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Emerging adulthood (ages 18–25) is a period of identity exploration, particularly for young adults navigating the transition to post-secondary school. Little is known about how changes in identity exploration may be related to emerging adults' mental health, or the role of social support plays in identity-related processes. In the present study, associations among identity exploration, internalizing symptoms, and perceived social support were examined. Participants included a diverse group of emerging adults (N = 1,125, Mage = 17.96 years) studying at a Canadian university. Random-intercept cross-lagged modeling demonstrated that within-person increases in exploration in breadth predicted fewer depressive symptoms over time, whereas within-person increases in exploration in depth predicted more depressive and anxious symptoms over time. A mediation effect from perceived support from significant other to depressive symptoms via exploration in breadth was also evident. Findings suggest that identity exploratory processes may be developmentally relevant in emerging adulthood, but their implications for mental health may differ. Perceived social support is also meaningfully related to identity exploration and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature has linked childhood emotional abuse (CEA) to severe negative outcomes such as the development of several maladaptive personality traits and coping mechanisms. Nonetheless, its concurrent connection with neuroticism, perfectionism, and workaholism has not been explored. For the above reasons, the present study sought to investigate whether neuroticism and perfectionism mediate the relationship between CEA and workaholism, as well as evaluate the gender invariance of the model. The sample of the present research comprised 1176 young workers (50% women), aged 18–25, who completed validated self-report questionnaires. The findings highlighted significant positive direct and indirect paths, suggesting a complex interplay between CEA, neuroticism, perfectionism, and workaholism. Furthermore, the model exhibited no significant differences between genders, suggesting that the identified relationships are consistent across both women and men. The findings highlight the importance of identifying CEA and considering the adoption of trauma-informed approaches to manage its adverse effects, thereby potentially averting the onset of workaholism. Moreover, the results underline the necessity for customized preventive measures, aiming to mitigate traits associated with neuroticism and perfectionism as potential paths for successful therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has articulated the benefits of autonomy in outdoor programming (e.g., Chang, 2017), and the independent student expedition (ISE) is one type of autonomous experience that has received attention across the literature. Research suggests that ISEs have the potential to foster personal growth and promote group development (e.g., Daniel et al., 2014). However, the majority of research conducted on these experiences focuses on the outcomes of participation, and much of it has been conducted with adolescents under 18 years of age. As such, less is known about the developmental affordances ISEs offer emerging adults. The purpose of this study is to re-examine unaccompanied ISE experiences utilized during outdoor adventure education programming to identify the meaningful learning occurring during this course component for emerging adult-aged participants and investigate the pedagogical mechanisms present during ISE that foster growth and development for these individuals and help them realize important developmental milestones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To examine the association of CRF and adiposity with cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome among emerging adults. Participants: 5681 (60.1% Men; 21 ± 1years) college students from a large university located in the northeast of the United States. Methods: Participants completed an objective health assessment that involved the assessment cardiometabolic risk factors, CRF, and adiposity. Data of 5681 students' (60.1% Men; 21 ± 1years) who had CRF, adiposity, all risk factors necessary to determine metabolic syndrome evaluated were analyzed using logistic regression analyses. Results: Poor CRF and elevated adiposity were associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome regardless of sex, with the association between adiposity and risk factors found to be stronger compared to CRF. Conclusions: Targeted and tailored screening and interventions are urgently needed to reduce adiposity and increase CRF to avoid serious short and long-term negative health outcomes in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging adulthood is a new stage of development that follows identity explorations during adolescence and precedes adulthood. During this phase, varied perceptions of body image may affect the mental health status of these individuals. This research examined the association between body appreciation (BA) as a measure of body image and mental health outcomes - particularly, depression, anxiety, and stress. A cross-sectional survey was used to ascertain data from 3,127 18-29-yr-old Filipinos (67% female; mean age = 21) residing in the Philippines using an online self-administered questionnaire. BA Scale-2 (BAS-2) measured BA, whereas DASS-21 assessed levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Associations between BA, and mental health outcomes were estimated using Poisson regression models with a log-link function and a robust variance estimator. A higher BAS-2 score (2nd-4th Quartiles) is associated with a reduced risk of severe/extreme levels of depression, anxiety, and stress than a low BAS-2 score (1st Quartile). Moreover, the association between BA and stress may be stronger among female participants (p-value interaction = 0.01) and late emerging adults (p-value interaction = 0.47). However, effect modification by age and sex was insignificant for the association between BA and anxiety and depression (p-values for interaction > 0.15). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores perspectives of adolescents and emerging adults on having conversations around death and dying, if there is a value in discussing death early in life, and to explore the views on likelihood of introducing death education in Indian curriculum. Using constructivist grounded theory of qualitative research, the study inquired the perspectives of adolescents and emerging adults employing semi-structured interviews. All participants showed interest in discussing the topic; they actively participated in sharing their views, something that they heard, and inquiring about cultural practices. In analyzing the interview data, mainly three themes emerged: 1. Understanding death in relation to shadow and spirit stories; 2. Existential view on death and managing grief and anxiety; 3. Social and cultural narratives into death education. This study sets out to address a gap in research among adolescents and emerging adult attitudes and opinions toward death. However, there is a need to understand barriers in normalizing conversations around death and dying in wider communities in India and further research is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adulthood is a complex social and cultural phenomenon. Although socially obvious, it is fluid in terms of its determinants and the time at which it occurs. The article attempts to answer the question what is it that emerging adults grow up to, and what is the goal of the process of growing up? The guiding objective was therefore to reconstruct a grounded theory of adulthood. For this purpose that qualitative research embracing semi-structured interviews was designed and carried out. The findings are locally embedded and aim to reconstruct the concept of adulthood prevailing in contemporary Polish culture, built on the experiences and opinions of Poles of different ages. The social construct of adulthood that emerges from our research constitutes the sum of economic independence, responsibility for oneself and for others, and emotional self-control. These features are also the opposite of the stereotypical image of childhood, as a time of dependence, carefreeness, and vulnerability. This means that growing up in our culture is a long-lasting process of transition between two extremes, but a process that only prepares one to a small degree for such a revolution in one's life, and this has its psychological and social consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Even though five to 11% of child-to-parent abuse (CPA) perpetrators are emerging adults (age 18–23 years), relevant risk factors underlying CPA in this group are understudied. Method: A multilevel meta-analysis was performed on nine studies (450 effect sizes, N = 1,043), comprising eight static (e.g., age and gender of perpetrator) and dynamic (e.g., substance abuse, financial problems) risk factors. Results: Emerging adults who fell victim of domestic violence, or had antisocial cognitions, authority problems, or empathy problems displayed CPA more often. Moderator analyses revealed that the relation between gender of perpetrator and CPA was moderated by gender of victim (p =.033) and CPA type (p =.021). Gender of victim (p <.001) also moderated the relationship between single-parent household and CPA. Finally, the relation between witness to DV and CPA was moderated by age (p =.007). Conclusions: This was the first multilevel meta-analysis focusing exclusively on CPA displayed by emerging adults. The results can be used as a basis for further research into relevant risk factors for CPA in this group and hopefully contribute to the development of health care interventions to reduce chances of CPA occurring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent global crisis has had a profound and widespread impact on humanity, eliciting a heightened appreciation for the importance of prosociality. In response, interdisciplinary scholars have called for further research to investigate strategies for cultivating kindness, generosity, and cooperation. To answer this call, we conducted a study examining the potential prosocial impact of online social interactions (OSIs) in two distinct cultures. Through a survey of 644 emerging adults from China and the United States, we found that OSIs positively led to prosocial tendencies in both samples, with social connectedness and trust serving as significant mediating factors. Nevertheless, among the American sample, trust can serve as the sole mediator linking OSIs and prosocial tendencies. Conversely, among the Chinese sample, the development of prosociality stemming from OSIs requires the intervening facilitation of social connectedness. This divergence may speak to cultural research regarding the essential role of interpersonal relationships in fostering trust and prosociality in collectivist societies. This study contributes to prosociality scholarship by highlighting the role of OSIs as a crucial enhancer across two distinct cultures, clarifying the underlying mechanisms, and identifying cultural differences in the process of prosocial development. The results have implications for both prosocial theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While empathy has been associated with depressive symptoms, few longitudinal studies have confirmed the causal relationship between empathy and depressive symptoms. The current study employed a three-wave and one-year longitudinal follow-up study to investigate the causality between empathy and depression symptoms, focusing primarily on emerging adults due to the prevalence of depressive symptoms in this age group. Random intercept cross-lagged panel analysis (N = 1028) results found that affective empathy at T1 and T2 positively predicted depressive symptoms at T2 and T3, and only depressive symptoms at T2 positively predicted affective empathy at T3. These results suggested that affective empathy is indeed a risk factor for depression; it supported both the vulnerability and scar models. Further research endeavors should concentrate on exploring the developmental aspects of affective empathy, facilitating individuals in effectively regulating emotional resonance and mitigating potential adverse effects arising from empathetic sharing of negative emotions with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Normative perceptions are strongly related to risk behaviors among emerging adults but the role of gender-specific normative perceptions remain unclear. Objectives: The current study examined the differential effects of same-gender and gender-neutral normative perceptions on self-reported substance use and sexual risk behavior. College students (n = 389, ages 18-25) reported binge drinking, cannabis use and prescription drug misuse, sexual risk behavior, and the perceived frequency of these behaviors by both the average- and same-gender adult. Results: Binge drinking was positively associated with same-gender norms only, whereas cannabis use and sexual risk behavior were also positively associated with gender-neutral norms perceptions. For binge drinking only, same-gender norms explained more variance in behavior than gender-neutral norms. Conclusions: Findings indicate perceptions of same-gender norms play a particularly important role in binge drinking during this developmental period. Interventions targeting emerging adult risk behavior should include within-group normative perceptions related to demographic and social group characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is little research on group process for motivational interviewing‐based group interventions with young people. We examine how change talk, group climate and cohesion, and facilitator empathy among emerging adults experiencing homelessness affect their drinking outcomes. Methods: Data come from a clinical trial at three drop‐in centers serving emerging adults experiencing homelessness in Los Angeles County and focus on those who received the intervention (n = 132). Participants completed baseline, 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month follow‐up surveys. They were predominantly male and non‐white. Group sessions were digitally recorded and coded for percentage change talk (PCT), group climate and cohesion, and facilitator empathy. Results: Because baseline alcohol use was significantly higher at site 1 than sites 2 and 3, we examined associations separately by site. At 6 months, higher PCT was associated with fewer drinks per drinking day for sites 2 and 3, whereas higher PCT was associated with more drinks per drinking day for site 1. There were no effects of PCT at 12 months. Higher group cohesion scores were associated with fewer drinking days at 6 months; higher facilitator empathy was associated with fewer maximum drinks in a day at both 6 and 12 months. Group climate was not associated with drinking outcomes. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of measuring multiple factors in the group process to understand outcomes. What is "uttered" during group and what is observed provide different methods to evaluate the group process and allow us to better bridge the gap between research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims High-intensity drinking (HID) is a pattern of risky drinking defined as at least 8 drinks (for women) or 10 drinks (for men) in a single episode. Individuals engaged in HID may be at greater risk for consequences, necessitating tailored interventions. Herein, we report the feasibility and acceptability of a social media-delivered 8-week intervention for emerging adults with recent HID. Methods Using social media advertising, we recruited 102 emerging adults who reported past-month HID. Average age was 20.0 year-olds (SD = 2.0); 51.0% were male. Most identified as White (64.7%; 14.7% Black/African American, 13.7% multiracial) and 26.5% identified as Hispanic/Latinx. Participants were randomized to an 8-week intervention delivered via Snapchat by health coaches (N  = 50) or to a control condition (psychoeducational website referral; N  = 52). Follow-ups occurred at 2 and 4 months post-baseline. Results The intervention was acceptable (85.1% liked it/liked it a lot) and there were high follow-up rates. Participants rated coaches as supportive (91.5%) and respectful (93.6%). Descriptively, helpfulness ratings were higher for non-alcohol-related content (e.g. stress; 59.6% very/extremely helpful) than alcohol-related content (40.4% very/extremely helpful). Regarding engagement, 86.0% engaged approximately weekly and 59.6% indicated they saved intervention snaps. Descriptive data showed reductions over time in several measures of alcohol consumption and consequences as well as cannabis-impaired driving and mental health symptoms. Conclusions This 8-week social media intervention for HID was feasible and acceptable among emerging adults, supporting the benefit of future testing in a fully powered trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media and other technologies are being increasingly adopted as mechanisms to perpetrate abuse against dating partners. Using Ajzen's theory of planned behavior as a framework, a sample of 352 emerging adults completed a questionnaire that assessed the core constructs of the theory of planned behavior (i.e., attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control), as well as intentions to commit three types of digital dating abuse in the near future: digital monitoring and control, digital direct aggression, and digital sexual coercion. The models explained 44%, 34%, and 44% of the variance in intentions to commit digitally facilitated monitoring and control, direct aggression, and sexual coercion, respectively. Attitudes and subjective norms significantly predicted intentions, whereas perceived behavioral control did not. Given the increasing prevalence of digital dating abuse, prevention efforts should target attitudes toward digital dating abuse-related behaviors and perceptions of social acceptability and engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirituality is a significant cultural strength and resource for Black emerging adults. Numerous studies show that increasing numbers of emerging adults tend to identify themselves as being spiritual but not religious. However, no studies to date have identified the demographic correlates of spirituality for Black emerging adults from different ethnic groups (i.e., African American and Black Caribbean). Data from the National Survey of American Life were used to identify the demographic correlates of two indicators of spirituality (e.g., self-rated spirituality and subjective spirituality) among African American and Black Caribbean emerging adults using linear regression. For African Americans, being a woman predicted both greater self-rated spirituality and subjective spirituality. However, among Black Caribbeans, men rated spirituality higher in importance than women. African Americans who reported higher educational attainment tended to report higher levels of self-rated spirituality and subjective spirituality. Romantic status for Black Caribbeans, whether they had no romantic involvement or a current romantic partner, was associated with lower self-ratings of spirituality. Unmarried cohabitating individuals in both ethnic groups tended to report lower levels of self-related spirituality. Unemployment for Black Caribbeans was associated with lower subjective spirituality. Findings are of interest to those who serve and work with Black emerging adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychologie Française is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Helicopter parenting (or overparenting) refers to developmentally inappropriate or intrusive tactics to control a child's behavior. Helicopter parents are usually trying to help their children, but their behavior has been associated with adverse academic, adjustment, and mental health outcomes in older children (i.e., adolescents, young adults), who should be developing more autonomy. The current study examined potential associations between helicopter parenting, attachment security, and academic and mental health outcomes in college students, hypothesizing that higher rates of helicopter parenting would be associated with more insecure attachment with parental figures and closest friends, poorer mental health (i.e., higher rates of depression and/or anxiety), and reduced academic motivation, performance, and self-efficacy. Our sample of 135 college students completed measures of anxiety, depression, and somatization, academic self-efficacy and motivation, perceptions of parental involvement, and dimensions of attachment in multiple relationships (i.e., mother, father, and closest friend). As expected, the bivariate and regression analyses revealed that higher levels of parental involvement (i.e., helicopter parenting) predicted significantly more insecure parental and peer attachment, greater internalizing, and lower effort regulation among college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although previous studies have established a link between daily gratitude and daily well-being, little is known about whether resilience and social support play the mediating role in the predictive effect of daily gratitude on daily well-being. To better understand how gratitude is linked to well-being, the present study adopted a daily diary method to explore the mediating roles. A sample of 153 undergraduates (Mage = 20.27 years, SDage = 1.83 years) completed the daily questionnaire once a day for 21 consecutive days. Multilevel within-subject mediation analyses indicated that daily resilience and daily social support mediated the relationship between daily gratitude and daily well-being. These findings are in line with the broaden-and-build theory, emphasizing the significant mediating roles of resilience and social support in the gratitude – well-being link at the within-person level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nPoints of interestSelf-determination, or the freedom to act as the primary causal agent in one’s life, is a well-documented component of enhanced quality of life. Yet young adults with disabilities are often less self-determined than their nondisabled peers. Furthermore, there is an absence of the voices of young adults with disabilities in the literature related to self-determination. While research investigating populations positioned as marginalized has historically been defined by a marked power differential, separating the researcher from the participant, this study utilizes photovoice, a participatory method, to understand how U.S. college students with intellectual disabilities understand self-determination. We seek to trouble the dominant narrative that marginalizes students with intellectual disabilities and instead positions these emerging adults as experts in their own lives. From this study we illuminate how self-determination is enhanced through equality of opportunity and how sense of belonging is related to self-determination.Because the voices of groups of people marginalized by society (such as young adults with disabilities) are often left out of the research related to their lives, it is important to use methods of research that attempt to change this fact; some of these methods can be called participatory research.For young adults with intellectual and developmental disability, the barriers to self-determination are many; this project’s main aim was to centre their voices and position them as active participants and experts in their own lives.One particular type of participatory research called photovoice is a partnership between researchers and participants, where participants take photos of specific parts of their lives and then explain them.Using a photovoice project we carried out within a course within an inclusive postsecondary education programme on a U.S. college campus, we aimed to better understand participants’ conceptualization of self-determination in their everyday lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined how global stress and general stressors of daily life relate to emotional well-being and type 1 diabetes (T1D) outcomes and amplify the effects of diabetes stressors in emerging adults. Two-hundred and seven 18-19-year-olds with T1D (duration 8.47 years) completed the Perceived Stress Scale (global stress) and a daily diary assessing daily diabetes and general stressors, positive and negative affect, self-care behaviors, and blood glucose (BG). Multi-level analyses indicated that global stress and within-person daily general and diabetes stressors were associated with more negative and less positive affect. In addition, general stress (between-person) was associated with more negative affect. Global stress amplified the association between daily diabetes stressors and negative affect, with greater affect reactivity to stress for those experiencing higher global stress. Global stress and both within- and between-person diabetes stressors were associated with lower self-care and higher BG. Emerging adults' general stressors in their daily lives relate to poorer well-being beyond the experience of diabetes stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This one-year pilot study investigated the effectiveness of a multimedia campaign, Heart Healthy U (HHU), to increase awareness about the link between unhealthy behaviors and risk for heart disease among emerging adults on a college campus. This paper describes the implementation of HHU. Participants: The HHU campaign was implemented from the Fall of 2019 through Spring 2020 and during this time there were approximately 15,043 enrolled students at the south eastern U.S. college campus. Methods: The HHU campaign employed print (e.g., banners, posters, and yard signs) and electronic formats (e.g., email, Instagram). We designed the methods across three phases: (1) relationship building and formative research, (2) campaign development, and (3) the Heart Healthy U campaign launch. Results: The HHU encountered challenges when the novel coronavirus (COVID-19 or SARS-co-V2) interrupted campus life, however we relied on the electronic formats to reach students during the state-wide lockdown/quarantine mandates. In addition, there were two changes to the HHU health messages. First, we updated the health messages to illustrate that eating healthy and engaging in physical activity supports immune function. Next, we developed new health messages to address effects of physical isolation and anxiety by promoting psychological well-being during this historic public health crisis. Conclusions: We asked whether a multimedia campaign on a college campus could encourage emerging adults to consume fruits and vegetables and engage in physical activity according to the federally-recommended guidelines. It is essential that interventions intended to reach today's emerging adults be presented in formats that they use (e.g., social media platforms), supported by campus administrators, and endorsed by peer influencers. In conclusion, more intervention studies are needed to counter the unhealthy social norm behaviors common to college campus life that increase heart disease risk, particularly among marginalized populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While growing evidence has identified mental and physical health-related cannabis use motives as significant mechanisms between childhood trauma and problematic cannabis use (PCU) for emerging adults (EA), there is a need to understand the longitudinal stability of these pathways and how they impact PCU as cannabis users age into later adulthood. The current study extends an analysis examining the impact of childhood trauma (e.g., emotional abuse, sexual abuse) on multiple indicators of PCU through a range of cannabis use motives. 