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As efforts intensify to address the environmental impact of agricultural waste, the valorization of Manihot esculenta peel (MEP) for sustainable engineering applications presents a unique opportunity to repurpose this class of agricultural waste to achieve environmental sustainability development goals while promoting socio-economic development of this pollutant. The inherent properties of MEP, such as its richness in carbohydrates and cellulose, make it a useful raw material for producing biofuels, bioethanols, biocomposites, and other sustainable engineering materials. Its resilience to adverse environmental conditions also makes MEP well-suited for cultivation in diverse agroecological settings, further enhancing its appeal as a sustainable resource. While existing review articles provide valuable insights into Manihot esculenta peel utilization across various industries, they often overlook the comprehensive valorization of Manihot esculenta for sustainable engineering applications, creating a notable knowledge gap. Through a systematic examination of innovative approaches documented in the literature, this research seeks to bridge this gap by elucidating strategies for repurposing cassava waste into valuable engineering materials to mitigate environmental pollution and promote sustainable resource utilization. By synthesizing existing research and identifying key research gaps, this study advances the understanding of Manihot esculenta peel's potential as a sustainable material and facilitates the transition toward greener engineering practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between environmental quality, measured by carbon emissions (CO2), and life expectancy (LE) in 31 developing nations from 1981 to 2020. The analysis uses the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)/pooled mean group (PMG) approach. Panel cointegration tests suggest cointegration in the series. The results indicate that environmental quality has a significantly negative impact on LE, whereas real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the age dependency ratio have positive effects. The Dumitrescu–Hurlin Granger causality test shows a feedback relationship among all variables. These findings suggest the need for emission reduction policies to mitigate the adverse effects of CO2 emissions on public health. It is essential to address the negative impact of CO2 emissions on the environment and public health to achieve sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Air pollution poses significant risks to cardiovascular health, yet patients often lack comprehensive knowledge about its impact and mitigation strategies. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention within a cardiac rehabilitation (CR) context in enhancing patients' understanding of air pollution and its cardiovascular effects. Methods: A pre-post pilot study was conducted from February 2021 to June 2021 at the Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain. A total of 43 patients with cardiovascular disease attending CR were enrolled. Participants received a 1-h educational intervention delivered either in-person or online, focusing on the effects of air pollution and strategies to reduce exposure. Pre- and post-intervention questionnaires assessed participants' knowledge and perceptions. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze changes in awareness and understanding. Results: Initially, participants demonstrated a high level of awareness about the health impacts of air pollution, with 100% acknowledging its effects on health. However, detailed knowledge about specific concepts such as the Air Quality Index (AQI) and particulate matter (PM2.5) was limited. Post-intervention, there was a significant increase in knowledge, with familiarity with AQI rising from 61% to 81% (p = 0.02) and understanding of PM2.5 improving from 28% to 58% (p = 0.01). This indicates that the educational intervention effectively bridged gaps in understanding and reinforced the importance of environmental factors in cardiovascular health management. Discussion: The pilot study highlights the critical role of targeted education in improving patient awareness and knowledge about air pollution. The significant improvement in understanding key concepts underscores the need for broader educational initiatives that extend beyond CR programs. Future research should explore the impact of such interventions on long-term health outcomes and consider expanding educational efforts to include healthcare providers and family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the seasonal dynamics and interrelationships between geochemical and hydrobiological parameters in lake ecosystems impacted by fish cage farming in Lake Ladoga, Russia. Environmental conditions at three trout farms were assessed, focusing on water and sediment quality as well as benthic and zooplankton communities. For each farm, two categories of sampling sites were designated: cage sites and reference sites located 100–600 m away from the cages. Fieldwork was carried out across four seasons in 2023: February, June, August, and November. The findings indicate that intensive fish feeding results in significant organic waste accumulation beneath trout cages, altering the composition and abundance of planktonic and benthic organisms. The organic matter content in sediments beneath the cages during periods of intensive feeding was found to increase 2–5 times compared to the reference sites. In winter, accumulated organic matter in the sediments underwent mineralization, bringing hydrobiological indicators closer to the reference values. The geochemical and hydrobiological parameters analyzed in this study serve as valuable indicators for developing ecological monitoring approaches in freshwater cage aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant leaves can be used to determine the atmospheric deposition of organic contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), to assess the contamination status of an area. The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of PAHs deriving from atmospheric deposition using Malva sylvestris leaves. Analytes were recovered from the leaves of the plant using cyclohexane as an organic solvent and subsequent sonication. The percentage recoveries (R%) were good (from 65.8 ± 3.2 to 104.2 ± 16.9), together with the instrumental analytical parameters, including correlation coefficients (r) ≥ 0.995 for all PAHs. The instrumental analysis was carried out using GC-MS in total ion current and single ion monitoring at the same time. Real samples taken from urban environments have shown that they are not always the most contaminated. At the Palermo site, leaves were observed to have high amounts of PAHs due to the deposition of dust generated by combustion processes that occurred near the sampling site. Further studies are recommended to compare the use of plants and classical sampling systems for monitoring the atmospheric deposition of key contaminants toxic to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), and Zinc (Zn) levels in Limnothrissa miodon fish from Lake Kariba in Zambia and their potential impact on human health. Two-gram samples from each stratum underwent a 12-hour digestion, and concentrations were determined using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer. Results indicated that Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations fell within Food and Agricultural Organization and World Health Organization safety limits. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Hazard Quotient (THQ) values for males and females remained under recommended thresholds, suggesting minimal health risks from consumption. Element concentrations followed the order Fe > Zn > Cu, all below Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs). THQ values, with Zn posing the highest potential risk followed by Fe and Cu, were under one. Overall, the Hazard Index (HI) was 0.02, signifying a low non-carcinogenic risk from fish consumption. Despite safety, ongoing monitoring of heavy metal accumulation in the ecosystem is advisable for long-term safety. In conclusion, trace element levels in Limnothrissa miodon from Lake Kariba are safe for human consumption with low associated health risks. Nonetheless, continued monitoring of heavy metal levels is vital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consuming food contaminated with toxic heavy metals is a main exposure rout of these substances entering the human body and is a serious threat to the health of communities. The present study aimed to estimate human health risk when exposed to arsenic and heavy metals due to the consumption of commercial fish in Iranian market. Nine species of commercial fishes were supplied from the public market in the city of Mashhad, Iran. Ninety samples were randomly selected from nine each species, and then concentration of heavy metals was measured. The concentration of heavy metals was measured with an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. The health risk assessment-based EPA model was used to explore carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Hazard Quotient (THQ) in all species was less than 1 for adults, but the hazard index of all species was higher than 1, with a mean value of 2.09 ± 0.33 ranging between 1.3 and 2.86. The hazard quotient for children was higher than 1 in