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Demasculinization, the reduction of male sexual characters due to parasitic nematode infection, is described in Nearctic Dolichopodidae. Five species are confirmed to be demasculinized (3 species of Dolichopus Latreille and 1 species each of Rhaphium Meigen and Tachytrechus Haliday) by nematodes in two families (apparent Mermithidae and Parasitylenchidae). The following nematode-infected males were inadvertently described as new species and are here proposed as synonyms: Dolichopus hurleyi Runyon, 2008 = D. dorycerus Loew, 1864, syn. nov.; Dolichopus frosti Runyon, 2008 = D. sincerus Melander, 1900, syn. nov.; Tachytrechus boharti Harmston, 1968 = T. sanus Osten Sacken, 1877, syn. nov.; Tachytrechus duplicatus Harmston, 1972 = T. sanus Osten Sacken, 1877, syn. nov.; Tachytrechus mchughi Harmston, 1972 = T. sanus Osten Sacken, 1877, syn. nov. A conspectus is presented of the scope of taxonomic problems caused by nematodes in Nearctic Dolichopus and Tachytrechus, which suggests that ten additional names in Dolichopus could be based on infected specimens. Guidelines are provided for recognizing nematode infection to avoid erroneous species descriptions.

Mangrovomyia Grichanov et Gilasian gen. nov. Type species. Mangrovomyia naserzadehae Grichanov et Gilasian sp. nov., here designated. Etymology. Mangrovomyia is formed from the Caribbean “mangrow” (mangrove) and Ancient Greek “μυῖα” (fly). The gender is feminine. Diagnosis. This genus is readily distinguished from other hydrophorines by the very short and thick aristalike stylus; the trapezoidal postpedicel with oblique transverse furrow; the frons, face and clypeus covered with numerous setae, and the anterior half of mesonotum covered with field of numerous short setae and devoid of strong bristles. Description. Male and female (generic description based on two species and emphasizes characters considered of generic importance). Body length 5.3–5.6 mm, wing 3.9–4.7 x 1.2–1.4 mm, antenna 0.6 mm. Head. Slightly wider than high in anterior view; occiput flat; upper occiput slightly concave; pair of distinct converging postvertical setae on dorsal postcranium, not in line with postocular setae; pair of strong verticals at level of anterior ocellus and diverging ocellar setae present; face and clypeus wide, clypeus distinctly tectiform in both sexes; eye facets uniform; antenna with scape bare; pedicel simple; postpedicel trapezoidal, bare, with oblique transverse furrow, with apical or strictly preapical arista-like stylus comprised of 2 short aristomeres. Thorax. Mesonotum distinctly flattened or concave posteriorly, covered irregularly with numerous short setae in addition to major bristles; acrostichal setae biserial; at least 5 dorsocentrals present, decreasing in size anteriorly; 1 strong postalar, 1 strong supra-alar, no distinct sutural, 1 strong humeral, 1 strong posthumeral, 2 notopleurals; scutellum with 2 pairs of strong marginal bristles and several short setae dorsally on disc; proepisternum with some simple setae. Legs. Coxae without strong bristles; fore femur swollen, with short anteroventral bristles; fore tibia with apical spines; mid and hind femora with 2 or more strong anterodorsal preapical bristles (hind femur without preapical bristles in M. mofidii sp. nov.); mid and hind tibiae with strong bristles. Wing. Relatively short and narrow; membrane hyaline; R 1 reaching costa behind mid-length of wing; R 2+3 ending in costa before wing apex; R 2+3 and R 4+5 weakly convex, diverging from base; M 1 straight, weakly converging apically with R 4+5, joining costa posteriad of apex; crossvein dm-m straight, shorter than apical part of M 4; anal lobe wide. Male abdomen. Tergites 1–5 wide and rounded; sternites 2–5 well developed; tergite 6 bare; segments 7 and 8 reduced; epandrium short, subrectangular; epandrial foramen basal in position; hypandrium fused to epandrium; phallus simple; epandrial lobe and surstylus well developed; cercus short. Female abdomen with tergites 1–5 wide and rounded, oviscapt with tergites 9+10 divided medially into two hemitergites, each bearing 6 thick spines., Published as part of Grichanov, Igor Ya. & Gilasian, Ebrahim, 2023, Mangrovomyia, a new genus of long-legged flies from Iranian mangroves (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Hydrophorinae), pp. 395-407 in Zootaxa 5239 (3) on page 396, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5239.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7634897

Mangrovomyia mofidii sp. nov. (Fig. 4) Diagnosis. Frons with short setae between eyes; antenna with postpedicel entirely black; mesonotum with 5–7 acrostichals and 5 strong dorsocentrals on posterior third; katepisternum entirely covered with numerous setae; femora yellow; fore tibia with thick, golden-brown apical spines. Description. Female (Fig. 4A). Body length 5.3 mm; wing 3.9 x 1.2 mm; antenna 0.6 mm. Head (Fig. 4B; partly covered with crystallized salt). Postcranium, vertex, frons and face dark blue-green, covered with grey pruinosity; head (excluding proboscis) slightly wider than high in anterior view; all setae white; postoculars forming single row of setae around posterior orbit; lower postoculars short; ventral postcranium with many sparse setae; frons with additional short setae between eyes; clypeus wider than face (52/40) and distinctly tectiform, covered with numerous long white setae; palpus elongate-ovate, mostly brown, yellow at apex, with grey pruinosity and yellow setae; proboscis brown-black and rather stout; antenna (Fig. 4C) with scape and pedicel mostly yellow, scape black at extreme base, pedicel brownish dorsally, postpedicel entirely black; pedicel simple, with corona of short white setae; postpedicel trapezoidal, bare, appearing bi-segmented, slightly longer than high at base (0.23/ 0.18 mm); basal part of postpedicel covering apical part dorsally with narrow process; apical part of postpedicel subtriangular (median view); arista-like stylus shorter than postpedicel, with two articles, apical, shortly pubescent; length (mm) of scape, pedicel, postpedicel, stylus (articles 1 and 2), 0.15/0.06/0.23/0.06/0.09. Thorax. Mesonotum, scutellum and pleura dark bluish green, covered with grey pruinosity; all setae white; mesonotum with 5–7 acrostichals on posterior 1/3, decreasing in size anteriorly; 5 strong dorsocentrals on posterior 1/3, greatly decreasing in size anteriorly; rest of mesonotum covered irregularly with numerous short setae (Fig. 4F); scutellum with 2 pairs of strong marginal bristles and many setae dorsally, more than half as long as major setae; proepisternum and katepisternum entirely covered with numerous setae, longer on lower part of proepisternum; notopleuron with additional short setae. Legs. Coxae mostly greenish black, yellow at apex; legs yellow with femora and last tarsomeres orange yellow, tibiae and basitarsi light yellow; legs including fore and mid coxae densely covered with white setae, without black vestiture; fore coxa without strong bristles; hind coxa with several white lateral setae, without bristle; fore femur (Fig. 4D) strongly swollen, with irregular anteroventral and posteroventral rows of very short brown bristles in apical half; fore tibia gradually swollen distally, with 1 anterior and 2 posterior thick golden-brown apical spines, reaching mid-length of basitarsus; fore tarsomeres with only short white apical setae; fore tarsomere 5 with large pulvilli and strongly curved claws; mid femur not swollen, with 2–5 anterodorsal bristles In apical half; mid tibia (Fig. 4E) with 3 anterodorsal, 3 posterodorsal, 1 anteroventral, 2 posteroventral, 4 short apical and 1 very long apicoventral bristles; all bristles light brown; mid tarsomeres with a few short light apical setae; tarsomere 5 with white pulvilli and black claws; hind femur slightly swollen and curved, with 3 white dorsal bristles in middle; hind tibia simple, with 3 anterodorsal, 3 posterodorsal, 1 ventral, 4 apical bristles; hind tarsus simple, with white pulvilli and black claws; femur, tibia and tarsomere (from first to fifth) lengths (mm): fore leg: 1.17/0.98/0.31/0.12/0.1/0.1/0.2, mid leg: 1.09/1.28/0.83/0.29/0.19/0.14/0.17, hind leg: 1.95/1.47/0.66/0.25/0.17/0.17/0.2. Wing (Fig. 4G). Hyaline, veins yellow; costa with mainly black setulae, with white setulae at base; R 1 slightly thickened, long, reaching costa behind mid length of wing; lengths of parts of costa between R 2+3 and R 4+5 versus between R 4+5 and M 1 (in mm), 0.42/0.18; crossvein dm-m straight; length of dm-m to apical part of M 4, 0.28/0.47; anal lobe wide; anal angle acute; lower calypter yellow, with whitish cilia; halter pale yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 4A). Tergites 1–5 wide and rounded, mostly shiny blackish green, with weak pruinosity; tergites covered with short white vestiture and each with row of white bristles near tergal margins; sternites 2–4 well developed, blackish green, with longitudinal median suture and short setae; sternite 5 entire; other segments retracted; terga 9+10 divided medially into two hemitergites, each bearing 6 thick spines (Fig. 4H); cercus brown, elongate-ovate, with a few long white setae. Male. Unknown. Etymology. The name of the new species is dedicated to one of the collectors of the holotype, Dr. Mohsen Mofidi-Neyestanak (Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran). Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀, labelled: “ Iran: Sistan & Balouchestan prov., Chabahar, Govater, 0 m, 25°09′54.8″N, 061°29′41.2″E, 18.v.2022, yellow pan trap, Mofidi & Hajiesmaeilian leg.” (ZIN).

Key to species of Mangrovomyia 1 Femora mainly greenish black; fore tibia with thin black apical spines; katepisternum without setae................................................................................................... M. naserzadehae sp. nov. - Femora yellow; fore tibia with thick golden-brown apical spines; katepisternum entirely covered with numerous setae.......................................................................................... M. mofidii sp. nov., Published as part of Grichanov, Igor Ya. & Gilasian, Ebrahim, 2023, Mangrovomyia, a new genus of long-legged flies from Iranian mangroves (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Hydrophorinae), pp. 395-407 in Zootaxa 5239 (3) on page 397, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5239.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7634897

Mangrovomyia naserzadehae sp. nov. (Figs 1–3) Diagnosis. Frons without short setae between eyes; antenna with postpedicel yellow ventrally at base; mesonotum with 7–10 acrostichals and 8 strong dorsocentrals on posterior half; katepisternum without setae; femora mainly greenish black; fore tibia with thin, black apical spines. Description. Male (Fig. 1A). Body length 5.6 mm; wing 4.7 x 1.4 mm; antenna 0.6 mm. Head. Postcranium, vertex, frons and face greenish black, covered with weak grey pruinosity; head (excluding proboscis) slightly wider than high in anterior view (Fig. 1B); all setae white; postoculars forming single row of setae around posterior orbit; lower postoculars short; ventral postcranium with many short sparse setae; frons without additional setae; clypeus wider than face (0.47/ 0.36 mm) and distinctly tectiform, covered with numerous white setae; palpus elongate-ovate, brownish yellow, with grey pruinosity and yellow setae; proboscis brown-black and rather stout (Fig. 1C); antenna mostly brown-black with scape and pedicel ventrally yellow, postpedicel ventrally at base yellow (Fig. 1D); pedicel simple, with corona of short white setae; postpedicel trapezoidal, bare, appearing bi-segmented, slightly longer than high at base (0.27/ 0.22 mm); basal part of postpedicel covering apical part dorsally with narrow process; apical part of postpedicel subtriangular (median view; Fig. 1E); arista-like stylus shorter than postpedicel, bi-segmented, apical or strictly preapical, short pubescent; length (mm) of scape, pedicel, postpedicel, arista-like stylus (aristomeres 1 and 2), 0.11/0.07/0.27/0.06/0.14. Thorax. Mesonotum, scutellum, and pleura dark bluish green, covered with weak grey pruinosity; all setae white; mesonotum with 7–10 acrostichals on posterior half, greatly decreasing in size anteriorly; 8 strong dorsocentrals on posterior half, greatly decreasing in size anteriorly; anterior half of mesonotum covered irregularly with numerous short setae (Fig. 2I); scutellum with 2 pairs of strong marginal bristles and several short setae dorsally; proepisternum with a few lower and 1 upper setae; notopleuron without short setae. Legs. Coxae and femora mostly greenish black, trochanters and knees brownish yellow, tibiae and tarsi yellow-brown to blackish brown; legs including fore and mid coxae densely covered with white setae, without black vestiture; fore coxa without strong bristles; hind coxa with several white lateral setae, without bristle; legs with strong black bristles and black setae as noted below; fore femur (Fig. 2A) strongly swollen, with about 7 short anteroventral bristles in apical half, with black preapical ventral tooth (Fig. 2B); fore tibia mostly swollen, narrow at base, with subbasal ventral brown tooth, 1 ventral and 2 posterior short apical spines (Fig. 2C, D); fore basitarsus with ventral row of 8–10 short spinules, with 1 anteroventral and 1 posteroventral apical seta; fore tarsomeres 2–4 each with 1 anteroventral and 1 posteroventral apical brown seta; fore tarsomere 5 with large pulvilli and strongly curved claws; mid femur (Fig. 2E) weakly swollen, with anterodorsal row of 4 short bristles on apical half; mid tibia (Fig. 2F) with 2–3 anterodorsal, 3–4 posterodorsal, 2–3 anteroventral, 2–3 posteroventral, 5 apical bristles; mid basitarsus with 3 anteroventral and 5 apical setae; tarsomeres 2–4 each with a few short setae; tarsomere 5 with white pulvilli and black claws; hind femur (Fig. 2G) distinctly swollen, slightly curved, with 3 anteroventral preapical bristles and about 5 anterodorsal bristles in middle; hind tibia (Fig. 2H) gradually swollen in distal half, with 3 anteroventral bristles distally and 2 fine white dorsoapical setae, longer than diameter of tibia; hind basitarsus with 3 anteroventral and 5 apical setae; tarsomeres 2–4 each with a few short setae; tarsomere 5 with white pulvilli and black claws; femur, tibia and tarsomere (from first to fifth) length (mm): fore leg: 1.38/1.05/0.46/0.13/0.12/0.15/0.17, mid leg: 1.33/1.45/0.88/0.28/0.19/0.13/0. 19, hind leg: 1.87/1.67/0.77/0.27/0.19/0.15/0.18. Wing (Fig. 3A). Hyaline, veins yellow; costa with mainly black setulae, with white setulae at base (Fig. 2J); R 1 slightly thickened, long, reaching costa behind mid-length of wing; lengths of costa between R 2+3 and R 4+5 and between R 4+5 and M 1 (in mm), 0.39/0.26; crossvein dm-m straight; length of dm-m versus apical part of M 4, 0.33/0.49; one male paratype with M 1 and M 4 bearing short stub-veins in middle of basal part (Fig. 2K); anal lobe wide; anal angle acute; lower calypter yellow, with whitish cilia; halter pale yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 3B). Tergites 1–5 wide and rounded, mostly shiny blackish green, with weak pruinosity; tergites covered with short white vestiture, each with row of white bristles near tergal margins; sternites 2–5 well developed, blackish green, with longitudinal median suture and short setae; tergite 6 bare and short; segment 7 bare, reduced to narrow band; sternite 8 ovate with short setae, hardly visible dorsally; tergites 6, 7, sternite 8 and hypopygium mostly retracted under tergite 5; epandrium short, subrectangular (lateral view; Fig. 3C), 2 times higher than long, 2 times wider than long; hypopygial foramen basal in position; hypandrium large, with rounded apex (lateral view), triangular (ventral view; Fig. 3D), fused to epandrium; phallus internal with simple narrow apex; epandrial lobe long, finger-like, arising near base of and lying along hypandrium, with 2 long dorsal and 1 apical setae; surstylus long, finger-like, standing at right angle to lateral side of hypandrium (ventral view; Fig. 3F), with 5 strong apical and preapical setae; cercus brownish, subtriangular, and covered with strong setae on outer side. Female (Fig. 3G). Body length 5.6 mm; wing 4.7 x 1.4 mm. Similar to male in all respects except as noted: tibiae darker; fore and mid tibiae yellowish-orange in basal 1/3 or 1/4, hind tibia black, orange at base; tarsi brownishblack from tip of basitarsus. Etymology. The name of the new species is dedicated to the collector of the holotype, Dr. Hiva Naserzadeh (Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran). Type material. HOLOTYPE J, labelled: “ Iran, Bushehr Prov., Asaluyeh, Nayband, next to Mangrove forest, – 10 m, 27°24′70″N, 052°40′9.0″E, 6–8.xi.2021, light trap, H. Naserzadeh leg.” (ZIN). PARATYPES: Iran: 1 J, same data as for holotype (ZIN); 1 J, 4 ♀♀, Hormozgan Prov., Sirik, Khur-e-Azini, Azini wharf mangrove swamps, 0 m, 26°19′41.3″N, 057°06′22.3″E, 12.xi.2022, yellow tray trap, M. Mofidi leg. (HMIM)., Published as part of Grichanov, Igor Ya. & Gilasian, Ebrahim, 2023, Mangrovomyia, a new genus of long-legged flies from Iranian mangroves (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Hydrophorinae), pp. 395-407 in Zootaxa 5239 (3) on pages 397-401, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5239.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7634897

