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Aims and Objectives: To describe individual temperament and character trait profiles associated with nurses and nursing students in a large regional health district and university in Australia., Background: Identification of personality characteristics have been undertaken in most professions; however there is little extant literature on nurses which looks at specific aspects of temperament and character., Design: A cross-sectional quantitative study of nurses and nursing students in a large regional health service district and university in South East Queensland, Australia., Method:   An online survey to nurses and nursing students included a demographic questionnaire and the temperament and character inventory (TCI) to identify levels of the seven basic dimensions of temperament and character. Univariate analysis made multiple and covariate comparisons between TCI scores, nurses, students, working status and age., Results: The target number of responses was exceeded and totalled 451. Results are reported for females who comprised 90% of respondents; 53.5% students and 46.5% nurses. Significant main effects for age and student status were detected in several temperament and character inventory dimensions. Working students had significantly different temperament and character profiles compared to non-working students., Conclusions: Overall, this sample displays levels of temperament and character traits congruent with a profession requiring high levels of persistence, self-directedness, cooperativeness and reward dependence. Our findings prompt further investigation of whether individuals with the requisite temperament traits are attracted to nursing, or do individuals develop certain character traits as a product of their professional experiences/training., Relevance to Clinical Practice: The identification of distinct profiles of temperament and character traits among different nursing roles may provide insight into what traits are conducive to retention of nurses in these roles. The predictive potential of the temperament traits plus the modifiable component of character traits may provide scope for nursing educators and policy-makers to assist in recruitment and retention of nurses in the workforce., (© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Context: Asthma affects over 15% of Australian Aboriginal people. Compliance in asthma management is poor. Interventions that will increase compliance are required., Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine whether Aboriginal children, adolescents and adults would engage in music lessons to increase their knowledge of asthma and support management of their asthma., Methods: Participants were recruited from schools and through the local Aboriginal Medical Service. All participants identified as Aborigines and were diagnosed as being asthmatic. The intervention was a 6-month program of once weekly music lessons using a culturally significant wind instrument, the didgeridoo, for males and singing lessons for females., Findings: High school students enthusiastically engaged and had excellent retention in what they considered to be a most enjoyable program. Respiratory function improved significantly in both junior and senior boys who also reported a noticeable improvement in their health. Similar but less significant improvement was seen in the high school girls, although like the boys, they too perceived an improvement in their asthma., Conclusions: The project demonstrated that music has great potential for engaging and thus supporting asthma. Furthermore, cultural awareness was increased by those playing the didgeridoo and social skills were noticeably improved in the girls. Similar culturally appropriate activities have applications far beyond Aboriginal communities in Australia.

This article reports on construct validity and reliability of 30 items of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI). Australia, like other countries, is experiencing a shortage of nurses; a multifactor approach to retention of nurses is required. One significant factor that has received increasing attention in the last decade, particularly in the USA, is the nursing practice environment. The reliability of the 30 items of the PES-NWI was assessed by Cronbach's alpha and factor analysis was performed using principal component analysis. The PES-NWI was completed by nurses working in the aged-care, private and public sectors in Queensland, Australia. A total of 3000 surveys were distributed to a random sample of members of the Queensland Nurses Union. Of these, 1192 surveys were returned, a response rate of 40%. The PES-NWI was shown to be reliable demonstrating internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha of the total scale of 0.948. The 30 items loaded onto five factors explaining 57.7% of the variance. The items across the factors differed slightly from those reported by the original author of the PES-NWI. This study indicates that the PES-NWI has construct validity and reliability in the Australian setting for nurses.

Objective: In order to support policy planning, nurses in Queensland were surveyed three times over a 7-year period. Results from the study offered the opportunity to explore changes in work practices with respect to career breaks and retirement intentions., Design: A self-administered postal survey., Setting: Nurse members of the Queensland Nurses Union residing in the State of Queensland., Participants: 3000 members of the Queensland Nurses' Union., Main Outcome Measures: An overview of nurses' work practices in relation to breaks in work and planned retirement., Results: Response rates for 2001, 2004 and 2007 were 51%, 44.9% and 39.7%, respectively. Over the 7-year study period the number of nurses taking career breaks declined from 65% in 2001 to 54% in 2007. Of those nurses who reported taking breaks the number of breaks remained constant; however the average length of the breaks declined. Results reflected an ageing workforce. The expected time to remain in nursing increased dramatically for older nurses. Over 60% of 40-60-year-old nurses in 2007 expect to remain in nursing well into their mid-60s compared to 30% in the previous years., Conclusions: The dynamics of the nursing workforce have changed with nurses taking fewer and shorter breaks and expecting to work to a greater age. We speculate that these changes may be influenced by the economic climate.

