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A simple small-scale method for the determination of fenvalerate residues on cattle hair by gas–liquid chromatography with electron capture detection was developed and applied to the determination of fenvalerate residues from BovaidR ear tags. Recoveries were found to be 96–104% at 10–100 μg g−1 levels of fenvalerate. The minimum detection limit of this method was 1 pg g−1. With one ear tag, fenvalerate was adequately distributed over the entire body and persisted for at least 80 days on the hair of cattle.

Between 1977 and 1984, 230 newborns (5.4/1,000 livebirths) were registered at the two maternity hospitals of Göteborg as having preauricular tags. Of these 188 were available for hearing assessment. In 10 children (5%) the tag was associated with other malformations of the ear/face region. All these children had hearing impairment (HI), 8 conductive, 1 sensorineural and 1 mixed. In 178 neonates the tag was the only defect. Of these, 23 (13%) were found to have HI, all sensorineural and of mild to moderate degree. In the total group of children a positive family history for HI was found in 29% and for malformation in 24%. In the children where HI was found (33 cases in total) the figures for heredity rose to 67% (HI) and 30% (malformation). In the 23 cases with ear tag and HI, a hereditary tendency for HI was found to be 78%. Accordingly there is a clearly elevated risk for HI in connection with ear tags and we therefore recommend routine hearing assessment in all children with preauricular tags.

Ten dairy cows were separated into two groups of five. One group was ear tagged with a PVC ear tag containing 8-5 g kg−1 cypermethrin in each ear. A PVC strip impregnated with the same quantity of cypermethrin was attached to the tail of each cow in the other group. The concentration of cypermethrin in hair samples from the neck, flanks and the anterior, sides and the posterior of the udder was measured for a period of 10 weeks after application. Concentrations were found to be high in those body areas nearest to the points of application, moderate on the flanks but low on the front and sides of the udder.

Fenvalerate, deltamethrin, (1R)-cis-permethrin, (1R)-trans-permethrin and (1S)-trans-permethrin, applied topically to the entire body surface of steers at a rate of 1 mg a.i. kg−1, provided 70% or better protection from black flies on cattle for 16, 9, 8, 6 and 6 days, respectively. The (1S)-cis stereoisomer of permethrin was ineffective as a protectant against black flies at a rate of 1 mg a.i. kg−1 when applied as a total body spray. One poly(vinyl chloride) ear tag containing 10% permethrin, in each ear of steers, provided protection from black fly attack for up to 13 days under field conditions. Poly(vinyl chloride) ear tags containing 8% fenvalerate, installed in each ear of steers, did not provide satisfactory protection from black flies under field conditions.

Twenty Holstein cows were blocked into two groups of 10 cows each to evaluate an insecticidal ear tag (8% fenvalerate) on fly control and milk production. One group received one tag in each ear while the control group remained untagged. Each group was allowed access to an exercise-pasture lot of similar size. Forages were fed in the lots and grain was fed in the barn at milking. Tagging resulted in a 99.9% reduction in horn flies over the 16 wk of the trial. However, other flies (house, stable and face) were not controlled to the same extent. As horn fly numbers decreased the number of the other flies increased on tagged cows. Tagging resulted in an overall increase in milk yield by 1.06 kg/d for the trial but not all weeks of the trial showed significant responses. Milk fat and protein percentages were not different between tagged and control animals. Key words: Diptera, dairy cattle, milk production, fenvalerate, ear tags, fly control

In field trials conducted during July-September 1975, stirofos (15% AI) in both a small-double and large single ear tag system and dichlorvos (20% AI) in a double tag system gave season-long protection of the ears of cattle against the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatun Koch, and the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel). Conversely, dichloros in small single, trimethylphenyl methylcarbamate (3,4,5 and 2,3,5, 75:18) in small double, and dichlorvos, crotoxyphos, and the trimethylphenyl methylcarbamate mixture in large single ear tags provided relatively little if any protection through 5 weeks, and screwworm infestations were frequent in the ears of these cattle. Screwworm infestations were also high at times among untreated control cattle. Horn bands with stirofos gave control of the ticks; horn bands with propoxur gave somewhat less control. However, horn bands were either too loosely or too lightly applied. Ear smears containing 2% dioxathion and 2% Compound 4072 (2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate) gave some control of ticks.