Genus Paraclius Loew Paraclius Loew, 1864: 97. Type species: Pelastoneurus arcuatus Loew, 1861 (subsequent designation by Coquillett, 1910: 583). Leptocorypha Aldrich, 1896: 315. Type species: Leptocorypha pavo Aldrich, 1896 (monotypy). Synonymized by Robinson (1970: 47). According to Brooks (2005), the broad concept of Paraclius can be recognized by the following combination of characters: arista-like stylus bare to strongly pubescent, not plumose; clypeus flat or weakly pronounced, distinctly shorter than face in males, not exceeding lower margin of eyes; wing vein M 1 bent beyond crossvein dm-m; mid and hind femora usually with one preapical seta. Outside of the lineage of species related to P. arcuatus (Loew), the type species of Paraclius, a meaningful generic concept for the species currently included in Paraclius based on synapomorphies is still pending, and the genus is presently better seen as a holding taxon, like Hercostomus (Brooks 2005)., Published as part of Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S. & Ale-Rocha, Rosaly, 2023, New or little-known Neotropical Dolichopodidae (Diptera) (II): genus Hercostomus Loew excluded from the Neotropics, pp. 181-208 in Zootaxa 5254 (2) on page 183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7727356, {"references":["Loew, H. (1864) Monographs of the Diptera of North America. Part II. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 6 (2 [= pub. 171]), 1 - 360, 5 pls.","Loew, H. (1861) Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Dipteren. Achter Beitrag. Mittler & Sohn, Berlin, 100 pp.","Coquillett, D. W. (1910) The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 37, 499 - 647. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.37 - 1719.499","Aldrich, J. M. (1896) Dolichopodidae; Phoridae. In: Williston, S. W. (Ed.), On the Diptera of St. Vincent (West Indies). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1896, pp. 309 - 345, pl. 12, figs. 108 - 119, pp. 435 - 438.","Robinson, H. (1970) 40. Family Dolichopodidae (Dolichopidae). In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas, south of the United States. Vol. 40. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de S \" o Paulo, S \" o Paulo, pp. 1 - 92.","Brooks, S. E. (2005) Systematics and phylogeny of Dolichopodinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Zootaxa, 857 (1), 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 857.1.1"]}

Paraclius vulcanoae sp. nov. (Figs 4, 5, 6, 7) Diagnosis (males). Clypeus protruding, longer than face and pointed below, ending close to lower eye margin (Figs 4A, 5A, B). Postpedicel wider than long, shorter than scape and pedicel combined; arista-like stylus one segmented, 2X longer than eye height, with lamella at middle and apex, bare, except for dorsal pubescence on lamellae, apical lamella wider than long, truncated at apex (Fig. 4A). Description. Male (Fig. 4B, holotype). Body length: 5.2 mm; wing: 5.6 mm long, wide: 2 mm. Head (Figs 4A, 5A, B). Distinctly wider than high. Postocular setae white, ending in 1 stronger seta below, 6 upper-most black. Frons rectangular, about 4X wider than long, dark metallic green, obscured by dense silvery pruinosity. Face about 1.25X higher than wide, wider than ocellar tubercle; yellowish gray, covered with silvery pruinosity, mostly evident on sides of face, and yellowish pruinosity at middle. Clypeus protruding, 2X longer than wide and 2X longer than face, lower margin pointed, ending close to lower eye margin; clypeus yellow, covered with yellow pruinosity, clypeal suture inconspicuous. Palpus yellow, subtriangular, with central region bare, shiny, and ventral edge covered with a few yellow setae, lacking apical stronger seta. Proboscis yellow, labellum with a few short pale setae, and 1 stronger seta at apex. One pair of divergent strong ocellar setae and 1 pair of tiny postocellar setae; 1 pair of strong vertical setae; 1 pair of short paravertical setae, slightly longer than upper-most postocular seta. Postcranium dark green, covered with silvery pruinosity, lower margin of postcranium with 6 strong white setae, 1 strong white seta and a few slender white hairs below occiput. Antenna inserted on top of head, orangish yellow, except arista brown; scape 2X longer than pedicel, with apical projection curved apically, dorsal surface covered with short black setae; pedicel shorter than postpedicel, arising dorsally from scape, with crown of setae; postpedicel about 2X wider than long, with rounded apex, covered with short whitish pubescence; arista-like stylus dorsal, arising from upper-edge of postpedicel at middle, one segmented, 2X longer than eye height, with lamella at middle and apex, bare, except for dorsal pubescence on lamellae, apical lamella wider than long, truncated, with whitish pubescence at apex. Thorax (Figs 4B, 5C). Metallic dark green, with weak coppery reflections, except for postpronotal lobe, region above notopleuron and extending to postalar callus brown, mesonotum covered with weak silvery pruinosity, dense on anterior 0.5/6 of mesonotum, lateral margins of postpronotal lobe and entire notopleuron. Scutellum concolorous with mesonotum. Pleura mostly brownish gray, with greenish reflections and covered by silvery pruinosity, except metepisternum (around posterior spiracle yellow); metepimeron gray. Chaetotaxy: pronotum with row of strong black setae; anterior 0.5/6 of mesonotum covered with short black setae; acrostichals biseriate, ending at fourth dorsocentral setae; 6 pairs of dorsocentral setae increasing in length posteriorly; 1 pre-, 1 sutural and 1 postsutural intra-alars; 2 strong supra-alar setae, 1 positioned between postpronotal lobe and notopleuron and 1 near postalar callus; 1 strong and 2 short postpronotals; 2 strong notopleurals, 1 at middle of lower edge and 1 at posterior margin of notopleuron; 1 strong postalar; scutellum with 1 pair of strong medial setae, 1 pair of smaller setae laterad about 1/4 as long as medial scutellars; upper and lower surface of proepisternum with a few short, slender pale setae and lower surface with 1 stronger black seta directed anteroventrally; metepisternum with row of a few slender pale setae. Wing (Fig. 5D). Membrane light brown, mostly dark on anterior half of wing, veins brown. Costa ending close wing apex, at vein M 1; R 1 ending at basal 3/8 of wing; R 2+3 nearly straight, R 4+5 slightly curved posteriorly at apex; last section of vein M 1 straight at base, gradually curved towards R 4+5 at apical 6/8; maximum width of cell r 4+5 /length of dm-m: 0.9; bm+dm ending at apical 5/8 of wing, dm-m straight; M 4 and CuA+CuP not reaching wing margin; length of crossvein dm-m/last part of M 4 (“CuAx ratio”): 1.75. Lower calypter yellow with blackish cilia; halter yellow. Legs (Fig. 4B). Yellow, except lateral surface of coxa II, apex of femur III with narrow spot dorsally, tarsus I from apex of It 1, tarsus II from apical 1/3 of IIt 1 and entirely tarsus III brownish. Leg I. Podomere ratios: 60, 55, 31/12/10/8/7. Anterior surface of coxa I covered by silvery pruinosity, with short pale setae, outer edge with 2 strong setae near apex, apical edge with 1 strong and 3–4 less conspicuous setae. Femur I covered by vestiture of short black setae, except ventral surface mostly bare, one anteroventral row of subequally long setae at apical 1/2, 3 conspicuous posterodorsal preapical setae, apicalmost longer than preceding setae. Tibia I with 1 pair of antero- and posterodorsal setae at 2/6, 1 anterodorsal seta at 3/6, 1 dorsal at 3.5/6 and 1 dorsal and 1 posterodorsal preapical. It 1 with 1 short basiventral seta, ventral surface from apex of It 1 to It 4 with pile of whitish setae (MSSC). Leg II. Podomere ratios: 80, 80, 32/20/15/10/8. Anterior surface of coxa II covered by silvery pruinosity and a few short pale setae, outer edge with one row of setae increasing in length from basal 1/3 ending in 2 strong setae, 1 at middle and 1 near apex, apical edge with 3 conspicuous setae. Femur II covered by short vestiture of black setae, except ventral surface mostly bare, with anteroventral row of short setae decreasing in length from base to 3/6, 1 short anteroventral preapical seta, and 1 stronger anterior seta at 5/6, 2 short posteroventral preapical setae. Tibia II with 3 pairs of antero- and posterodorsal setae at 1/6 (about half length of second pair), 1.5/6, and 3.5/6, 1 anterodorsal seta at 2/6, 2 anteroventral setae at 2.5/6 and 4/6, 1 posteroventral seta at 4.5/6, one crown of setae at apex: 1 antero- and 1 posterodorsal, 1 dorsal, 1 antero- and 1 posteroventral. IIt 1 with 1 short basiventral seta. Leg III. Podomere ratios: 80, 98, 33, 35, 22, 14, 10. Apical edge of coxa III with 3–4 longer pale setae, lateral surface with 1 long seta at middle and 1 short at apex. Femur III 1.3X wider than femur II at broadest point, femur III covered by short vestiture of black setae, except ventral surface mostly bare, 1 stronger anterodorsal seta at 4.5/6, and 1 short anteroventral preapical seta, one short ventral to anteroventral row of pale short setae from basal 1/6 to apical 4/6, 2 short posteroventral preapical setae. Tibia III with 3 pairs of antero- and posterodorsal setae, 1 short, about 1/3 as long as second pair at 1/6, 1 at 1.5/6 and 1 at 2.5/6, 1 dorsal seta at 3/6, 1 anterodorsal at 3.5/6, 1 dorsal, 1 ventral and 1 anterodorsal preapical seta, 1 ventral seta at 4.5/6, one row of short, sparse and erected setae from basal 1.5/6 to apical 4.5/6. IIIt 1 with 1 short basiventral seta. Abdomen (Fig. 4B). About 1.5X longer than thorax. Dark brown, with greenish reflections. Tergites 1–5 setose, posterior margin with long and strong setae, with wide lateral patches of silvery pruinosity. Tergite 6 bare. Segment 7 brown, bare, short, well sclerotized. Sternite 8 brown, homogeneously covered with long black setae. Hypopygium (Fig. 6). Epandrium dark brown, subrectangular, about 2X longer than wide (Fig. 6A). Basiventral epandrial lobe long, with rounded apex, and 1 short medioventral seta (Fig. 6A, B). Apicoventral epandrial lobe wider than long, somewhat fan-shaped, slightly shorter than cercus, outer edge with 2 short setae (Fig. 6B, C). Hypandrium divided in two asymmetrical short arms, left arm curved, with well sclerotized hook-shaped apex, right arm sinuous, slightly narrowing at apex, both shorter than phallus (Fig. 6B, C). Basal 2/3 of phallus tubular, widening apically, with 1 long right lateral process, branched at apex (Fig. 6B, C, G). Ventral lobe of surstylus longer than dorsal lobe, somewhat digitiform, narrowing at apex, with 1 short dorsal seta at basal 1/3 and 1 long apical seta (Fig. 6C, F). Dorsal lobe of surstylus with 1 short dorsal digitiform projection near base, apex bifurcated, ventral projection short and rounded, dorsal projection long and mostly membranous (Fig. 6C, E). Postgonite plain, shorter than ventral lobe of surstylus, slightly curved ventrally and weakly sclerotized at apex (Fig. 6C, F). Sperm pump shorter than epandrium, but as long as ejaculatory apodeme, almost tubular, folded back on itself (Fig. 6B, C). Ejaculatory apodeme sinuous, well sclerotized and laterally flattened (Fig. 6B, C). Cercus yellow with apical margin dark brown, subrectangular, with short apical projection, covered with yellowish setae (Fig. 6A, D). Female. Unknown. Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁, labelled: “[BRAZIL] São Paulo | Campos do Jordão [ca 22°44′17.3″S 45°36′35.7″W] | 29.xii.1944 | F. Lane col.”; “25657”; “ Sybistroma | americana | Schin.” [handwritten]; “O gen. Sybis | troma é | Europeu | A espécie | america- | na deve | ser um no- | vo gênero” [The genus Sybistroma is European, and the species americana should be a new genus] [handwritten]; “ HOLOTYPE | Paraclius vulcanoae | Soares, Capellari & Ale-Rocha [red label]” (MZUSP). Holotype in good condition, terminalia dissected and stored in microvial on the same pin, both wings damaged, right IIIt 5 broken off. Remarks. This species is closely related to Paraclius americanus comb. nov. as discussed above (see “Remarks” under P. americanus comb. nov.). The new species can be differentiated by lower margin of clypeus pointed (Figs 4A, 5A) (lower margin of clypeus straight in P. americanus comb. nov. (Fig. 1D)), basiventral epandrial lobe rounded at apex, apicoventral epandrial lobe wider than long, somewhat fan-shaped (Fig. 6B, C) (basiventral epandrial lobe hook-shaped and apicoventral epandrial lobe longer than wide in P. americanus comb. nov. (Capellari 2013, fig. 5)). In addition, the two species share a sperm pump folded over itself, but evidently shorter in P. vulcanoae sp. nov. (Fig. 6C). Grichanov (1998) suggested that differences in the orientation of the hypandrium-phallus apparatus in species of Acropsilus Mik might be due by copulation (hypandrium and phallus would lay perpendicularly to each other after copulation). In a similar way, the shorter sperm pump in P. vulcanoae sp. nov. compared to that of P. americanus comb. nov. could be a by-product of copulation, including the perpendicular orientation of hypandrium and phallus seen in the holotype (Fig. 6A, B), as presumed by Grichanov (1998) for mated specimens of Acropsilus. Etymology. The new species is named after Maria Aparecida Vulcano (in memoriam), who was one of the precursors of the MZUSP Diptera collection during the 1940s. She wrote the handwritten label on the holotype mentioned above and the patronym acknowledges her insight while first identifying the specimen. Distribution. Brazil (state of S„o Paulo).This species is known to occur only in the Atlantic Forest biome (Fig. 7).

