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A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bioelectrochemical system that generates electrical energy using electroactive micro-organisms. These micro-organisms convert chemical energy found in substances like wastewater into electrical energy while simultaneously treating the wastewater. Thus, MFCs serve a dual purpose, generating energy and enhancing wastewater treatment processes. Due to the high construction costs of MFCs, there is an ongoing search for alternative solutions to improve their efficiency and reduce production costs. This study aimed to improvement of MFC operation and minimize MFC costs by using anode material derived from by-products. Therefore, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) was abandoned, and a stainless steel cathode and a carbon anode were used. To improve the cell's efficiency, a carbon fiber anode supplemented with activated coconut carbon (ACCcfA) was utilized. Micro-organisms were provided with molasses decoction (a by-product of yeast production) to supply the necessary nutrients for optimal functioning. For comparison, an anode made solely of carbon fibers (CFA) and an anode composed of activated carbon grains without carbon fibers (ACCgA) were also tested. The results indicated that the ACCcfA system achieved the highest cell voltage, power density, and COD reduction efficiency (compared to the CFA and ACCgA electrodes). Additionally, the study demonstrated that incorporating activated coconut carbon significantly enhances the performance of the MFC when powered by a by-product of yeast production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide can be relatively easily reduced to organic matter in a bioelectrochemical system (BES). However, due to insufficient reduction force from in‐situ hydrogen evolution, it is difficult for nitrogen reduction. In this study, MoS2 was firstly used as an electrocatalyst for the simultaneous reduction of CO2 and N2 to produce microbial protein (MP) in a BES. Cell dry weight (CDW) could reach 0.81±0.04 g/L after 14 d operation at −0.7 V (vs. RHE), which was 108±3 % higher than that from non‐catalyst control group (0.39±0.01 g/L). The produced protein had a better amino acid profile in the BES than that in a direct hydrogen system (DHS), particularly for proline (Pro). Besides, MoS2 promoted the growth of bacterial cell on an electrode and improved the biofilm extracellular electron transfer (EET) by microscopic observation and electrochemical characterization of MoS2 biocathode. The composition of the microbial community and the relative abundance of functional enzymes revealed that MoS2 as an electrocatalyst was beneficial for enriching Xanthobacter and enhancing CO2 and N2 reduction by electrical energy. These results demonstrated that an efficient strategy to improve MP production of BES is to use MoS2 as an electrocatalyst to shift amino acid profile and microbial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoelectric materials that can convert thermal energy to electrical energy are stable and long-lasting and do not emit greenhouse gases; these properties render them useful in novel power generation devices that can conserve and utilize lost heat. SiC exhibits good mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature stability, non-toxicity, and environmental friendliness. It can withstand elevated temperatures and thermal shock and is well suited for thermoelectric conversions in high-temperature and harsh environments, such as supersonic vehicles and rockets. This paper reviews the potential of SiC as a high-temperature thermoelectric and third-generation wide-bandgap semiconductor material. Recent research on SiC thermoelectric materials is reviewed, and the principles and methods for optimizing the thermoelectric properties of SiC are discussed. Thus, this paper may contribute to increasing the application potential of SiC for thermoelectric energy conversion at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Electrosurgical Principles: Beyond Blue and Yellow Pedal," provides an overview of electrosurgical principles and their application in clinical practice. The use of electrosurgery has become widespread in endoscopic procedures, but education on these principles is limited. The article explains the fundamentals of electrosurgery, including the conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy and the effects of temperature on cell physiology. It also discusses different electrosurgical waveforms and their use in cutting and coagulating tissue. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding these principles to achieve the desired tissue effect and minimize risks. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: An increase in generation from distributed energy sources like solar PV has motivated researchers to explore better electrical energy conversion solutions. Multilevel inverters with fewer component count and boosting capabilities contribute to a reliable and efficient single‐stage solution. This work proposes a reliable single‐source switched capacitor multilevel inverter capable of producing nine‐level boosted AC voltage with its stand‐alone and grid‐connected operation. It employs 11 switches, three diodes, and three switched capacitors. The main feature of the proposed topology is its ability to produce quadruple boosting with respect to the DC input voltage. Another advantage is the exhibition of low capacitor currents due to frequent charging durations in one operational cycle. The selection criterion for the switched capacitors is also presented. The topology's performance is evaluated in MATLAB/Simulink under various conditions and in PLECS environments for its efficiency. It was then realized on an experimental prototype in stand‐alone mode. The topology is then modified in terms of topology and modulation to mitigate the leakage current, thus making it suitable for grid‐connected operation. This operation is validated on the hardware‐in‐the‐loop platform. Further, the reliability analysis explores a high total mean time to failure (MTTFT) of nearly 253,164 hours/failures compared to recent switched capacitor topologies and an efficiency of above 95%. The low inrush currents, high MTTFT value, and better efficiency make it a suitable topology for renewable microgrids' stand‐alone and grid‐integrated operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of driving current profile on efficient utilization and conversion of stored electrical energy into kinetic energy of the projectile has been investigated for electromagnetic railgun systems. It has been experimentally evidenced and also corroborated by simulation results that the acceleration efficiency of railgun launcher is much higher for the case when the driving current feed has an over-damped unidirectional profile vs the case when an under-damped sinusoidal current of same amplitude is fed. To analyze this effect, a mathematical model has been developed incorporating dynamic resistance scaling and velocity dependent frictional effects. For the typical case of projectile weighing ∼8 g and input driving current amplitude of ∼220 kA, the estimated average force from the mathematical model simulation acting on the armature projectile increases from 1.4 to 3.83 kN, consequently resulting in an increase in velocity from 489 to 931 m/s and overall efficiency from 0.55% to 2% for the sinusoidal and unidirectional current profiles, respectively. Experimentally, a maximum velocity of ∼1024 m/s was obtained when a unidirectional over-damped current of similar amplitude was fed using a pulse shaping inductor in conjunction with a crowbar switch. The obtained experimental results of trials with different masses of armatures complement the results of the conceived mathematical model used in simulations. The marginal underestimation of the simulated velocity is due to the inevitable lacking in precise estimation of the frictional force and mass loss that dynamically occur in the projectile during acceleration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When describing Active Inference Agents (AIAs), the term "energy" can have two distinct meanings. One is the energy that is utilized by the AIA (e.g., electrical energy or