two metals, lead, and zinc. The hazard index for all was higher than 1, with a mean value of 6.39 ± 1.60 ranging between 4.21 and 8.77. Cancer risk (CR) assessment showed that in adults, the three metals arsenic, cadmium, and lead were within the safe range (CR =1×10-4) and only chromium was in the borderline of CR. Among children, the CR for cadmium and lead was in the safe range (CR =1×10-4) and for arsenic and chromium was in the borderline. There are potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with consuming the fish commonly sold in Iranian market. The presence of heavy metals in aquatic products consumed in Mashhad can affect consumers' health. The results of this monitoring can facilitate health decision-making and improve human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste is a global environmental burden and long-lasting plastic polymers, including ubiquitous and toxic polyurethanes (PUs), rapidly accumulate in the water environments. In this study, samples were collected from the three alkaline groundwater occurrences in the geotectonic regions of the Pannonian basin of northern Serbia (Torda and Slankamen Banja) and Inner Dinarides of western Serbia (Mokra Gora) with aim to isolate and identify bacteria with plastic- and lignocellulose-degrading potential, that could be applied to reduce the burden of environmental plastic pollution. The investigated occurrences belong to cold, mildly alkaline (pH: 7.6–7.9) brackish and hyperalkaline (pH: 11.5) fresh groundwaters of the SO4 – Na + K, Cl – Na + K and OH, Cl – Ca, Na + K genetic type. Full-length 16S rDNA sequencing, using Oxford Nanopore sequencing device, was performed with DNA extracted from colonies obtained by cultivation of all groundwater samples, as well as with DNA extracted directly from one groundwater sample. The most abundant genera belong to Pseudomonas, Acidovorax, Kocuria and Methylotenera. All screened isolates (100%) had the ability to grow on at least 3 of the tested plastic and lignocellulosic substrates, with 53.9% isolates degrading plastic substrate Impranil® DLN-SD (SD), a model compound for PUs degradation. Isolates degrading SD that were identified by partial 16S rDNA sequencing belong to the Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Paraburkholderia, Aeromonas, Vibrio and Acidovorax genera. Taking into account that plastics, including commonly produced PUs, are widespread in groundwater, identification of PUs-degrading bacteria may have potential applications in bioremediation of groundwater polluted with this polymer.Summary Points: The most abundant bacteria identified by next-generation full-length 16S rDNA sequencing of cultivated and direct samples of alkaline groundwater occurrences in the geotectonic regions of the Pannonian basin of northern Serbia and Inner Dinarides of western Serbia belong to Pseudomonas, Acidovorax, Kocuria and Methylotenera. Of all screened groundwater isolates, 53.9% isolates demonstrated the ability to degrade plastic substrate Impranil® DLN-SD, a model compound for polyurethane degradation. Investigated groundwaters contain polyurethane-degrading bacteria, including Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Paraburkholderia, Aeromonas, Vibrio and Acidovorax. Identified isolates should be further explored as a potential resource for bioremediation treatments of polyurethane-polluted groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global tradition of fireworks at festivals causes significant environmental harm, including air, water, noise and light pollution, and impacts on human health. Diwali and the Chinese New Year fireworks can spike the Air Quality Index and elevate particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in capitals during and after celebrations. This commentary examines evidence for the detrimental effects of fireworks on the environment, human health and wildlife. Alternatives like drone displays, laser shows and eco‐friendly decorations are proposed, along with stricter regulations to curb firework impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics offer versatility, durability and low production costs, but they also pose environmental and health risks due to improper disposal, accumulation in water bodies, low recycling rates and temporal action that causes physicochemical changes in plastics and the release of toxic products to animal health and nature. Some microorganisms may play crucial roles in improving plastic waste management in the future. Cunningamella echinulata has been identified as a promising candidate that remains viable for long periods and produces a cutinase that is capable of degrading plastic. Other recent approaches involving the use of microorganisms are discussed in this review. However, there does not seem to be a single science that is efficient or most appropriate for solving the problem of plastic pollution on the planet at present. Regulations, especially the implementation of different laws that address the entire plastic cycle in different countries, such as Brazil, the USA, China and the European Union, play important roles in the management of this waste and can contribute to reducing this problem. In the context of the transversality of the information compiled here, the current limitations are discussed, and an effective plan is proposed to reduce plastic pollution. Although it is challenging, it involves implementing legislation, promoting sustainable alternatives, improving collection and recycling systems, encouraging reuse, supporting research and technological innovation, promoting corporate responsibility, collaborating globally, raising public awareness, optimizing waste management and, above all, continuously monitoring the progress of actions based on measurable metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This community service activity focuses on the issue of processing household organic waste into valuable products, namely eco-enzyme. Waste can have an impact on human health, including a medium for transmission of diseases such as diarrhea and leptospirosis, decreased air quality. Objective: This activity aims to reduce the volume of household organic waste to reduce environmental pollution and improve the quality of life of the community and create valuable products. Method: The method used in this activity is Participatory Action Research (PAR) where the activity is divided into 2 sessions, namely counseling and demonstration activities. The activities were carried out on March 16 - July 20, 2024 and the targets of the activities were residents of Pojok Village, Kediri City as many as 45 people. Activities were carried out in partnership with Bank Sampah Sri Wilis. Results: In this activity, it was found that there was an increase in participant's knowledge about household organic waste processing, especially in making eco-enzymes. This is known from the results of pretest and post-test scores which have increased significantly. Conclusion: Training activities on making eco-enzymes can be an alternative in processing organic waste into useful product innovations, reducing environmental pollution, and improving the quality of human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic metals cause risks to the ecological environment. Typha latifolia L. is a good candidate to clean potentially toxic metals contaminated water or soil. However, limited research investigated the impact of environmental factors (e.g., pH, soil substrate, flood duration) on metal accumulations in cattails. In this study, cattails were cultured in soils flooded with artificial wastewater with varying pH (5, 7 or 9) and different levels of Cr, Cd and Zn for four weeks to investigate the interactions between environmental conditions and metal uptake in cattails. The metal content in biomass were measured by an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. More Zn (>10,000 mg/kg dry biomass) entered plants compared to Cd and Cr (<1,000 mg/kg dry biomass). Approximately 80% of Zn from solutions with 50 mg/L Cd, 25 mg/L Cr, 250 mg/L Zn were removed by cattails. Most Cd and Cr were sorbed onto soils. Cattails exhibited relatively consistent performance in removing metals from wastewater with initial pH of 5, 7 or 9. The pH of all the solutions ended close to neutral after 4 weeks. More research is needed to further understand the influence of environmental conditions on metal uptakes in plants to improve phytoremediation efficiency. NOVELTY STATEMENT: It is the first study to evaluate metal accumulation in cattails cultured in soils flooded with artificial wastewater with varying pH and different levels of metals. This project investigated the interactions between growth conditions (e.g., pH, soil substrate, flooding) and different metal uptake in cattails, which was not conducted in previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid urbanisation coupled with the influx of more people to Ado-Ekiti, it is pertinent to assess the effect of human activities on living organisms in Ureje River, the main water body that cuts across Ado-Ekiti. This study examined the effects of environmental pollution on the Ureje River in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria with focus on water quality, heavy metal contamination, and the health of female African catfish. Samples of water were fetched from various fishing spots along the river, and an earthen pond, which served as a control. Blood samples were collected from