Paraclius americanus (Schiner, 1868) comb. nov. (Figs 1, 7) Sybistroma americana Schiner, 1868: 220. Type locality: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Tachytrechus americanus: Robinson 1970: 53. Yang et al. 2006: 207. Paraclius diplacocerus Capellari, 2013: 293, syn. nov. Diagnosis (male). Clypeus yellow, flat, shorter than face, lower margin straight and ending above lower eye margin (Fig. 1D). Postpedicel oval, longer than wide; arista-like stylus one-segmented, about 2X longer than eye height, with medial and apical lamellae, mostly bare, except for dorsal pubescence on lamellae, apical lamella longer than wide, rounded at apex (Fig. 1F). See Capellari (2013) for a complete redescription and illustrations of the male terminalia. Type material examined. Sybistroma americana: LECTOTYPE ♁, labelled: “ Rio Janeiro | Novara – R.”; “americana [handwritten] | Alte Sammlung ”; “ Type [red label]”; “C” (NHMW). PARALECTOTYPE: same data as lectotype (1 ♀, NHMW). Paraclius diplacocerus: HOLOTYPE ♁, labelled: “ BRASIL, SP, Salesópolis | Res. Biológica Boracéia | Sweeping | 06–11.xi.2010 | D.S. Amorim col.”; “ Paraclius | diplacocerus | Capellari 2013 HOLOTYPE” [red label]; “ MZ001744 ” (MZUSP). Remarks. This species was described in the genus Sybistroma based on its long, one-segmented and bi-lamellate arista-like stylus of the male, a common feature of this genus. Robinson (1970) transferred S. americana to Tachytrechus Haliday stating: “As described the face is like Tachytrechus and unlike Sybistroma ” (p. 53). Capellari (2013) described a remarkable new species of Paraclius with the arista-like stylus of males one-segmented and bi-lamellate, which at the time was the only known species of Paraclius with this feature. After the examination of photographs of the male syntype of T. americanus (Schiner) housed at NHMW (Fig. 1), we concluded that P. diplacocerus is conspecific and should be synonymized under T. americanus. Paraclius americanus comb. nov. is closely related to Paraclius vulcanoae sp. nov. by the antenna inserted on the top of head, frons very short, arista-like stylus of male one-segmented and bi-lamellate, clypeus yellow, clearly contrasting with the color of face and the presence of six strong dorsocentral setae. Paraclius americanus comb. nov. can be differentiated by its flat clypeus, about as high as face, with lower margin straight (Fig. 1D) (clypeus protruding, higher than face, with lower margin pointed in P. vulcanoae sp. nov. (Figs 4A, 5A, B)), and male terminalia with basiventral epandrial lobe hook-shaped and apicoventral epandrial lobe longer than wide (Capellari 2013, fig. 5) (basiventral epandrial lobe rounded and apicoventral epandrial lobe wider than long, somewhat fan-shaped in P. vulcanoae sp. nov. (Fig. 6B, C)). Distribution. Brazil (states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and S„o Paulo). This species is known to occur only in the Atlantic Forest biome (Fig. 7)., Published as part of Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S. & Ale-Rocha, Rosaly, 2023, Species of Paraclius Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) with bi-lamellate antennal stylus: new combination, new synonym, and two new species, pp. 37-51 in Zootaxa 5231 (1) on pages 38-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5231.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7574093, {"references":["Schiner, I. R. (1868) Diptera. In: Reise der ˆ sterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von W ¸ llerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. I. Abtheilung. B. K. Gerold's Sohn, Wien [Vienna], vi + 388 pp., 4 pls.","Robinson, H. (1970) Family Dolichopodidae. In: A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 40, 1 - 92.","Yang, D., Zhu, Y., Wang, M. & Zhang, L. (2006) World Catalog of Dolichopodidae (Insecta: Diptera). China Agricultural University Press, Beijing, 704 pp.","Capellari, R. S. (2013) A remarkable new species of Paraclius Loew from Brazil (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Zootaxa, 3681 (3), 293 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3681.3.10"]}

Paraclius bilamellatus sp. nov. (Figs 2, 3, 7) Diagnosis (male). Clypeus slightly bulging, about 0.5X face height, lower margin straight, ending above lower eye margin (Fig. 2C, D); face covered by dense golden pruinosity (MSSC) (Fig. 2C). Postpedicel about 1.5X longer than wide, with rounded apex, as long as scape and pedicel combined (Fig. 2G); arista-like stylus dorsal, arising at middle of postpedicel, two-segmented, shorter than eye height, with lamellae at middle and apex, almost bare, except for conspicuous pubescence at lamellae (MSSC) (Fig. 2D, G). Description. Male (Fig. 2A, holotype). Body length: 3.3–3.6 mm. Wing length: 3.0– 3.3 mm (n = 6). Head (Fig. 2C, D, G). Slightly wider than high. Postocular setae white, ending in 1 stronger seta below, 6 upper-most black. Frons 2X wider than high, metallic green with bluish reflections, covered with weak yellowish gray pruinosity. Face slightly narrowing at middle and as wide as ocellar tubercle; ground color brown but obscured by dense golden pruinosity (all MSSC). Clypeus as long as wide, about 1/2 as high as face, covered with golden pruinosity at middle, silver at lateral margins, slightly bulging, clypeal suture visible, but incomplete, lower margin straight, ending above lower eye margin. Palpus short, oval, yellow, covered with short black setae, 1 stronger black seta at apex, shorter than palpus. Proboscis brown, labellum with a few short and slender setae. One pair of divergent strong ocellar setae and 2 pairs of tiny postocellar setae; 1 pair of strong convergent vertical setae; 1 pair of short paravertical setae, slightly longer than upper-most postocular seta. Postcranium dark green, covered with silvery pruinosity, lower margin of postcranium with 4 strong white setae, 1 strong white seta and a few slender white hairs below occiput. Antenna orangish yellow, except apical 2/3 of postpedicel and arista-like stylus dark brown; scape conical, dorsal surface covered with short black setae, inner and ventral surfaces with acute processes, inner process longer than ventral process; pedicel short, with crown of setae; postpedicel about 1.5X longer than wide, with rounded apex, covered with short pubescence, about as long as scape and pedicel combined; arista-like stylus dorsal, arising at middle of postpedicel, with two segments subequally long, shorter than eye height, with lamella at middle and apex, almost bare, except for conspicuous pubescence at lamellae (MSSC). Thorax (Fig. 2A, I). Metallic green, except for narrow black spot between notopleura and sutural and postsutural intra-alar setae, and one black spot above wing base; mesonotum covered with coppery pruinosity, except notopleuron and one patch above postalar callus with silvery pruinosity, mesonotum with weak greenish and bluish reflections. Scutellum metallic green with coppery reflections. Pleura mostly metallic green, covered with silvery pruinosity; metepimeron dark grey. Chaetotaxy: pronotum with row of black setae; anterior 1/6 of mesonotum covered with short black setae; acrostichals biseriate, ending in 1 pair mostly offset at fifth pair of dorsocentral setae; 5 pairs of dorsocentral setae increasing in length posteriorly; 1 pre-, 1 sutural and 1 postsutural intra-alars; 2 strong supra-alar setae, 1 positioned between postpronotal lobe and notopleuron and 1 near postalar callus; 1 strong, 1 short and 1 minute postpronotals; 2 strong notopleurals, 1 at middle of lower edge and 1 at posterior margin of notopleuron, slightly shorter than anterior seta; 1 strong postalar; scutellum with 1 pair of strong medial setae, 1 pair of smaller setae laterad about 1/4 as long as medial scutellars, dorsal surface and apical margin of scutellum covered with a few short, slender setae; upper and lower surface of proepisternum with a few slender pale setae, 2–3 black setae anteriad to anterior spiracle and 1 stronger black seta directed anteroventrally; metepisternum with a few slender pale setae. Wing (Fig. 2J). Membrane hyaline, slightly greyish. Costa ending before wing apex, at vein M 1; R 1 ending at basal 3/8 of wing; R 2+3 nearly straight, R 4+5 slightly curved posteriorly at apex; M 1 S-shaped, gently curving towards R 4+5 at apical 6/8 and ending almost parallel with R 4+5; maximum width of cell r 4+5 /length of dm-m: 0.9; bm+dm ending at basal 4.5/8 of wing, dm-m straight; M 4 and CuA+CuP not reaching wing margin; length of crossvein dm-m/last part of M 4 (“CuAx ratio”): 1. Lower calypter yellow with blackish cilia; halter yellow, except dorsal surface of stem black; ventral and posterior margin of knob of halter with comb of fine hairs; plumule yellow. Legs (Fig. 2A). Yellow, except lateral surface of coxa II and base of coxa III brownish gray, It 5, tarsus II from apex of IIt 1 and entirely tarsus III brown. Leg I. Podomere ratios: 38, 34, 17/7/4/3/4. Anterior surface of coxa I covered by short black setae, outer edge with 1 strong seta after middle, apical edge with 4 strong black setae. Femur I covered with short vestiture of black setae, except ventral surface bare, 2 short antero- and 3 short posteroventral preapical setae. Tibia I with 2 pairs of anteroand posterodorsal setae, 1 short at 1.5/6 and 1 slightly longer at 2/6, 1 anterodorsal seta at 2.5/6 and one anterodorsal row of short setae from 3/6 to apex, 2 posterodorsal setae at 3.5/6 and near apex, 1 posterior and 1 posteroventral apical setae. It 1 with 1 more conspicuous basiventral seta; It 2–4 with posteroventral rows of fine erected setae (MSSC). Leg II. Podomere ratios 46, 47, 22/15/10/6/5. Anterior surface of coxa II covered by short black setae, outer edge with 2 strong black setae near middle, apical edge with 3–4 long setae, shorter than coxa. Femur II covered by short vestiture of black setae, except apical 1/2 of ventral surface bare, 1 strong anterior seta at 4.5/6, 4–5 anteroventral setae at apical half, 1 conspicuous posteroventral preapical seta. Tibia II with pairs of antero- and posterodorsal setae at 1/6 (about 1/2 as long as second pair), 1.5/6, 2.5/6 (slightly offset) and 4/6 (slightly offset), 1 ventral seta at 2.5/6 and 1 posteroventral at 4/6, one crown of apical setae: 1 antero- and 1 posterodorsal; 1 antero- and 1 posteroventral and 1 dorsal. Tarsus II unmodified. Leg III. Podomere ratios: 48, 62, 17/24/14/10/4. Apical edge of anterior surface of coxa III with 2 long setae, lateral surface with 1 strong seta near middle and 1 short near apex. Femur III covered by short vestiture of black setae, except apical 1/2 of ventral surface bare, one dorsal row of more erected setae from base to apical 4/6, one anteroventral row of short setae from base to apical 5/6, 1 strong anterodorsal seta at 4.5/6 and 1 slightly slender anteroventral seta at 5/6, 1 short posteroventral preapical seta. Tibia III with 3 pairs of antero- and posterodorsal setae at 0.5/6 (about 1/2 as long as second pair), 1/6, and 2.5/6 (offset), 1 anterodorsal seta at 4/6 and 2 posterodorsal at 3/6 and 5/6, 1 anteroventral seta at 4/6, 1 anterodorsal and 1 anteroventral preapical setae, one row of short, sparse and erected setae from basal 1.5/6 to 3/6. Tarsus III unmodified. Abdomen (Figs 2A, 3A). About 1.5X longer than thorax. Metallic green, with weak greenish reflections. Tergites 1–5 setose, posterior margin with long setae, short and weak lateral patches of silvery pruinosity. Tergite 6 bare, segment 7 brown, bare, short, and well sclerotized. Sternite 8 dark brown, homogeneously covered with long black setae. Hypopygium (Fig. 3). Epandrium yellow apically, with basal 1/3 to 1/2 brown, subrectangular, 2X longer than high, with 1 short medioventral seta (Fig. 3A, B). Apicoventral epandrial lobe short, truncated at apex, with 3 short apical setae (Fig. 3A–C). Hypandrium wide and covering phallus at basal 1/3, divided in two narrow arms at apical 2/3, as long as phallus (Fig. 3B). Phallus plain, short, with 1 lateral, short preapical projection on each side. Ventral lobe of surstylus subtriangular, shorter than dorsal lobe of surstylus, narrowing apically, with 1 short seta at apex and 3–4 short setae at outer surface (Fig. 3D). Dorsal lobe of surstylus with acute dorsal projection, with 1 preapical seta, apex of ventral part almost membranous, microtrichose and slightly curved dorsally, outer surface with a few short setae (Fig. 3D). Postgonite plain, slightly curved ventrally. Sperm pump wide, spherical, longer than ejaculatory apodeme (Fig. 3B, C). Ejaculatory apodeme wide basally, laterally flattened, somewhat fan-shaped and narrowing basally (Fig. 3C). Proctiger plain, flattened at apex (Fig. 3C). Cercus subtriangular, about 1/2 as long as epandrium, whitish yellow, outer surface covered with a few short setae, inner surface covered with long, curved setae, both inner and outer setae yellow (Fig. 3A, B). Female (Fig. 2B, E, F, H). Body length: 3.9–4.3 mm. Wing length: 3.0– 3.4 mm (n = 8). Similar to male, except for MSSC and following features: Face 1.7X wider than ocellar tubercle; eyes with parallel sides; clypeus bulging, slightly wider than high; second segment of arista-like stylus 2X longer than first segment and covered with short pubescence. Abdomen with 5 setose segments, ovipositor retracted into preceding segments, tergite and sternite 8 divided mesally into two rod-like sclerites, connected anteriorly; acanthophorite with 4–5 dorsal spines, with one seta laterally. Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁, labelled: “BRA [Brazil], GO [Goiás], Varjão, Chácara N. | Sra. Aparecida, Malaise | pomar [malaise trap in an orchard], 17°01′52.04″S 49°33′ | 17.39″W, 03.iii–07.iv.2019 | Lopes W. R. col.”; “HOLOTYPE | Paraclius bilamellatus | Soares, Capellari & Ale-Rocha” [red label] (MZUSP). Holotype in excellent condition, terminalia not dissected. PARATYPES: Same data as holotype (1 ♁ dissected, 2 ♀, MZUSP); same data as holotype except, 05.v.–16.vi.2019 (1 ♁ dissected, INPA); 08.xii.2018 – 02.i.2019 (1 ♁, 2 ♀, one female dissected, INPA; 1 ♁, 2 ♀, one female dissected, MZUSP); 02.i.–03.ii.2019 (2 ♀, MZUSP). Additional examined material. BRAZIL: Espírito Santo, Baixo Guandu [ca 19°30′42.5″S 41°00′57.3″W], ix.1970, P.C. Elias col. (1 ♁ dissected, MZUSP). Remarks. Paraclius bilamellatus sp. nov. differs from the other species with bi-lamellate arista-like stylus by the length of arista, shorter than eye height, arista-like stylus two-segmented, with segments subequally long, face higher than clypeus and entirely covered with golden pruinosity, dorsal surface and apical margin of scutellum covered with a few short and slender setae and the epandrium brown basally and yellow apically. This species has the apicoventral epandrial lobe with 3 apical setae, a wide and spherical sperm pump, dorsal lobe of surstylus with acute dorsal projection and the inner surface of male cercus is covered with long and curved setae, which are also found in some recently described Paraclius species from Atlantic Forest biome (Capellari & Amorim, 2009): P. amphiatheratus Capellari & Amorim, P. dicrophallus Capellari & Amorim, P. parenti Capellari & Amorim and P. sagittatus Capellari & Amorim. Etymology. From Latin bi = two and lamella = plate, referring to the bi-lamellate arista-like stylus of male. Distribution. Brazil (states of Espírito Santo and Goiás) occurring in Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes (Fig. 7). It is notable that all specimens from the state of Goiás were collected with a Malaise trap installed in an orchard., Published as part of Soares, Matheus M. M., Capellari, Renato S. & Ale-Rocha, Rosaly, 2023, Species of Paraclius Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) with bi-lamellate antennal stylus: new combination, new synonym, and two new species, pp. 37-51 in Zootaxa 5231 (1) on pages 40-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5231.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7574093, {"references":["Capellari, R. S. & Amorim, D. S. (2009) Four new species of Paraclius Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and notes on the systematic position of Cheiromyia Dyte. Zootaxa, 2274 (1), 51 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2274.1.3"]}

Thirty-one species of Paraclius Loew were known to occur in China. In this paper, two species are described as new to science: Paraclius ventralis sp. nov. and Paraclius wutongshanus sp. nov. A key to the Chinese species of Paraclius is provided. www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3E803E27-5E44-4A55-91D5-DA088F986485.