Objective: To ascertain differences in the working lives of geographically dispersed nurses., Design: Cross-sectional., Setting: Registered, enrolled and assistants-in-nursing members of the Queensland Nurses' Union employed in nursing in Queensland, Australia., Participants: A total of 3000 members of the Union, equally stratified by sector (public, private, aged care). Among them, 1192 responded and 1039 supplied postcodes matching the Australian Standard Geographical Classification., Main Outcome Measures: Statistically significant differences in working lives of nurses employed in different geographical locations., Results: Nurses in outer regional/remote/very remote localities are more likely to be employed as permanent full-time staff and self-report higher levels of work stress. These levels could be explained by: lack of replacement staff for leave, longer working and on call hours and lack of support for new staff. Distance remains a major barrier to accessing continuing professional education. However, outer regional/remote/very remote nurses were more likely to be provided employer support for professional education. Inner regional nurses were more likely to work part time, would work more hours if offered and were more likely to have taken a break from nursing as a result of family commitments., Conclusion: The data confirm that current policies are not addressing the differences in the working lives of geographically dispersed nurses. Policies addressing orientation, mentoring and workloads should be implemented to address these issues.

Objective: To inform the development of an initiative designed to support the mental well-being of farmers in Queensland., Design: Interactive focus groups., Setting: Rural and remote Queensland., Participants: Health professionals, farmers and representatives of organisations and agencies working with farmers., Main Outcome Measures: Determination of factors contributing to the declining mental health of rural landholders. Content material for inclusion into mental health first aid programs held for field officers., Results: Key areas identified to contribute to the decline in mental health of farmers were: increasing isolation in its varying forms, the ongoing drought, increased government regulations and widening of the schism between urban and rural Australians. The issues that affect farmers are recognised to have a 'knock-on' effect on the people who interact with them. In particular, rural support organisations are concerned for the well-being of their staff, prompting some to begin to put protocols in place to address their staff need for mental health support. Additional mental health training of field officers that involves awareness, recognition, communication skills, understanding and empathy was recognised by participants to be beneficial., Conclusion: Training of field officers was considered to be of benefit to the support of farmers. An understanding of the various and diverse issues that rural landholders face should be a fundamental component of that training.

Competencies by nurses in information technology (IT) are essential to health care in Australia yet data suggest deficiencies in access and use. A study commissioned by the Australian Government aimed to determine the extent of access and use and the barriers to the use of IT among nurses across Australia. A survey was distributed to 10,000 members of the Australian Nursing Federation with a 43% overall response rate. Fewer than 15% of nurses did not use computers as part of their work. The greatest use was for client records, patient pathology and radiology results and professional development. IT uptake in health is supported by nurses who are, however frustrated by limitations to access and software that is not fit for purpose. A lack of confidence in using IT was noted by many nurses. Fewer than 20% had received pre-registration training in any aspect of IT and only 30% post registration. In addition to training, high work load, numbers of computers and inadequate technical support were the major barriers to computer use.

The response of the pituitary-adrenal axis to corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the adrenal response to adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH) stimulation were studied during infection of Boran (Bos indicus) cattle with Trypanosoma congolense. For CRH, 15 animals were challenged during preinfection and infection phases, while for ACTH 10 animals were challenged during pre-infection, infection and post-treatment phases of the experiments. The axis showed a reduced responsiveness after CRH challenge during patent parasitaemia, manifested by low (p < 0.05) plasma ACTH and cortisol concentration as compared to the pre-infection CRH challenge concentrations. Cortisol concentration after ACTH challenge during pre-infection, infection and post-treatment phases did not differ. The reduced pituitary-adrenal response to CRH challenge and the normal adrenal response to ACTH challenge found during trypanosomiasis indicates pituitary dysfunction due to infection.

Ten Boran (Bos indicus) cattle were used to study the stress responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during trypanosome infection. Five cattle were infected with Trypanosoma congolense IL 1180 by tsetse challenge and five cattle served as controls. All infected animals developed acute trypanosomiasis. Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia (50 per cent of pre-insulin glucose concentration) was used as a stress factor. Acute hypoglycaemia was observed in three infected and three control animals after insulin challenge. Two animals from each group either did not respond or responded slowly. Hypoglycaemia in infected animals completely failed to induce an HPA axis response, while in control animals an HPA axis response was indicated by a significant increase in plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol concentrations (P less than 0.01). The results show that trypanosomiasis in Boran cattle can cause a decrease in the stress responsiveness of the HPA axis as indicated by a blunted ACTH/cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.

Three Boran (Bos indicus) cattle infected with T. congolense IL 1180, and two uninfected control Boran cattle were used to study the effect of trypanosomiasis on the function of the thyroid gland. On a weekly basis, plasma thyroxine (T4) was measured by 125I-radioimmunoassay. Results indicated that T. congolense caused a significant decline in plasma T4 concentration in infected animals.

Endometrial histology in baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) was evaluated after five days of clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment initiated on either cycle day six (n = 8) or ten (n = 4). Biopsies performed before and after a human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) induced ovulation were compared to non-CC treated controls. Although CC had a definite antiestrogenic effect on perineal skin, no significant effect of endometrial proliferation was demonstrable.