TWO systems for real-time animal identification, one using a battery-powered ear tag transponder and one using a passive transponder hung around the neck, were installed in the stalls of a milking parlor. The performance of the systems over a period of 5 months was analyzed. The rates of correct identifications were 87.6% for the neck tag system and 93.5% for the ear tag system. An analysis of malfunctions showed that rates of 93.2% for the neck tag system and 98.1% for the ear tag system were possible. The estimated minimum acceptable rate for commercial systems was 98%

Mice used in a 2-year oral toxicity study developed a progressive, moist dermatitis. The initial lesions were seen around the ears in which metal identification tags had been placed and usually progressed to include the skin of the neck and shoulder. Clinically, the mice were pruritic, lost weight, had rough coats, and became moribund. The predominant finding at necropsy was pale brown kidneys with irregular granular surfaces. Histologically, there was inflammation and focal-to-diffuse necrosis in the visceral organs and affected skin. The predominant organism isolated from the skin, kidneys and heart blood was Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium is a common inhabitant of the skin of conventionally housed mice and its isolation from the kidneys and blood suggested that the portal of entry was the wound caused by the insertion of the metal ear tag.

The pattern of release was characterized for 8% fenvalerate, 10% permethrin, and 5 and 10% decamethrin ear tags on cattle. The release rate of the fenvalerate ear tags declined from 3.9 mg/day at 10 days to 0.9 mg/day after 180 days on cattle. Permethrin tags released 6.5 mg/day at 10 days and 1.5 mg/day at 180 days. Both tags provided good control of Haematobia irritans (L.) on herds treated with one tag per cow. The first appearance of a population level of five hom flies per cow occurred in weeks 20 and 17 postinstallation of the fenvalerate and permethrin tags, respectively. At these times, the tags were releasing ca. 1.0 mg/day and 1.9 mg/day, respectively. After 10 days on cattle, the 10 and 5% decamethrin ear tags had a release rate of 6.55 and 1.93 mg/day, respectively. The values declined to 1.54 and 0.46 mg/day, respectively, after 180 days. The profile of insecticide concentration from the surface to center of the fenvalerate and permethrin ear tags was determined for tags that had been on cattle for 24 weeks and was found to take on a parabolic shape characteristic of the diffusion process. These studies indicate that the release of pyrethroids from insecticidal ear tags can be predicted from previously derived equations for the release of solutes from dissolved, monolithic systems. The information presented can be useful in the development of new or improved ear tag delivery systems.