A new long-legged fly species, Chrysotus soyasp. nov. (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), is described and illustrated from specimens collected in soybean fields near Brookings, South Dakota, USA. The abundance of this species in soybeans suggests it plays an important role as a beneficial predator.

Two new species of the genus Parentia Hardy, 1935 from South Africa are described. An identification key to males of seven Afrotropical species is compiled for the first time. Parentia magnicornissp.n. male differs reliably from other Afrotropical species of the genus in enlarged antennal postpedicel and modified 2nd segment of the mid tarsus. Parentia theroni sp.n. male differs from all other Afrotropical species of the genus in ratio of wing crossvein dm-m to distal part of veinM4 and absence of anterodorsal callus on hind tibia. Male of Parentia degener (Parent, 1934) is reliably described and illustrated for the first time.

The fauna of Dolichopodidae in the Arkhangelsk Region was studied sporadically and currently in-cludes 50 species. Onezhskoye Pomorye National Park (Arkhangelsk Region, Russia) was established in 2013 to protect the pristine forests and coastal ecosystems of the hardly accessible territories along the White Sea coast of the Onega Peninsula. The insect fauna of the National Park was almost un-known until recently, with only 17 Diptera species from the Culicidae and Chironomidae families listed in the online cadaster. During the short expedition to Onezhskoye Pomorye National Park in July–August 2020, more than 350 Dolichopodidae specimens were collected with yellow pan traps and sweep netting on routes that mainly passed through coastal habitats. Nineteen species of Dolichopodi-dae have been reported for the first time from this territory. Thirteen species are reported for the first time from the Arkhangelsk region, bringing the total number of known species to 63. The species list is given and supplied with brief comments on habitat and distribution. Photos of some typical habitats are provided. Most of the discovered species are widespread throughout the Palaearctic Region. Rarer species include Dolichopus diadema, which probably represents a southern Palaearctic element, and Hydrophorus norvegicus, which was previously known only from Fennoscandia.

The family Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from the Eocene amber of the Cambay and Kutch, India is reviewed. Based on a sample of 38 inclusions, the fauna preserved in amber reveals that the family was well-differentiated by early the Eocene. Palaeomedeterus cambayensis Bickel sp. nov. is described and provisionally assigned to the Peloropeodinae, and is congeneric with European Baltic amber species, suggesting the genus was widespread for a considerable time period in both Europe and India. Two small-sized new monotypic genera are also described, Gujaratmyia rotunda Bickel gen. et sp. nov. and Rajpardia grimaldii Bickel gen. et sp. nov. Also included are undescribed members of the dolichopodid subfamilies Diaphorinae and Medeterinae, and unplaced species. The Baltic amber species Prohercostomus noxialis (Meunier, 1907) is regarded as the new senior synonym of Sympycnites primaevus Grimaldi & Cumming, 1999, described with a mistaken provenance of Cretaceous Lebanese amber.

Rajpardia grimaldii Bickel sp. nov. (Fig. 4D, F) Type material. Holotype: ♂, INDIA: Gujarat: Tadkeshwar Lignite Mine, Lower Eocene strata of the Cambay Shale Formation, 21°21.400′N, 73°4.532′E, 17–22/I/2009. D. Grimaldi & P. Nascimbene, Tad-372 (AMNH). Etymology. This species is named in honour of David Grimaldi, who has contributed so much to the revitalization of palaeoentomology, a field previously in a somewhat moribund state. His many papers and books on fossil faunas across a wide spectrum of taxa coupled with his excellent line drawings have brought a freshness to the study of insect evolution. We are pleased to contribute to this Festschrift, as one of us (D.J.B.) had promised him this paper several years ago, so this previously halffinished manuscript is now finally complete. Diagnosis. As for genus. Locality and horizon. Cambay and Kutch basins, Gujarat State, India; Eocene. Description. Male: length: 1.0 mm; wings obscured (Fig. 4D, F); part of head and most of thorax missing on left side (Fig. 4D). Head. Wider than high;dorsal postcranium apparently concave; vertex, frons and associated setation missing; eye facets uniform; clypeus conformable with eye, not projecting anteriorly; palp and proboscis brown; antenna brown; scape and pedicel short; postpedicel reniform, and partially enclosing distal pedicel; arista apical and as long as head height Thorax. Dorsally destroyed. Legs. Coxae and legs brown; vestiture black; CI with short anterolateral setae; CII with short anterior setae; I: 1.9; 1.6; 0.9/ 0.3/ 0.2/ 0.2/ 0.3; FI with weak subapical pv seta; TI with distinct row of 3 short ad setae along distal third and some short apicoventral setae; II: 2.1; 2.2; distal tarsomeres obscured; FII with anterior preapical seta at 4/5; other podomeres II obscured; III: 2.3; 2.9; distal tarsomeres obscured; FIII with distinct anterior preapical seta at 4/5; TIII with short dorsal ventral and ad setae. Wings. Left wing missing, right wing bent and obscured; halter club dark brown. Abdomen. Brown; segment 7 as short peduncle; sternite 8 comprising setose cap over hypopygial foramen, hypopygium (Fig. 3E) dark brown; epandrium rounded subrectangular; hypandrium developed as rounded hood; surstylus short, simple and triangular; cercus digitiform with curved apical toothlike seta. Female. Unknown. Remarks. Rajpardia grimaldii is known from a single damaged specimen surrounded by bubbles of apparent gaseous and liquid inclusions. Although the wings are missing and the thorax is mostly destroyed, the legs, antenna, and male postabdomen are clearly visible, making this specimen worth describing. The species has strong similarities to the Medeterinae, with its pedunculate hypopygium, lobate surstylus, simple cercus, concave dorsal postcranium, reniform postpedicel, and over all habitus. However, the presence of anterior preapical setae on femora II and III seems to preclude this placement. Unplaced specimens The specimen in Fig. 2B appears to be a male and has broad wings, with veins R 4+5 and M 1 widely separated, and even slightly diverging distally. The male specimen in Fig. 2D–E is distorted, with setose tibiae and external male postabdomen, and its placement is unclear. The species in Fig. 5A and B is intriguing, and tempting to describe, but we decided not to. It is missing its head and both hindlegs, and the male postabdomen is rotated and twisted 180°, such that interpretation and a clear view of the hypopygium is impossible. Curiously, the flow of resin before solidification appears to have twisted the legs, torn off both hind legs, but left the wings rather untouched. Tibia II has a strong curved seta anterior seta at ¼. Possibly more complete specimens of this species will be discovered in the future., Published as part of BICKEL, DANIEL J., MARTIN, JOHN, AGNIHOTRI, PRIYA & SINGH, HUKAM, 2022, Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from the Eocene amber deposits of Cambay and Kutch Basins, India, pp. 475-486 in Palaeoentomology 5 (5) on page 483, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7333779

Genus Rajpardia Bickel gen. nov. Type species. Rajpardia grimaldii Bickel sp. nov. Etymology. Rajpardia is a derived from the place name Rajpardi, a quarry where Cambay amber occurs. The gender is feminine. Diagnosis. [This generic diagnosis is based on a single damaged male specimen and emphasizes characters considered to be of generic importance.] Body length about 1.0 mm; head large; postcranium apparently concave; postpedicel reniform, and partially enclosing distal pedicel; arista apical; TI with distinct row of 3 short ad setae along distal third and some short apicoventral setae; both FII and FIII with anterior preapical seta; epandrium rounded subrectangular; hypandrium forming rounded hood; surstylus short and triangular; cercus digitiform with apical toothlike seta.

Subfamily Diaphorinae Schiner, 1864 The specimens in Fig. 2A, C, D represent members of the Diaphorinae, possibly near the extant cosmopolitan genus Chrysotus Meigen., Published as part of BICKEL, DANIEL J., MARTIN, JOHN, AGNIHOTRI, PRIYA & SINGH, HUKAM, 2022, Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from the Eocene amber deposits of Cambay and Kutch Basins, India, pp. 475-486 in Palaeoentomology 5 (5) on page 479, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7333779

Chimerothalassius marshalli sp. nov. (Figs 3, 5–7, 14–18) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DF9EEF18-DC3F-4A79-B56D-31D56900769E Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ labelled: “ NZ. South Is., Banks / Pen., Port Levy [ca 43°39ʹS 172°48ʹE], 22–26/ Feb 1999, near sea/ streambed, pan traps,/ S.A. Marshall,/ debu00102014”; “ HOLOTYPE / Chimerothalassius marshalli / Brooks & Cumming [red label]” (NZAC). Additional material. NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Canterbury Region, Sumner Beach, 43°34ʹ16.1ʺS 172°45ʹ55.1ʺE, sandy exposed flat beach with large rock seawall and freshwater outlet, 16.xi.2018, R. J. Le Grice (1♂, NZAC, photo). Diagnosis. Known only from males, C. marshalli sp. nov. is distinguished from the other known Australasian species of the genus by its elongate dark brown palpus (Fig. 14), dark brown body and legs (Figs 14, 15), strong dark genal setae and several hypopygial features (Figs 16–18) including: left ventral epandrial process with hook-like tip; left ventral surstylus relatively short with several strong ventral setae; right ventral epandrial process straight; phallus with tip not expanded and with pointed process near midlength; hypoproct simple and narrow. Description. Male (Figs 14–18): Wing length approximately 1.40 mm. Head (Figs 14, 15): Dark brown-grey pruinose, with bronze and weak greenish reflections; slightly broader than thorax in dorsal view; round in lateral view (about as broad as high); broader than high in anterior view; larger setae black. Ocellar triangle conspicuous. Occiput concave on upper median part. Eyes covered with short ommatrichia; medial edge of eye with distinct emargination adjacent to antenna; ommatidia progressively smaller anterodorsally. Frons 1.6X broader than high, subtriangular, widening above. Face narrow, with eyes nearly contiguous. Face and clypeus concolorous with rest of head. Clypeus not separated from face, small and triangular, not produced. Setae of head well differentiated: 1 pair of lateroclinate fronto-orbitals close to base of antennae; 1 pair of lateroclinate anterior ocellars; 2 pairs of small posterior ocellars; 1 pair of strong inclinate inner verticals (sometimes referred to as postocellars); 2 pairs of lateroclinate outer verticals; postoculars short and uniserial, lower setae fine and pale. Antenna entirely dark brown, inserted near middle of head in profile; scape short, funnel-shaped; pedicel subequal in length to scape, spheroidal with subapical circlet of setulae; postpedicel 2X longer than wide, bulb-shaped with basal half round and distal half narrow, clothed in fine setulae; arista-like stylus 1.5X length of postpedicel, with minute hairs (right postpedicel of holotype deformed and elongated, with very short deformed stylus). Palpus dark brown, elongate and gradually enlarged apically, with preapical ventral seta. Proboscis dark brown, short. Gena narrow, with several strong dark setae surrounding oral cavity. Thorax (Figs 14, 15): Dark brown-grey pruinose, with bronze and weak greenish reflections especially dorsally, setae black. Mesoscutum moderately arched, prescutellar depression present. Proepisternum with minute seta. Postpronotal lobe with minute seta. Mesonotum longer than wide. Acrostichal setae absent; other thoracic setae well differentiated, each side of mesonotum with: 4 dorsocentrals, 1 presutural supra-alar (posthumeral), 1 postsutural supra-alar, 2 notopleurals, 1 postalar. Scutellum broadly subtriangular with 1 long, strong, dorsally projected seta per side. Mesopleuron bare. Halter pale brown. Legs: Evenly brown; with mostly short setae; tarsomeres 1–4 of all legs progressively shorter apically with tarsomere 5 slightly longer than 4; tarsomere 5 of all legs with dorsomedial finger-like process; tarsal claws and pulvilli normally developed on all legs (empodium not observable on available specimens). Foreleg: Coxa with short, sparse pale setae on anterior surface, apical margin with setae longer; femur subequal in length to tibia; tarsus slightly longer than tibia; tarsomere 1 subequal to combined length of tarsomeres 2–5. Midleg: Coxa with 4 pale setae; femur, tibia and tarsus subequal in length; tibia with relatively strong black preapical ventral seta; tarsomere 1 subequal to combined length of tarsomeres 2–5. Hindleg: Coxa with 2 pale setae on lateral surface; femur subequal in length to tibia; tarsus slightly shorter than tibia; tarsomere 1 slightly longer than tarsomere 2. Wing: Similar to C. riparius sp. nov. (see Fig. 22), except as follows: R 1 terminating closer to middle of wing. Abdomen: Dark greyish-brown with small dark setae (weaker and pale on sternites); sternite 6 and segment 7 bare. Segments 5–7 narrowed and laterally compressed to form cavity on right side for hypopygium. Sternite 5 lacking pregenitalic process. Sternite 8 ovoid, with short setae; tergite 8 indistinct. Hypopygium (Figs 16–18): Concolorous with pregenitalic abdominal sclerites; lateroflexed to right; inverted with posterior end directed anteriorly; small and compact, about 1/4 length of abdomen; asymmetrical; foramen not formed. Epandrium divided into left and right lamellae. Left epandrial lamella (Fig. 16) partially overlapping left side of hypandrium, posterior margin trifurcate, ventrally fused with hypandrium but margin distinct; ventral epandrial process apparently articulated at base, long and slender with slight upward bend, tip hook-like and bent ventrally. Left surstylus bilobed, dorsal and ventral lobes separated by U-shaped cleft through which left postgonite lobe protrudes. Dorsal lobe of left surstylus with long apical seta, shorter dorsal seta and short preapical medial seta, lacking prensiseta. Ventral lobe of left surstylus as long as dorsal lobe with several elongate and strong ventral setae. Right epandrial lamella (Fig. 17) partially overlapping right side of hypandrium, ventrally fused with hypandrium but margin distinct, similar in length to hypandrium, with prominent seta near middle of posterior margin; ventral epandrial process present, narrow, straight and dorsally projected with pointed tip. Right surstylus bilobed, dorsal and ventral lobes separated by U-shaped cleft through which right postgonite lobe protrudes. Dorsal lobe of right surstylus relatively short with medially projected apical seta, long preapical dorsal seta and shorter dorsal seta, lacking prensiseta. Ventral lobe of right surstylus about 2X longer than dorsal lobe, with 1 ventral seta near base, 1 medial seta near middle and short apical seta. Hypandrium bowl-shaped, about as long as epandrium in lateral view. Left postgonite lobe large, apically bilobate, with thumb-like dorsomedial lobe and longer ventral lobe (Fig. 16). Right postgonite lobe shorter than left lobe, apically bilobate with ventral lobe as long as dorsomedial lobe and pointed medially (Fig. 17). Phallus tubular, J-shaped, projected dorsally, with pointed process near middle, with tip not expanded. Ejaculatory apodeme keel-like. Hypoproct simple and relatively narrow in dorsal view (Fig. 18), left and right sides symmetrical. Cercus subtriangular in dorsal view (Fig. 18) with projected apex bearing seta, with 3 prominent dorsal setae, left and right cercus symmetrical. Female. Unknown. Distribution. This new species is known only from the type locality of Port Levy and the nearby locality of Sumner Beach, near Christchurch, South Island, New Zealand (Figs 3, 5–7). Etymology. This species is named in honour of our colleague, Dr. Stephen A. Marshall of the University of Guelph, who collected the holotype of this new species, as well as other valuable shoreline empidoid specimens. Remarks. The holotype male was collected in a pan trap along a stream bed near the sea (Figs 5–7) and the male from Sumner Beach was hand collected on a sandy exposed flat beach., Published as part of Brooks, Scott E. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2022, New Australasian Parathalassiinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae sensu lato), pp. 521-543 in Zootaxa 5188 (6) on pages 526-527, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.6.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7103618

