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Zugleich: Dissertation, Universität Kassel, 2020, gefördert durch die Hans-Böckler-Stiftung

Facing hostile cyber operations, States are crafting responsive strategies, tactics and rules of engagement. One of the major challenges in doing so is that key aspects of the international law governing cyber responses are vague, unsettled or complex. Not surprisingly, therefore, international law is markedly absent from strategies and operational concepts. Rather, they tend to take on a practical “tit-for-tat” feel as policymakers logically view “in-kind” responses as “fair play.” For them, responding in-kind surely must be lawful notwithstanding any challenges in discerning the precise legal character of the initial hostile cyber operation.\ud \ud Testing that sense, this article examines the legal context surrounding in-kind responses to cyber operations conducted by, or otherwise attributable, to a State. It concludes that while in-kind responses often do minimize the risk of a response being unlawful, international law does not always permit States to respond in-kind. To tease loose the nuance, the article considers types of hostile cyber operations with respect to “in-kind” responses—armed attacks, uses of force not rising to the level of an armed attack, other internationally wrongful acts and lawful acts. The objective is greater contextual precision in evaluating in-kind cyber responses and, thereby, a lessening of the legal risk States face when engaging in them.

To investigate the associations between early childhood caries (ECC) and maternal factors among 18- to 36-month-old children in one rural province of Cambodia.121 mother-child pairs (male = 67, female = 54; mean age = 25.18 ± 6.24 months) were recruited at several villages in Stueng Trang district, Kampong Cham province. ECC and maternal caries experience were recorded following WHO guidelines. Maternal factors such as literacy and socioeconomic status, as well as child-rearing behaviours, were assessed through an interview questionnaire of the mothers.ECC and maternal caries prevalence were 54.5% and 84.3%, respectively. Statistically significant associations were found between ECC and: breast-feeding after 18 months; sugary food and beverage intake for the child (p0.05); maternal caries experience; illiteracy; night-time breastfeeding, bottle feeding, and late introduction of toothbrushing for the child (p0.01). A logistic regression revealed that ECC was more common in children whose mothers had DMFT0 (OR = 4.08; 95% CI =1.13-14.75; p = 0.032), children whose mothers were illiterate (OR = 8.21; 95% CI = 1.67-40.85; p = 0.009), children who had night-time breastfeeding after 18 months (OR = 2.76; 95% CI = 1.06-7.19; p = 0.037), and children for whom toothbrushing was introduced after 18 months (OR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.03-7.97; p = 0.042).The findings of this study suggest that maternal caries experience and illiteracy, as well as a range of child-rearing behaviours including prolonged night-time breastfeeding and late introduction of toothbrushing were indicators for ECC in this population.

Acceptance of SNAP benefits has increased in farmers’ markets (FM) over the years. However, getting SNAP recipients to take up the opportunity of extra dollars for healthy food options remains a challenge. Thus, we tracked the use of the Double-up Food Buck (DUFB) program among SNAP recipients who visit participating FMs in Utah to understand the unique characteristics of the program users. Our results identified varying types of program users (multiple and single market shoppers, more frequent and less frequent shoppers). While our findings indicate a higher DUFB transaction in token value among frequent users, larger markets are more likely to have higher DUFB transactions with a higher number of market visits compared to smaller ones. In conclusion, while all types of users may add to the total revenue generated by participating FM, additional initiatives are required to encourage frequent visits and uptake of the program for better access to healthy foods.

Acceptance of SNAP benefits has increased in farmers’ markets (FM) over the years. However, getting SNAP recipients to take up the opportunity of extra dollars for healthy food options remains a challenge. Thus, we tracked the use of the Double-up Food Buck (DUFB) program among SNAP recipients who visit participating FMs in Utah to understand the unique characteristics of the program users. Our results identified varying types of program users (multiple and single market shoppers, more frequent and less frequent shoppers). While our findings indicate a higher DUFB transaction in token value among frequent users, larger markets are more likely to have higher DUFB transactions with a higher number of market visits compared to smaller ones. In conclusion, while all types of users may add to the total revenue generated by participating FM, additional initiatives are required to encourage frequent visits and uptake of the program for better access to healthy foods.

Children with acute severe asthma requiring invasive ventilation are among the most difficult to manage in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). This chapter begins by explaining the pathophysiology of asthma before examining the approaches to its management on the ICU—starting with the evidence for the use of non-invasive ventilation and bronchodilators. Indications for invasive ventilation in acute severe asthma are discussed and important considerations in the conduct of induction of anaesthesia and intubation in this patient group. Ventilation strategies are explored, with particular reference to the concepts of airway resistance, driving pressure, inspiratory flow limitation, and auto-positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). The use of the mucolytic therapy intratracheal DNAse is discussed, and indications for the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in refractory cases. Finally, the chapter reports on outcomes for children with acute severe asthma and factors associated with higher risk of mortality.

The ionopause is a tangential discontinuity in the ionospheric thermal plasma density profile that marks the upper boundary of the ionosphere for unmagnetized planets. Since only Venus and Mars have no global “dipole” magnetic fields, ionopauses are unique to those planets. For Venus, the ionopause formation is well characterized because the thermal pressure of the ionosphere is usually larger than the solar wind dynamic pressure. For Mars, however, the maximum thermal pressure of the ionosphere is usually insufficient to balance the total pressure in the overlying magnetic pileup boundary. Therefore, the Martian ionopause is not always formed, and when it does, it is highly structured and is located at different altitudes. In this study, we characterise the Martian ionopause formation from the point of view of the electron density and electron temperature, as well as the thermal, magnetic and dynamic pressures. The objective is to investigate under which circumstances the Martian ionopause is formed, both over and far from crustal magnetic fields, and compare to the Venus’ case. We use several multi-plasma and magnetic field in-situ observations from the three deep dip campaigns of the MAVEN mission that occurred on the dayside of Mars (near subsolar point), as well as in-situ solar wind plasma observations from the Mars Express mission. We find that that 36% of the electron density profiles over strong crustal magnetic field regions had an ionopause event in contrast to the 54% of electron density profiles far from strong crustal magnetic field regions. We also find that the topside ionosphere is typically magnetized at mostly all altitudes. The ionopause, if formed, occurs where the total ionospheric pressure (magnetic+thermal) equals the upstream solar wind dynamic pressure.