chemical energy). The second meaning is so-called Variational Free Energy (VFE), a statistical quantity which provides an upper bound on surprisal. In this paper, we develop an account of the former quantity—the Thermodynamic Free Energy (TFE)—and its relationship with the latter. We highlight the necessary tradeoffs between these two in a generic, quantum information-theoretic formulation, and the macroscopic consequences of those tradeoffs for the ways that organisms approach their environments. By making this tradeoff explicit, we provide a theoretical basis for the different metabolic strategies that organisms from plants to predators use to survive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart renewable energy harvesting has been implemented from hybrid sources such as solar and wind. The wireless sensor node is created for monitoring surface water. In the intelligent building, electrical energy is harvested from the hybrid source of solar and wind energy. The source energy was selected for the harvesting process by using a fuzzy controller. In this proposed method, piezo-electric reverse electro-wetting on di-electric energy harvesting is proposed where constant DC voltage is generated by a rectifier. A DC-DC converter is designed to power up the remote read-out sensor. The produced charge is transformed by a charge amplifier with the proportion of output voltage that is delivered to the wireless receiver. The harvested DC voltage varies with the temperature and external environmental effect. In our work, we obtained 6 × 10−3 W/m² of voltage and this harvested energy is monitored using the Internet of Things (IoT) by the proposed EHOR (Energy Harvested Optimized Routing) algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most crucial components in any industrial operation is energy. However, the supply is not limitless. One of the key ingredients in cement production is energy, whose cost share ranges from 8 to 15% of overall production costs in developed nations but is much more in undeveloped nations. Therefore, the objective of this extensive research was to carry out a thorough energy conservation audit at the Sheba leather factory, located in the city of Mekelle, in the north region of Ethiopia. The specific objective of this research was to analyse the patterns of power consumption, identify energy-saving techniques, as well as to propose energy-saving recommendations for their implementation. It was obtained using primary and secondary data from the industry personnel. As a result, a total of 19 recommendations for energy saving were found and were forwarded for consideration. These recommendations have the potential to save a total of about $ 29900 annually, but their implementation would cost close to $ 15900, with a payback period of seven months. These recommendations also cover the utilities of the boiler, motors, blower, air compressors, cooling tower, and lighting. In order to lower their energy use, economic benefits are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Constructing a ocean Internet of Things requires an essential ocean environment monitoring system. However, the widely distributed existing ocean monitoring sensors make it impractical to provide power and transmit monitored information through cables. Therefore, ocean environment monitoring systems particularly need a continuous power supply and wireless transmission capability for monitoring information. Consequently, a high-strength, environmentally multi-compatible, floatable metamaterial energy harvesting device has been designed through integrated dynamic matching optimization of materials, structures, and signal transmission. The self-powered monitoring system breaks through the limitations of cables and batteries in the ultra-low-frequency wave environment (1 to 2 Hz), enabling real-time monitoring of various ocean parameters and wirelessly transmitting the data to the cloud for post-processing. Compared with solar and wind energy in the ocean environment, the energy harvesting device based on the defective state characteristics of metamaterials achieves a high-energy density (99 W/m3). For the first time, a stable power supply for the monitoring system has been realized in various weather conditions (24 h). Point-defect metamaterials have the property of concentrating vibration energy at the defect location. We design an environmental monitoring node based on this property, which can efficiently convert wave kinetic energy into electrical energy for real-time monitoring of the ocean environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Java Madura Bali system is the largest interconnection system in Indonesia, covering about 70% of the national electrical energy market. Electricity sales increased from 125.49 TWh in the first half of 2021 to 133.87 TWh in the first half of 2022. To maintain power balance and support energy consumption growth, additional power plants are integrated according to the RUPTL. This research aims to anticipate the increase in short circuit levels for both single-phase to ground and three-phase faults at the Extra High Voltage Substation due to new power plants, ensuring the short circuit level remains below 40 kA, in line with equipment standards. This prevents the costly replacement of 500 kV transmission system equipment. Using the Digsilent application, the study models the existing system, maps the N-1 contingency, and calculates the short circuit levels after the integration of power plants from 2023 to 2028. The results identify the type and optimal location of fault current limiters. Installing these limiters is expected to reduce the short circuit level by 5%, avoiding the need to replace transmission and substation equipment rated at 40 kA. Consequently, the 500 kV system of Java Madura Bali can operate reliably with the new power plant integrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the ever‐growing demands for the electrical energy storage market, aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) are showing great prospects owing to their good capacity, low cost, and high safety. Nevertheless, they also face significant challenges, particularly in the form of zinc dendrite growth and inadequate stability. Here, a strategy based on reduced graphene oxides‐zirconium dioxide (rGO/ZrO2) hybrid interface to enable long lifespan zinc metal anodes is proposed. Via in situ electrochemical deposition and self‐assembly method, rGO and ZrO2 are deposited on the zinc metal anode successively, and their loading is optimized subsequently. In the functionalized interface, rGO serves as the skeleton and improves electrolyte ion diffusion, while ZrO2 relieves the electric field concentration problem and inhibits dendrite growth. As a result, the Zn@rGO@ZrO2 symmetric cell achieves a highly reversible cycle of 3000 h at 2.0 mA cm−2/1.0 mA h cm−2 and fast reaction kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the demand for electrical energy is paramount in various daily activities. Hence, individuals must be aware of the amount of electrical energy consumed to maintain the quality of electronic devices. Knowing the quality of electronic devices is essential since it can impact the performance and lifespan of electrical equipment. The value of electrical power is determined by the quality of electrical power and the number of hours. Monitoring electrical energy involves collecting or measuring data to assess the current level of energy consumption. The author is interested in researching the use of Datalogger Spreadsheets to monitor and gather realtime information on energy use, which is made possible through integration with internet of things (IoT) and microcontrollers. Through data analysis and observation, solutions to existing problems are sought by comparing and matching data. Monitoring daily energy usage in a home setting produces output data that can be viewed directly and remotely with real-time results. This tool is expected to address current issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the incorporation of renewable rooftop photovoltaic systems in fully electrified residential buildings and estimates the zero-energy demand building potential in relation to the climatic data of Greece. Specifically, the aim of the