Genus Palaeomedeterus Meunier, 1895 Type species. Tipula culiciforme Meunier, 1899, by subsequent monotypy in Meunier (1899: 174) [= Palaeomedeterus meunieri Meuffels & Grootaert, 1999]. Diagnosis. Male: face and clypeus only slightly narrowed beneath antenna; scape dorsally bare; postpedicel rounded subrectangular, with dorsoapical arista; ac setae biseriate; 6 dc setae, decreasing in size anteriorly; median scutellar seta strong, lateral scutellar seta reduced to fine hair or absent; long propleural seta present ventrad of anterior spiracle; TI mostly bare, but with distinct ventral apical seta; TII with ad-pd setal pairs and very strong anterior seta near 1/3; FII and FIII with distinct anterior preapical setae; M 1 beyond dmm crossvein becoming subparallel with R 4+5, with M 1 ending behind wing apex; sternite 4 slightly enlarged ventrally to form hood for hypopygium, and with row of closely spaced setae along posterior margin; segment 7 as short peduncle; hypopygium subrectangular; surstylus subrectangular; cercus short tapering subtriangular, with long apical setae. Remarks. The genus Palaeomedeterus includes some eight nominal species from Baltic amber (Evenhuis, 2014) and the new Camber amber species described below., Published as part of BICKEL, DANIEL J., MARTIN, JOHN, AGNIHOTRI, PRIYA & SINGH, HUKAM, 2022, Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from the Eocene amber deposits of Cambay and Kutch Basins, India, pp. 475-486 in Palaeoentomology 5 (5) on page 481, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7333779, {"references":["Meunier, F. (1895) Les Dolichopodidae de l'ambre tertiaire. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles (Memoires), 19, 173 - 175.","Meunier, F. (1899) Revision des dipteres fossiles types de Loew conserves au Musee Provincial de Koenigsberg [part]. Miscellanea Entomologica, 7, 169 - 182.","Evenhuis, N. L. (2014) Family Dolichopodidae. In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.), Catalogue of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera) website. Version 2.0. Available at: http: // hbs. bishopmuseum. org / fossilcat / fossdolicho. html. (Accessed 13 September 2022)."]}

Chimerothalassius sinclairi sp. nov. (Figs 8–10, 26–33) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4402E850-080F-4802-8725-15A2D694503E Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ labelled: “ NEW CALEDONIA: Parc / Rivève [sic] Bleue; R. Bleue / nr. refuge [ca 22°05ʹ50ʺS 166°38ʹ17ʺE], 20–21.vii./ 1995; B.J. Sinclair / ex. yellow pans”; “ CNC/ 1155798 ”; “ HOLOTYPE / Chimerothalassius sinclairi / Brooks & Cumming [red label]” (MNHN). Diagnosis. Known only from a single male, C. sinclairi sp. nov. is distinguished from the other known Australasian species of the genus by its white capitate palpus (Figs 27, 28), and several hypopygial features (Figs 29–33) including: left ventral epandrial process with narrowed beak-like tip; left ventral surstylus short with short seta; right epandrial lamella with large elongate seta on posterior margin; right ventral epandrial process sinuous; phallus sinuous and narrow; cercus with long setae; hypoproct simple and broad. Description. Male (Figs 26–33): Body length 1.20 mm, wing length approximately 1 mm. Head (Figs 27, 28): Silvery grey pruinose with bluish reflections; broader than thorax in dorsal view; round in lateral view (about as broad as high); broader than high in anterior view; larger setae black. Ocellar triangle conspicuous. Occiput weakly concave on upper median part. Eyes covered with short ommatrichia; medial edge of eye with distinct emargination adjacent to antenna; ommatidia progressively smaller anterodorsally. Frons 3X broader than high, widening above. Face narrow, with eyes nearly contiguous. Face and clypeus concolorous with rest of head. Clypeus not separated from face, small and triangular, not produced. Setae of head well differentiated: 1 pair of weakly reclinate frontoorbitals close to base of antennae; 1 pair of small anterior ocellars; 1 pair of small posterior ocellars; 1 pair of inclinate inner verticals (sometimes referred to as postocellars); 2 pairs of lateroclinate outer verticals; postoculars short fine and pale, upper few setae uniserial, lower setae scattered and longer around oral cavity. Antenna entirely pale brown, inserted slightly above middle of head in profile; scape short, funnel-shaped; pedicel slightly longer than scape, spheroidal with subapical circlet of setulae; postpedicel 2.7X longer than wide, bulb-shaped with basal 1/3 round and distal 2/3 narrow, clothed in fine setulae, longer on narrow distal part; arista-like stylus 1.6X length of postpedicel, with minute hairs. Palpus bright white, narrow basally, abruptly capitate apically. Proboscis pale brown, short. Gena narrow. Thorax: Brown with light silver-grey pruinosity, with green and bronze reflections especially dorsally, setae black. Mesoscutum weakly arched, prescutellar depression present. Proepisternum with tiny upper and tiny lower seta. Postpronotal lobe with 1 minute seta. Mesonotum longer than wide. Acrostichal setae short, uniserial and irregular; other thoracic setae mostly short and weak, each side of mesonotum with: approximately 7 dorsocentrals (anterior setae similar to acrostichals, posterior seta stronger), apparently 2 short presutural supra-alars (posthumerals), postsutural supra-alar broken or absent, 2 strong notopleurals, postalar apparently broken. Scutellum broadly subtriangular with 1 long, strong, dorsally projected seta per side. Mesopleuron bare. Halter whitish. Legs (Fig. 26): Mostly pale brown except, fore coxa pale yellow, femora partially to mostly pale yellow ventrally; with mostly short pale setae; tarsomeres 1–4 of all legs progressively shorter apically with tarsomere 5 slightly longer than 4; tarsomere 5 of all legs with dorsomedial finger-like process; tarsal claws small, pulvilli and empodium normally developed on all legs. Foreleg: Coxa with fine setae on anterior surface, several basal setae longer, apical margin with setae longer; femur slightly longer than tibia and somewhat enlarged, with series of several small erect setae basally and series of stronger posteroventral setae along distal half; tarsus subequal in length to tibia; tarsomere 1 subequal to combined length of tarsomeres 2–4. Midleg: Coxa obscured from view; femur, tibia and tarsus subequal in length; tarsomere 1 subequal to combined length of tarsomeres 2–4. Hindleg: Coxa with 1 visible pale seta on lateral surface; femur slightly longer than tibia; tarsus subequal in length to tibia; tarsomere 1 subequal to combined length of tarsomeres 2–3. Wing (Fig. 26): Similar to C. riparius sp. nov. (see Fig. 22), except as follows: Extreme anterior base of costa bare. Base of wing proximal to tip of cell cua quite narrow. Calypter without setae. Abdomen (Figs 29, 30): Pale brown with small brownish setae (weaker on sternites); sternite 6 and segment 7 bare. Segments 5–7 narrowed and laterally compressed to form cavity on right side for hypopygium. Sternite 5 lacking pregenitalic process. Sternite 8 ovoid, with short setae; tergite 8 indistinct. Hypopygium (Figs 29–33): Concolorous with pregenitalic abdominal sclerites; lateroflexed to right; inverted with posterior end directed anteriorly; small and compact, about 1/4 length of abdomen; asymmetrical; foramen not formed. Epandrium divided into left and right lamellae. Left epandrial lamella (Fig. 31) largely overlapping left side of hypandrium, with broadly projecting and rounded anterior margin, posterior margin trifurcate, ventrally fused with hypandrium but margin distinct; ventral epandrial process apparently not articulated at base, long and slender, bent ventrally, with narrowed beak-like tip. Left surstylus bilobed, dorsal and ventral lobes separated by shallow U-shaped cleft through which left postgonite lobe protrudes. Dorsal lobe of left surstylus broadened mid-ventrally with short apical seta, long preapical dorsal seta and short dorsal seta, lacking prensiseta. Ventral lobe of left surstylus short with short preapical seta. Right epandrial lamella (Fig. 32) elongate and subtriangular, partially overlapping right side of hypandrium, ventrally fused with hypandrium but margin distinct, longer than hypandrium, with large elongate seta near middle of posterior margin; ventral epandrial process present, sinuous and projecting dorsally, hidden behind right epandrial lamella. Right surstylus bilobed, dorsal and ventral lobes separated by U-shaped cleft through which right postgonite lobe protrudes. Dorsal lobe of right surstylus short with short apical seta, long preapical dorsal seta and short dorsal seta, lacking prensiseta. Ventral lobe of right surstylus elongate and broadly bifurcate apically, with 1 ventral seta near middle and 1 small medial seta near bifurcation. Hypandrium relatively small and narrowing anteriorly, shorter than epandrium in lateral view. Left postgonite lobe large and long, broad basally, gradually tapered to narrow apex (Fig. 31). Right postgonite lobe shorter than left lobe, with broad rounded apex (Fig. 32). Phallus tubular, sinuous and narrow, bent upwards. Ejaculatory apodeme apparently keel-like. Hypoproct simple and broad in dorsal view (Fig. 33) left and right sides symmetrical. Cercus subrectangular in dorsal view (Fig. 33), with 3 long setae, left and right cercus symmetrical. Female. Unknown. Distribution. This new species is known only from the type locality along Rivère Bleue in the Yaté Commune of the South Province of New Caledonia (Figs 8–10). Etymology. This species is named in honour of our colleague, Dr. Bradley J. Sinclair who collected the unique holotype along the margin of Rivère Bleue (Figs 9, 10) using yellow pan traps. Brad’s collecting efforts in Australia and New Caledonia also produced the only known specimens of Chimerothalassius riparius sp. nov. and Microphorella viticula sp. nov. Remarks. The holotype of C. sinclairi sp. nov. was collected together with the type series of C. riparius sp. nov. in yellow pan traps placed along the margin of Rivère Bleue., Published as part of Brooks, Scott E. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2022, New Australasian Parathalassiinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae sensu lato), pp. 521-543 in Zootaxa 5188 (6) on pages 530-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.6.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7103618

One species of Chimerothalassius Shamshev & Grootaert, namely C. marshalli sp. nov. is described from New Zealand, and two other species, namely C. riparius sp. nov. and C. sinclairi sp. nov. are described from New Caledonia. Two species of Microphorella Becker, namely M. bungle sp. nov. and M. viticula sp. nov., are described from Australia. These new parathalassiine descriptions increase the Australasian species diversity of Chimerothalassius and Microphorella to four species each. In addition, the genus Eothalassius Shamshev & Grootaert is recorded from New Caledonia based on a single female, and the male genitalia of the Australian species M. iota Colless is newly illustrated. A key to the genera and species of male Parathalassiinae in the Australasian Region is also provided.

Subfamily Peloropeodinae Robinson, 1970 The subfamily Peloropeodinae was erected by Robinson (1970) for a number of small-sized genera that mostly share a flattened posterior mesonotum, veins R 4+5 and M 1 parallel, and with anterior preapical setae present on femora II and III. However, the male postabdomen of the included genera show a wide range of morphological structure, suggesting the subfamily is not monophyletic, but a heterogeneous assemblage. Further, Lim et al. (2010) state that based on molecular data, the dolichopodid subfamily Peloropeodinae fails the test of monophyly. Nevertheless, it serves as a “holding taxon” for a number of disparate mostly small-sized dolichopodid genera. Grichanov & Negrobov (2018) placed the fossil genus Palaeomedeterus Meunier in the subfamily, where it remains until its taxonomic position can be clarified., Published as part of BICKEL, DANIEL J., MARTIN, JOHN, AGNIHOTRI, PRIYA & SINGH, HUKAM, 2022, Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from the Eocene amber deposits of Cambay and Kutch Basins, India, pp. 475-486 in Palaeoentomology 5 (5) on page 480, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7333779, {"references":["Robinson, H. (1970) The subfamilies of the family Dolichopodidae in North and South America (Diptera). Papeis Avulsos de Zoology, Sao Paulo, 23 (6), 53 - 62.","Lim, G. S., Hwang, W. S., Kutty, S. N., Meier, R. & Grootaert, P. (2010) Mitochondrial and nuclear markers support the monophyly of Dolichopodidae and suggest a rapid origin of the subfamilies (Diptera: Empidoidea). Systematic Entomology, 35, 59 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2009.00481. x","Grichanov, I. Ya. & Negrobov, O. P. (2018) Peloropeodinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Baltic amber. Caucasian Entomological Bulletin, 14 (1), 95 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.23885 / 1814 - 3326 - 2018 - 14 - 1 - 95 - 104"]}

Microphorella viticula sp. nov. (Figs 1, 2, 49–55) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B4BCEB5C-323D-48AF-AE00-604896D7A5EC Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ labelled: “ AUST: NSW: Blue Mtns. N.P./ Blackheath, Govetts/ Leap [ca 33°38′S 150°19′E], 4.iv.1994 / B.J. Sinclair / ex. dry scler. creek”; “ HOLOTYPE / Microphorella viticula / Brooks & Cumming [red label]” (CNC). Diagnosis. Males of M. viticula sp. nov. are distinguished from the other known Australasian Microphorella by the following combination of features: body and legs dark brown with black setation (Fig. 49); palpus dark and narrowly ovate (Fig. 51); hypopygium (Figs 53–55) with phallus greatly elongated, slender and tightly curled; hypandrium relatively small, slightly wider than epandrial lamellae in lateral view. Description. Male (Fig. 49): Body length 1.32 mm, wing length 1.35 mm. Similar to M. bungle sp. nov. except as follows: Head (Figs 50, 51): 2 pairs of inclinate fronto-orbitals, posterior pair smaller; postocular setae slightly longer and pale brown; postpedicel 2X longer than wide, with basal half round and distal half narrow; arista-like stylus 1.8X length of postpedicel. Thorax (Fig. 50). Legs (Fig. 49). Wing (Fig. 52). Abdomen (Figs 49, 53–55): Hypopygium (some details not visible on unique undissected holotype): Left ventral epandrial process longer. Ventral lobe of right surstylus apparently short, with a few apical setae. Hypandrium with posterior margin drawn into short pointed tip projecting dorsally and supporting protruding phallus. Ventral part of left postgonite lobe (medial to base of left ventral epandrial process) apparently developed into large flap-like lobe. Phallus greatly elongated, slender and tightly curled. Female. Unknown. Distribution. This species is known only from the type locality of Govetts Leap in Blue Mountains National Park, New South Wales, Australia (Figs 1, 2). Etymology. From the Latin viticula, meaning tendril, in reference to the long thin curled phallus of the male. Remarks. The single holotype male is stated as having been taken in dry sclerophyl habitat near the creek (Fig. 2), but was likely collected where the trail crosses the stream (B.J. Sinclair, pers. comm., 2022). Aside from the difference in phallic structure, the hypopygial morphology of M. viticula sp. nov. is very similar to M. bungle sp. nov. and the species appear closely related., Published as part of Brooks, Scott E. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2022, New Australasian Parathalassiinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae sensu lato), pp. 521-543 in Zootaxa 5188 (6) on page 541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.6.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7103618