339 medical cannabis patient and non-patient EA users from the Los Angeles area were sampled at baseline (mean age = 21.23; SD = 2.48). The present analysis used four waves of follow-up data collected from 2016 to 2018 (W3, W4) and 2019-2020 (W5, W6). Use of cannabis to cope with nausea, sleep, pain, and emotional distress mediated the relationships between some types of childhood abuse and PCU at W4, though most associations attenuated by later adulthood (W6). Specifically, greater emotional distress and nausea motives were associated with greater PCU in models of emotional abuse and neglect and sexual abuse, with emotional distress continuing to mediate at W6. Conversely, sleep and pain motives were associated with lower PCU in models for emotional neglect. Mental and physical health-related motives reflect potential intervenable factors that predict PCU in emerging adulthood among EA cannabis users with histories of childhood trauma. Results highlight the importance of and value for assessing a wide range of motives and PCU outcomes to target and address areas for intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual assault remains an entrenched public health issue, with adolescent and emerging adult women at disproportionate risk for victimization. Identifying common typologies of sexual assault could be critical in developing effective prevention and intervention. However, prior work in this area has primarily utilized quantitative methodologies to classify sexual assaults into typologies, which may not capture important contextual factors and assault characteristics within typologies. The current study utilized a mixed methods approach, including analysis of survivors' sexual assault narratives, to identify sexual assault typologies among a sample of college rape survivors (N = 106). Six typologies were identified, which were characterized by specific constellations of assault contexts, perpetration tactics, patterns of perpetrator and victim substance use, and type of relationship between survivor and perpetrator. Future research utilizing multiple methodologies (e.g., interviews, quantitative assessments) should attempt to characterize assault typologies more fully among survivors, as this work could lead to the identification of previously overlooked targets for comprehensive sexual assault prevention programs. Likewise, research focused on identifying risk and recovery-related factors among survivors of different types of assault could be used to tailor interventions to increase their uptake and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the digital age has immensely contributed to the evolution and emergence of delinquency and social problems among emerging adults. As excellent as the tremendous benefits that technology has afforded these generations of youths raised in a wired world, some have decided to engage in the dark side of computer technology. The main aim of the study is to explore the how problematic internet use can influence development of delinquent behaviour among emerging adults in higher school of learning. It also explored the role of household financial capabilities of the emerging adults. The study adopted convenient sampling method to select n=386; (50.5% males and 49.5% females) who were aged between 16-27 years from University of Lagos. This cross-sectional study administered standardized instruments to examine the variables (Problematic internet use questionnaire, Disciplinary and delinquent behaviour survey) Result showed no significant difference between problematic internet use and emerging adult delinquency (t(384) = -1.29 P> .05), also, no significant difference between the delinquency of participants from high or low income earners, t(373) = -1.93, P> .05). Therefore, it is expedient to develop safety guidelines that will serve as interplay between digitalization and delinquency in which emerging adults must exercise restraint and broader range of delinquency can be confirmed among other samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceived risk of harm associated with cannabis use has decreased in recent decades, particularly among emerging adults who show the highest prevalence of use. Cannabis-related protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are associated with lower cannabis use and fewer consequences; however, individuals who perceive using cannabis as low risk may use cannabis PBS less often. Therefore, using cross-sectional data, we examined the associations between perceived risk of harm associated with cannabis use, cannabis PBS, and cannabis use frequency. Participants were 146 emerging adults between the ages of 18–25 (56.2% female) who reported consuming cannabis at least 3 times/week and completed measures of past-month cannabis use, past three-month use of cannabis PBS, and perceived risk of harm associated with cannabis use. Path analyses examined direct and indirect effects of perceived risk of cannabis-related harm on cannabis frequency through cannabis PBS. Most (66.4%) participants reported no perceived risk of harm associated with occasional cannabis use, whereas 30.1% reported no perceived risk of harm associated with regular cannabis use. Findings indicated a significant indirect effect between perceived risk of harm and cannabis use frequency through cannabis PBS, b = −10.23, SE = 3.80, 95% CI [−17.67, −2.80], p =.007. Among emerging adults who consume cannabis regularly, findings suggest that a greater perceived risk of cannabis-related harm is associated with decreased cannabis use frequency via increased use of cannabis PBS. Although future analyses evaluating causal mechanisms are needed, these findings have clinical implications for harm reduction interventions focused on cannabis use. Trial Registration: The parent study from which these data were drawn was preregistered at Clinical Trials.Gov NCT04187989. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research documents the impact of descriptive and injunctive norms (i.e., perceptions of normative and approved behaviors in general) on the cannabis use of emerging adults (EAs). Little work, however, has examined reflective injunctive norms (i.e., perceptions of approval of one's own behavior) for cannabis use. Furthermore, cannabis norms research has yet to examine how perceived injunctive norms (perceived approval of close social network members) map onto actual injunctive norms (actual approval of close social network members), or their relative importance in predicting EA's cannabis use. Objective: We compared the importance of perceived and actual reflective injunctive norms in terms of cross-sectional associations with EA's cannabis use. Method: Sixty EAs (egos; mean age = 21.6 years; 71.7% women) who used cannabis in the past month reported on their cannabis use quantity (Q) and frequency (F) and indicated their perceptions of their close social network members' (alters') approval of cannabis use. Alters (n = 101) reported on their actual approval of the ego's cannabis use. Results: Perceived and actual injunctive norms were significantly and strongly correlated (r =.50). Stepwise regression indicated that actual, more so than perceived, injunctive norms were significantly associated with egos' concurrent QxF of cannabis use Conclusions: Actual approval of close social network members appears more relevant to EA cannabis outcomes than injunctive norm perceptions. Clinicians might encourage EAs to build affiliations with less risky social networks. Researchers should collect approval information directly from close network members as it adds significant information over-and-above participant perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using two waves of data from a multi-wave longitudinal survey of Hispanic origin young adults (n = 1,547), this study examined the empirical links between physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration, and two key social risk factors in emerging adulthood (high-risk sexual behavior and poor mental health). Respondents were recruited from the Los Angeles, CA area. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analyses. Overall, our analyses found that incidents of IPV at an earlier time point predicted experiencing IPV at a later time point in a similar fashion, indicating that IPV persisted over time. Additionally, this study found that physical and psychological IPV often co-occurred, irrespective of the direction of the violence (perpetration or victimization). Next, respondents who reported a greater number of lifetime sexual partners and poor mental health reported more physical IPV perpetration. Among the socio-demographics, male respondents were more likely to face IPV physical victimization but less likely to perpetrate this form of violence than their female counterparts. This study highlights the importance of examining the co-occurrence, bidirectionality, and persistence of IPV in understanding its dynamic mechanisms, advancing risk identification, and developing preventive measures to mitigate IPV risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPVA) can be considered as approval/acceptance or disapproval/nonacceptance of physical violence against the intimate partner, psychological abuse, and control of the intimate partner. Individual (such as antisocial tendencies and irrational relationship beliefs [IRB]) and social factors (such as traditional norms and beliefs) shape IPVA. Studies on intimate partner violence (IPV) have revealed a significant relationship between IPVA and IPV. For this reason, IPVA is key to understanding IPV. This study was conducted to examine the effect of IRB on IPVA in Turkish emerging adults and the moderating effect of gender. Participants consisted of 551 students studying at a university in Central Anatolia. Of the participants, 374 were female, and the remaining 177 were male. All participants had at least one previous relationship experience. In the preliminary analysis performed, males' IPVA scores were higher than those of females. The study findings revealed that IRB and gender positively and significantly predicted IPV attitudes. Another important finding showed that the effect of IRB on IPVA was stronger for females. The results highlighted the importance of working on transforming irrational beliefs into rational beliefs in women's acceptance of IPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This work focuses on understanding quality of life and evaluating a brief quality of life measure in an outpatient emerging adult (17-25 years of age) substance use program. Method: Mixed methods were used including: (a) psychometric evaluation of the adapted MyLifeTracker (MLT) based on assessments completed four times throughout treatment (n = 100) and (b) qualitative interviews with 12 emerging adults in the program. The study was codesigned, cofacilitated, and cointerpreted with emerging adults with lived experience. Results: At intake, emerging adults reported quality of life scores of 3.7/10 on average and significantly improved (change M = 2.1 points, d = 0.86, p < .001) at the ∼12-week follow-up demonstrating program effects and sensitivity to change. Factor analysis suggested unidimensionality of the measure and internal consistency was high (ω = 0.81). MLT scores correlated in expected directions with other measures of quality of life, functioning, and mental health symptoms and demonstrated incremental validity in explaining variability in these measures over and above World Health Organization quality of life items. Emerging adults thought the five items (i.e., general well-being, day-to-day activities, relationships with friends, relationships with family, coping) generally captured the most important aspects of quality of life to them and had positive impressions regarding the use of this measure for measurement-based care. Other important aspects of quality of life included feeling a sense of meaning, purpose, motivation, and independence. Conclusion: Overall, the MLT demonstrated evidence of psychometric and content validity among emerging adults in substance use treatment. Public Health Significance Statement This study demonstrates the relevance and validity of the MyLifeTracker (MLT) as a brief measure of quality of life among emerging adults who use substances. This study also highlights the clinical utility of the MLT and the importance of including measures of quality of life as part of measurement-based care for emerging adults with substance use concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanistic Perspective is the property of Fuat Aydogdu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