fish samples farmed from different fishing points, and thereafter slaughtered and organ characteristics and histology assessed. Fish from Emirin and Erinfun showed lower (p<0.05) weights, indicating impaired growth. Fish had significantly (p<0.05) elevated glucose at Ajebamidele, high total protein at Aduloju, Erinfun and Ajebamidele, and varied cholesterol levels, reflecting metabolic stress. Fish from polluted points had notably higher liver enzymes and alkaline phosphatase coupled with highest oxidative stress, indicating liver damage and stress. Fish from heavily polluted areas had necrosis in gills, liver steatosis, and kidney infiltration. Pollution from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources significantly degrades the Ureje River ecosystem with negatives impacts on water quality and aquatic organism health [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a pervasive environmental pollutant with multiple adverse effects on animal biology. As the vertebrate nervous system is particularly sensitive to light effects, this study explores the potential negative impact of ALAN on cognition in adult zebrafish, Danio rerio. Fish from mesocosm populations exposed to either ALAN or control conditions underwent visual and spatial learning tasks, along with an evaluation of cognitive flexibility with visual and spatial reversal learning tasks. Contrary to our initial prediction of a general negative impact, learning performance was not affected by the ALAN treatment. The analysis of reversal learning revealed task-dependent effects on cognitive flexibility: fish exposed to ALAN performed worse than control fish in the visual reversal learning task, but displayed better performance in the spatial reversal learning task. We propose that the influence of ALAN on cognition might differ between different cognitive functions or involve noncognitive factors that play different roles in the testing paradigms. The study underscores the importance of task specificity in nonadaptive cognitive plasticity and calls for ecological assessments to quantify fitness consequences of ALAN in natural settings. • We examined the cognitive performance of fish exposed to light pollution at night. • Visual and spatial learning were not affected. • Cognitive flexibility was affected in a task-dependent manner. • Light pollution impaired visual but improved spatial reversal learning performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review looks at the advancements in shipping-related air pollution prevention in the context of ship life cycle assessment and energy efficiency. It discusses which design option is best for implementing various strategies to lower greenhouse gas emissions. It covers logistics, digitization, environmental requirements, and the greenhouse gases produced. Among the issues for enhancing the propulsion system's performance are air lubrication, ship hull optimization, and hull and propeller maintenance and cleaning. Alternative fuels, wind-assisted propulsion, and nuclear energy are given special attention. Energy-efficient design solutions, risk-based environmental ship design, and retrofitting older ships to improve energy efficiency are also covered. Several trends and recommendations for lowering shipping-related air pollution have been found in the review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Green finance has emerged as a vital tool in addressing the dual imperatives of environmental protection and economic growth. This study investigates the relationship between green finance initiatives and environmental pollution in China. Drawing on urban data spanning from 2006 to 2021, we employ a comprehensive analysis to discern the impact of green finance policies on mitigating environmental degradation. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of green finance in reducing pollution through channels such as industrial structure optimization, energy mix transformation, and the promotion of green technology. Moreover, we identify specific conditions under which green finance interventions prove most effective, including regions characterized by robust digital economy development, competitive commercial banking, and stringent government environmental regulations. By shedding light on the nuanced interplay between green finance and environmental outcomes, this research underscores the importance of targeted policy measures in fostering ecological sustainability within China's evolving economic landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial technology (FinTech) depends on high amounts of energy with an upward trend, possibly affecting emissions due to energy consumption (EC). The study investigates tail dependence, contagion, and nonlinear between FinTech, EC, and carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e) with MS-GARCH-copula and MS-GARCH-copula-causality with a daily sample covering 02 Jan 2012–28 December 2022. The method is a generalized version of single-regime GARCH-copula and causality tests to Markov-switching. Empirical results indicated that FinTech, EC, and CO2e series follow nonlinear processes in addition to unit roots as determined by BDS nonlinearity tests and a set of linear and nonlinear unit root tests. Further, for all series, heteroskedasticity and nonlinear forms of heteroskedasticity cannot be rejected by ARCH–LM and White heteroskedasticity tests, leading to the estimation of the series and their joint dynamics by MS-GARCH-copula and a new MS-GARCH-copula based nonlinear Granger-causality test, the RSGCC test, under two distinct regimes characterized with the low and high volatility for extreme tails of data. Positivity and significance of copula parameters under both regimes indicate a high degree of positive but asymmetric tail dependence and contagion between FinTech & EC, in addition to contagion between FinTech & CO2e and EC & CO2e. RSGCC results determine unidirectional causalities from EC to CO2e and from FinTech to CO2e, coupled with bidirectional causality between FinTech and EC, which enhance the dynamics due to feedback effects. The findings of this paper are of importance for two central Sustainable Development Goals. Results could also be used to bring the FinTech markets and EC to the attention of policymakers, researchers, and eco-friendliness-focused portfolio managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Educating the public about the impact of transport on the environment and health, which can lead to more informed consumer decisions and behaviours, as well as encouraging the use of more environmentally friendly means of transport, such as carpooling, electric vehicles or rail transport. Design/methodology/approach: The Copert program was used to calculate the pollutant emissions from three Opel car models, while a measuring system consisting of a Bushnell vehicle speed meter, a microphone and a data acquisition card was used to determine the noise emissions. The measurements were carried out on specially selected sections of roads of different categories, characterized by different noise propagation conditions and acoustic obstacles. Sound pressure was measured during the passage of a single vehicle with speed measurement. Findings: The opinion that diesel cars have the most negative impact on the environment is firmly established in the public consciousness. However, the analyses carried out clearly indicate that this view is true only in the case of nitrogen oxide emissions. Although NOx is one of the main greenhouse gases affecting global warming, its presence in the environment leads to the formation of photochemical smog, acid rain and tropospheric ozone, which is harmful to our health and vegetation. However, it should be noted that the remaining emissions and their level in both diesel and petrol engines are at a similar level, which is caused by the evolution of diesel engine technology, which currently meets strict emission standards (Euro 6 and higher), thanks to which they emit less NOx and PM than older models. Social implications: The obtained results may increase public awareness of the negative impact of road transport on the environment and the need to change attitudes/habits in order to improve the quality of life. Originality/value: This article presents the impact of three Opel passenger car models on selected environmental elements, taking into account noise emissions, as well as emissions of pollutants such as NOx, SOX, CO, CO2, as well as emissions of suspended particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal and metalloid pollution caused by the industrialization became a leading stress factors for agricultural plants. The increase in the amount of nickel and boron in agricultural areas due to mining and increasing industrial activity is an important agricultural constraint. The difference between deficiency and toxicity levels of these heavy metal and metalloid is extremely critical. Nickel and boron are important micronutrients for plant growth, while they become toxic at critical densities. Plants exhibit different responses to these pollutants. It is essential to find specific biomarkers to discriminate the tolerant varieties to develop elite varieties. Transposable elements are known to have an efficient role against environmental stress factors. In this research, we evaluated the potential use of Tos17 retrotransposon movement as a molecular marker to identify the stress tolerances of two Oryza sativa