During the 12-year period, from 1945 to 1956, 19,310 fish of 13 species were tagged in Quebec. Three types of tags were used. From 1938 to 1940, monel metal strap tags, adapted from the “cattle ear tag” were tried, but were discarded as unsatisfactory. Since 1940 two different types designed by the author have been used. Ring-shaped strap tags of monel or nickel have been found satisfactory for tagging some species such as sturgeon, channel catfish, and eel. For other fishes, such as shad, smelt, striped bass, tomcod, split ring and plate tags are more advantageous. In the case of two species of sturgeon, several fish with strap tags were recovered 10 and 11 years after liberation. The maximum distances between tagging and recovery points in Quebec tagged fishes were 892 miles for Atlantic sturgeon and 1,650 miles for shad.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-01T13:08:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-12-01Bitstream added on 2014-10-01T14:02:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1984-29612013000400554.pdf: 792436 bytes, checksum: bbd5ea91e1a15deedba357885c5ae3ea (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Com objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do tratamento parcial de animais infestados por mosca-dos-chifres, foram utilizadas 45 vacas da raça Guzerá, com idade entre 4 e 7 anos, divididas em três grupos de 15 animais. Os animais dos grupos G33 (33,3% tratados) e G100 (100% tratados) receberam um brinco inseticida/animal, com diazinon 40%, e os do grupo GC não receberam tratamento (controle). A cada 14 dias foram realizadas contagens das moscas sobre a região cervico-dorso-lombar das vacas dos três grupos. O estudo foi realizado de setembro de 2006 a setembro de 2009. Neste período, seis tratamentos com quatro meses cada, e com intervalo de um a dois meses, foram realizados nos animais dos grupos G33 e G100. Os animais do grupo G33 apresentaram maior infestação que os do grupo G100, o número de mosca variou de 12 a 27 no grupo G33 e de 3 a 11 no grupo G100. No entanto, os grupos G33 e G100 apresentaram menores infestações que as observadas nos animais do grupo GC, que apresentou de 45 a 87 moscas. O tratamento parcial de bovinos infestados por mosca-dos-chifres com a utilização de inseticida diazinon 40% é uma alternativa eficiente no controle deste ectoparasita. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the efficiency of partial treatment of animals infested with horn flies. Forty-five Guzerat cows between 4 and 7 years of age were divided into three groups (15 cows per group). The treatments were as follows: in groups G33 and G100, 33.3 and 100% of the cows were treated with one insecticide-impregnated ear tag/animal (40% diazinon), respectively, while in the group GC, the cows were not treated (control). The flies on the cervico-dorsal-lumbar region of the cows, in all three groups, were counted every 14 days. The experiment lasted from September 2006 to September 2009. Over this period, six four-month ear tag treatments, with intervals of one to two months, were conducted on both treated groups. The animals of group G33 had a higher infection than those of group G100, and the number of flies ranged from 12 to 27 (group G33) and from 3 to 11 (group G100). However, groups G33 and G100 had lower infection levels than group GC, which presented from 45 to 87 flies. Partial treatment of cattle infested with horn flies using 40% diazinon insecticide is an efficient alternative for controlling this ectoparasite. Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia

Electronic animal identification is an important technology in modern animal husbandry providing great benefits. Low-frequency applications are state-of-the-art within the radio frequency identification of animals. Quasi-simultaneous detection of several animals and reading of the transponders over longer distances is impossible with low-frequency systems. Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) applications are suitable for this purpose. However, UHF systems have disadvantages through their susceptibility to metallic surfaces and liquids. Thus, the reflection and absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the animals' environment is often problematic. Consequently, an adjustment of the transponder ear tags regarding mechanical stability and functionality close to water (ear tissue) is necessary. In this project, targeted adjustments and a further development of UHF transponder ear tags concerning the resonance frequency were made. Three trials with cattle and two trials with pigs were performed in this study. Cattle were driven through a reader gate for ten rounds and six different types of transponder ear tags designed in-house were tested. The influence of the environment (indoor vs. outdoor), reader orientation at the gate (sideways vs. above) and output power of the readers (1.0 vs. 0.5 W) were tested in two experiments. The average number of readings per round and the reading rates of the transponder ear tag types were taken as target variables. In the trials with pigs, three transponder ear tag types were compared. The animals were driven through the gate for five rounds per repetition, but neither the reader output power nor the reader orientation were varied. The pig experiments were performed indoors. The results of the cattle experiments showed that the average number of readings per round and the reading rates were significantly higher indoors compared to outdoors. The reader output power of 1.0 W achieved significantly better results compared to 0.5 W. The same applied to the reader orientation ‘above’ compared to ‘sideways’. It could also be shown that an improvement of the transponder and, thus, an adjustment to the animal's ear could be achieved during transponder ear tag type development. A maximum reading rate of 100% was reached with the cattle transponder types finally developed (B3-4, B4-4 and B5). In addition, an average reading rate of 100% was achieved for one pig transponder ear tag type (C2). However, these experiments have to be treated with caution due to a very low sample size.

Adult Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett) exposed to hair samples from cattle treated with one fenvalerate ear tag per animal resulted in mortalities of 87–100% ( x ¯ = 93%) within 7 days post treatment. Mortalities of 80-100% ( x ¯ = 95%) were obtained at 6 days from hair samples from untreated cattle placed in the same pen with treated cattle. Insecticidal activity lasted throughout the 70-day test period, with decreased efficacy following rainfall and after the 49th test day. Significantly higher mortalities were recorded from hair samples from the neck near the ears and from the underside of the body.