IntroductionEmerging adulthood is challenging for young people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study evaluated transition to diabetes self-management and perceptions of care transfer using mixed methods.MethodsAn online survey queried demographics, management characteristics, diabetes knowledge, self-care readiness, adherence, and diabetes distress. T-tests compared survey scores between those with self-reported target A1c

Objective: This paper presents a theory-based brief resilience scale, the Resilience Resources Scale (RRS), and evidence for its factor structure, reliability, and validity in two studies of undergraduate students. Participants: Study 1 sampled 295 students and Study 2 sampled 244 students. Methods: Study 1 participants completed the RRS and other measures online at one of two time points eight weeks apart (n = 193), or at both time points (n = 102). Study 2 participants completed the RRS and other measures online on a single occasion. Results: Factor analyses provided evidence for a one-factor model. Results indicated high internal consistency and strong test-retest reliability. Evidence of concurrent and predictive validity is presented. Conclusions: The RRS measures resilience resources known to be protective of physical and mental health. This brief scale has sound psychometric properties in these initial studies of undergraduate students. We offer possible directions for use of the RRS in this and other populations.

BackgroundTrajectory studies have consistently shown that alcohol and cannabis (AC) use during emerging adulthood (EA) affect functioning; however, few studies examine whether racial/ethnic disparities may occur at similar levels of use.MethodsWe conducted web-based surveys across five waves from mean age 18.3 through 22.6. The sample (N = 2945) is 55% female, 46% Hispanic, 23% Asian, 23% White, 6% multi-racial (MR)/other, and 2% Black.MeasurementsPast month substance use was defined as number of days used. Outcomes at age 22.6 included negative consequences, delinquency, physical ailments and health, depression and anxiety, peer relationship functioning, life satisfaction, employment, and education.ResultsCompared to White EAs, Hispanic, Asian, and MR/other EAs reported less initial alcohol use; Hispanic and Asian EAs reported less initial cannabis use, whereas Black EAs reported more cannabis use. Greater initial frequency and increased frequency of AC use were associated with poorer outcomes (e.g., worse mental health). In terms of disparities, compared to White EAs, Hispanic EAs reported poorer physical health at the same levels of AC use; Hispanic, Asian, and MR/other EAs reported greater alcohol consequences and delinquency; Black, Hispanic, Asian and MR/other EAs reported lower life satisfaction; and Hispanic and MR/other EAs were less likely to pursue education beyond high school (although Asian EAs were more likely).ConclusionsFindings emphasize that trajectories of AC use during EA are associated with a range of functional outcomes. Disparities in functioning at similar levels of AC use highlight the importance of reaching racially/ethnically diverse EAs with prevention and intervention programming.

