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Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μ-PADs) are a new technology platform for the development of extremely low-cost sensing applications. In this study, μ-PADs has been developed for quantitative determination of carbamate pesticides. Key experimental parameters including concentration and volume of acetylcholinesterase, acetylthiocholine iodide and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), incubation time and image capturing time were systematically optimized. Under optimal conditions, the method showed wide range of linearity (0.25–16 mg/L), repeatability (4%–5% RSD) and intermediate precision (7%–10% RSD). Limit of detection was observed to be 0.4, 0.24 and 0.46 mg/L for carbaryl, carbosulfan and furathiocarb, respectively. An acceptable mean recovery (87% to 94%) was observed for the three pesticides at 1 mg/L fortification level. The results reveal that the developed method requires minimal reagents, simple and is easy to handle. It can be used for the quantification of carbamate pesticides in resource limited laboratories without the need for the conventional analytical instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to optimize the solid phase extraction (SPE) conditions of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the raw leachate and treated leachate, the effects of activator properties, SPE cartridge, pH value, ionic strength, and eluent properties were studied through single factor experiments. The optimal results of each single factor were obtained. Considering that the concentration of PFOA in the treated leachate is lower than that of the raw leachate, the SPE conditions of the treated leachate have been further optimized. Based on the above single-factor experiment, the main influencing factors were screened out as the volume of activator, ionic strength, and volume of eluent, and the three-factor threelevel response surface methodology (RSM) was optimized. The optimum SPE conditions of PFOA from treated landfill leachate were as follows: Activation of weak anion exchange(WAX) cartridge with 10 mL methanol, dosage of 600 mg KCl, 6 mL 1% ammonia methanol eluted PFOA, the theory recovery rate is over 95.67%. It has been verified that the error between the predicted value and the actual extraction recovery is small and has good repeatability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Detergent & Cosmetics is the property of Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biosensors for mercury (II) (Hg2+) with high sensitivity are urgently required for food safety, ecosystem protection and disease prevention. In this study, a simple and fast detection method of Hg2+ based on the molecular beacon aptamer was established, according to the principle that Hg2+ could change the structure of the molecular beacon aptamer, resulting in the changed fluorescence intensity. All of the detection conditions were optimized. It was found that an optimal molecular beacon aptamer MB3 showed the optimal response signal in the optimized reaction environment, which was 0.08 μmol/L MB3, 50 mmol/L tris buffer (40 mmol/L NaCl, 10 mmol/L MgCl2, pH 8.1), and a 10 min reaction. Under the optimal detection conditions, the molecular beacon aptamer sensor showed a linear response to Hg2+ concentration within a range from 0.4 to 10 μmol/L and with a detection limit of 0.2254 μmol/L and a precision of 4.9%. The recovery rates of Hg2+ in water samples ranged from 95.00% to 99.25%. The method was convenient and rapid, which could realize the rapid detection of mercury ions in water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Dalian Ocean University is the property of Journal of Dalian Ocean University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Inspection of the integrality of components and connecting parts is an important task to maintain safe and stable operation of transmission lines. In view of the fact that the scale difference of the auxiliary component in a connecting part is large and the background environment of the object is complex, a one-stage object detection method based on the enhanced real feature information and the label adaptive allocation is proposed in this study. Based on the anchor-free detection algorithm FCOS, this method is optimized by expanding the real feature information of the adjacent feature layer fusion and the semantic information of the deep feature layer, as well as adaptively assigning the label through the idea of pixel-by-pixel detection. In addition, the grading ring image is sliced in original data to improve the proportion of bolts in the dataset, which can clear the appearance features of small objects and reduce the difficulty of detection. Experimental results show that this method can eliminate the background