Chimerothalassius riparius sp. nov. (Figs 8–10, 19–25) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CD5E6F66-2F72-4B6B-8235-30B3DDBE6D23 Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ labelled: “ NEW CALEDONIA: Parc/ Rivève[sic] Bleue; R.Bleue/ nr. Refuge [ca 22°05ʹ50ʺS 166°38ʹ17ʺE], 20–21.vii./ 1995; B.J. Sinclair / ex. yellow pans”; “ CNC/ 1155797 ”; “ HOLOTYPE / Chimerothalassius riparius / Brooks & Cumming [red label]” (MNHN). PARATYPES: NEW CALEDONIA: same data as holotype (1♀, CNC); same data as holotype except, CNC1155799 (1♀, MNHN). Diagnosis. Chimerothalassius riparius sp. nov. is distinguished from the other known Australasian species of the genus by its brown, capitate palpus (Fig. 19). Males are further distinguished by several hypopygial features (Figs 23–25) including: left ventral epandrial process with tip weakly bent; left ventral surstylus long and narrow with short setae; right ventral epandrial process strongly upcurved; phallus with tip not expanded and lacking process near midlength; hypoproct bifid with narrow dorsal lobe and longer broader ventral lobe. Females are further characterized by their terminalia with acanthophorous spines and pointed, upturned cercus (Fig. 21). Description. Male (Figs 19, 20, 22–25): Wing length 1.10 mm. Head (Figs 19, 20): Dark grey pruinose with green and bronze reflections dorsally; broader than thorax in dorsal view; ovoid in lateral view (higher than broad); about as broad as high in anterior view; larger setae black. Ocellar triangle conspicuous. Occiput concave on upper median part. Eyes covered with short ommatrichia; medial edge of eye with distinct emargination adjacent to antenna; ommatidia progressively smaller anterodorsally. Frons 2.3X broader than high, widening above. Face narrow, with eyes nearly contiguous, concolorous with rest of head. Clypeus not separated from face, small and triangular, weakly produced medially, brownish medially, grey laterally. Setae of head well differentiated: 1 pair of weakly inclinate fronto-orbitals about midway between base of antennae and ocellar triangle; 1 pair of lateroclinate anterior ocellars; 1 pair of small posterior ocellars; 1 pair of weakly inclinate inner verticals (sometimes referred to as postocellars); 2 pairs of lateroclinate outer verticals; postoculars short fine and pale, upper setae uniserial, lower setae scattered, lowermost seta longer. Antenna entirely dark brown, inserted slightly above middle of head in profile; scape short, funnel-shaped; pedicel subequal in length to scape, spheroidal with subapical circlet of setulae; postpedicel 1.1X longer than wide, bulb-shaped with very short narrow tip, clothed in fine setulae; arista-like stylus 3X length of postpedicel, with minute hairs. Palpus brown, narrow basally, abruptly capitate apically, with short hairs. Proboscis dark brown, short. Gena narrow. Thorax: Dark grey pruinose with green and bronze reflections especially dorsally, setae black. Mesoscutum moderately arched, prescutellar depression present. Proepisternum with minute seta. Postpronotal lobe with 2 minute setae. Mesonotum longer than wide. Acrostichal setae absent; other thoracic setae well differentiated, each side of mesonotum with: 4 dorsocentrals, 1 presutural supra-alar (posthumeral), 1 postsutural supra-alar, 2 notopleurals, 1 postalar. Scutellum broadly subtriangular with 1 long, strong, dorsally projected seta per side. Mesopleuron bare. Halter pale brown. Legs: Evenly brown, except apex of fore coxa yellow; with mostly short setae; tarsomeres 1–4 of all legs progressively shorter apically with tarsomere 5 slightly longer than 4; tarsomere 5 of all legs with very weakly developed dorsomedial process; tarsal claws, pulvilli and empodium normally developed on all legs. Foreleg: Coxa apparently with short, sparse pale setae on anterior surface, apical margin with setae longer; femur, tibia and tarsus subequal in length; tarsomere 1 subequal to combined length of tarsomeres 2–4. Midleg: Coxa with a few pale setae; femur subequal in length to tibia, with row of anteroventral setae (subequal in length to femur width); tarsus slightly longer than tibia; tarsomere 1 partially obscured from view. Hindleg: Coxa with 2 pale setae on lateral surface; femur, tibia and tarsus subequal in length; tarsomere 1 subequal to combined length of tarsomeres 2–3. Wing (Fig. 22): With brownish tinge, veins dark brown, about 2.5X longer than wide. Pterostigma absent, membrane entirely covered with minute microtrichia, alula absent. Costa circumambient. Extreme anterior base of costa apparently with 1 strong anterodorsal seta (broken in unique holotype) and at least 1 shorter proximal seta. Anterior section of costa (between base and R 2+3) with double row of relatively widely spaced spine-like setae. Posterior section of costa (beyond R 2+3) with setae finer, longer and more closely spaced. Radial and medial veins M 1 and M 4 complete and reaching wing margin, M 2 and CuA+CuP (anal vein) absent, Sc faint. R 1 short, terminating near basal 1/3 of wing. Base of Rs originating opposite humeral crossvein. R 2+3 subparallel with R 1 in basal part, subparallel with R 4+ 5 in distal part. R 4+5 weakly sinuous. M 1 straight in basal half, sinuous in distal half and curving posteriorly to costa apically. M 4 mostly straight with posterior curve to costa apically. CuA rounded. Short r-m crossvein present in basal portion of wing, distal to base of R 4+5. Crossvein bm-m incomplete. Cell dm, base of M 2 and dm-m crossvein absent. Cells br, bm and cua in basal fourth of wing. Cell cua closed, ovoid. Anal lobe not developed. Calypter with fine setae. Abdomen: Brown with small dark setae (weaker and pale on sternites); sternite 6 mainly bare, segment 7 bare. Segments 5–7 narrowed and laterally compressed to form cavity on right side for hypopygium. Sternite 5 lacking pregenitalic process. Sternite 8 ovoid, with short setae; tergite 8 indistinct. Hypopygium (Figs 23–25): Concolorous with pregenitalic abdominal sclerites; lateroflexed to right; inverted with posterior end directed anteriorly; small and compact, about 1/4 length of abdomen; asymmetrical; foramen not formed. Epandrium divided into left and right lamellae. Left epandrial lamella (Fig. 23) partially overlapping left side of hypandrium, posterior margin trifurcate, ventrally fused with hypandrium but margin distinct; ventral epandrial process apparently not articulated at base, long and slender, projected dorsally, tip with weak weakly ventral bend. Left surstylus bilobed, dorsal and ventral lobes separated by U-shaped cleft through which left postgonite lobe protrudes. Dorsal lobe of left surstylus with short apical seta, long preapical dorsal seta, and short dorsal seta, lacking prensiseta. Ventral lobe of left surstylus longer than dorsal lobe, narrow with relatively short setae ventrally. Right epandrial lamella (Fig. 24) partially overlapping right side of hypandrium, ventrally fused with hypandrium but margin distinct, slightly longer than hypandrium, with prominent seta near middle of posterior margin; ventral epandrial process present, narrow and strongly upcurved. Right surstylus bilobed, dorsal and ventral lobes separated by U-shaped cleft through which right postgonite lobe protrudes. Dorsal lobe of right surstylus broad with short apical seta, long preapical dorsal seta and short dorsal seta, lacking prensiseta. Ventral lobe of right surstylus about 3X longer than dorsal lobe, with 1 ventral seta near middle and 1 preapical medial seta. Hypandrium bowl-shaped, slightly shorter than epandrium in lateral view. Left postgonite lobe large, deeply bilobate, with thumb-like dorsomedial lobe and longer ventral lobe (Fig. 23). Right postgonite lobe shorter than left lobe, apically bilobate with ventral lobe about as long as dorsomedial lobe (Fig. 24). Phallus tubular, J-shaped, projected dorsally, with flange-like ventral projection near base, with tip not expanded. Ejaculatory apodeme keellike. Hypoproct bifid with narrow dorsal lobe and longer broader ventral lobe, left and right sides symmetrical (Fig. 25). Cercus subtriangular in dorsal view (Fig. 25), with small preapical seta and 2 prominent dorsal setae, left and right cercus symmetrical. Female: Body length 1.30 mm, wing length 1.40 mm. Similar to male except as follows: Abdomen (Fig. 21): Tapering posteriorly, apical segments retracted into segment 5. Terminalia with tergite 8 medially divided, narrowly fused with sternite 8 anterolaterally; syntergite 9+10 medially divided with 4 acanthophorous spines on each side; cercus with narrow, upturned and pointed tip, with short ventral setulae; spermathecal duct an unsclerotized tube with broad ridged sperm pump in basal part (terminal part lost in dissected female). Distribution. This new species is known only from the type locality along Rivère Bleue in the Yaté Commune of the South Province of New Caledonia (Figs 8–10). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the riparian habit of the new species (Figs 9, 10). Remarks. Formerly, Cumming & Brooks (2019) included this exemplar species (i.e., “ New Caledonia sp.”) as a member of “Undescribed genus [New Caledonia]” in their phylogenetic analysis of the Parathalassiinae, because presence of female terminalia with acanthophorous spines was not considered typical of Chimerothalassius at that time. The type series of C. riparius sp. nov. was collected together with the holotype of C. sinclairi sp. nov. in yellow pan traps placed along the margin of Rivère Bleue.

Microphorella Becker Microphorella Becker, 1909: 28. Type species: Microphorus praecox Loew, 1864, by original designation. Diagnosis. Australasian Microphorella can be distinguished from other parathalassiines by the following suite of characters: head with face broad (about width of combined antennal bases or wider) (Fig. 41), gena weakly developed to moderately broad, antenna with arista-like stylus not lengthened (about 2X length of postpedicel) (Figs 40, 51), mouthparts directed ventrally with fleshy labellum, palpus narrowly ovate (Figs 40, 41, 51), or broadly clavate and flattened; thorax with prosternum fused to proepisternum forming precoxal bridge, scutellum with 1 pair of strong setae near apex; wing with vein M 2 and cell dm present (Fig. 52), vein R 1 reaching costa beyond or (rarely) just before base of M 2, cell cua convex apically, vein CuA + CuP short to absent, anal lobe barely developed; male terminalia with right epandrial lamella lacking ventral process, cerci including hypoproct nearly symmetrical and pointed (Figs 44–46, 48); female abdomen with apical segments retracted into segment 6, syntergite 9+10 divided and bearing acanthophorous setae or acanthophorous spines, cercus narrowly rounded or pointed apically with or without apical setae. Remarks. Microphorella as currently recognized, is made up of at least 12 species groups worldwide (Cumming & Brooks 2019, 2022). Three of these species groups are known from the Australasian Region and are not closely related (Cumming & Brooks 2019). The three separate groups comprise the M. malaysiana species group with three Southeast Asian species plus M. papuana Shamshev & Grootaert from Irian Jaya, New Guinea (Shamshev & Grootaert 2004), the M. iota species group, with a single species from eastern Australia, and a separate Australian species group that includes two new species described below. Worldwide the genus is known from various riparian and coastal habitats (Cumming & Brooks 2019), with the New Guinean M. papuana restricted to coastal beaches and the Australian species collected along creeks and streams., Published as part of Brooks, Scott E. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2022, New Australasian Parathalassiinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae sensu lato), pp. 521-543 in Zootaxa 5188 (6) on pages 535-536, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.6.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7103618, {"references":["Becker, T. (1909) Microphorus Macq. und seine nachsten Verwandten. (Diptera). Wiener entomologische Zeitung, 28, 25 - 28.","Loew, H. (1864) Ueber die schlesischen Arten der Gattungen Tachypeza Meig. (Tachypeza, Tachista, Dysaletria) und Microphorus Macq. (Trichina und Microphorus). Zeitschrift fur Entomologie, Breslau, 14, 1 - 50.","Cumming, J. M. & Brooks, S. E. (2019) Phylogenetic analysis and preliminary classification of the Parathalassiinae (Empidoidea: Dolichopodidae sensu lato). Zootaxa, 4648 (1), 111 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4648.1.5","Cumming, J. M. & Brooks, S. E. (2022) Establishment of the Microphorella breviradia species group, with a key to the Nearctic species groups of Microphorella Becker (Diptera: Dolichopodidae sensu lato: Parathalassiinae). Zootaxa, 5134 (2), 197 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5134.2.2","Shamshev, I. V. & Grootaert, P. (2004) Descriptions of four new species of the genus Microphorella Becker (Diptera: Empidoidea, Microphoridae, Parathalassiini) from Southeast Asia and New Guinea, with notes on the relationships within the genus. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 52 (1), 45 - 58."]}

Palaeomedeterus cambayensis Bickel sp. nov. (Fig. 3A–D) Type material. Holotype: ♂, INDIA: Gujarat: Tadkeshwar Lignite Mine, Lower Eocene strata of the Cambay Shale formation, 21°21.400′N, 73°4.532′E, I/2009 – I/2012. D. Grimaldi & P. Nascimbene, Tad-476-B. Paratypes: ♂, same but Tad-476-A; ♂, same but KU-173-A; #f, same but Tad-124 (all AMNH). Additional material. Specimens that are obscured or damaged but possibly belong to this species. ♂, similar to holotype data, but Tad-483; ♂, same but Tad-448 (AMNH). Etymology. The specific epithet cambayensis refers to this species presence as inclusions in Cambay amber. Diagnosis. As for genus. Locality and horizon. Cambay and Kutch basins, Gujarat State, India; Eocene. Description. Male. Length: 1.7 mm; wing: 1.5 × 0.5 mm. Head. Dorsal postcranium slightly concave; vertex not excavated between ocellar tubercle; frons apparently dark metallic green, without pruinosity; postorbital setae major setae black; short postvertical setae; strong ocellar and slightly weaker vertical setae present; face and clypeus slightly narrowed beneath base of antennae, and parallel sided; eye with anterior facets enlarged; palp brown, with strong apical seta; proboscis brown; scape and pedicel dark brown; scape bare; pedicel with ring of short subapical setae, and with stronger dorsal and ventral seta: postpedicel dull brown, rounded subrectangular, with dorsoapical arista arising in subapical notch; arista about as long as head height; ventral postcranium with black setae; dorsal postorbital setae short and black. Thorax. Rather short and rounded in lateral view; posterior mesonotum not distinctly flattened and almost entirely dark brown with little apparent pruinosity; setae black; ac biseriate, 8–9 regular pairs; 6 strong dc, decreasing in size anteriorly; 1 postalar seta, 1 posterior supra-alar seta, 1 sutural intraalar and 1 shorter intraalar anteriad; 1 postpronotal seta, and 2 notopleural setae; scutellum with strong median setae and short hairlike lateral seta; ventral pronotum with strong seta projecting anteriorly just above base of CI. Legs. Coxae and remainder of legs dark brown; setae black; CI with short basally and with 3–4 strong distolateral setae, CII distally with some short anterolateral setae; CIII with single strong lateral seta near 1/3; I: 2.0; 2.0; 0.9/ 0.6/ 0.4/ 0.3/ 0.2; FI bare; TI from ¼ to apex with dorsal row of 8 slanted and spaced subequal setae; II: 2.4; 2.6; 1.4/ 0.7/ 0.5/ 0.4/ 0.2; FII with distinct anterior subapical seta at 5/6; TII with short ad-pd setal pair at 1/5, very strong anterior seta near 1/3 and with subapical circlet of ad, pd, av, and ventral seta; III: 2.5; 2.9; 0.6/1.0/ 0.5/ 0.4/ 0.3; FIII also with anterior subapical seta at 5/6, but weaker than that of FII; TIII with ad setae at 1/5, with irregular dorsal row of 4-5 strong setae and shorter setae, and with subapical circlet of ad, av, ventral, and pd seta. Wing. Hyaline; vein R 1 joining costa neat 1/3; R 2+3 joining costa at 7/8; vein R 4 + 5 in gentle curve with slight subapical anterior bend to join margin just anteriad of wing apex; vein M 1 unbranched, gently diverging from vein R 4+5, with flexion or bosse alaire halfway between crossvein dm-m and apex, then becoming subparallel with R 2+3 to join costa just posteriad of apex; crossvein dm-m straight; CuAx ratio: 0.6; anal vein weak; lower calypter brown with fan of black setae; halter yellow. Abdomen. Entirely dark brown with some metallic green reflections; tergites 1–6 with short black vestiture and strong setae along tergite margins; sternite 4 slightly enlarged with row of setae along posterior margin, and forming hood to receive distal hypopygium; tergite and sternite 7 forming short peduncle; sternite 8 ovate with some marginal setae, and covering left lateral hypopygial foramen; hypopygium including cercus mostly dark brown; epandrium rather short and rounded, subrectangular; surstylus short and tapering with some short distal setae; cercus yellowish, broadly subtriangular, and with apical group of some 8 strong setae. Female. Similar to male except as noted: eye facets uniform; podomere ratios and setation similar. Remarks. Palaeomedeterus cambayensis is known from four distinct specimens and three obscured/damaged specimens and appears to be a common species in Cambay amber. The dark brown legs, tibia I with dorsal row of short, slanted setae, and the broad ovate cercus with its group of apical setae is diagnostic for this species. This species is close to the also common Baltic amber species, Palaeomedeterus ignavus Meunier (Fig. 3E), and despite their separation in both time and space (see Discussion), they share the following diagnostic characters: a strong anterior seta near 1/3 on tibia II (see arrows on Fig. 3A and Fig. 3E), sternite 4 slightly enlarged with row of setae along posterior margin, and a large subtriangular cercus with apical setae (cf. Fig. 3C, E)., Published as part of BICKEL, DANIEL J., MARTIN, JOHN, AGNIHOTRI, PRIYA & SINGH, HUKAM, 2022, Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from the Eocene amber deposits of Cambay and Kutch Basins, India, pp. 475-486 in Palaeoentomology 5 (5) on pages 481-482, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7333779