Abstract Background During transition to adulthood and transfer to adult healthcare, emerging adults with chronic conditions are at risk of deteriorating disease control, well-being, and acute, as well as long-term complications. Despite an increasing call for person-centred healthcare services attuned to young peoples’ needs, few validated instruments exist pinpointing adolescents’ and emerging adults’ experiences of preparation for transition and transfer. Thus, the overarching purpose of this study was to develop a person-centred, clinically applicable instrument (Transitional care EXPeriences Questionnaire, TEXP-Q) adjustable to different chronic conditions, although the focus in the present study was Type 1 Diabetes. The specific aim was, therefore, to describe the development and psychometric evaluation of TEXP-Q in emerging adults with Type 1 Diabetes. Methods Initial development of the TEXP-Q was inspired by existing research. Items were formulated in accordance with consensus recommendations for developing patient-reported measures, and extra consideration was taken to ensure person-centredness. Psychometric evaluation comprised two phases: In phase I, data from cognitive interviews, content validity indexing, and judgement of an expert panel provided information on face and content validity. In phase II, data from a cross-sectional study conducted at eight adult diabetes outpatient clinics in Sweden (n = 163) allowed for explorative factor analysis (EFA), as well as calculation of content validity, reliability and responsiveness. Results Combining results from cognitive interviews, content validity index values and expert panel judgement, a test version of TEXP-Q was developed, the content and face validity of which were considered good. This version consisted of 17 items answered on a five-point Likert scale, and three open-ended questions answered in free text. During EFA, four items were removed, and a three-factor solution was recognised as most adequate, accounting for 60% cumulative variance and one single cross-loading. After EFA, the instrument comprised 13 questions, divided into three latent factors. Cronbach’s alpha for the complete instrument was 0.866, which indicates good internal consistency. Crohnbach’s alpha approximated to 0.8 for all factors respectively. Conclusion TEXP-Q is a newly developed, person-centred instrument which has proven to be both valid and reliable when applied to youths with T1D. The questionnaire fills a need for instruments focusing on emerging adults’ experiences of preparation for transition and transfer.