interference in the GT (ground truth) as much as possible in object detection process, and improve the detection accuracy for objects with a narrow shape and small size. The evaluation index AP (average precision) increased by 4.1%. Further improvement of detection accuracy lays a foundation for the realization of efficient real-time patrol inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strobilurin fungicides are a type of novel fungicide that exhibit low toxicity and high activity. However long term application leave pesticide residues in agricultural products, harm living creatures and endanger the environment. Therefore setting up a method to detect strobilurin fungicide residues is essential. This paper presented the various strobilurin fungicides and their residue limits in agricultural products, summarized the detection methods of strobilurin fungicide residues in agricultural products and ecological environments, and prospected the residue detection techniques of strobilurin fungicides in order to provide technical and scientific support for the development of this type of fungicide residue detection techniques [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this report, we describe a potential broad-range indicator of virus presence in plants. This method is based on the observation that starch content in leaves is generally reduced upon virus infection at the early stages of infection. This method was also used to effectively detect the infection of three latent viruses in propagative apple materials. Hence, the plant with the low virus accumulation, latent infection or at early stage of infection can be indicated by assessing starch accumulation levels. The genes encoding key enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis are transcriptionally downregulated by virus infection, suggesting that plant virus infection generally affects cellular metabolic pathways. The diagnosis of virus infection can facilitate the effective control of plant viral diseases. To date, serological and molecular methods for the detection of virus infection have been widely used, but these methods have disadvantages if applied for broad-range and large-scale detection. Here, we investigated the effect of infection of several different plant RNA and DNA viruses such as cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potato virus X (PVX), potato virus Y (PVY) and apple geminivirus on starch content in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Analysis showed that virus infection at an early stage was generally associated with a reduction in starch accumulation. Notably, a reduction in starch accumulation was readily apparent even with a very low virus accumulation detected by RT-PCR. Furthermore, we also observed that the infection of three latent viruses in propagative apple materials was associated with a reduction in starch accumulation levels. Analysis of transcriptional expression showed that some genes encoding enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis were downregulated at the early stage of CMV, TMV, PVX and PVY infections, suggesting that virus infection interferes with starch biosynthesis in plants. Our findings suggest that assessing starch accumulation levels potentially serve as a broad-range indicator for the presence of virus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new class of coronavirus, known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been discovered, which is responsible for the occurrence of the disease, COVID-19. A comparative study with SARS, MERS and other human viruses was conductedand concluded that SARS-CoV-2 spread more rapidly due to increased globalization and adaptation of the virus in every environment. According to recent WHO reports, by 16 May 2021, the current outbreak of COVID-19 had affected over 174,054,314 people and killed more than 3,744,116 people in more than 222 countries acrossthe world. Finding a solution against the deadly COVID-19 has become an enormous challenge for researchers and virologists. A ring vaccination trial, which recruits subjects connected to a known case either socially or geographically, is a solution to evaluate vaccine efficacy and control the spread of the disease simultaneously, although its implementation is challenging. This review aims to summarize the noteworthy features of the world-intimidating SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic along with its evaluation, problems and challenges in the treatment strategies, clinical efficiency and detection methods proposed so far. This paper describes the impact of the lockdown in response to the COVID-19 pandemic on social, economic, health, and National Health Programs in India; possible ways to control the disease are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