analysis is to calculate the maximum possible number of stories and therefore the total building height for a complete transformation to zero-net-energy building. The energy analysis, which is conducted using the DesignBuilder software, focuses on single-floor up to seven-story buildings. The importance of the present work lies in the acknowledgment of the diversity of the Greek residential sector, the adherence to national energy policies, and the European goal of fully electrified buildings. The examined case studies are equipped with electrically driven air-to-air heat pumps serving the space heating and cooling demands and with an air-to-water heat pump covering the domestic hot water requirements. The investigated locations are the four main cities of Greece, Athens, Thessaloniki, Chania, and Kastoria, which represent the country's four climatic categories. The conducted analysis allows for the mapping of the zero-energy building potential for the climatic data of Greece, demonstrating the possibility of striking a positive building energy balance through the integration of on-site renewable energy sources and the production of necessary electrical energy. The novelty of the present work lies in the identification of a key factor, namely, the building height, which determines the feasibility of transforming multifamily buildings into zero-energy buildings. According to the analysis results, the critical number of stories is calculated at six for Chania, five for Athens, four for Thessaloniki, and two for Kastoria. Regarding a three-story residential building, the incorporation of a renewable photovoltaic system can result in an annual surplus electricity production of 13,741 kWh (Chania), 10,424 kWh (Athens), and 6931 kWh (Thessaloniki), and a corresponding coverage of 100% (Chania), 69.0% (Athens), 38.9% (Thessaloniki) and 0% (Kastoria). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a numerical simulation study of Magnetically Circular Layers of Triboelectric Nanogenerators (MCL-TENGs) for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. The MCL-TENGs generate electrical energy by means of the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy through contact electrification and electrostatic induction. This paper concentrates on the numerical modeling of the copper/aluminum MCL-TENG and compares simulation results with experimental findings. The voltage comparison of copper MCL-TENGs (OC) between experimental and numerical simulations at 2000, 2500, and 3000 rpm showed Cu-EXP configuration voltages ranging from 4.1 to 4.4 V and Cu-FEM setup voltages ranging from 4 to 4.4 V. Meanwhile, aluminum MCL-TENGs showed Al-EXP configuration voltages ranging from 4.08 to 4.35 V and Al-FEM setup voltages ranging from 4 to 4.3 V across the third layer. The system can enhance the energy efficiency and sustainability of coastal bridge infrastructure by harvesting surplus energy from mechanical motion and converting it to electricity for self-powered sensing and monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional wireless sensors rely on chemical batteries. Replacing or charging their batteries is tedious and costly in some situations. As usable kinetic energy exists in the environment, harvesting vibration energy and converting it into electrical energy has become a hotspot. However, the power output capability of a conventional piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) is limited by its low operational frequency. This paper presents a new mechanism for achieving continuous triple-frequency-up voltage output in a PEH. The proposed system consists of a slender piezoelectric cantilever with two short cantilever-based stoppers. The piezoelectric cantilever undergoes a pure bending mode without contacting the stoppers. In addition, the beam switches into a new vibration mode by contacting the stoppers. The vibration modes switching yields reverses the signs of voltage outputs, inducing triple-frequency-up voltage output. Analytical and experimental investigations are presented, and it is shown that a significant triple-frequency up-conversion of the voltage output can be obtained over a wide frequency range. A peak power output of 3.03 mW was obtained. The proposed energy harvester can support a wireless sensor node. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The University of Newcastle (UON) and Jord International Pty Ltd. (Jord) have jointly developed a novel concept for the storage of energy from renewable and fossil fuel sources. The process, referred to as the pressurized regenerative calcium cycle (PRC2), relies on cyclic carbonation and calcination of CaO/CaCO3, in which low-cost electrical energy (i.e., off-peak, or excess generation from renewables) drives the calcination reaction and electricity is generated as required through the carbonation reaction. Initial proof-of-concept testing of the process was previously conducted within an existing fluid bed reactor at UON. The PRC2 concept was successfully demonstrated by maintaining the fluid bed reactor at a constant temperature by using the heat released during the reaction of calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Following proof-of-concept testing, further refinement of the PRC2 process, which is the subject of this paper, was conducted to address its shortcomings and, importantly, facilitate the detailed design, construction, and operation of a large-scale demonstration plant. Nine different configurations were examined for the PRC2 process, for each of which a combined experimental, process modelling, and techno-economic assessment was completed. Experimental investigations were conducted to determine the suitability of carbonate materials for the PRC2 process. Process modelling and levelized cost of storage (LCOS) calculations were concurrently conducted and revealed that the molten salt approach (Option 9) was the most promising, having superior round-trip efficiency and lowest LCOS. For practical reasons (e.g., technical difficulties of working with molten salts), Option 3 (indirect power generation using a fluid bed reactor) was deemed the most feasible option for a demonstration scale plant. The LCOS for Option 3 (assuming a 100 MWe capacity) was calculated to be AUD 245 per MWh, which is on par with the cost of batteries for peak power replacement applications (the cost associated with lithium-ion batteries is AUD 370 per MWh). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sliding-mode triboelectric nanogenerator (S-TENG) is based on the coupling of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction, converting electrical energy from sliding motion. Introducing micro-textures into the sliding surface, and adjusting the angle between the texture and sliding direction (direction angle) may achieve performance anisotropy, which provides novel ideas for optimizing the tribology and electrification performance of S-TENG. To guide the performance optimization based on the anisotropy, in this paper, groove micro-textures were fabricated on the surface of S-TENG, and anisotropic tribology and electrification performance were obtained through changing the direction angle. Based on the surface analysis and after-cleaning tests, the mechanism of the anisotropy was explained. It is shown that the anisotropy of friction coefficient can be attributed to the changes of texture edge induced resistance and groove captured wear debris, while the voltage anisotropy is due to the variations of debris accumulated on the sliding interface and the resulting charge neutralization. Among the selected 0°–90° direction angles, S-TENG at angle of 90° exhibits relatively small stable friction coefficient and high open-circuit voltage, and thus it is recommended for the performance optimization. The open-circuit voltage is not directly associated with the friction coefficient, but closely related to the wear debris accumulated on the sliding interface. This study presents a simple and convenient method to optimize the performance of S-TENG, and help understand the correlation between its tribology and electrical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable biomechanical energy harvesting devices have received a lot of attention recently, benefiting from the rapid advancement of theories