PurposeCannabis use is increasing among emerging adults (ages 18-25), necessitating the need for prevention interventions. Using a novel platform - social media - we developed an 8-week motivational interviewing and cognitive-behavioral intervention targeting cannabis use among emerging adults. Herein, we report on the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention in a pilot trial.ProceduresFor NCT04187989 we recruited N = 149 emerging adults who used cannabis (at least 3 times/week for the past month) using social media advertising. Their mean age was 21.0 years (SD = 2.2); 55.7% were female. Most were White (70.5%; 20.1% Black/African American, 9.4% Other races), with 20.1% identifying as Hispanic/Latinx. Participants were randomized to the 8-week intervention or an 8-week attention-placebo control condition, both delivered in secret Facebook groups by electronic health coaches (e-coaches). Follow-up assessments occurred at 3- and 6-months.ResultsThe intervention was well-received and follow-up rates were high; fidelity was good. Intervention participants rated e-coaches significantly higher in terms of helpfulness, warmth, etc., compared to control participants. Intervention participants were more likely to engage with and recommend the group. In terms of percentage reductions in cannabis outcomes, the intervention group evidenced absolute reductions over time in several measures of cannabis consumption across modalities. In an adjusted model, reductions in vaping days in the intervention group, relative to attention-control, reached statistical significance (p = .020, D =.40).ConclusionsThis social media intervention for emerging adults' cannabis use was feasible and acceptable in the target population warranting future testing in a fully powered trial.

Critical consciousness (CC) may promote well-being, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. In a national survey of 707 college students conducted in April 2020, we first validated the Short Critical Consciousness Scale (ShoCCS) among youth groups not often specifically examined in CC measurement (i.e., Asian, immigrant-origin, LGBQ+, and women youth). Next, we examined associations between ShoCCS subscales and validated measures of both anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7) and hopefulness (The Individual-Differences Measure in Hopefulness). The ShoCCS achieved measurement invariance across racial/ethnic groups and immigrant-origin status, and partial invariance among LGBQ+ and women-identifying youth. We found critical reflection and action associated with anxiety for the full sample, but no evidence of moderation by sociodemographic factors. ShoCCS subscales were differentially associated with hopefulness for Asian youth and LGBQ+ youth. This study contributes to the evolution of CC measurement and extends the field by identifying well-being associations during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Photovoice is a participatory action research (PAR) method that employes photographic language to explore individuals’ stories and living contexts. This study explores the representations of young participants, both immigrants and non-immigrants, concerning integration—defined within Berry’s (1997) framework as a bidirectional process of cultural and social adaptation between migrants and host communities—and the lack of integration within their neighborhood in Reggio Emilia, Italy. The participants included 12 young individuals (6 migrants and 6 locals) aged 19 to 29, two peer researchers, and one researcher. Over the course of two weekly three-hour meetings, participants captured and discussed photos depicting their perspectives on integration. The findings highlighted diverse conceptualizations of integration. Participants emphasized the reciprocal relationship between migrants and locals, illustrating how positive interactions with schools, workplaces, and public spaces facilitate integration. Additionally, successful migrants were seen as models of empowerment. Conversely, themes such as poverty, loneliness, discrimination, and the impact of war emerged as significant barriers to integration. This study underscores the dynamic and interactive nature of integration, as experienced by young people in multicultural settings. It highlights how Photovoice methodology can effectively capture nuanced perspectives on integration, foster mutual understanding, and facilitate intergroup relationships. The method fosters personal and community reflection, actively engaging its audience in critical discussions about integration.

With internet gaming disorder (IGD) becoming more common, there are growing worries about the health of those it affects. This study examines how traits like Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism might connect family functioning to IGD. The research involved 1190 young adults who answered an online survey, sharing their personal experiences. To examine the mediation effects, latent variable structural equation modeling (SEM) was used, revealing complex relationships among the variables under investigation. Although all direct and indirect paths were statistically significant, the mediation effects of narcissism were positive only when Machiavellianism and psychopathy were not included as parallel mediators, but negative otherwise. The findings suggest that individuals with strong family functioning could be less likely to internalize manipulative behaviors and show a lack of empathy, traits that could contribute to their involvement in IGD. The results underscore the importance of recognizing the multifaceted nature of this phenomenon and provide valuable insights for developing comprehensive strategies to prevent and tackle IGD. Therefore, prevention and intervention efforts should consider the combined influences of family functioning, personality traits, and individual and contextual factors in the online environment to effectively address this problem.