L. varieties against nickel and boron pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization and the rapid growth of economies have caused severe environmental pollution, which might impact the survival of sensitive species. In this study, we investigated the defense responses of two common mosses with varying anti-haze capacities, Hypnum callichroum and Homomallium incurvatum , in response to simulated haze pollution. Photoprotection and antioxidant mechanisms of both mosses were measured immediately after the first exposure to the haze treatment, followed by the initial recovery stage and again after exposure to secondary stress and secondary recovery. Haze exposure caused severe oxidative stress and photodamage in both H. callichroum and H. incurvatum. Metabolic processes such as photorespiration, the ascorbate–glutathione cycle and secondary metabolism—which play roles in defense responses—were significantly activated in both moss species after haze treatment. During the recovery following haze stress, H. callichroum exhibited a significant stress memory response, as evidenced by the greater accumulation of several memory substances, including xanthophylls and phenolic acids. However, H. incurvatum did not exhibit a strong stress memory response, which might explain its relatively inferior anti-haze capacity in the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indiscriminate disposal of crop and animal wastes has grown in acceptance across the globe as an environmentally hazardous practice. This study used a 225L polyethylene digester that was specially made to produce biogas from anaerobic co-digestion of palm oil sludge, cassava peels, and cow dung using ground eggshells for pH stabilization and a greenhouse for temperature control. Cassava peels, palm oil sludge, cow dung, and water were combined in a ratio of 1:1:2:5.3, respectively, and 1.3 kilograms of crushed eggshells were added. The bio-digestion system generated 650.60 L of cumulative biogas throughout the 30-day sludge retention period. The pH averaged 6.0, and the slurry temperature averaged 34.76oC during digestion, which is favorable for the production of biogas since microbial populations thrive under hospitable conditions. The biogas produced after a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of over 20 days had the highest methane concentration of 60%, while days under 10 HRT had the lowest methane content of 45.5%. On the 13th day of anaerobic digestion, biogas output peaked at 34.90L, and pH and temperature were maintained at 6.5 and 35.0°C, respectively, the ideal ranges for a healthy process. An efficient technique for producing energy in the form of biogas was shown by optimized anaerobic co-digestion of animal and crop waste utilizing ground eggshells and a greenhouse for pH and temperature control. Future research should focus on developing more efficient, cheaper microbial agents, such as enzymes for biological pre-treatment of palm oil sludge to reduce lignin, which negatively impacts biogas generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress of technology in our current world continues to advance each day, benefiting human beings in various ways. One significant development in recent time is the emergency of automated vehicles, which have the potential to revolutionise transportation. These vehicles utilise electric power, sensors, cameras and sound navigators to carry out their intended operations without causing environmental pollution. Currently, there are several autonomous companies, primarily located in California, cities like San Francisco (Cruise), Palo Alto (Tesla), Fremont (Pony.ai), Santa Monica (Motional), Mountain View (Waymo), and Foster city (Zoox). This paper aims to review the utilisation level and performance of autonomous vehicles, specially focusing on the goals set for 2023. By analysing various research studies and company profiles, this paper aims to provide insights into the current status of autonomous vehicles and their practical applications. It employs quantitative and statistical methods to extract valuable information from these studies. Also, this paper examines the state of the art in autonomous vehicles and the impact of gaps in machine learning algorithms, from perception to execution. The data used for this study are obtained from research reviews and updated profile of different companies. The assessment reveals a significant increase in research and development activities related to autonomous and automated vehicles across various disciplines since 2010. Specifically, the number of research studies on autonomous driving vehicles has increased from 302 to 2718, while studies on automated vehicles have increased from 1379 to 6085. In the Engineering discipline alone, there have been 601 studies on autonomous driving vehicles and 341 studies on automated vehicle-related research, which have increased to 2685 and 1865, respectively in the specified time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroquinone is one of the phenolic compounds which is broadly utilized in industries as a raw material for processing. The presence of HQ in the wastewater can cause harmful effects on humans as well as aquatic life. There are enormous analytical methods that have been developed to detect the presence of hydroquinone even at trace levels, but among them, one of the trending methods is electrochemical, which is not only easy to operate but also gives very sensitive and selective results. In the current study, using a microwave-assisted technique, polypyrrole graphene-based nanocomposites were synthesized and then modified on a glassy carbon electrode to serve as a highly efficient replacement for the highly sensitive and selective hydroquinone (HQ) detection in real water samples. Several characterization methods, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy, were used to examine the produced nanocomposite. These techniques revealed the presence of nanosheet-like morphologies in sensing nanomaterials. Meanwhile, the cyclic voltammetric method was used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of the surface-modified glassy carbon electrode and set a linear concentration from 0.06 to 1.4 mM for sensing HQ under optimized conditions. The modified method showed a limit of detection and limit of quantification of 0.04 and 0.13 mM, respectively. Moreover, the present research has developed a reliable, sensitive, and fast method for the electrochemical detection of HQ in real water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted in an old landfill in the Calabar South local government area of Cross River State. The essence of the research work is to investigate groundwater quality within the area and evaluate the level of environmental pollution due to radioelement exposure to landfill waste. Ten profile (traverse) lines were created for the survey, and twenty vertical electrical soundings were probed with a maximum half-current electrode (AB/2) of 200 m. The result revealed four to five geoelectric layers. The rock strata and soil layers with a resistivity of less than 15 Ωm were interpreted as zones of contamination. Also, samples of groundwater were collected from four boreholes and six hand-dug wells for water quality and physicochemical analysis. The analysis shows that iron (Fe), total dissolved solids, Sulfate ( S O 4 ) and turbidity exceeded the recommended thresholds for drinking water. Consequently, the water quality index result showed that 2% of the samples produced good water, 1% produced water of poor quality, 20% of the samples produced very poor water, and 50% produced water unsuitable for human consumption. Subsequently, a radiation spectrometer was deployed to measure the radioelement concentration to determine the radio hazard and environmental pollution status of the area. Measurements of radiation due to man-made sources were undertaken in the ten profiles. The mean concentration and mean specific activity were determined for all the survey lines. While the mean concentration of 40 K and radiation dose rate were recorded below UNSCEAR's (2000) proposed limits. 238 U and 232 T h exceeded the recommended threshold for profiles seven to ten. The annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) in the area was also calculated to be 40.98 μ Sv/year . The research provides a multi-geophysical approach to evaluating and understanding hydro-geophysical and geo-environmental conditions related to landfill contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4‐tert‐octyl phenol is one of the important endrocrine‐disrupting compounds and is considered a major health hazard. A total of six isolates degraded 4‐tert‐octylphenol, and the strains Bacillus velezensis LG16 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa AC20 exhibited maximum 4‐tert‐octylphenol degradation. Co‐culture of these two strains improved 4‐tert‐octylphenol degradation from the wastewater. One variable at a time approach showed that 40°C incubation temperature, pH 8.0, and an initial 4‐tert‐octylphenol (60 mg/L) influenced biodegradation. The bacterial strains were immobilized in sodium alginate beads, and improved biodegradation was achieved. The biocatalytic process mediated by the immobilized cells was optimized by a statistical approach (two‐level full factorial design and response surface methodology). In a two‐level factorial model, 4‐tert‐octylphenol degradation varied from 1.1% to 55.2%. The 4‐tert‐octylphenol degradation was maximum at pH 6, 0.01 mg/L 4‐tert‐octylphenol, and 10 mg/L glucose with 20 g beads/L. ANOVA revealed that the designed model was statistically significant (p = 0.0310). A central composite design was used to analyze the interactive effect of significant variables and to explore the optimum conditions for 4‐tert‐octylphenol degradation by immobilized bacteria. The maximum phenol degradation was observed (97.4%) at pH 7.0, 0.06 4‐tert‐octylphenol, and 13.75 g sodium alginate beads/L. ANOVA showed that the designed model was statistically significant (p = 0.0091). The designed CCD model, the correlation coefficient value, and the lack of fit value showed that the designed CCD model was significant. The immobilized bacterial cells could more effectively degrade 4‐tert‐octylphenol than free bacterial cells. The high degradation potential indicated its application in degrading 4‐tert‐octylphenol from wastewater under optimized conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity is a critical global challenge exacerbated by population growth and industrialization. Contamination of water sources by diverse pollutants poses significant threats to public health. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the development of advanced technologies capable of purifying and detoxifying water. Beyond safeguarding health, these water purification technologies play a pivotal role in enabling water recycling to meet demands during periods of limited availability.This review provides a comprehensive overview of various methods for water remediation, encompassing both chemical and biotechnological processes while highlighting distinct water treatment approaches. The key points include the integration of nanotechnology in water remediation as an innovative approach to enhance water treatment efficiency. The article explains various techniques for synthesizing environmentally friendly nanomaterials and discusses their applications in environmental remediation in detail. The use of nanomaterials in water remediation has shown promising results, as they can effectively remove contaminants from water without causing harm to the environment. The review also emphasizes the need for further research to explore the potential of nanotechnology in addressing the global water scarcity issue. Nanomaterials have shown promise in effectively removing contaminants without harming the environment. However, challenges such as addressing long-term toxicity effects on ecosystems, scaling up nanoparticle synthesis, and conducting more pilot studies persist. Future directions should focus on optimizing nanotechnology-based water remediation processes through interdisciplinary research and pilot-scale implementation to ensure efficacy, safety, and scalability. By elucidating key aspects of water remediation, with a spotlight on nanotechnology, the review aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of methods that can mitigate the challenges of water scarcity and contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of the global chemical industry has led to widespread groundwater contamination, with frequent pollution incidents posing severe threats to water safety. However, there has been insufficient assessment of the health risks posed by chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination in groundwater around chemical industrial parks. This study evaluates the chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination in groundwater at a chemical park and conducts a multi-pathway health risk assessment, identifying the key risk pollutants. In addition, sensitivity analysis of the primary exposure pathways was performed using the Monte Carlo method. The results indicate severe exceedance of pollutant concentrations with widespread diffusion. Carcinogenic risks were mainly driven by vinyl chloride, whose oral cancer slope factor was significantly higher than that of other substances, while non-carcinogenic risks were dominated by trichloro-ethylene, which had the lowest reference dose. Both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks through the drinking water pathway accounted for approximately 90% of the total risk, whereas the risk contribution from dermal contact was negligible. Although boiling water can partially reduce the risks, its effect on high-concentration pollutants is limited. Additionally, sensitivity analysis showed that pollutant concentration was the primary influencing factor for risk values, followed by exposure duration. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for effectively formulating pollution control measures and ensuring the drinking water safety of nearby residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid population growth, as well as, technological advancement, the generation of e-wastes is increasing day by day and has become a fact of emergent concern for scientific and research communities worldwide. Though the most developed territories generate the highest amount of e-wastes, little efforts has been put towards managing them. European countries, including United Kingdom, Germany, and France are managing significant amount of e-wastes responsibly. The informal and unscientific management of e-wastes led to severe health and environmental hazards. The traditional waste management methods, such as, landfilling, and incineration expels significant amount of he avy and toxic chemicals to the environment, leading to severe air, water, and soil pollution. However, proper management strategies for e-wastes not only inhibit the associated harmful effect towards the lives on earth, but also favor circular economy. The sustainability of the strategies for managing e-wastes lie in the responsibility of all stakeholders associated with it. In this review, we have discussed the statistics of global of e-wastes generation and recycling, effect of e-wastes towards lives and the environment, different methodologies of managing e-wastes, and strategies for sustainable e-waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits a long-standing discussion surrounding the efficacy of the common law versus government intervention in addressing large-scale environmental externalities. Drawing on a conceptual framework developed by James M. Buchanan, we challenge the prevailing economic orthodoxy which holds that so-called "large-number" externalities inherently necessitate government policy intervention. Instead, we argue that the common law offers a viable means of addressing both small- and large-scale environmental pollution problems. Using riparian and nuisance cases from the nineteenth and early twentieth-century as a case study, we demonstrate how common law has historically managed to resolve water pollution disputes, even in cases involving many parties. The paper expands the discussion on externalities by integrating insights from environmental and institutional economics, highlighting the role played by transaction costs, collective action, and institutional reform in the preservation of environmental resources. Our findings suggest that a more polycentric system of rules, relying more heavily on decentralized legal institutions, could offer more efficient and adaptable solutions to contemporary environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the sources, levels, spatial distributions and exposure to human health, the concentration of heavy metals Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe in the sand/sediment of the Parki Beach area of Anowara, Chattogram, Bangladesh are determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for the first time. A total of 40 surface and subsurface sand and sediment samples were collected from 20 different sampling points along the 15 km long Parki Beach area, Bangladesh. Average concentrations of Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe in surface samples are 14.60, 10.10, 283, 407 and 25,256 mg/kg respectively and 9.95, 4.20, 193, 156.6 and 24,404 mg/kg for sub-surface samples, respectively, which shows that the values are higher in surface samples than those in sub-surface samples. According to the Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines (CBSQG), the northern part of the beach becomes moderately polluted by Mn and Fe, and a smaller area of the southern part is highly polluted by Zn. The average Contamination Factor (CF) of Zn was greater than 1(CF > 1), while the CF of other metals was less than 1(CF < 1). CF of Zn in some sampling points was exceptionally high. Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) also shows that Zn slightly pollutes some sampling points. The enrichment Factor (EF) of Fe and Mn in samples in the northern part of the study area is quite high and the study reveals that high values of Fe and Mn are mainly derived from geogenic sources. Ecological risk factor (Er) indicates low ecological risk for all sampling points. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) was measured at all sampling stations, and the results showed that the overall level of heavy metal pollution is low. The health quotient (HQ), health index (HI), total health index (THI) and incremental life time cancer risk (ILCR values suggest that adults are safe from any health risk while children may experience non carcinogenic health risk due to the combined effect of the metals. Reduction of heavy metal in the beach is possible with the adaptation of multiple strategies. This data can be used by policymakers to develop strategies to reduce the potential impacts of soil contamination on the environment and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of crude oil contamination on the fungal community dynamics in the Evrona Nature Reserve, situated in Israel's hyper-arid Arava Valley. The reserve experienced petroleum-hydrocarbon-spill pollution at two neighboring sites in 1975 and 2014. The initial contamination was left untreated, providing a unique opportunity to compare its effects to those of the second contamination event. In 2022, soil samples were collected from both contaminated areas and nearby clean (control) sites, 47 and 7 years after the spills. The taxonomic diversity of fungal community and functional guilds, as well as various properties of the soil, were analyzed. We focused on three functional groups within fungal communities: saprotrophs, symbiotrophs, and pathotrophs. The results revealed a significant decrease in number of fungal species in the contaminated samples over time. Consequently, prolonged effect of crude oil-contaminated soils can facilitate the development of a distinct fungal community, which has adapted to the conditions of oil contamination. This study aims to elucidate the dynamics of fungal communities in oil-contaminated soils, contributing to a better understanding of their behavior and adaptation in such environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental decision making is a complex process that requires the consideration of multiple factors. Therefore, Multiple-Criteria Decision Aiding (MCDA) aims to address the challenges of environmental decision making. This paper analyses published review papers that discuss the use of MCDA in environmental problems, with the goal of drawing useful meta-level conclusions. The review papers were categorised by application field and sorted by various criteria. The main findings of each paper were also analysed. The analysis reveals that MCDA publications in the specific domain have shown a strong upward trend. Hybrid MCDA is increasingly being applied as it can cope with the multidimensional challenges of environmental decision making. AHP appears to be the most widespread method. The sustainable energy sector is particularly interested in the use of MCDA. However, while decision-makers extensively use MCDA in environmental problems, its corresponding application in real-world settings is not always satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the low-carbon city policy on urban environmental pollution and commercial health insurance (CHI) by PSM-DID and DDD methods. The study finds that (1) low-carbon city policy reduces CHI significantly. (2) The mechanism analysis shows that the low-carbon city policy reduces CHI by mitigating environmental pollution in the pilot cities. Further analysis finds that the policy is effective in Tier 1 and 2 cities rather than Tier 3–5 cities. (3) In the heterogeneity analysis, this paper finds that this policy has the most significant disincentive effect on urban CHI density in cities with higher CHI and more serious environmental pollution. This paper, on the one hand, expands upon the extant research on the economic implications of low-carbon urban development from the perspective of environmental pollution, and on the other, furnishes novel evidence on how policy incentives shape the demand for insurance products in response to environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization of the environmental management system holds the key to environmental improvement. Despite extensive studies in the past years, it is still an open question whether environmental policies should be centrally enforced. Thus, this paper, based on clarifying the relationship between environmental decentralization (ED) and river chief system (RCS), will elucidate the theoretical mechanism of the impact of ED on environmental pollution from the perspective of local governments' environmental attention (LGEA). In addition, based on the panel data of 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2003 to 2018, it will take the establishment of RCS as a quasi-natural experiment to explore the effect of ED on environmental pollution and the mediating effect of LGEA with the difference-in-difference method. The results show that ED exerts a lagged effect on reducing environmental pollution, and the effect increases over time. In terms of heterogeneity, the effect of ED on environmental pollution is immediately negative, and the negative effect increases over time in cities with high fiscal decentralization, but the effect is immediately positive and the positive effect decreases over time in cities with low fiscal decentralization. Lastly, the test of mediating effect indicates that ED can ultimately reduce environmental pollution by raising LGEA. This paper provides a new perspective for understanding the impact of ED on emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed environmental metal and metalloids (TE) levels using hair of Apodemus sylvaticus as a non-lethal biomonitor. TE decreased as follows: Zn > Al > Fe > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > Mn > Cd > Se > As > Hg; TE widely distributed in soils as Zn, Al, Fe, and Cu, are more abundant than those of ecotoxicological interest, such as Cd, Se, As and Hg. Cd, Pb, Cu, and Cr concentrations are highly variable, while Zn, Fe, and Mn are less variable. TE in hair are below the threshold levels in soil and decrease the same way in both sexes. Concentrations in soil and hair are significantly related, and their level can be modulated both by homeostatic control of essential metals and absorbance from the soil by keratin. Slight differences in Ni and Cr can be related to the differing behaviour of males and females during reproduction. A scarce tendency toward mercury bioaccumulation has been observed in both sex and age classes; from an ecological point of view, these data suggest that the species is a primary consumer, feeding more on the leaves and seeds than on small invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics have become a ubiquitous pollutant that permeates every aspect of our environment—from the oceans to the soil to the elementary foundations of human life. New findings demonstrate that microplastic particles not only pose a latent threat to adult populations, but also play a serious role even before birth during the fetal stages of human development. Exposure to microplastics during the early childhood stages is another source of risk that is almost impossible to prevent. This comprehensive review examines the multiple aspects associated with microplastics during early human development, detailing the mechanisms by which these particles enter the adult body, their bioaccumulation in tissues throughout life and the inevitable re-entry of these particles into different ecosystems after death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) stands out as a crucial sentinel species for assessing environmental contamination, owing to its widespread distribution, high position in the food chain, and susceptibility to pollutants. As apex predators, these remarkable birds accumulate various contaminants found in their prey, thus serving as valuable indicators of ecological health. The historical application of organochlorine pesticides, such as DDT, resulted in alarming population declines, highlighting the significant vulnerability of peregrines to environmental hazards. Recent research has shed light on the detrimental effects of heavy metal exposure, revealing critical health risks including compromised immune function and reduced reproductive success, which further highlight the ecological consequences of pollution for top predators. Moreover, the complex nature of brominated flame retardants poses challenges in balancing fire safety with environmental health, as these chemicals persist in the ecosystem and threaten peregrine falcon populations. In the future, the use of possible new bioindicators of environmental pollution opens up interesting prospects. This innovative approach may enhance our understanding of how contaminants affect reproductive health and contribute to a broader One Health perspective, emphasizing the interconnectedness of wildlife, human health, and ecosystem integrity. This comprehensive overview underscores the urgency of ongoing monitoring and regulatory efforts to protect peregrine falcons and, by extension, our shared environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moreover, with the continuous population increase worldwide, there is more demand of food and other daily necessities, which require double agriculture production to provide adequate food for humanity from the same available natural resources. Therefore, looking for new techniques to combat various challenges is instantly needed to sustain crop production and provide enough food for humanity. The use of nanotechnology in agriculture field represents an important tool for consistent production of agriculture crops and assists farmers with new practice management systems such as precision agriculture systems, the aim of which is to increase productivity and reduce expenses. Nanotechnology plays an important role in altering agriculture food production. The particles ranging from 1 to 100 nm are accounted as nanoparticles, which usually have high surface energy, big surface area and quantum quarantine. Most notably, nanoparticles