and devices in the field of the micro electromechanical system (MEMS). They not only fulfil the requirements for powering wearable electronic devices but also provide an attractive prospect for powering self-powered flexible electronic devices when wearing. In this article, we provide a review of the theories and devices of biomechanical energy harvesting technology for wearable applications. Three different forms of biomechanical energy harvesting mechanisms, including the piezoelectric effect, electromagnetic effect, and electrostatic effect, are investigated in detail. The fundamental principle of converting other types of energy from the biomechanical environment into electrical energy, as well as the most commonly-used analytical theoretical models, are outlined for each process. Therefore, the features, properties, and applications of energy harvesting devices are summarized. In addition, the coupled multi-effect hybrid energy harvesting devices are listed, showing the various possibilities of biomechanical energy harvesting devices for serving as sources, sensors, and actuators. Finally, we present perspectives on the future trends of biomechanical energy harvesting devices for wearable electronics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power electronic converters are an enabling technology for the emerging marine energy applications, such as using ocean waves to produce electricity. This paper outlines the power take-off system and its key components used in a wave energy converter offering modularity and scalability to generate power efficiently. The proposed power take-off system was implemented based on a modular multilevel converter and could be deployed to convert any alternating current electrical energy to a different alternating current for interconnection to grid or non-grid applications. Examples of widespread deployment are supplying electricity to coastal communities or producing clean drinking water. The analysis using both the simulation tests and laboratory experiments verified the design objectives and basic functionality of the developed power take-off system. An acceptable response using a field programmable gate array-based controlled laboratory testbench was achieved, complying with guidelines specified in the prevalent industry standards. Seamless operation during steady-state and transients for the studied wave energy converter was achieved as supported by the obtained results. The key findings of this work were experimentally examined under different load conditions, direct current bus voltage fluctuations, and generator speed–torque regulation. The ability of the power take-off system to generate high-power quality of the waveforms, e.g., against adhering to the IEEE 519-2022 standard for total harmonic distortion limits, is also confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the rapid increase in low-power electronics has shifted research focus towards new energy-harvesting devices. Triboelectric energy-harvesting technologies, such as triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), offer an efficient way to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through the triboelectric effect. Polymers are used to fabricate crucial components in TENGs, acting as the triboelectric layers and storing electric charge. The dielectric properties of these polymers significantly influence the energy conversion capabilities of TENGs. High-permittivity polymer-based composites and nanocomposites have been studied for energy storage, such as capacitors, supercapacitors, and solar cells among others. These high-permittivity polymer composites can also be used to develop novel TENGs with high output performance. This paper reviews the development of high-dielectric-permittivity polymeric composites to be used as active triboelectric surfaces for TENGs with enhanced output performance. One strategy involves incorporating inorganic materials, semiconductors, conductors, and carbon-derived materials as an active phase within the polymer matrix. Other strategies, including the usage of polymeric fillers, coating, polarization, and ion implantation techniques, are also reported. This review may serve as a reference for optimizing polymer-based dielectrics in energy-harvesting-related areas. Through a deeper understanding of these techniques and materials, we can enhance the performance of TENGs to achieve high output efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saudi buildings use approximately 29% of the primary energy and about 80% of the electrical energy. Because of the hot and dry climate, air conditioners consume a lot of electrical energy to attain a comfortable temperature indoors. More than 70% of Saudi buildings need to be thermally insulated. The objective of this study is to assess the existing energy saving of public schools in Saudi Arabia. Indoor thermal environment monitoring of three school buildings has been undertaken by employing LSI LASTEM 'R-LOG' data loggers, and electric energy bills of the schools were also collected. The school building was modelled using DesignBuilder software, which was utilized to investigate the impact of various modifications made to the building envelopes, including changes to building orientation, the inclusion of thermal insulation layers, various types of glass and shading devices. According to the findings, implementing appropriate building envelope design techniques for existing schools can lead to significant reductions in cooling and overall energy consumption, with savings of 30% and 19%, respectively. After applying these strategies collectively, the school managed to reduce its total annual electricity consumption by nearly 19.2%, resulting in a decrease from 279.13 MWh to 225.5 MWh per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Techno.com is the property of Universitas Dian Nuswantoro, Fakultas Ilmu Komputer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Energy demand, global warming, environmental impacts, sustainability, and energy sources are some of the concerns faced by humanity. Quantum‐dot‐sensitized solar cells (QDSSC) are an alternative solution to addressing some of these issues, in addition to reducing the costs of producing electrical energy. However, QDSSCs present stability problems and low efficiency, less than 16%. In light of this challenge, this review aims to present the main strategies adopted to reduce energy losses that occur in each component of the solar cell, with a focus on one key component: the counter electrode (CE). The CE plays a crucial role in collecting electrons and regenerating the electrolyte, thus impacting the lifespan and efficiency of QDSSCs. As such, this review discusses the main advancements in CEs based on key materials such as metal sulfides, carbonaceous materials, and composites. The efforts related to the synthesis and application of different counter electrodes for QDSSCs are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores using metal–organic framework materials, notably MIL‐88 A and BaTiO3, as multifunctional additives within polydimethylsiloxane to boost the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). This novel approach has significantly improved the TENG device's efficiency, making it an effective triboelectric layer. The developed TENG device produces an open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current, and maximum power density of 486 V, 160 μA, and 5.82 W m−2, respectively. The fabricated TENG device is used to power 360 light emitting diodes and various self‐powered electronic devices. A unique feature of the study is the transformation of acoustic energy into electrical energy using the TENG device. A small‐sized TENG is attached to a loudspeaker's diaphragm, converting sounds from various musical instruments and animal noises into electrical signals. This capability opens up new avenues for harnessing ambient acoustic energy, a largely untapped resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) are widely used in implementation of the new concepts such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart homes and societies. These WSNs use batteries as the sole power source which has numerous problems such as limited shelf life, require charging points, deep