and capacitance properties in the inter-well space. Within the framework of this work, the problems of restoring low frequencies of a useful signal and minimizing the influence of the complexly built upper and middle parts of the section were solved. The construction of a detailed anisotropic depth-velocity model and the implementation of anisotropic Pre-Stack Depth Migration, as well as the application of Robust Surface Consistent Decon and Overburden Compensation have made it possible to obtain data suitable for solving the geological tasks

We present a study of the functionalization of a monocrystalline ZnO surface using aromatic dithiols. The aim is to obtain a sulfur-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM), which is then used for creation of further molecular superstructures with intercalated metal atoms. These metal-molecule self-assembled structures are characterized by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near edge X-ray adsorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements. Formation of a 5,5- bis(mercaptomethyl)-2,20- bipyridine (BPD) SAM on ZnO(0001) is demonstrated using a protocol developed by us earlier for dithiol assembly on gold, allowing production of standing-up SAMs with free SH groups. Thereafter the formation of a metal intercalated dithiol super lattice is achieved by first grafting metal atoms (Ag or Ni) and then attaching a second BPD molecular layer. Metal atoms bind to both sulfur and the pyridine nitrogens within the SAM. Clear changes in the valence band region near the Fermi level are observed, and the highest occupied system orbital positions are determined along with work function evolution. © 2018 American Chemical Society.

The catalytic activity of metal nanoclusters is considered to depend on their size, morphology, and substrate type. Here we address this problem by studying changes in electron transfer processes, that are important in surface chemistry, on the example of the interaction of Li ions with gold nanostructures as a function of their sizes and substrate type. The Au nanoclusters were grown on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and Al2O3 surfaces. In the case of Al2O3 and sputtered HOPG surface, a wide surface coverage distribution of nanoclusters is formed, whereas on pristine HOPG scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images show that Au clusters nucleate at step edges and can coalesce into “nanowires”. We found that electron transfer is much more probable on small clusters than on bulk Au surfaces. For distributed clusters, electron transfer is most probable for lateral size is of the order of 2–3 nm and height is in the 1 nm range, that is, of the order of a few atomic layers. Interestingly, larger elec...

This article applies the concept of a term structure to agricultural land rental prices. Based on theoretical considerations, we develop a hedonic pricing model that allows for different shapes of the term structure curve while controlling for other price-relevant characteristics. We apply this model to land lease contracts in Saxony-Anhalt. We find an upward-sloping term structure during the agricultural price boom in 2007 and 2008, where market participants expected increasing rental prices. For the subsequent years, however, we detect a single-humped term structure. Hence, market participants revised their expectations and assumed a decline of land rental prices in the long term.

In this paper by the results of immunohistochemical, morphometric studies of vascular endothelium in the heart of 21 human fetuses 18-24 weeks gestation topological differences in the spatial distribution of vascular elements in the ventricles and atria have been determined. Considering selective specificity of the endothelial marker CD 31, the morphometric analysis of the relative area of blood vessels in the fetus human heart was first carried out. The obtained morphological data greatly extend the idea concerning the development of coronary vascular system in the prenatal period of ontogenesis., В работе по результатам иммуногистохимического, морфометрического исследований сосудистого эндотелия в сердце 21 плода человека 18-24 недель гестации установлены топологические различия в пространственном распределении сосудистых элементов в предсердиях и желудочках. Учитывая выборочную специфичность эндотелиального маркера CD 31, нами впервые проведен морфометрический анализ относительной площади сосудов в сердце плодов человека. Полученные морфологические данные значительно расширяют представление о развитии коронарной сосудистой системы в пренатальном периоде онтогенеза., У роботі за результатами імуногістохімічного, морфометричного досліджень судинного ендотелію у серці 21 плодів людини 18-24 тижнів гестації встановлені топологічні відмінності в просторовому розподілі судинних елементів в передсердях та шлуночках. Враховуючи вибіркову специфічність ендотеліального маркеру CD 31, нами вперше проведено морфометричний аналіз відносної площі судин у серці плодів людини. Отримані морфологічні дані значно розширюють уявлення про розвиток вінцевої судинної системи в пренатальному періоді онтогенезу.