increase crop yield by increasing the effectiveness of agricultural inputs to enable site-targeted, controlled nutrient delivery, assuring the least amounts of agroinputs needed. Additionally, the main aim in agricultural production is to facilitate plants' faster adaptation to the increasingly severe climate change factors, such as high temperatures, low water availability, salinity, alkalinity and environmental pollution with heavy metals, without jeopardizing the delicate ecosystems that are currently in place. This review illustrates the effect of numerous nanoparticles on diverse plants of many concentrations, sizes and shapes. The molecular and genetic response to NPs, their method of action and their interactions with biomolecules should be the main areas of study in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on the shell morphology of the gastropods, three different populations of Planaxis sulcatus (Born) in the South China Sea (Coast of Borneo) were investigated. All sites are natural rocky shores sharing a very similar geologic setting of the intertidal zone including, water depth, beach topography, and wave energy. The population densities observed during sampling were similar across all three study sites. However, one population lives under low pH due to geochemical discharge from acidic soils (site E), while the other two populations live under higher pH levels (T and U sites). Quantitative analyses of the shell shape using geometric morphometrics demonstrated that OA had a significant effect on the shell morphology, demonstrating that both allometric growth and the calcification process were affected. Shells from the acidified sites were more rounded and had smaller apertures. Moreover, shell size was significantly reduced as a response to OA stress. These shell changes may have arisen to reduce the cost of shell maintenance. As there is also a significant salinity difference among sites, salinity may have influenced the shell shape of the gastropod Planaxis sulcatus and therefore, the role of OA should be examined in areas where all other physicochemical variables are the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic and, in peculiar, polyaromatic hydrocarbons are one of the common class of anthropogenic pollutants. Processes of their degradation are of great interest from an ecological point of view. This article describes the current situation in the use of ultrasound as an instrument, accelerating such degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Based on their ubiquitous distribution in various ecosystems, plastic particles of different origin and sizes enter the (human) food chain, are ingested and reach the gastrointestinal tract, where they interact with the intestinal (epithelial) tissue. To a certain extent, they may enter or cross the intestinal epithelium, getting into contact with enteric neurons. Therefore, a potential risk for gastrointestinal health has been suggested. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effect of polystyrene particles of nano- (100 nm) and micro-size (1.0 μm), firstly, on intestinal epithelial electrophysiological processes using the Ussing chamber technique and, secondly, on enteric neuronal properties using neuroimaging on primary cultured enteric neurons. The results indicate a size-dependent impairment of epithelial integrity and electrogenic glucose transport upon particle application. Additionally, both sizes of particles induced a change in neuronal response parameters to nicotinergic stimulation after a 24 h incubation. Taken together, these results emphasise the potential of nano- and micro polystyrene particles to interact and affect intestinal epithelial as well as enteric neuronal functionality and stress the need for more detailed investigations of the effect of plastic particles present in the (human) diet on intestinal physiology and involvement of the enteric nervous system.

Abstract Background The rise of antibiotic resistance has become a critical global health concern, resulting in numerous fatalities annually. Among resistant pathogens, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a particularly severe and expanding threat. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the prevalence, patterns, and contributing factors of MRSA resistance within mainland China. Methods In this study, the data of MRSA antimicrobial resistance in 31 provinces from 2014 to 2021 were obtained from the China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (CARSS). Environment and medical care data were obtained either from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) database or the National Ministry of Ecology and Environment (NMEE). Multiple linear regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to explore the potential influencing factors of MRSA antibiotic resistance rate (AMR). Results Significant positive associations were identified between MRSA AMR and various factors, including cadmium pollution, soybean and poultry production, and oil consumption. Conversely, an inverse J-shaped relationship was observed between tap water coverage and MRSA resistance. Other noteworthy correlations included the effects of corn and pork production, as well as antibiotic use intensity. Our predictive model explained 52.7% of the variability in MRSA AMR, demonstrating strong predictive capability. Conclusions This study highlights the significant role of environmental, agricultural, and healthcare factors in influencing MRSA AMR in China. The findings emphasize the need for integrated strategies addressing regional environmental and healthcare quality in combating antibiotic resistance. Extending this research globally could enhance understanding of MRSA resistance dynamics on a broader scale. Graphical Abstract

The Late Miocene Cooling (LMC) has been recognized as a global event in the climate record and posited as the start of modern ecosystems. Whereas climate shifts in modern tropical terrestrial ecosystems around 7.0–5.4 Ma are known, little is known about the impact of the LMC on coral reefs, where few good proxy records exist. During the Pliocene, a stratigraphic interval is present in the Central Indo-Pacific, where reefs that were present at the start of the Messinian disappeared by the Early Pliocene. This “Pliocene Reef Gap” has often been ascribed to non-climatic factors. However, a lack of proxy data prevents an understanding of climatic changes during this time. Here, we present a TEX86H-based sea surface temperature (SST) record for the Coral Sea, suggesting that the LMC is present across the Central Indo-Pacific. During the LMC, SST at ODP Site 811 declined by about 2 °C, while cooling lasted from 7.0 to 5.4 Ma. This cooling has also been seen in other parts of the Central Indo-Pacific. The LMC caused many changes in the Central Indo-Pacific, including a southwest shift in the monsoon belt, changes in terrestrial inputs, and changes in the strength of ocean currents. All of these factors can be stressors affecting coral reef growth. This suggests the overall impact of the LMC was to increase the stress on reef systems, which could have provided a driver for the collapse of individual reefs and therefore a potential cause for the Pliocene Reef Gap. The change in SST and other stressors associated with the cooling caused coral reef systems to collapse across the Central Indo-Pacific.

Given relatively abundant paleo-proxies, the study of the last interglacial (LIG, ∼ 129–116 000 years ago, ka) is valuable to understanding the responses and feedback of the Southern Ocean and Antarctica in a warmer-than-preindustrial climate. The Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 4 (PMIP4) coordinated LIG model simulations which focus on 127 ka. Here we evaluate 12 PMIP4 127 ka Tier 1 model simulations against four recent paleoclimate syntheses of LIG sea and air temperatures and sea ice concentrations. The four syntheses include 99 reconstructions, and all syntheses support the presence of a warmer Southern Ocean, with reduced sea ice and a warmer Antarctica at 127 ka compared to the preindustrial. The PMIP4 127 ka Tier 1 simulations, forced solely by orbital parameters and greenhouse gas concentrations, do not capture the magnitude of this warming. Here we follow up on previous work that suggests the importance of preceding deglaciation meltwater release into the North Atlantic for the early last interglacial climate. We run a 3000-year 128 ka simulation using HadCM3 with a 0.25 Sv North Atlantic freshwater hosing, which approximates the PMIP4 127 ka Tier 2 H11 (Heinrich event 11) simulation. The hosed 128 ka HadCM3 simulation captures much of the warming and sea ice loss shown in the four data syntheses at 127 ka relative to preindustrial: south of 40° S, modeled annual sea surface temperature (SST) rises by 1.3 ± 0.6 °C, while reconstructed average anomalies range from 2.2 to 2.7 °C; modeled summer SST increases by 1.1 ± 0.7 °C, close to the 1.2–2.2 °C reconstructed average anomalies; September sea ice area (SIA) is reduced by 40 %, similar to the reconstructed 40 % reduction of sea ice concentration (SIC); over the Antarctic Ice Sheet, modeled annual surface air temperature (SAT) increases by 2.6 ± 0.4 °C, even larger than reconstructed average anomalies of 2.2 °C. Our results suggest that the impacts of meltwater from deglaciating ice sheets need to be considered to simulate the Southern Ocean and Antarctic changes at 127 ka.