Eothalassius sp. (Figs 8, 11, 34–38) Material Examined. NEW CALEDONIA: Plage de Poé [ca 21°36ʹ48ʺS 165°24ʹ02ʺE], 15.5 km W Bourail, 15.vii.1995, beach/shrubs, B.J. Sinclair (1♀, CNC). Diagnosis. Body length: 1.51 mm. This New Caledonian species of Eothalassius, known only from a single female specimen, has wing cell dm and crossvein dm-m present (Fig. 36), unlike E. platypalpus and E. merzi, but not E. borkenti and E. gracilis, and lacks spiny setae on the basal portion of the costa (Fig. 36) that are present in E. borkenti. The New Caledonian female is very similar to the relatively widespread E. gracilis, which is known from Thailand, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, but has a dark brown postpedicel (yellow in E. gracilis) and dark brown palpus (brownish-yellow in E. gracilis) (Fig. 35). Distribution. This potentially undescribed species is currently known only from the coast of the Bourail Commune in the South Province of New Caledonia (Figs 8, 11). Remarks. The unique female specimen of this apparently undescribed species represents the first record of the genus in New Caledonia. It was collected from a sandy coastal beach (Fig. 11), similar to the habitat of other Eothalassius species, except E. borkenti, which inhabits rocky seashores. Shamshev & Grootaert (2003) noted some colour variation among the type series of E. gracilis (with some paler specimens), so the discovery of a male of the New Caledonian Eothalassius is required to confirm its status as a separate species and not a darker form of E. gracilis., Published as part of Brooks, Scott E. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2022, New Australasian Parathalassiinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae sensu lato), pp. 521-543 in Zootaxa 5188 (6) on page 534, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.6.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7103618

Microphorella bungle sp. nov. (Figs 1, 39–46) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 33F100B8-3FC0-4D20-B1DB-0760FF53CB5F Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ labelled: “AUSTRALIA: New South/ Wales: Warrumbungle NP,/ Buckley’s Crk [ca 31.3083°S 149.0009°E], 12–17.xii.1995,/ M. Sharkey, CNC707570 ”; “ HOLOTYPE / Microphorella bungle / Brooks & Cumming [red label]” (ANIC). PARATYPES: AUSTRALIA: same data as holotype except, CNC707594, CNC707622, CNC707624, CNC707628, CNC707690, CNC707798, (6♂, ANIC); CNC707472, CNC707574, CNC707849 (3♂, CNC) Diagnosis. Males of M. bungle sp. nov. are distinguished from the other known Australasian Microphorella by the following combination of features: body and legs dark brown with black setation (Fig. 39); palpus dark and narrowly ovate (Fig. 40); hypopygium (Figs 43–45) with phallus relatively short and slender with tip straight and tubular; hypandrium relatively small, slightly wider than epandrial lamellae in lateral view. Description. Male (Figs 39–46): Body length 1.50–1.88 mm, wing length 1.42–1.72 mm. Head (Figs 40, 41): Dark brown pruinose; about as broad as thorax in dorsal view; ovoid in lateral view (higher than broad); broader than high in anterior view; setae black. Ocellar triangle conspicuous. Occiput weakly concave on upper median part. Eyes covered with short ommatrichia; medial edge of eye lacking distinct emargination adjacent to antenna; ommatidia of uniform size. Frons over 2X broader than high, widening above. Face broad, about width of combined antennal bases. Face and clypeus concolorous, dark brown. Clypeus not separated from face, slightly broader than high, weakly produced medially. Setae of head well differentiated: 1 pair of inclinate fronto-orbitals well-separated from base of antennae; 1 pair of lateroclinate anterior ocellars; 1 pair of small posterior ocellars; 1 pair of strong inclinate inner verticals (sometimes referred to as postocellars); 2 pairs of lateroclinate outer verticals; postocular setae short and uniserial. Antenna entirely dark brown, inserted above middle of head in profile; scape short, funnel-shaped; pedicel subequal in length to scape, spheroidal with subapical circlet of setulae; postpedicel nearly 2X longer than wide, bulb-shaped with basal 3/4 round and distal 1/4 narrow, clothed in fine setulae; arista-like stylus slightly greater than 2X length of postpedicel, with minute hairs. Palpus dark brown, relatively small, narrowly ovate, about 2X longer than wide, with 1 long preapical seta. Proboscis brown, short, projecting ventrally. Gena narrow. Thorax (Fig. 42): Dark brown pruinose, setae black. Mesoscutum moderately arched, prescutellar depression present. Proepisternum bare. Postpronotal lobe with minute seta. Mesonotum about as long as wide. Acrostichal setae absent; other thoracic setae well differentiated, each side of mesonotum with: 5 dorsocentrals (posterior seta stronger), 1 presutural supra-alar (posthumeral), 1 weaker postsutural supra-alar near suture (and a few similar sized setae anteriorly), 2 notopleurals, 1 postalar. Scutellum broadly subtriangular with 1 long, strong, posteriorly projected seta per side. Mesopleuron bare. Halter pale brown. Legs (Fig. 39): Dark brown; with mostly short dark setae; tarsomeres 1–4 of all legs progressively shorter apically with tarsomere 5 slightly longer than 4; tarsal claws, pulvilli and empodium normally developed on all legs. Foreleg: Coxa with fine setae on anterior surface, apical margin with setae longer; femur, tibia and tarsus subequal in length; tarsomere 1 slightly shorter than combined length of tarsomeres 2–5. Midleg: Coxa with lateral seta and several similar setae on apical margin; femur, tibia and tarsus subequal in length; tibia with relatively strong black preapical ventral seta; tarsomere 1 subequal to combined length of tarsomeres 2–5. Hindleg: Coxa with 2 setae on lateral surface and several similar setae on apical margin; femur subequal in length to tibia; tarsus slightly shorter than tibia; tarsomere 1 slightly shorter than combined length of tarsomeres 2–3. Wing (similar to Fig. 52): With brownish tinge, veins dark brown, about 2.5X longer than wide. Pterostigma absent, membrane entirely covered with minute microtrichia, alula absent. Costa circumambient. Extreme anterior base of costa with strong anterodorsal seta and a few shorter proximal setae. Anterior section of costa (between base and R 2+3) with double row of spine-like setae. Posterior section of costa (beyond R 2+3) with setae finer and slightly longer. Radial and medial veins complete and reaching wing margin, CuA+CuP (anal vein) faint and short, Sc faint apically. R 1 terminating near midpoint of wing, just beyond M 2. Base of Rs originating opposite humeral crossvein. R 2+3 subparallel with R 1 in basal 1/3, straight and subparallel with R 4+ 5 in distal part. R 4+5 nearly straight. M 1 straight. M 2 and M 4 slightly divergent beyond cell dm. Costal section between M 1 and M 2 longer than costal section between M 2 and M 4. CuA rounded. Short faint r-m crossvein present in basal portion of wing, distal to base of R 4+5. Crossvein bm-m incomplete. Cell dm present, closed by base of M 2 and dm-m crossvein, cell extending nearly to middle of wing. Cells br, bm and cua in basal fourth of wing. Cell cua closed, ovoid, partially infuscate. Anal lobe not developed. Calypter with fine setae. Abdomen (Fig. 43): Dark brown with weak black setae; segment 7 bare. Segments 6–7 narrowed and laterally compressed to form cavity on right side for hypopygium. Sternite 5 lacking pregenitalic process. Sternite 8 round, with short setae; tergite 8 indistinct. Hypopygium (Figs 43–46): Concolorous with abdomen; lateroflexed to right; inverted with posterior end directed anteriorly; small and compact, about 1/4 length of abdomen; asymmetrical; foramen not formed. Epandrium divided into left and right lamellae. Left epandrial lamella (Fig. 44) partially overlapping left side of hypandrium, posterior margin trifurcate, ventrally fused with hypandrium but margin distinct; ventral epandrial process apparently articulated at base, long and slender with slight upward bend beyond middle, tip flattened. Left surstylus bilobed, dorsal and ventral lobes separated by shallow U-shaped cleft through which left postgonite lobe protrudes. Dorsal lobe of left surstylus short with 2 apical setae, lacking prensiseta. Ventral lobe of left surstylus slightly longer than dorsal lobe with 3 apical setae. Right epandrial lamella (Fig. 45) partially overlapping right side of hypandrium, ventrally fused with hypandrium but margin distinct, shorter than hypandrium; ventral epandrial process absent. Right surstylus bilobed, dorsal and ventral lobes separated by U-shaped cleft through which right postgonite lobe protrudes. Dorsal lobe of right surstylus short with pair of apical setae and 1 lateral seta of similar size near base, lacking prensiseta. Ventral lobe of right surstylus about 3X longer than dorsal lobe, with 1 short ventral seta near middle, 2 longer ventral setae beyond middle and 1 short preapical seta. Hypandrium bowl-shaped, slightly longer than epandrium in lateral view, posterior margin not pointed below protruding phallus. Left postgonite Y-shaped, apically bilobate (Fig. 44). Right postgonite lobe broad and mitten-shaped, bilobate with broad rounded apical lobe and thumb-like dorsal lobe (Fig. 45). Phallus tubular, J-shaped, projected dorsally, not extending beyond upper margin of postgonite, tip straight and unmodified. Ejaculatory apodeme keel-like. Hypoproct simple, short with rounded margin, left and right sides slightly asymmetrical. Cercus somewhat broad and globular laterally with short pointed apicolateral process, with several setae medially, left and right cercus asymmetrical. Female. Unknown. Distribution. This species is known only from the type locality of Buckley’s Creek in Warrumbungle National Park, New South Wales, Australia (Fig. 1). Etymology. The species name is derived from Warrumbungle after the type locality in Warrumbungle National Park and should be regarded as a noun in apposition. Remarks. This species was collected along Buckley’s Creek. Aside from the difference in phallic structure, the hypopygial morphology of M. bungle sp. nov. is very similar to M. viticula sp. nov. and the species appear closely related., Published as part of Brooks, Scott E. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2022, New Australasian Parathalassiinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae sensu lato), pp. 521-543 in Zootaxa 5188 (6) on pages 536-539, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.6.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7103618

Microphorella iota Colless (Figs 1, 47, 48) Microphorella iota Colless, 1964: 320. Type locality: Mt. Majura, ACT, Australia. Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ labelled: “[AUSTRALIA] Mt. Majura [ca 35.2372°S 149.1822°E], A.C. T. [Australian Capital Territory]/ 2 Apr. 1963 / D.H. Colless. ”; “ ANIC 5873 / HOLOTYPE / Microphorella / iota. Colless. [red label]”; “ ANIC Database No./ 29 029403” (ANIC). ALLOTYPE ♀, same locality and date data as holotype (ANIC). PARATYPES: AUSTRALIA: A.C. T., Canberra, Mt. Majura, 29.ix.1960, D.H. Colless (1♂, ANIC); A.C. T. Ginninderra Falls [ca 35.1968°S 148.9617°E], 28.ii.1962, D.H. Colless (2♀, ANIC). Other material examined. AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Colo Vale [ca 34.4017°S 150.4886°E], 17.i.1957, W.W, Wirth (5♀, USNM). Diagnosis. Males of M. iota are distinguished from the other known Australasian Microphorella by the following combination of features: body and legs blackish brown or blackish grey with black setation; palpus dark and narrowly ovate, dorsal surface with club-tipped processes (Colless 1964, fig. 1d); hypopygium (Figs 47, 48) with phallus relatively short, swollen along midlength, with tip bent back and brush-like; hypandrium large, distinctly wider than epandrial lamellae in lateral view. Distribution. In addition to the two localities in the Australian Capital Territory listed above, Colless (1964) recorded two female paratypes (in the Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia) from Sassafras Gully [ca 33.6992°S 150.5711°E], Springwood, in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales collected by D.K. McAlpine on 10.i.1956. We have also seen additional specimens from Colo Vale in New South Wales (Fig. 1). Remarks. Until this study, M. iota was the the only described species of Microphorella known from Australia. In their phylogenetic analysis of the Parathalassiinae, Cumming & Brooks (2019), determined that M. iota was not closely related to M. papuana from New Guinea or the two new Australian species of Microphorella described in this paper. Males of M. iota have club-tipped processes on the dorsal surface of the palpus, possess a unique phallus with a modified brush-like apex and have a large hypandrium. Colless (1964) states that specimens of M. iota were all collected by sweeping near streams. The females from Colo Vale differ slightly from the other known specimens by their blackish grey coloration., Published as part of Brooks, Scott E. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2022, New Australasian Parathalassiinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae sensu lato), pp. 521-543 in Zootaxa 5188 (6) on pages 539-541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.6.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7103618, {"references":["Colless, D. H. (1964) An Australian species of Microphorella (Diptera: Empididae), with notes on the phylogenetic significance of the genus. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 88, 320 - 323.","Cumming, J. M. & Brooks, S. E. (2019) Phylogenetic analysis and preliminary classification of the Parathalassiinae (Empidoidea: Dolichopodidae sensu lato). Zootaxa, 4648 (1), 111 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4648.1.5"]}