discharge, and sensitivity to temperature, and require periodic replacement and recharging. Harvesting ambient energies such as hydrokinetic, vibration, and thermal from the surrounding of WSNs provide a promising solution to the power‐related problems. This research illustrates the design, development, and testing of a microplanar coil (MPC)‐based hydrokinetic‐based electromagnetic‐type energy harvester for WSNs applications. The developed MPC‐based hydrokinetic energy harvester (H‐EH) utilizes the flow of water in domestic pipelines such as in the kitchen and converts it into useful electrical energy. An indigenous setup was developed to test the prototype in‐lab. The H‐EH produces 548 μW at a flow rate of 7 L/min at an optimum load resistance of 9 Ω. This work opens up new possibilities for developing MPC‐based H‐EH that can enhance the efficiency of WSNs. The research will also help to achieve self‐sustained long‐term operation of WSNs in advanced technologies such as IoTs, smart homes, and smart cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model of tunneling (jumping) migration of charge carriers near their mobility edge in the upper band of neutral states of majority hydrogen‐like impurities is proposed to calculate the energy of thermal activation of electrical ε 2 $\left(\epsilon\right)_{2}$ ‐conductivity of weakly compensated semiconductors. The difference from the known Hubbard model consists in the scheme of interimpurity transitions of charge carriers and in the method of calculating the position of their tunnel mobility edge. The drift mobility edge of free charge carriers corresponds to the thermal ionization energy of majority impurities ε 1 > ε 2 $\left(\epsilon\right)_{1}> \left(\epsilon\right)_{2}$ , which is located near the c‐band bottom or the v‐band top in n‐ and p‐type semiconductors, respectively, and is due to the overlap of excited states of electrically neutral majority impurities. The position of the tunnel mobility edge for ε 2 $\left(\epsilon\right)_{2}$ ‐conductivity is determined by taking into account the Coulomb interaction of the majority impurities in the charge states ( − 1 ) $\left(\right. - 1 \left.\right)$ and ( + 1 ) $\left(\right. + 1 \left.\right)$ . It is assumed that doping and compensating impurities form a single simple nonstoichiometric cubic lattice in a crystal matrix. The calculations of the activation energy ε 2 $\left(\epsilon\right)_{2}$ on the insulator side of the insulator–metal concentration phase transition for weakly compensated p‐Si:B, n‐Si:P, and n‐Ge:Sb crystals quantitatively agree with known experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity network operators undertake important responsibilities such as balancing electricity demand and supply, minimizing power outages, and making the necessary maintenance, repairs, and investments to provide safe and continuous energy. In this context, the most significant challenge encountered today is the need for a more immediate renewal of distribution grid expansion plans, owing to the rapid increase in energy demand and the grid integration of renewable energy power plants and electric vehicle charging stations. In order to find a solution to this issue, an active distribution network has been analyzed under five scenarios based on load demand forecasting. The artificial neural network method has been employed for the forecast of load demand, and the DigSilent Power Factory (DPF) model of the distribution network has been utilized to analyze the effects of scenarios. Connecting PV plants with capacities of 3 MW and 5 MW to different feeders in the distribution network, along with Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES) with a capacity of 1 MW to one feeder, has resulted in a reduction of the distribution transformer's occupancy rate from 79.8% to 70.6%. The contribution of a 1 MW HES system to the transformer occupancy rate was determined to be 1.3%. The results highlight the importance of considering the annual load demand forecast, as well as the network integration of PV power plants, electric vehicle charging stations, and hydrogen storage in grid expansion planning. • Load forecasting was made for feeders with the ANN model using the real load and meteorological data of the substation. • The grid model (power transformer, conductors, and demand load) was prepared in the DigSilent Power Factory (DPF) program. • The impact of HES, EV charging stations, and PV systems has been investigated in a grid expansion planning. • Grid expansion planning was analyzed through various scenarios considering load demand and load increase values. • The optimum placement and sizing of the DG were determined for the expansion planning of the distribution network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural changes in electrical energy systems are occurring rapidly. Due to the development of technology and the increase in energy consumption, the importance and impact of nanogrids in the energy system is increasing. It is very difficult to sustain nanogrids as offgrid. Therefore, this study thoroughly examines the most efficient controller designs for nanogrids that use fuel cells as their primary source of energy. In addition, Dwarf Mongoose Optimization (DMO), a new effective optimization technique, is used to determine controller gains in nanogrid systems for the first time in the literature. Controller gains for different objective functions such as ISE, IAE, ITSE and ITAE are determined using classical PID controllers and two degrees of freedom (2 DOF) PID controllers. Moreover, sensitivity analysis is carried out for both variable and constant load scenarios. The constant load is selected as 0.25 pu, and variable load is chosen from values ranging from 0.15 pu to 0.75 pu. In addition, the response of the system to parameter changes is examined by increasing or decreasing the time constants in all load cases. The system parameters are changed from −20 % to +40 % in 0.05 intervals. It has been noted that the suggested controller topologies perform differently depending on the objective functions. Thus, a significant contribution has been made to researchers to indicate the effectiveness of various control structures in fuel cell powered nanogrids. [Display omitted] • Classical and 2 DOF PID controllers are investigated in fuel cell powered nanogrids. • DMO algorithm is proposed to determine the controller gains. • Sensitivity analyses are examined for different load cases. • The performances are analysed for different objective functions. • The controllers demonstrate different performance for different objective functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article comprehensively analyses a novel multi-generation energy system designed to produce liquid hydrogen. The versatile plant is strategically engineered to generate electrical energy, produce liquid hydrogen, and extract fresh water. Its operational characteristics are systematically examined across a range of scenarios. The primary discovery of this study is the assessment of the entire plant's energetic efficiencies, which stand at 55.91 % and 49.19 %, resulting in a total exergy destruction rate of 14365 kW. The investigation delves into the impact of critical parameters, such as reference temperature, combustion chamber temperature, and gas turbine pressure ratio, on the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the system. The study reveals that variations in these parameters have a noticeable effect on increasing total electricity output and hydrogen generation rates, ultimately enhancing overall thermodynamic efficiencies. The findings underscore the importance of elevating the reference temperature, gas turbine pressure ratio, and combustion chamber temperature for optimizing the operational parameters and efficiency of the proposed integrated energy plant. This research provides valuable insights for guiding the optimal operation of the energy system and achieving efficiency optimization. • A novel multigenerational facility is suggested for the production of liquid hydrogen. • An in-depth thermodynamic evaluation is provided to enhance the efficiency of the design. • The envisioned system generates four valuable outputs. • Parametric studies are presented to determine the optimal