Growth of fetuses, fetal membranes, and fetal fluids was characterized by least squares analysis for 254 conceptuses ranging from 25 to 278 days of gestation. Prior to 100 days of gestation, increases in allantoic fluid volume and chorio-allantoic membrane weight preceded those of fetal weight, amnio-allantoic membrane weight, and amniotic fluid volume. The relative rate of growth of components suggests a prerequisite of chorio-allantoic membrane expansion for subsequent fetal growth. Male fetuses were heavier than female fetuses as early as 100 days of gestation. Rate of growth of all fetuses was maximal at 230 days of gestation with a peak rate of greater than 200 g/day. Growth rate then declined to less than 100 g/day by term.

The action of oestrone sulphate on luteal function was tested in cyclic beef heifers. Once daily injection of 28 or 56 mg oestrone sulphate in corn oil beginning on Day 10 of the cycle had a significant luteolytic effect as compared to corn oil-treated controls.

The menstrual cycles of 17 multiparous vervet monkeys were studied. Based on estradiol, progesterone, and LH profiles, ovulation is predicted to occur on day 13 of the 32.4-day menstrual cycle. Estradiol peaked on the day preceding the LH peak in 75% of cycles. Average luteal phase length (progesterone greater than 4 nmol/l) was 18 days, with progesterone rising above 4 nmol/l on the day of the LH peak. Vaginal cytology and perianal skin coloration exhibited too much within- and among-animal variability to be reliable indicators of menstrual cycle stages. Uterine biopsies of the proliferative phase were characterized by mild pseudostratification of the columnar epithelium and absence of glandular secretion; in contrast, those of the luteal phase had marked pseudostratification of the tall columnar epithelium with glandular secretions in the lumen. A few follicular-phase samples contained structures such as tortuous uterine glands with secretions. Such structures are more characteristic of the luteal phase. It is suggested that their presence can be explained by incomplete sloughing of the endometrium at menstruation, as this is known to be light or convert in this species., (Copyright © 1989 Wiley‐Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company.)

Conceptus (placental membranes, fetal fluids and fetus) development was characterized between Days 27 and 111 of gestation. Progestagens, oestrone, oestradiol, oestrone sulphate and prostaglandins (PG) F were measured in maternal plasma and allantoic and amniotic fluids. Protein concentrations are described for fetal fluids. The early increase in placental membrane weight from 1.12 g (27 days) to 58.45 g (50 days) was associated with oestrogen production presumably of conceptus origin. Oestrogens increased significantly in allantoic and amniotic fluids throughout the period studied with oestrone being the primary free oestrogen, rising from 2 pg/ml (Day 33) to 144 ng/ml by 111 days in allantoic fluid. Changes in plasma oestrogens of the maternal circulation were not detected until after Day 70 at which time oestrone concentration was greater than that of oestradiol. Fetal fluid concentrations of progestagens, oestrone sulphate and PGF were not related to maternal plasma levels and a sequestration of these hormones by the allantois is postulated.

The Nonhuman Primate Pregnancy Test (NHPPT) kit was evaluated for diagnosis of pregnancy in baboons. Unreadable controls rendered 33% of all tests inconclusive. Refrigeration and dilution did little to improve the number of inconclusive tests. Positive-and false-negative results from readable tests on days 20 to 27 of confirmed pregnancy were 75% and 25%, respectively. The NHPPT did not always provide an accurate diagnosis of pregnancy and often proved unreadable.

The prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue, cloprostenol, which is an effective luteolytic agent in the common marmoset, was administered intramuscularly to olive baboons to determine if it possessed luteolytic properties in this species. The results showed that functional luteolysis was not induced when cloprostenol was administered during the mid- to late luteal phase or during early pregnancy.

Three 125mz enclosures were designed to enable collection of urine from female baboons (Papio sp.) during early pregnancy, while maintaining them in close continuous social contact to permanent breeding groups. Attached to each enclosure were individual cages to which females were confined for urine collections. Over the 18-month period following group formation, 60 of 67 females became pregnant and then 51 reconceived following surgical termination of pregnancy. A total of 181 pregnancies were recorded. Over 75% of reconceptions occurred within the first two cycles following surgery. The enclosures have proved to be extremely versatile, allowing sampling of individual animals maintained in group conditions with the ability to interact socially.

Thirty-three baboons were maintained throughout their peri-ovulatory period in group enclosures with fertile males. They received treatment on days 14-19 of presumed pregnancy with either twice daily injection of 50 micrograms of an LHRH agonist or of 2 mg of an LHRH antagonist. Three pregnancies from 14 cycles were maintained in each of the treatment groups as compared to 5 of 14 in controls. Four abortions were noted but as 1 occurred in a control group the response could not be attributed to treatment. The agonist had no apparent effect on urinary progestins in nonpregnant animals but both analogs did cause a transient decline in pregnant animals. Results indicated that LHRH analogs are not suitable agents for early pregnancy termination under the present treatment regimen.