Use of ear tags impregnated with flucythrinate, propetamphos, and fluvalinate for controlling brown ear tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, was studied. Ear tags placed in both ears of heifers were more efficient in controlling brown ear ticks than when animals were treated with only one ear tag or were dipped at weekly intervals. Although ear tags provided season-long protection against brown ear tick, presence of other tick species and high cost of ear tags reduce the probability that ear tags will replace the conventional dipping method of tick control in southern Africa.

A 2.3 kg partially ossified fibroma developed apparently within a 4-1/2 month period near a tag inserted in the right ear of a 5-1/2 year old white-tailed doe (Odecoileus virginianus). This growth caused an abnormal head carriage, disturbed feeding and resulted in emaciation. Secondary partially ossified fibromas developed at the left ear tag and in the right external acoustic meatus. The latter fibroma penterated the tympanic membrane. The puncture wounds in the ears associated with the aluminum tags probably provided sites for virus infection and subsequent fibromatosis.

During a 6-year study of Musca autumnalis DeGeer population ecology in central Iowa, various ear-tag treatments were applied to cattle. Zero, one, or two tags impregnated with 10% permethrin or 13.7% stirofos were applied to cows at a cow/calf operation of between 250 and 350 head. The ecological studies permitted a test of the hypothesis of ear tag effectiveness without the bias of fly counts being associated with a particular treatment. The proportions of parous flies were used as an index of fly population age structure and were homogeneous among years. Thus adult survival rates were not detectably different. No effects of ear tags on face fly populations were detected.

DNA fingerprinting allows the verification of conventional methods used to implement beef traceability. At any point along the supply chain, the identity of an animal or piece of meat can be checked by comparison of its DNA profile with an initial sample. Practical application of DNA fingerprinting to trace beef requires a choice of DNA markers as well as the optimization of sampling methods. This has been achieved as the result of collaboration between meat technicians and geneticists over a period of 4 years. The discrimination power of nine highly polymorphic microsatellite markers was evaluated. We propose that three markers (with a 0.001 probability that two individual profiles match by chance) are adequate for routine tests. Two key points along the production-commercialization chain where sampling must be systematic were defined: (i) the tagging of the calf (identity control) and (ii) after slaughter (slaughter control), before the animal loses its external appearance. The identity control was blood collected on a filter paper adapted to the ear tag; the slaughter control was the tagged ear itself. These constituted the control samples, which were archived with a code matching the individual tag number. Test samples were obtained on a random basis from live animals, carcasses, and pieces of meat at cutting halls and at the retail outlet and in cases when the verification of identity was needed. The DNA profiles of the test samples and the controls were then obtained and compared, to verify either an individual identity or the origin of a piece of meat from the stated animal.

The camel industry uses traditional (i.e., iron brands and ear tags) and modern (i.e., microchips) identification (ID) systems without having performance results of reference. Previously iron-branded (n = 45; 1 yr) and microchipped (n = 59; 7 yr) camels showed problems of healing (8.6% of brands) and reading (only 42.9% of brands and 69.5% of microchips were readable), which made their use inadvisable. With the aim of proposing suitable ID systems for different farming conditions, an on-field study was performed using a total of 528 dromedaries at 4 different locations (Egypt, n = 83; Spain, n = 304; Saudi Arabia, n = 90; and Tunisia, n = 51). The ID devices tested were visual (button ear tags, 28.5 mm diameter, n = 178; double flag ear tags, 50 by 15 mm, n = 83; both made of polyurethane) and electronic (ear tags, n = 90, and rumen boluses, n = 555). Electronic ear tags were polyurethane-loop type (75 by 9 mm) with a container in which a 22-mm transponder of full-duplex technology was lodged. Electronic boluses of 7 types, varying in dimensions (50 to 76 mm length, 11 to 21 mm width, and 12.7 to 82.1 g weight) and specific gravity (SG; 1.49 to 3.86) and each of them containing a 31-mm transponder of half-duplex technology, were all administered to the dromedaries at the beginning of the study. When a low-SG bolus was lost, a high-SG bolus was readministered. Readability rates of each ID system were evaluated during 1 to 3 yr, according to device and location, and yearly values were estimated for comparison. On a yearly basis, visual ear tag readability was not fully satisfactory; it was lower for rectangular ear tags (66.3%) than for button ear tags (80.9%). Yearly readability of electronic ear tags was 93.7%. Bolus readability dramatically varied according to their SG; the SG < 2.0 boluses were fully lost after 8 mo. In contrast, the SG > 3.0 boluses were efficiently retained (99.6 to 100%) at all locations. In conclusion, according to the expected long lifespan of camels, low ID performances were observed for iron brands, injectable microchips, and ear tags (visual and electronic), making their use inadvisable as unique ID systems in camels. The high readability of dense electronic boluses recommended their use as a permanent ID device of reference in camels.