operating conditions. • The energetic and exergetic efficiencies for the study are 55.91 % and 49.19 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wave energy has a high energy density and strong predictability, presenting encouraging prospects for development. So far, there are dozens of different wave energy devices (WECs), but the mechanism that ultimately converts wave energy into electrical energy in these devices has always been the focus of research by scholars from various countries. The energy conversion mechanism in wave energy devices is called PTO (power take-off). According to different working principles, PTOs can be classified into the linear motor type, hydraulic type, and mechanical type. Hydraulic PTOs are characterized by their high efficiency, low cost, and simple installation. They are widely used in the energy conversion links of various wave energy devices. However, apart from experimental methods, there is currently almost no concise numerical method to predict and evaluate the power generation performance of hydraulic PTO. Therefore, based on the working principle of hydraulic PTO, this paper proposes a numerical method to simulate the performance of a hydraulic PTO using MATLAB(2018b) Simulink®. Using a point-absorption wave energy device as a carrier, a float hydraulic system power-generation numerical model is built. The method is validated by comparison with previous experimental results. The predicted power generation and conversion efficiency of the point-absorption wave energy device under different regular and irregular wave conditions are compared. Key factors affecting the power generation performance of the device were investigated, providing insight for the subsequent optimal design of the device, which is of great significance to the development and utilization of wave energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early detection of threats to electrical energy distribution systems helps professionals make decisions and mitigate interruptions in supply and improper activation of the protection system. Biologically inspired methods, e.g., artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, and ant colonies, solve optimization problems and facilitate pattern recognition and decision-making. The present work presents a tool for detecting and classifying voltage disturbances based on the negative selection algorithm, which identifies and eliminates self-reactive cells, associated with multiresolution analysis, which analyzes the signal at different scales of detail, allowing a more complete understanding and detailed description of the phenomenon in question. The negative wavelet selection algorithm demonstrates robustness to detect and classify disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converting otherwise wasted kinetic energy present in the environment into usable electrical energy to power wireless sensor nodes, is a green strategy to avoid the use of batteries and wires. Most of the energy harvesters presented in the literature are based on the exploitation of a one-degree-of-freedom arrangement, consisting of a tuned spring-mass system oscillating in the main direction of the exciting vibration source. However, if the direction of excitation changes, the efficiency of the harvester decreases. This paper thus proposes the idea of a curved cantilever beam with a two-degree-of-freedom arrangement, where the two bending natural frequencies of the mechanical resonator are designed to be equal. This is thought to lead to a configuration design that can be used in practical circumstances where excitation varies its direction in the plane. This, in turn, may possibly lead to a more effective energy-harvesting solution to power nodes in a wireless sensor network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power quality is a crucial determinant for integrating wind energy into the electrical grid. This integration necessitates compliance with certain standards and levels. This study presents cascadedfuzzy power control (CFPC) for a variable-speed multi-rotor wind turbine (MRWT) system. Fuzzy logic is a type of smart control system already recognized for its robustness, making it highly suited and reliable for generating electrical energy from the wind. Therefore, the CFPC technique is proposed in this work to control the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based MRWT system. This proposed strategy is applied to the rotor side converter of a DFIG to improve the current/power quality. The proposed control has the advantage of being model-independent, as it relies on empirical knowledge rather than the specific characteristics of the DFIG or turbine. Moreover, the proposed control system is characterized by its simplicity, high performance, robustness, and ease of application. The implementation of CFPC management for 1.5 MW DFIG-MRWT was carried out in MATLAB environment considering a variable wind speed. The obtained results were compared with the direct power control (DPC) technique based on proportional-integral (PI) controllers (DPC-PI), highlighting that the CFPC technique reduced total harmonic distortion by high ratios in the three tests performed (25%, 30.18%, and 47.22%). The proposed CFPC technique reduced the response time of reactive power in all tests by ratios estimated at 83.76%, 65.02%, and 91.42% compared to the DPC-PI strategy. Also, the active power ripples were reduced by satisfactory proportions (37.50%, 32.20%, and 38.46%) compared to the DPC-PI strategy. The steady-state error value of reactive power in the tests was low when using the CFPC technique by 86.60%, 57.33%, and 72.26%, which indicates the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed CFPC technique in improving the characteristics of the system. Thus this control can be relied upon in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents two power converters with controllers attached to the Free‐Piston Stirling Linear Generator (FPSLG) and energy storage system (ESS). The rectifier uses hysteresis‐SVPWM current regulation and CB‐SPWM, while the buck‐boost converter utilizes the dual‐loop PI control method. The storage battery receives energy from a linear‐generator with a rectifier and converter. The FPSE and linear motors in the FPSLG convert thermal to electrical energy. A two‐level electrical energy conversion technique using a three‐phase AC signal to DC and DC‐DC converter has been devised to reduce output electrical energy oscillation as well as stabilize the generating system's DC power. Initially, the FPSE's nonlinear model and the three‐phase permanent magnet linear‐motor's linear mathematical model were created and followed by the ESS and control mechanism simulation. The simulation shows that the ESS system and control approach can give stable power to the storage battery using linear‐generator power. The PR controller replaces the PI controller in the position loop to improve frequency and displacement tracing. The control system design was simulated in MATLAB and the topology's feasibility and correctness were confirmed. Comparative analysis shows that, rectifier uses the H‐SVPWM's unity power factor of AC and stability controllability of the DC‐side voltage is better than the CB‐SPWM approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The crisis of obtaining drinking water and electrical energy from clean sources has been the primary focus of researchers seeking ecologically acceptable and cost‐effective alternatives. The microbial desalination cell (MDC) has shown to be one of the most cost‐effective and promising ways for creating electricity, cleaning sewage water, and naturally desalinating water. In this work, the AEM (Anion Exchange Membrane) was used in the anodic chamber, and potassium ferricyanide in the cathodic chamber as catholyte solution. Meanwhile, SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) analyses was used to define the resulting surface morphologies. This study gave an optimization model by Central Composite Design model, where all the variables affecting the microbial desalination cell (the initial concentration of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), the initial concentration of TDS (Total dissolved solids) and the operating time of the