The nonmonotonic energy dependence of the $\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{i}}^{0}$ fraction on high-work-function surfaces has not been understood so far. To further study this phenomenon, in this work, efficient neutralization of $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}^{+}$ ions has been reported on various surfaces, instead of $\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{i}}^{+}$ ions. The nonmonotonic energy dependence of the $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}^{0}$ fraction becomes more and more obvious with the increase of the surface work function. For Cu(111) and Cu(110) at the scattering angle of 7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, the energy dependence of the neutral fraction is still nonmonotonic as compared to the scattering angles of 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 53\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. For the scattering angle of 53\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, the nonmonotonic angle dependence has been observed for these surfaces. The essences of the nonmonotonic angle and energy dependences are the same. The quantum-mechanical calculations reveal that the width and position of the atomic level below the Fermi level at short ion-surface distances are responsible for high neutral fractions at large exit energies, and that the neutral fraction at much smaller exit energies is probably related to the neutralization at large distances. For the exit angle dependence, the competition between neutralization at short and large distances strongly depends on the surface work function. In particular, the neutralization is enhanced by the relatively large parallel velocity.

Self-assembly of dithiol molecules is of interest because these can be used as linkers between metallic or semiconductor entities and thus employed in molecular electronics and plasmonic applications, or for building complex heterostructures. Here we focus on dithiol self-assembly by evaporation in vacuum, a method that could circumvent the dithiol oxidation that can occur in solution. We present a high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and an ion scattering study of adsorption and desorption of 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol on InP(110) as a function of exposure and sample temperature. Results for InP are compared to those on Au(111) and found to differ due to formation of a thick BDMT layer at room temperature, resulting from extra molecules sticking on top of the self-assembled monolayer. This may play an adverse effect in some afore-mentioned applications as in molecular electronics. We furthermore study the evolution of the dithiol film with sample temperature and the elements remaining at the surface after annealing and delineate initial coverage dependent effects. Fil: Salazar Alarcón, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Cristina, Lucila Josefina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Física del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Física del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Jia, Juanjuan. Université Paris Sud; Francia Fil: Chen, Lin. Lanzhou University; China Fil: Giglia, Angelo. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Pasquali, Luca. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Jamaica. University of Johannesburg; Sudáfrica Fil: Sánchez, Esteban Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Esaulov, Vladimir A.. Université Paris Sud; Francia Fil: Grizzi, Oscar. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina

В статье обосновывается необходимость нового понимания поэтики Достоевского. Суть его состоит в том, что творчество Достоевского необходимо рассматривать как органическую часть русской православной культуры с ее пасхальным архетипом и верховенством благодати (милости, любви, прощения) над законом (правовыми отношениями, наказанием). Однако главная сложность состоит в соотнесении подобного подхода с новым истолкованием поэтики. Научное наследие Бахтина недопустимо в настоящее время воспринимать некритически, поскольку сам ученый впоследствии признал невозможность свободно писать «о главном». Необходимо восстановить в поэтике те фигуры умолчания, которые не мог высказать в свое время Бахтин. O artigo se fundamenta na necessidade de uma nova compreensão da poética de Dostoiévski. Sua essência reside no fato de que a obra de Dostoiévski deve ser considerada como uma parte orgânica da cultura ortodoxa russa com seu arquétipo pascal e de Bem-Aventurança (misericórdia, amor e perdão) acima da lei (relações jurídicas e punição). No entanto, a principal dificuldade reside na correlação desta abordagem com uma nova interpretação de poética. Hoje é inadmissível aceitar acriticamente a herança científica de Bakhtin, já que o próprio pesquisador mais tarde admitiu a impossibidade de escrever livremente “sobre as questões principais”. É preciso restaurar na poética aquelas figuras reticentes que Bakhtin não pode expressar na sua época.

Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Applied Innovations in IT / Prof. Dr. Siemens, Eduard (2017). Jg. 5, Köthen, 2017, The work is devoted to the problem of solving large systems of linear algebraic equations with irregular structure matrices. To solve them the variant of the projection method in the Petrov-Galerkin form is proposed. Most of the known projection methods is based on the use of bases of Krylov subspaces. The main difference of the proposed method is the choice of the basis from coefficients of wavelet packet decomposition of the residuals. In general, the wavelet transform can be adaptive due to the entropic criteria for the evaluation of elements of the wavelet tree. This distinguishes the proposed method from the known FOM method, the GMRES algorithm and other projection solvers. Conducted a series of computational experiments comparing the proposed algorithm with the main existing projection methods. The experiments showed that the proposed algorithm is competitive with the major existing projection type methods, and in some cases can exceed them.