The reticuloruminal function is central to the digestive efficiency in ruminants. For cattle, collar- and ear tag-based accelerometer monitors have been developed to assess the time spent ruminating on an individual animal. Cattle that are ill feed less and so ruminate less, thus, the estimation of the time spent ruminating provides insights into the health of individual animals. pH boluses directly provide information on the reticuloruminal function within the rumen and extended (three hours or more) periods during which the ruminal pH value remains below 5.6 is an indicator that dysfunction and poor welfare are likely. Accelerometers, incorporated into the pH boluses, have been used to indicate changes in behaviour patterns (high/low activity), utilised to detect the onset of oestrus. The paper demonstrates for the first time that by processing the reticuloruminal motion, it is possible to recover rumination periods. Reticuloruminal motion energy and the time between reticuloruminal contractions are used as inputs to a Support Vector Machine (SVM) to identify rumination periods with an overall accuracy of 86.1%, corroborated by neck mounted rumination collars.

Tagging of all beef cows and calves in a herd with one 8% fenvalerate ear tag per ear during early spring resulted in an average of 90% reduction of face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, over a 21-week period. In another test, tagging of lactating dairy cows with one tag per ear, with a portion of the herd left untagged during a 7-week period in the middle of the test, resulted in an average of 86% reduction of face flies over an 18-week period. Some repellancy of the face fly by the treatment was noticed. Seasonal control of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), was achieved in both treated herds, even when ca. one-third of the dairy cows were not tagged.

An 8% fenvalerate (snythetic pyrethroid) impregnated ear tag was at least equal in controlling Amblyomma maculatum Koch on cattle to those containing 15% stirofos and 10% chloropyrifos, which had been highly effective in extensive evaluations in prior years. The residual effect of the stirofos impregnated ear tag was adequate to protect animals’ ears from ticks for 11 wks, but when the ear tag was applied 6 wk early, it caused only marginally satisfactory control against a heavy tick population.

Ear tag treatment of young nursing calves may be more convenient and efficient than treatment of cows. Tagging nursing calves in either the right or left ear with fenvalerate-impregnated ear tags provided control of Haematobia irritans (L.), on cows and bulls comparable to that reported for tagging cows. Tagging bull calves provided control for ca. 18 weeks.

Ectiban permethrin 0.9 g AI adhesive tape (1 tape/cow) and fenvalerate 5% AI ear tag (2 tags/cow) were evaluated for control of horn flies and face flies on mixed breed beef cattle herds in Story Co, IA. The 2 cow-calf herds were separately pastured. A third herd of 22 cows served as an untreated control. Ectiban permethrin tapes were applied on Jun 4 and again on Jul 31. Each wk between 9:00 am and 1:00 pm, flies were counted on 15 randomly selected cattle. Horn flies were counted on 1 side of the animal and face flies on the entire face.

Polyvinyl chloride ear tags impregnated with fenvalerate (a synthetic pyrethroid) eliminated Haematobia irritans (L.) within 24 h and protected cattle from reinfestation for 20 wk.