Much attention has been devoted to the effectiveness of forgiveness interventions in children and adolescents featuring two premier programs by Enright and his colleagues. Little attention has been given to psychoeducational forgiveness interventions with emerging adults. This is a narrative review of REACH Forgiveness studies with emerging adults (ages 18–25). The life tasks of emerging adults justify offering psychoeducational interventions to emerging adults. Research studies on REACH Forgiveness (k = 17), non-REACH Forgiveness studies (k = 4), and community campaigns at universities (k = 4) with emerging adults are summarized. Effect sizes per hour (d/h) for REACH Forgiveness studies (k = 13 for psychoeducational groups; k = 4 for self-administered workbooks) are reported. The proto-REACH groups (k = 5) had mean d/h = 0.104; REACH groups (k = 9) had d/h = 0.101; self-administered workbooks (k = 3) had mean d/h = 0.15; non-REACH Forgiveness studies (k = 4) had d/h = 0.09. All studies were from the USA, and most were from universities. However, a recent article reported randomized controlled trials in five non-USA samples of adults (N = 4598). A 3.34-h workbook had d/h = 0.16, suggesting that the workbook might be effective with emerging adults around the world. Finally, three USA Christian universities had public health immersion campaigns to promote forgiveness, and a community psychoeducational campaign in 2878 secular university students in Colombia (of ~9000 total) allowed choices among 16 psychoeducational activities. The number of activities used was proportional to forgiveness experienced. For forgiveness, d = 0.36 plus substantial reductions in depression and anxiety, indicating strong public health potential of forgiveness psychoeducation in emerging adults worldwide.

Background: High-intensity drinking (HID; 8+ U.S. standard drinks for women, 10+ men) is initiated during adolescence/emerging adulthood, increasing risk for negative outcomes, including blackouts. We examined baseline data from a study of risky drinking youth to identify factors associated with HID. Methods: Risky drinkers (ages 16-24) were recruited online (positive 3-month AUDIT-C score) as part of a larger study to examine social media interventions for risky drinking. We used baseline survey data to examine HID in relation to demographics, substance use-related variables, and individual and social factors. Results: Among 931 risky drinkers, 29.8% reported past-month HID, and those with HID reported greater substance use and consequences. In multivariable analysis, HID was associated with male sex; greater social motives, impulsivity, and motivation; lower self-efficacy; and greater likelihood of not living with parents, drinking with important peers, and parental disapproval of posting drinking pictures. When examining age group interactions (16-20; 21-24), underage drinkers with high sensation-seeking scores and lower parental disapproval of posting drinking pictures on social media reported greater HID. Conclusions: Among risky drinking youth, male sex, social motives, impulsivity, higher motivation to and lower-self-efficacy to reduce drinking, living away from parents, more frequent drinking with important peers, and lower parental disapproval of posting drinking pictures on social media were positively associated with HID. Further, HID was associated with greater health consequences, underscoring the need for HID interventions. Such interventions may benefit from enhancing motivation and self-efficacy, particularly in social contexts, as well as increasing positive peer and leisure activities to reduce HID.

This study explored the relationship between Perceived Stress and Religious Coping levels among Muslim emerging adults of Pakistani origin living in Pakistan and Muslim emerging adults of Pakistani origin living in the United States (US). Participants (Pakistani Origin Muslims Living in Pakistan, n= 103; and Pakistani Origin Muslims Living in the US, n=50) were between 18-25 years old. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and Brief R-Cope scale were administered using an online format. Results indicated that negative religious coping strategies were associated with higher perceived stress in both groups while positive religious coping strategies showed a weaker association with lower perceived stress levels, and this finding appeared only in the US sample. Marital status was also an important predictor of perceived stress. These findings demonstrate that Muslim emerging adults, irrespective of culture, show moderately similar patterns in their perception of stress and their utilization of religious coping strategies.

Abstract Recent studies have linked driving licensure, delay in driving licensure, and driving exposure to alcohol and drug use, parental monitoring, and peer influence. Early licensure and increased driving exposure were linked to higher alcohol and drug use, while parental monitoring knowledge may be associated with lower use. Health, education, and employment also may be affected, with early licensure and increased driving exposure linked to better outcomes. To reduce use among emerging adults, parents must equip them with effective prevention knowledge and be mindful of driving exposure and delay. Investing in programs to promote licensure and driving may help emerging adults obtain better health and prosperity, although the potential advantages of driving privileges must be balanced against earlier and greater driving exposure to alcohol and drug use.

Abstract Background Emerging adults have the highest cannabis consumption rates in Canada and are among the most vulnerable to cannabis-related harms. Since certain cannabis consumption behaviours carry greater risks of harm, the Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines (LRCUG) provide harm reduction strategies. To address a critical gap in the literature, the current study examined emerging adults’ awareness of the guidelines and perceptions of higher-risk cannabis consumption behaviours identified within the LRCUG. Methods Emerging adults (N = 653) between the ages of 18–25 years were recruited from across Canada. Participants were presented with five vignettes depicting a character’s cannabis consumption behaviours. Each vignette focused on a unique aspect of the character’s consumption (frequency, polysubstance use, family history of mental illness, method of consumption, and potency). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions within each of the five vignettes that were altered to capture varying levels of risk (e.g. weekly, almost daily, or daily consumption). Following each vignette, participants were asked to respond to four items relating to overall risk of harm, cognitive health, physical health, and mental health. Results Participants perceived: (1) frequent consumption to be associated with greater risks than less frequent consumption; (2) simultaneous consumption of cannabis and tobacco as being associated with higher risk of harm, yet no difference between simultaneous consumption of cannabis and alcohol or cannabis consumption alone; (3) consuming cannabis with a family history of psychosis or substance use disorder as being associated with greater overall risk than consumption with no family history; (4) smoking and vaping cannabis as associated with more risk than ingesting edibles; and (5) higher-potency THC-dominant strains as being associated with more risk than lower-potency CBD-dominant strains, yet no difference between the two higher-potency THC-dominant strains. Conclusions While emerging adults seemed to appreciate the risks associated with some cannabis consumption behaviours, they had difficulty identifying appropriate levels of harm of other higher-risk behaviours. Through an improved understanding of emerging adult perceptions, effective education campaigns should be designed to improve the awareness of cannabis risks and encourage the uptake of harm reduction awareness and strategies.