cell) were entered to obtain an equation for each response (electrical energy productivity, COD removal efficiency and water desalination efficiency) in addition to study the ANOVA (Analysis of variance) for each response and study the interactions of the variables with each other that affect the response. The variables were determined for the initial concentration of (COD) from (300‐1200 mg/L) and the initial concentration of (TDS) from (15–35 g/L) and the duration of the operating time was from (4–24 h) the maximum productivity was obtained. The power was 2.2 mW, and the maximum water desalination gave 42 %, and the optimum COD removal was 35 %. In addition to diagnosing the active sludge employed and defining the kind of bacteria controlling it, this research looked at the breakdown of the yield of ion exchange membranes, which had a negative impact on the desalination process and the productivity of electrical energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy convertort is an important ignition component of micro-thrust system, and its heating characteristics under electric excitation are its important technical indicators, which significantly affect the ignition reliability of the energy convertort. To clarify the influence of input electrical energy and structural parameters on the heating characteristics of the energy convertort, the heating characteristics of the Ni-Cr energy convertort under capacitive discharge were studied through simulation methods, and the following conclusions were obtained: the peak temperature of the energy convertort increases exponentially with the capacitance and voltage values. As the length and width of the bridge area increase, the peak temperature decreases exponentially. When there is a V-shaped angle in the bridge area, the peak temperature increases as the V-shaped angle decreases (180 ° -60 °). The substrate thermal conductivity controls the heat transfer of the energy convertort. As the substrate thermal conductivity increases, the peak temperature decreases. It provides important design references for the design of igniters in micro thrust systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to a topical subject of distributed generation of electrical energy. The cage and skip mine hoists of the iron ore mining enterprise were considered as generators of electrical energy. The purpose of the study is to compare theoretical and experimental data on electricity generation by mine hoisting units of the Sukha Balka PJSK (Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine). The research methods are theoretical ones - on the transformation of the potential energy of a solid body into electrical energy during its movement through a mine shaft, and experimental ones - involving instrumental measurements of the consumption and generation of electrical energy by cage and skip hoists units during industrial operation. Research schedule: collection and processing of information on the operation of the cage and skip hoists of the mine named after Frunze and similar indicators of the cage and skip hoists units of the Yuvileyna mine for the period from September 1 to December 31, 2021. The novelty of the research lies in the instrumental measurement of the electrical parameters of mine hoists in real Ukrainian operating conditions. The most significant results: it was found that the volumes of electricity generation by mine cage hoists significantly exceed the results of skip hoists. The actual indicators of electricity generation by cage hoists units are much lower than the results of theoretical estimates. There is an imbalance between the generation and consumption of energy resources - 9% for the cage elevation of the mine Frunze; about 2% for the cage hoist of the Yuvileyna mine; less than 1% on skip units. It was found that there is a statistically significant correlative relationship between the generation and consumption of electricity by the cage hoist of the mine named after Frunze and no statistically significant relationship between the generation and consumption of electricity by the cage hoist unit of the Yuvileyna mine. The electricity obtained from the daily operation of two cage and two skip units of the Sukha Balka PJSC (approximately 400 kWh) is enough to power 58 average Ukrainian households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, photovoltaic cells that directly convert solar energy into electrical energy and concentrated solar energy technologies that indirectly generate electrical energy from superheated steam by concentrating solar energy were examined in detail, classified among themselves, and compared technically. Examinations on elec-tricity production methods and technologies from solar energy were carried out in three stages. In the first stage, a comprehensive scheme was created by examining the methods of electricity production from solar energy in general. In the second stage, the structures and types of photovoltaic cells were examined. In the third stage, concentrated solar energy systems were examined. Finally, electricity production systems from solar energy are compared and the results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A waste heat recovery system with thermoelectric generation was constructed to convert waste heat into electrical energy for powering light emitting diodes (LED) car lamps and enhancing the efficient utilization of low-grade energy. The response characteristics of the waste heat recovery system during different stages of energy conversion and LED car lamp operation were examined with the constant temperature heating furnace to replicate the heat source. The variations in light output characteristics of LED car lamps independently driven by energy storage components were investigated in practical scenarios. The results show that the energy storage component can efficiently store and recover electric energy from waste heat, operate an LED car lamp independently and mitigate voltage fluctuations resulting from temperature changes. The energy density of lithium batteries is high with storing substantial electric energy. The fast cold start speeds can be realized with extended lighting duration when the LED car lamps are drived independently, but the charging time is longer. The cold start speeds of supercapacitors are sluggish with rapid charging and discharging rates, which is helpful to alleviate the driving voltage fluctuation of LED car lamp when the waste heat recovery system is activated briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the environmental damage of fossil fuels and being an exhaustible resource, the need for high efficiency has emerged as a result of the increasing demand in the renewable energy branch. The need for some performance analyzes used to determine the efficiency level before the installation of power plants has also increased in the same direction. By means of the software developed in this direction, data such as estimated production values and amortization period of the power plant can be accessed in advance before the installation of the power plant is started. With these software, investors determine the areas with the highest efficiency and start the plant installation. In this study, the Lüytob production data of a photovoltaic system installed in the Gençali village of Dinar town of Afyonkarahisar with a capacity of 1.166 kWp/1000kWe producing electrical energy were compared with the production values of the PV*SOL program. In this study, the actual production results were compared with the PV*SOL program and the reliability of the results of the PV*SOL program was evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the global energy crisis in 2022, the Spanish and Portuguese governments introduced a subsidy to natural gas ("the Iberian exception"), attempting to lower the wholesale electricity market prices, with the understanding that gas-fired-combined cycle gas turbines (CCGTs) are price-setting technologies most of the time, directly or indirectly. The subsidy succeeded in lowering the market price but induced several other effects, such as (1) the increase in cleared energy in the Spanish market (mostly produced with gas), (2) the bias in the import/export cross-border position between Spain and France (Spain became a