Results of a high-resolution synchrotron photoemission study of sulfur adsorption on Cu(100) and Cu(111) surfaces are reported. Sulfur adsorption was performed by immersion of pristine samples into aqueous Na2S, which provokes strong sulfidation of copper. Annealing leads to partial elimination of S and progressive formation of well-ordered surface sulfur phases followed here by LEED. This translates into sizable Cu 2p core level binding energy (CLBE) shifts as well as changes in the S 2p binding energies. For Cu(111) we see evolution at the higher temperature to the (√7 × √7)R19.1° phase as identified by LEED, with a S 2p3/2 binding energy of 161.45 eV. An intermediate phase with an S 2p3/2, binding energy of 161.15 eV appears at lower temperatures. For Cu(100) at 300 °C we see the appearance of the known 0.47 ML S coverage (√17 × √17)R14° structure, with S 2p3/2 CLBE of 161.15, 161.62, and 162.10 eV. At higher temperatures some S atom loss occurs, and we observe a p(2 × 2)-S phase, with S 2p3/2 CLBE of ...

A study of the self-assembly of silver atom intercalated 5,5′-bis(mercaptomethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (BPD; HS-CH2-(C5H3N)2-CH2-SH) and 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol (BDMT; HS-CH2-(C6H4)-CH2-SH)) dithiol (DT) multilayers on gold is presented. The bilayer of these SAMs can be obtained starting from the exposure of a DT monolayer to a concentrated silver ion solution. After grafting the silver atoms on the sulfur end group, the incubation of the resulting DT–Ag SAM in a DT solution leads to the formation of a DT–Ag–DT bilayer. This process was extended to make a multilayer structure. The corresponding changes in these self-assembled layers on Au are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements, and I–V characteristics. Our interpretation of evolution in the absorbed layer are based on changes in intensities of peaks in XPS related to S bound to substrate or Ag and in –SH groups, as well as changes in thickness and absorption features in SE measurements. The latter show the evolution in absorbance wavelength as a function of thickness and indicate a decrease in the HOMO–LUMO gap from about 4.5 eV to 4 eV. The I–V characteristics show a significant bias dependence on the number of the BPD layers and there appears to be a transition from tunneling to a hopping regime when going from the single to the multiple layers.

The local qualitative robustness of GM-tests against outliers in the autoregression model is studied in the paper. A local scheme of data contamination by independent outliers with the intensity O(n−1/2) is considered. The qualitative robustness in terms of power equicontinuity is obtained. The GM-tests asymptotically optimal in the maximin sense are constructed.

Compact differential B-dots have been mounted on a fast pulsed power generator for experimental current measurements. The fast pulsed power generator is named Thunderbird, which is capable of 130 kA in ∼25 to 35 ns rise-time. A compact design (1.0 mm diameter loops in an 8.0 mm diameter body) of the B-dots has been implemented to match the need and specifications of the Thunderbird generator. The B-dots have been calibrated using a short circuit load geometry for two conditions, an uncompressed and a compressed pulse, with a circuit model, and results are shown.

The phenomenon of a positron anomaly in cosmic rays at energies above 10 GeV can not be explained within the framework of secondary positron production mechanisms into interstellar media. One possible explanation can be that positron excess is generated by ~ TeV dark matter particles annihilation or decay. Very high energies are not available for modern magnetic spectrometers because of their small size, but magnetic analysis with geomagnetic field extending for thousands of kilometres can be used. One approach to the high energy positron detection deals with allowed and forbidden trajectories Earth's magnetic field. It was shown that at the equatorial position of the detector it is possible to separate positrons and electrons using only a position-sensitive electromagnetic calorimeter up to energies ~ 250 GeV using detector with angular resolution of about 5 degrees. Second approach consists in the joint registration of an electron, or positron, and the synchrotron photons emitted by them into magnetosphere. It is shown that for space born detector at about ~ 400 km orbit identification of positrons up to tens TeV is possible using synchrotron radiation detector and imaging calorimeter.

An exploration of the implosion properties and X-ray radiation pulses from tungsten-based planar wire array Z-pinch experiments is presented, with an emphasis on loads mixed with aluminum. These experiments were carried out on Zebra, the 1.0 MA pulse power generator at the Nevada Terawatt Facility. A suite of diagnostics was used to study these plasmas, including X-ray and EUV Si diodes, optical imaging, laser shadowgraphy, and time-gated and time-integrated X-ray pinhole imagers and spectrometers. Specifically, loads with relatively large inter-wire gaps where tungsten is placed in the center of a planar configuration composed primarily of aluminum showed unusual characteristics. These loads are shown to generate a “bubbling” effect in which plasma from the ablation of outer aluminum wires is temporarily hindered from converging at the center of the array where the tungsten wire is located. Reproduction of these experiments with variations to load geometry, materials, and mass distribution are also presented and discussed in an attempt to better understand the phenomenon. In addition, a theoretical model has also been applied to better understand the dynamics of the implosions of these loads. Applications of this effect to radiation pulse shaping, particularly with multi-planar arrays, are also discussed.