The focus on mental health during emerging adulthood (EA) is necessary due to the development of mental disorders before the age of 25 and the adverse effects of stress and anxiety on psychological well-being. Mindfulness has been shown to aid in coping with stress and anxiety, while intolerance of uncertainty can lead to higher distress levels. The aim of this research was to explore the prevalence and interrelationships between anxiety, stress, intolerance of uncertainty, and mindfulness, as well as potential gender differences. The study involved 425 emerging adults, with a majority of female participants. Anxiety and stress levels were found to be mild, with anxiety tending towards a moderate level in women. Gender differences were observed solely within the dimensions of intolerance of uncertainty, with women displaying higher levels of intolerance. For women, all of the measured variables correlated as expected; stress and anxiety showed moderate positive relationships with the dimensions of intolerance of uncertainty but negative ones with mindfulness. Furthermore, the dimensions of intolerance of uncertainty were negatively correlated with mindfulness in the female sample. Whereas for men, only anxiety and stress correlated positively, and stress also exhibited a negative relationship with mindfulness. Additionally, the dimensions of intolerance of uncertainty showed low negative correlations with mindfulness. Significant predictors for anxiety were inhibitory anxiety, as one of the dimensions of intolerance of uncertainty and mindfulness. On the other hand, all of the measured predictors were statistically significant for stress, indicating that being intolerant of uncertainty and less mindful were associated with higher stress levels. An identifying factor contributing to anxiety and stress during EA, for both men and women, is essential because it increases our understanding, which may lead to more efficient prevention and treatment strategies.

Self-injury occurs commonly in young people, especially during the development phase of emerging adults. It is seen asa manifestation of existential problems, such as obstacles in fulfilling or pursuing meaning in life which is the most basichuman motivation. This study aims to determine the effect of logotherapy as an intervention to increase purpose in lifein emerging adults who engage in self-injury. The research utilized a single case experiment A-B design involving twosubjects, measuring their level of meaning in life with the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ). The analysis techniqueof visual analysis, baseline-corrected tau, and Reliable Change Index (RCI) yielded outcomes indicating logotherapy asan effective intervention option for increasing meaning in life in emerging adults with self-injury.

Despite the growing research on the usefulness and validity of the four-factor Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS), empirical evidence for its relevance to Black African young emerging adults seems non-existent. The study's objective was to assess the relevance of the original WLEIS factor structure for a sample (N = 365) of South African Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) final year students (mean age = 24.3 years; SD = 2.38). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and convergent and discriminant validity tests revealed a three-factor first-order structure with uniquely descriptive items characteristic of the sample's emotional intelligence. The findings contribute to the WLEIS measurement of emotional intelligence in young emerging adults who are preparing to enter the digital-age work world.

Research has identified the beneficial nature of spirituality/religiosity towards people’s general, psychological, and relational well-being despite a decline in religiosity among Americans, particularly among the younger generations. Research also suggests religiosity influences important relational factors, such as entering cohabiting relationships, but that these relational factors may also influence participants’ level of religiosity in a reciprocal effect. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to explore how demographic, relational, and financial factors influence young adults’ level of religiosity within the context of a romantic relationship and the couples’ finances. Results from the current study suggest the length of the relationship and favorability towards cohabitation were related negatively to participants’ religiosity while waiting longer to initiate sexual intercourse, greater trust and commitment, greater financial well-being, and greater financial anxiety were related positively to participants’ religiosity. Implications are discussed.

The transition to adulthood can challenge an individual's psychological well-being as emerging adults navigate more diverse contexts. A sense of belonging in new contexts influences psychological well being as does experience with discrimination and/or lack of emotional well-being, or coping skills to navigate environments that are not inherently inclusive. In order to understand the relationship between sense of belonging, discrimination, and emotional well-being on psychological well-being, we utilized a national, representative sample of emerging adults (N = 2,526) who participated in the Longitudinal Panel Study of Income Dynamics specifically, the Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS). The transitioning adults were sampled from the primary family unit of the PSID and asked to participate independently in the TAS. Using the Life Course Development Framework as a guide, the researchers analyzed TAS measures related to emotional well-being, sense of belonging, and discrimination in various contexts and modelled that with psychological well-being. Other factors in the analyses included gender, race, age, employment status, and enrollment in post-secondary education. Results suggest that sense of belonging; emotional well-being, discrimination, and enrollment status are significantly related to psychological well-being. There was also a differential impact of discrimination and sense of belonging on psychological well-being. The findings highlight the importance of looking at institutional (meso level) factors in addition to individual (micro level) characteristics when supporting emerging adult psychological wellbeing. Theories that emphasize individual characteristics over systematic issues may not adequately address the needs of emerging adults in marginalized groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Intolerance of uncertainty (IU), separation anxiety, and negative affectivity seem theoretically interrelated, no empirical study has considered them jointly so far. However, deepening this topic is clinically relevant, especially during the delicate phase of emerging adulthood. This study aimed to pinpoint psychological profiles based on IU, separation anxiety symptoms, and negative affectivity in a group of Italian non-clinical emerging adults. Such profiles were then compared in terms of key psychological and psychosocial characteristics. 868 young adults (73 % women) aged 18–26 years entered the study. They completed a socio-demographic survey and self-report tools assessing IU, separation anxiety symptomatology, and personality traits. Subgroups exhibiting distinctive patterns of IU, separation anxiety symptoms, and negative affectivity were identified using latent profile analysis. To deepen disparities in psychological and psychosocial features by profile, analyses of variance and chi-square tests were performed. Three profiles were detected, respectively with high, low, and moderate levels of the variables considered. In each profile, IU, separation anxiety symptoms, and negative affectivity had a consistent trend. The "High-level" profile had the greatest proportion of women and people who had not spent infancy with both parents. The sample included mainly women and university students, and data were collected using self-report questionnaires only. IU, separation anxiety symptoms, and negative affectivity can co-occur, highlighting the importance of transdiagnostic interventions. Preventive efforts should be directed to emerging adult women and those who did not spend infancy with both parents, as they may be particularly vulnerable to internalizing distress. • Emerging adulthood is a critical period featured by instability and uncertainty. • Profiles of IU, separation anxiety, and negative affectivity were studied. • The above constructs were found to co-occur in emerging adults. • Transdiagnostic interventions may be useful to treat and prevent separation anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the impact of emotional immaturity on mental wellbeing and physiological symptomology with mediating role of distress tolerance in emerging adults. To recruit the research participants, convenient sampling technique was employed. Sample comprised of 382 emerging adults of age between 18 to 25 years (M = 21.55, SD = 2.55). The Warwick- Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (Tennant et al., 2007), Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (Gierk et al., 2014), Emotional Maturity Scale (Singh & Bhargava, 1990), and Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons & Gaher, 2005) were used to measure the variables under study. The results implied that emotional immaturity emerged as a negative predictor of mental wellbeing and a positive predictor of physiological symptomology. Whereas distress tolerance emerged as significant positive and negative predictors of mental wellbeing and physiological symptomology; respectively. Distress tolerance had a significant role as a mediator in the relationship between emotional immaturity, mental wellbeing, and physiological symptomology. Gender emerged as significant moderator in relationship between emotional immaturity and mental wellbeing. The current research provided the insight of how emotional maturity and distress tolerance can enhance mental wellbeing and reduce the physiological symptomology in emerging adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]