Atroban permethrin 10% AI ear tags (2 tags/cow), Ectiban permethrin 0.9 g AI ear tag tapes (1 tape/cow), Ectrin fenvalerate 8% AI ear tags (2 tags/cow) and Permectrin permethrin 10% AI ear tags (2 tags/cow) were evaluated for horn fly and face fly control on 8, separately pastured, mixed-breed beef cattle herds. Treatment herd size ranged from 20 to 50 cows/herd. A separately pastured, untreated herd of 50 mixed-breed beef cows served as a control. Horn fly and face fly counts were made on 10 randomly selected cows in each herd at weekly posttreatment intervals. Horn flies were counted on 1 side and face flies on the entire face of each animal.

Eight beef cattle cow-calf herds were treated for fly control during the first 2 wk of Jun with Ectiban permethrin (0.9 g AI) ear tag tapes or Durmectostrips (8% AI cypermethrin plastic strips) attached to the shank portion of identification ear tags. Cows and calves were treated with different numbers of tapes or strips as described in the below table. Two similar herds of beef cattle were used as untreated checks. On Sep 9, 2 beef cattle cow-calf herds were tagged with either 10% bendiocarb or 10% Delnav dioxathion ear tags. Cows were tagged with Delnav tags at 2/hd and cows and calves were tagged with bendiocarb tags at 2/hd. A similar herd of beef cattle on a free choice use of a 2% malathion backrubber was used as a standard comparison. Face fly and horn fly counts were made on 10 cows in each treatment before treating and at regular post treatment intervals.

Twenty-five mixed beef breed cows, 5 heifers and eight 300-400 lb calves were treated for flies by attaching a “butterfly” shaped duct tape containing an ampule of 1 g technical Ectiban (permethrin) around the shank of the animal’s identification ear tag. One tape/head was attached to the ear tag of each animal on Jul 23. After attachment the ampule was broken to release the permethrin. Twelve calves under 300 lb within this herd were not treated. These cattle had been on a 1% CO2Ral dust bag treatment prior to the Ectiban tape treatment and had no horn flies when the ear tag tapes were applied. A similar herd of beef cattle within the area was used as an untreated check for evaluating the effectiveness of the tapes. Fly counts were made on the treatment date prior to treatment and at regular post-treatment intervals. Mean pre-treatment face fly counts were 25/cow and 36/calf on the treated cattle and 28 face flies/cow and 42 flies/calf on the untreated cattle. Horn fly numbers on the untreated cattle averaged 141/head during the test period.

Ectron and Atroban ear tags and Ectiban ear tag tapes (0.9 g permethrin/tape) were applied to cattle at Buhl, Idaho, for fly control evaluation. The herds and applications were as follows: Pasture: 1) Atroban tags applied to 25 holstein heifers at 1 tag/head, 2) Ectiban ear tag tapes applied to existing ear tag of 24 hereford heifers at 1 tape/head, 3) Ectrin ear tags applied at 1 tag/head to 18 holstein weaner calves, 4) an untreated group of 10 hereford heifers to act as checks, 5) 3 face fly counts were made on a herd of angus cows in a pasture adjacent to the calves with Ectrin tags. Penned: 1) Ectiban tapes were applied at 1 tape/head to existing tag on 12 angus bulls, 2) Atroban tags applied at 1 tag/head to a mixed herd of 10 steers and heifers, 3) an untagged group of 13 angus bulls was selected to serve as checks. All groups were located within a 2-mile radius. Tags or tapes were applied to the animals on 7 Jun and fly counts made at approximate 2-wk intervals until mid-Sep. Flies were counted with the aid of binoculars or spotting scope. Horn flies were recorded as the number per side and face flies were recorded as the number per head. Ten animals per group were counted on each date. The exception was the number of pasture check animals which was reduced to 5 and then only 2 animals late in the season.

Il faut tenir compte d'une certaine perte des bagues (fixees aux oreilles) chez les Ursus americanus de Pennsylvanie pour l'analyse des populations