Key to male Parathalassiinae in the Australasian Region Ten species are currently known from the region, although additional species undoubtedly occur. Since a number of species are known only from males, female diagnostic features as they are understood, are summarized in the generic diagnoses above. 1 Wing with vein M 2 present; cell dm usually present (Fig. 52), but sometimes cell dm and crossvein dm-m absent (Shamshev & Grootaert 2005, fig. 12)................................................................................ 5 - Wing with vein M 2, cell dm and crossvein dm-m absent (Fig. 22)............................ Chimerothalassius … 2 2 Palpus elongate and gradually enlarged apically (Figs 12, 14) (New Zealand)..................................... 3 - Palpus abruptly capitate apically, narrow basally (Figs 19, 27, 28) (New Caledonia)................................ 4 3 Head and thorax primarily silver-grey pruinose; mesonotal setae rather short and weak; legs pale yellowish; palpus largely yellow (Fig. 12); genal setae weak and pale (Fig. 12); hypopygium with phallus tip funnel-shaped (Shamshev & Grootaert 2002, fig. 20)................................................................... C. ismayi Shamshev & Grootaert - Head and thorax primarily dark brown-grey pruinose; mesonotal setae strong; legs brownish; palpus dark brown (Figs 14, 15); genal setae strong and dark (Fig. 14); hypopygium with phallus tip not expanded (Fig. 16).......... C. marshalli sp. nov. 4 Palpus brown (Fig. 19); antennal postpedicel with very short narrow tip (Fig. 20); mesonotum with acrostichal setae absent and dorsocentral setae strong; hypopygium with enlarged hypoproct (Figs 23–25)...................... C. riparius sp. nov. - Palpus white (Figs 27, 28); antennal postpedicel with long narrow tip (Fig. 27); mesonotum with acrostichal and dorsocentral setae short and weak; hypopygium with short hypoproct (Fig. 33)............................... C. sinclairi sp. nov. 5 Face narrow, about width of anterior ocellus; arista-like stylus lengthened, at least 5X as long as postpedicel (as in Fig. 35; Shamshev & Grootaert 2005, figs 1, 2)...................................................... Eothalassius … 6 - Face broad, about width of combined antennal bases or wider (Fig. 41); arista-like stylus shorter, about 2X as long as postpedicel (Figs 40, 51)....................................................................... Microphorella … 7 6 Wing with cell dm and crossvein dm-m present (as in Fig. 36; Shamshev & Grootaert 2005, fig. 25)............................................................................................ E. gracilis Shamshev & Grootaert - Wing with cell dm and crossvein dm-m absent (Shamshev & Grootaert 2005, fig. 12)..................................................................................................... E. platypalpus Shamshev & Grootaert 7 Body and legs with pale setation; head and thorax pale grey pollinose; palpus broadly clavate, flattened and pale (New Guinea).................................................................... M. papuana Shamshev & Grootaert - Body and legs with black setation; head and thorax dark brownish or dark grey pollinose (Figs 39–42, 49–51); palpus narrowly ovate, dark brown (Figs 40, 41, 51) (Australia)............................................................. 8 8 Hypopygium with phallus elongate, tightly curled (Figs 53–55)................................. M. viticula sp. nov. - Hypopygium with phallus relatively short, not tightly curled (Figs 43–45, 47, 48).................................. 9 9 Hypopygium with phallus tip bent and brush-like (Figs 47, 48)..................................... M. iota Colless - Hypopygium with phallus tip straight and tubular (Figs 44, 45)................................. M. bungle sp. nov., Published as part of Brooks, Scott E. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2022, New Australasian Parathalassiinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae sensu lato), pp. 521-543 in Zootaxa 5188 (6) on pages 541-542, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.6.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7103618, {"references":["Shamshev, I. V. & Grootaert, P. (2005) Eothalassius, a new genus of parathalassiine flies (Diptera: Empidoidea: Dolichopodidae) from Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea. European Journal of Entomology, 102, 107 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2005.016","Shamshev, I. V. & Grootaert, P. (2002) A new genus of Microphorinae (Diptera Empidoidea) from New Zealand. Belgian Journal of Entomology, 4, 129 - 144."]}

Chimerothalassius sp. 1 (Fig. 3) Material examined. NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Auckland Region, Takapuna Beach, 36°47ʹ06.9ʺS 174°46ʹ31.0ʺE, 3.iv.2019, R. J. Le Grice (1♀, NZAC, photo). Remarks. This single female is probably a specimen of C. marshalli sp. nov., based on its postpedicel shape, dark brown palpus, strong dark genal setae, strong mesonotal setae and brownish legs, but the discovery of a male from Takapuna Beach is required to confirm its identity., Published as part of Brooks, Scott E. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2022, New Australasian Parathalassiinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae sensu lato), pp. 521-543 in Zootaxa 5188 (6) on page 533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.6.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7103618

Subfamily Medeterinae Lioy, 1864 Many genera in this subfamily are characteristically associated with tree trunks, making them likely to become entrapped in tree resin flows, some of which may later become amber inclusions. The female in Fig. 4G with its distinctly flattened posterior mesonotum, almost reniform postpedicel, and tibiae with minimal setation appears to be a member of this subfamily., Published as part of BICKEL, DANIEL J., MARTIN, JOHN, AGNIHOTRI, PRIYA & SINGH, HUKAM, 2022, Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from the Eocene amber deposits of Cambay and Kutch Basins, India, pp. 475-486 in Palaeoentomology 5 (5) on page 479, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7333779

Gujaratmyia rotunda Bickel sp. nov. (Fig. 4A–C) Type material. Holotype: ♂, INDIA: Gujarat: Tadkeshwar Lignite Mine, Lower Eocene strata of the Cambay Shale Formation, 21°21.400′N, 73°4.532′E. 7–12/I/2009, D. Grimaldi & P. Nascimbene, Tad-67 (AMNH). Etymology. The specific epithet is from Latin, rotundus, meaning round or spheroidal, as reflected in the specimen’s rounded compact appearance. Diagnosis. As for genus. Locality and horizon. Cambay and Kutch basins, Gujarat State, India; Eocene. Description. Male. Length: 1.1 mm; wing 0.6 × 0.4 mm. Head. Rather large, ovate in anterior view; dorsal postcranium strongly concave; vertex and frons not clearly visible, face as narrow band separating eyes; eye facets uniform; clypeus conformable with eye, not projecting anteriorly; palp and proboscis brown; scape and pedicel short; postpedicel rounded, but arista distinctly dorsal, about as long as head height; ventral postcranium bare. Thorax. Dark brown, mostly obscured, posterior mesonotum apparently flattened but not clearly visible; only one dorsocentral seta visible, whiteish coloured. Legs. Brownish; I: 2.1; 1.8; FI with weak subapical pv seta; TI mostly bare, but with subapical pv seta; II: 2.5; 2.7; 0.8/0.5/ 0.4/0.3/0.5; FII with distinct anterior preapical seta at 4/5; TII with strong ad seta at 1/3; III: 2.8; 3.1; 0.6/0.5/0.4/0.3/0.4; FIII with distinct anterior preapical seta at 4/5; TIII with row of short dorsal setae, and with stronger subapical dorsal seta; other setation obscured. Wings (Fig. 4B, C). Hyaline; rather broad and short; R 1 terminating in basal third of costa; R 2+3 joining costa near 2/3; R 4+5 diverging from M 1 near base, and becoming almost subparallel with M 1 beyond level of dm-m crossvein to join costa at 7/8, M 1 joining margin slightly behind wing apex; CuAx ratio: 0.5; calypter with fan of short black setae; halter with short yellow stalk and large dark brown club. Abdomen. Tergites dark brown with short yellowish setae (strong marginal setae on tergites not evident); five tergites visible, and somewhat dorsoventrally flattened; hypopygium forming ovoid cap over apex of abdomen, and with short whitish distal appendages. Female. Unknown. Remarks. Gujaratmyia rotunda is a tiny species known from an obscured male that is covered with streaks of apparent fungal hyphae. On this specimen, the right wing appears inflated and almost balloon-like (Fig. 4B), possibly from gases of decomposition filling the lumen between the two wing layers.

Genus Gujaratmyia Bickel gen. nov. Etymology. Gujaratmyia is the combination of the name of Indian state of Gujarat where Cambay amber occurs and the suffix - myia, Greek for “fly”. The gender is feminine. Type species. Gujaratmyia rotunda Bickel sp. nov. Diagnosis. [This generic diagnosis is based on a single male specimen and emphasizes characters considered to be of generic importance.] Body length about 1.1 mm; head large with respect to size of thorax, and ovate, higher than wide; face as narrow band separating eyes; postpedicel rounded, subtriangular, arista dorsal; posterior mesonotum apparently flattened; femora II and III each with distinct anterior preapical seta near 4/5; TII with strong ad seta at 1/3; veins R 4+5 diverging from M 1 near base, and becoming slightly bowed and subparallel with M 1 beyond level of dm-m crossvein; R 4+5 joins costa at 7/8, M 1 joins margin slightly behind wing apex; hypopygium forming ovoid cap over apex of abdomen, and with short distal appendages. Remarks. Gujaratmyia is a monotypic genus, and the species G. rotunda has the posterior mesonotum apparently flattened, the dorsal postcranium is strongly concave, femora II and III have anterior preapical setae, and the slightly divergent veins R 4+5 and M 1, all characters reminiscent of the subfamily Enliniinae, discussed above.

Eothalassius Shamshev & Grootaert Eothalassius Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005: 108. Type species: Eothalassius platypalpus Shamshev & Grootaert, by original designation. Diagnosis. The genus Eothalassius is distinguished from other parathalassiine genera by the following characters: head with face narrow (less than or about width of anterior ocellus, Fig. 35), gena scarcely projected below eye, antenna with arista-like stylus lengthened (at least 5X length of postpedicel, Fig. 35), mouthparts directed ventrally with fleshy labellum, palpus broad and flattened (particularly in males) with apex slightly pointed to widely rounded apically (Fig. 35); thorax with prosternum fused to proepisternum forming precoxal bridge, scutellum with 1 pair of strong setae near apex; wing with R 1 short reaching costa before middle of wing (or before base of M 2), crossvein bm-m incomplete, cell dm present (Fig. 36) or if absent without vein dm-m, CuA rounded, cell cua convex apically, anal lobe not developed; male terminalia with right epandrial lamella lacking ventral process, hypoproct projected as pair of non-setose asymmetrical lobes, cerci broad and asymmetrical; female abdomen with apical segments retracted into segment 6 (Fig. 34), terminalia (Figs 37, 38) with syntergite 9+10 divided and bearing acanthophorous setae, cercus slender and terminating with long seta. Remarks. Species of Eothalassius are known from the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, Cyprus and Malta (E. merzi (Gatt)), the Pacific coast of Costa Rica (E. borkenti Cumming & Brooks), the coasts of Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea (E. gracilis Shamshev & Grootaert and E. platypalpus Shamshev & Grootaert) and now the coast of New Caledonia (Eothalassius sp.) (Cumming & Brooks 2019). Shamshev & Grootaert (2005) indicate that the type series of Eothalassius gracilis was collected from littoral and supralittoral zones of sandy coastal beaches, and E. platypalpus was collected along creeks exiting onto sandy coastal beaches. Eothalassius merzi was also collected on sandy coastal beaches (Gatt 2003), whereas E. borkenti was found on rocky seashores (Brooks & Cumming 2011)., Published as part of Brooks, Scott E. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2022, New Australasian Parathalassiinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae sensu lato), pp. 521-543 in Zootaxa 5188 (6) on page 534, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.6.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7103618, {"references":["Shamshev, I. V. & Grootaert, P. (2005) Eothalassius, a new genus of parathalassiine flies (Diptera: Empidoidea: Dolichopodidae) from Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea. European Journal of Entomology, 102, 107 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2005.016","Cumming, J. M. & Brooks, S. E. (2019) Phylogenetic analysis and preliminary classification of the Parathalassiinae (Empidoidea: Dolichopodidae sensu lato). Zootaxa, 4648 (1), 111 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4648.1.5","Gatt, P. (2003) New species and records of Microphorella Becker (Diptera: Empidoidea, Dolichopodidae) from the Mediterranean region. Revue suisse de zoologie, 110, 669 - 684. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80205","Brooks, S. E. & Cumming, J. M. (2011) The New World genera of Parathalassiinae (Diptera: Empidoidea: Dolichopodidae s. l.), with new species of Thalassophorus and Eothalassius. The Canadian Entomologist, 143, 423 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / n 11 - 027"]}

Chimerothalassius ismayi Shamshev & Grootaert (Figs 3, 4, 12, 13) Chimerothalassius ismayi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2002: 133. Type locality: South Birdlings Flat, New Zealand. Material Examined. NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Waikato Region, Stony Bay, 36°30ʹ42.3ʺS 175°25ʹ24.4ʺE, steep short bay with river outlet, beach with mix of large pebbles & sand, 12.iv.2019, R. J. Le Grice (1♀, NZAC, photo); North Island, Wellington Region, Ôwhiro Bay, 41°20ʹ40.8ʺS 174°45ʹ32.2ʺE, 11.xii.2019, small steep enclosed bay with freshwater stream outlet, beach with mix of medium and small stones, R. J. Le Grice (1♀, NZAC, photo); South Island, Banks Pen., Port Levy [ca 43°39ʹS 172°48ʹE], 22–26.ii.1999, near sea streambed, pan traps, S.A. Marshall, debu00102042 (1♂, DEBU); South Island, NN [Nelson area code], Cable Bay, 41°09.6ʹS 173°24.9ʹE, 13.ii.1998, W.N. Mathis, USNM ENT 00085568 (1♀, USNM). Diagnosis. Males of C. ismayi are distinguished from the other known Australasian species of the genus by their elongate yellow palpus (Fig. 12), grey body, yellow legs and several hypopygial features (Shamshev & Grootaert 2002, figs 18–22) including: left ventral epandrial process with tip weakly bent; left ventral surstylus relatively short with short setae; right ventral epandrial process straight; phallus with funnel-like tip; hypoproct simple and narrow. Females of C. ismayi (see “Remarks” below) are distinguished by the following features: fore femur with row of 4–5 long spine-like ventral setae on basal half (Fig. 13); palpus elongate and brownish with 3 long spine-like ventral setae (about 2X palpus width); terminalia with syntergite 9+10 undivided and bearing acanthophorous setae, cercus narrowly rounded apically with prominent preapical seta (Shamshev & Grootaert 2002, figs 23–25). Distribution. Chimerothalassius ismayi is known only from New Zealand and has been collected at Ôwhiro Bay and Stony Bay on North Island, and Cable Bay, Port Levy and South Birdlings Flat [ca 43°49ʹS 172°42ʹE] on the northern part of South Island (Figs 3–7). Remarks. The type series from South Birdlings Flat and the female specimens from Ôwhiro Bay and Stony Bay were swept or hand collected from stony beaches (e.g., Fig. 4) or beaches with mixed pebbles and sand, while the Port Levy male specimen was taken in a pan trap along a stream bed near the sea (Fig. 6). Shamshev & Grootaert (2002) noted great sexual dimorphism in the chaetotaxy of the palpus and foreleg of C. ismayi, which is not seen in C. runyoni Brooks & Cumming from the Caribbean (Brooks & Cumming 2018), or C. riparius sp. nov. from New Caledonia, described below. Although we have not seen the type series of C. ismayi (8 males and 14 females from South Birdlings Flat, South Island deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium), we have examined a male collected from the nearby locality of Port Levy (DEBU), and females collected from Cable Bay (USNM), Ôwhiro Bay and Stony Bay (NZAC) that are virtually identical to the male holotype, male paratypes and female paratypes illustrated and described by Shamshev & Grootaert (2002, figs 1–26). Given the major differences in the chaetotaxy of the palpus and foreleg between the males and females of the type series (as well as the male and females we examined), we suspect that the female paratypes of C. ismayi and the females from Cable Bay, Ôwhiro Bay and Stony Bay actually belong to an undescribed species for which the male remains undiscovered. Even though the type specimens of C. ismayi were all collected from a single stony beach on the same day, multiple species of certain parathalassiine shoreline genera, such as Amphithalassius Ulrich, Parathalassius Mik, and Plesiothalassius Ulrich are known to co-inhabit single beaches (Ulrich 1991; Brooks & Cumming 2017). The same appears true for Chimerothalassius, at least at the Port Levy locality, where both C. ismayi and C. marshalli sp. nov. were taken during the same collecting event. The female specimens currently assigned to C. ismayi also do not appear to be conspecific with C. marshalli sp. nov. based on differences in chaetotaxy of the palpus, gena, thorax and foreleg., Published as part of Brooks, Scott E. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2022, New Australasian Parathalassiinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae sensu lato), pp. 521-543 in Zootaxa 5188 (6) on page 524, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.6.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7103618, {"references":["Shamshev, I. V. & Grootaert, P. (2002) A new genus of Microphorinae (Diptera Empidoidea) from New Zealand. Belgian Journal of Entomology, 4, 129 - 144.","Brooks, S. E. & Cumming, J. M. (2018) New species of Chimerothalassius Shamshev & Grootaert (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Parathalassiinae) from the West Indies and Costa Rica. Zootaxa, 4387 (3), 511 - 523. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4387.3.6","Ulrich, H. (1991) Two new genera of parathalassiine-like flies from South Africa (Diptera: Empidoidea). Bonner zoologische Beitrage, 42, 187 - 216.","Brooks, S. E. & Cumming, J. M. (2017) Revision of the Nearctic Parathalassius Mik (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Parathalassiinae), with a review of the world fauna. Zootaxa, 4314 (1), 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4314.1.1"]}