This study investigates the optimization of chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction in oil refinery sludge using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), addressing the pressing need for effective and sustainable wastewater treatment technologies. AOPs, known for their capacity to degrade complex organic pollutants, are explored under varying operational parameters, including pH, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) dosage, ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄) concentration, and stirring time. The methodology involves controlled batch experiments to evaluate the individual and combined effects of these parameters on COD reduction efficiency. The study demonstrates that acidic conditions (pH 1.5) and an optimized H₂O₂ dosage of 100 ml/L achieves a maximum COD reduction of 57%. Stirring time is found to significantly influence the treatment process, with 90 minutes of stirring under optimal conditions yielding the best results. The inclusion of FeSO₄ as a catalyst provides limited enhancement, highlighting the need for further exploration of its role. The research identifies diminishing returns at higher reagent concentrations, emphasizing the importance of parameter optimization to balance efficacy and cost. The study is perhaps the first one of its kinds carried out in the western Rajasthan where a new petroleum refinery in Barmer district is getting ready for its operation very soon. The findings reveal that AOPs can effectively reduce COD in wastewater when operated under specific conditions, offering a sustainable approach for pollution control. Future work should focus on scaling the process for industrial applications, understanding the by-products formed, and investigating synergistic effects of catalysts to enhance performance. This research contributes to advancing wastewater treatment practices in line with global sustainability goals.

Polyethylene (PE) products have short-term applications, resulting in the daily release of enormous quantities of plastic wastes into the environment with their attendant public and environmental health threats of global concern. Developing an eco-friendly management method to abate the menace prompted this research work. Four Bacillus species were isolated from different dumpsites in Owerri Metropolis, and identified using 16S rDNA sequencing, as B.pumilus, B.siamensis, B.coagulans and B. subtilis. The ability of the microbial isolates to degrade polyethylene (table water sachets) was determined using microbial growth measurement in liquid medium (Optical Density (OD600)), disappearance and introduction of functional groups (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and weight loss analysis measured after sixty (60) days of incubation in mineral salt vitamin media. Microbial density showed a gradual and progressive increase from 0 day to 60 days : B. siamensis (0.12 - 0.84), B.pumilus (0.11-.67), B.coagulans (0.12 - 0.61) and B.subtilis (0.11 – 0.60), as against the control medium which remained unchanged (0.11). Similarly, FTIR spectra showed additional functional groups (carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, amines, methylene, alcohols, and alkenes in the polyethylene materials exposed to the test isolates: B.siamensis (17 peaks), B.pumilus (12 peaks), B.coagulans and B.subtilis (13 peaks each), but control (8 peaks). There were subatantial reduction in the residual weights of the PE materials: B.siamensis (52%), B.pumilus (26%), B.coagulans and B.subtilis (18% each). The observations showed that these Bacillus spp. indigenous to Owerri Metropolis have the ability to degrade PE and utilize it as a carbon source, and it was concluded that biodegradation was achieved, and that PE which was regarded to be inert can be biodegraded when exposed to the right microorganisms.

This study investigates the distribution and stabilization of carbon (C) in technosols constructed from urban waste materials and organic inputs, aiming to enhance C storage and restore urban ecosystems. Technosols composed of concrete (Cw) and excavation (Ew) waste, wood chips (W), compost (C), and biochar (B) (CwO, EwO, and WCB) were analyzed over two years within an urban milpa, a traditional Mesoamerican agricultural system. We assessed C and nitrogen (N) contents, exchangeable cations, aggregate size distribution, and molecular composition. Among the technosols, the wood chip, compost, and biochar mixture (WCB) exhibited the highest organic C (OC), inorganic C (IC), and total N (TN) contents, followed by CwO and EwO. While C levels remained stable in all technosols, TN decreased in CwO, increasing its C/N ratio to 27, indicating potential N immobilization. Calcium concentrations increased across all technosols (CwO = WCB > EwO), while Na levels decreased, improving aggregate stability. Macroaggregates accounted for 85% of OC and TN in all technosols, with microaggregates and silt + clay fractions containing 5% and 10%, respectively. CwO and EwO exhibited particulate organic matter occlusion within macroaggregates, while EwO had more microaggregates and silt + clay particles. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of carbonates in all aggregate sizes and showed that the molecular composition of stabilized C varied, with more recalcitrant compounds found in microaggregates. These results highlight the importance of managing cation balances, particularly increasing Ca2+ and reducing Na+, to improve soil structure and enhance C stabilization.

This study analyses the underlying factors of recently declining air pollution in China, utilizing annual time series data from 2000 to 2020 in the autoregressive distributed lag model approach framework. In the empirical setting, air pollution is represented by particulate matter (2.5) concentrations, known as the most detrimental ambient pollutant, and the empirical model includes several socioeconomic potential determinants of air pollution. The main motivation behind this study was the downward trend in air pollution in China as of the second decade of the 2000s. Although it is commonly accepted that the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan implemented by the Chinese State Council has been effective, the underlying factors of declining air pollution aren’t clear. Based on this motivation, the study revealed the positive impacts of economic growth, industrialization, and foreign direct investment inflows on air pollution. At the same time, medium- and high-tech exports and coal rents are negatively associated with air pollution. In this respect, the overall results particularly emphasize the declining impact of an increase in medium- and high-tech exports on air pollution. In this context, to improve air quality further, the study suggests that China should transform its industrialization structure toward specialization in medium- and high-tech products and promote foreign direct investment inflows specialized in these products. This study provides additional policy recommendations for Chinese policymakers.

The article presents original research results focused on the long-term investigation of the soil microbiome in forest ecosystems, particularly examining microbial community structure, the abundance of major ecological-functional groups, and the spread of ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species). The study aims to analyze the impacts of both endogenous and exogenous factors on soil microbial communities and succession processes. Monitoring of soil microbiome in the forest ecosystems of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve showed changes in microbial communities over a 12-year period. These changes included an increase in the number of spore-forming, pedotrophic and oligotrophic bacteria. Furthermore, an increased presence of ESKAPE pathogens in the soil was observed. The Antibiotic Resistance Profile (ARP) of ESKAPE pathogens in unmodified forest ecosystems was determined for the first time. Long-term studies investigating changes in soil microbial communities in natural ecosystems revealed that the soil microbiome in such environments is impacted by external factors and can act as a reservoir for pathogenic bacteria, posing risks to both human and ecosystem health.