net exporter to France immediately), or (3) the consequent increase in congestion rents, which serve to lightly finance the subsidy, among other effects. This paper provides a framework for clustering the different effects based on the market participation phases: the subsidy, the market bidding, the market results, and surplus and rents. Moreover, this paper builds on the theoretical market models, with and without subsidies, and with and without cross-border exchanges. Based on the real market bids, the subsidies, and the generators' data, we reconstruct the supply and demand curves and simulate the counterfactual market scenarios in order to illustrate and quantify the effects. We highlight the quantification of the theoretical effect of the transfer of rents, from non-fossil to fossil fuel producers, induced by the gas subsidy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed integer linear programming (MILP) is known as a type of programming that can combine continuous variables, integer variables, and (0-1) variables in the same algorithm and generate fitting results for the data. Using this technique, it is possible to model and solve complex problems in many different fields such as economics, biology, engineering, etc. In the present study, a regional planning model was developed using MILP technique for the conversion of manure from dairy and beef cattle into biogas and electrical energy. For this regional planning study, considering the locations of future facilities, data on dairy and beef cattle in the Isparta province of Türkiye were used. According to the model written and solution outputs, to utilize all manure obtained from dairy and beef cattles in Isparta, 5 biogas plants with a total manure processing capacity of approximately 522,000 tons should be built in different districts. It is possible to produce a total of approximately 21,000,000 m3 of biogas and 38,500 MW of electricity per year in these biogas plants. This electrical energy obtained can meet 3.83% of the annual electricity consumption of Isparta province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐charging power systems are considered as promising alternatives for off‐grid energy devices to provide sustained electricity supply. However, the conventional self‐charging systems are severely restricted by the energy availability and time‐consuming charging process as well as insufficient capacity. Herein, we developed an ultrafast H2O2 self‐charging aqueous Zn/NaFeFe(CN)6 battery, which simultaneously integrates the H2O2 power generation and energy storage into a battery configuration. In such battery, the chemical energy conversion of H2O2 can generate electrical energy to self‐charge the battery to 1.7 V through the redox reaction between H2O2 and NaFeFe(CN)6 cathode. The thermodynamically and kinetically favorable redox reaction contributes to the ultrafast H2O2 self‐charging rate and the extremely short self‐charging time within 60 seconds. Moreover, the rapid H2O2 power generation can promptly compensate the energy consumption of battery to provide continuous electricity supply. Impressively, this self‐charging battery shows excellent scalability of device architecture and can be designed to a H2O2 single‐flow battery of 7.06 Ah to extend the long‐term energy supply. This work not only provides a route to design self‐charging batteries with fast charging rate and high capacity, but also pushes forward the development of self‐charging power systems for advanced large‐scale energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To maintain a comfortable indoor living environment in low latitude or tropical regions, humans consume significant amounts of electrical energy in air conditioning, leading to substantial CO2 emissions. Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) allows objects to cool down during the daytime without any energy consumption by dissipating heat through the atmospheric transparency window (8−13 µm) to outer space, which has garnered significant attention. However, the practical applications of common PDRC materials are hindered by their poor optical selectivity and high‐reflective silver backing. Additionally, the availability of artificial photon emitters with complex structures and excellent performance is also limited by their high cost. Herein, a novel multilayer prismatic photonic metamaterial film without any silver reflector, easily scalable and produced by a roll‐to‐roll method is demonstrated, which exhibits ≈96.4% sunlight reflectance (0.3−2.5 µm) and ≈97.2% emissivity in mid‐infrared (IR) (8−13 µm). At an average solar intensity of ≈920 W m−2, it is on average 6.8 °C below ambient temperature during the day and theoretically yields a radiative cooling power of 88.9 W m−2. Furthermore, the film exhibits excellent hydrophobicity, superior flexibility, and robust mechanical strength, providing an attractive and viable pathway for practical applications addressing the pressing challenges of climate and energy issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for electrical energy is continuously increasing in these days, particularly due to advancements in the industrial sector. This surge in demand has underscored the importance of seeking alternative energy sources, with solar energy emerging as a standout option due to its low investment costs and environmental friendliness. However, the variability in photovoltaic power production, influenced by meteorological data, necessitates accurate prediction methods. To enhance the precision of these predictions, incorporating new parameters alongside existing meteorological data is advantageous. In this regard, this study explores the impact of the particulate matter (PM10) parameter on photovoltaic power prediction using artificial neural network (ANN) model and JAYA-ANN. Comparing the prediction results based on root mean squared and mean absolute percentage errors reveals that the hybrid JAYA-ANN model consistently outperforms the ANN and persistence models. Notably, the PM10 parameter proves to be a significant input in forecasting daily photovoltaic power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although biological energy systems and electrical grids differ in scale and are studied by different disciplines, the strategies from one system could lead to benefits for the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the harsh climate in summer of the Iraq, the outer shell of buildings is exposed to heat flow from the outside ambient to the inside building space, and causes increase of heat gain in the space, so it requires the using of air conditioning units, which is led to consume electrical energy to remove that heat gain. The objective of this paper to reduce levels of electrical consumption by choosing best building materials. The best building materials which are those have good resistance against heat flow, that's why the cost of building material difference each of other in the local market. While Aso Company for Bricks is considered one of the largest modern companies producing building materials and the most present in the entire area of Iraq. The aim of this study to focus was on its products, and five types models were selected and compared with the traditional model that is still used now. Therefore, heat gain test was experimentally conducted in a test room located in Baghdad city (zip code 10016, latitude of 33.2°N and longitude of 44°E) for one day from 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. and for the 21st day of each of the summer months (May to September) in 2021. The electrical energy consumed by the air-conditioning unit in the test room was measured, and the researchers concluded that the percentage of energy savings achieved within the limits (13.88-1.2%) depending on the type and thickness of the building material. Results shown the best building material is (Type IV), these blocks can be used to create walls with a thickness of 200 mm or 100 mm. Building blocks (the fourth kind), on the other hand, have a delay time of 6:30 hours and a thermal shrinkage coefficient of 0.63. They also have a density of 919 kg/m3. Therefore, the electrical consumption by A.C. units if used the blocks (Type IV) less than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]