D-Glucose directly generates 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KLG, precursor of vitamin C) through the 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid (2,5-DKG) pathway. 2,5-DKG is the main rate-limiting factor of the reaction, and there are few relevant studies on it. In this study, a more accurate quantitative method of 2,5-DKG was developed and used to screen G. oxydans ATCC9937 as the chassis strain for the production of 2,5-DKG. Combining the metabolite profile analysis and knockout and overexpression of production strain, the non-enzymatic browning of 2,5-DKG was identified as the main factor leading to low yield of the target compound. By optimizing the fermentation process, the fermentation time was reduced to 48 h, and 2,5-DKG production peaked at 50.9 g/L, which was 139.02% higher than in the control group. Effectively eliminating browning and reducing the degradation of 2,5-DKG will help increase the conversion of 2,5-DKG to 2-KLG, and finally, establish a one-step D-glucose to 2-KLG fermentation pathway.

ABSTRACT Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, has often been linked to oral transmission through açai consumption. Molecular methods that allow fast and accurate identification of the pathogen are important for the detection of the presence of the parasite in this food. This study aimed to optimize polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection of T. cruzi DNA in açai pulp. Several dilutions of T. cruzi DTU TcI trypomastigote forms were cultured in liver infusion tryptose (LIT) medium. Trypanosoma cruzi DNA was extracted from the cells and subjected to PCR. Subsequently, culture dilutions were added to açai pulp to evaluate the detection threshold of the optimized PCR assay. We demonstrate that our assay can detect T. cruzi DNA in açai pulp at a concentration of 1.08 × 10-10 ng µL-1. We conclude that our optimized protocol is effective and can be used as an important tool for the detection of T. cruzi contamination in açaí.

The insect gut is home to an extensive array of microbes that play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as in the protection against pathogenic microorganisms. The variety of these gut microbes is impacted by factors such as age, diet, pesticides, antibiotics, sex, and caste. Increasing evidence indicates that disturbances in the gut microbiota can lead to compromised insect health, and that its diversity has a far-reaching impact on the host’s health. In recent years, the use of molecular biology techniques to conduct rapid, qualitative, and quantitative research on the host intestinal microbial diversity has become a major focus, thanks to the advancement of metagenomics and bioinformatics technologies. This paper reviews the main functions, influencing factors, and detection methods of insect gut microbes, in order to provide a reference and theoretical basis for better research utilization of gut microbes and management of harmful insects.

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), a newly discovered virus, is associated with the type A-II congenital tremor (CT) in neonatal piglets. APPV distributes throughout the world and causes certain economic losses to the swine industry. The specific primers and probe were designed targeting the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of APPV to amplify a 90 bp fragment, and the recombinant standard plasmid was constructed. After optimizing the concentrations of primers and probe, annealing temperature, and reaction cycles, a crystal digital RT-PCR (cdRT-PCR) and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) were successfully established. The results showed that the standard curves of the qRT-PCR and the cdRT-PCR had R2 values of 0.999 and 0.9998, respectively. Both methods could specifically detect APPV, and no amplification signal was obtained from other swine viruses. The limit of detection (LOD) of the cdRT-PCR was 0.1 copies/µL, and that of the qRT-PCR was 10 copies/µL. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation of repeatability and reproducibility were less than 0.90% for the qRT-PCR and less than 5.27% for the cdRT-PCR. The 60 clinical tissue samples were analyzed using both methods, and the positivity rates of APPV were 23.33% by the qRT-PCR and 25% by the cdRT-PCR, with a coincidence rate of 98.33%. The results indicated that the cdRT-PCR and the qRT-PCR developed here are highly specific, sensitive methods for the rapid and accurate detection of APPV.

A new innovative method, MICA Legionella , allows for the automatic enumeration of Legionella pneumophila in domestic water samples in 2 days, with a detection limit of 2 CFU per test portion. Here we show that it gives equivalent results to those obtained by the French standard method NF T90–431 in 7 to 15 days. • Application of rapid method MICA Legionella on French domestic hot waters. • Automatic enumeration of Legionella pneumophila in 2 days. • MICA Legionella gives equivalent results to French reference method NF T90-431. • Testing on a large set of real domestic hot water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The conveyor belt and high-speed camera were used to collect the DTD of particles. • The MFR prediction model was established by fitting the mass with image by ANN. • Calculation of MFI by CNN combined with error correction. • The test results for glass beads and quartz sand were within the tolerance range. A machine vision and neural network-based method for the quantitative detection of hopper discharge characteristics based on the discharge time distribution is proposed. Glass beads and quartz sand were utilized as test objects. The prediction model of the relationship between the particle mass and the pixel value of the image was established by an artificial neural network, and the mass flow rate (MFR) was calculated via image prediction. The average relative errors of the predicted MFR for glass beads and quartz sand were found to be −1.31 % and −2.02 %, respectively. Based on the particle marking method, a convolutional neural network was used to classify the image according to whether there were marked particles in the image, and the mass flow index (MFI) was calculated after error correction. The average relative errors of the predicted MFI values for glass beads and quartz sand were found to be −1.43 % and 0.82 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The location and shape detection of water-bearing structures, such as karst caves and faults, is significant for water inrush early warning during tunnel construction. The direct current (DC) resistivity method is widely employed in detecting the water-bearing structure for the large difference in resistivity between the water-bearing structure and the surrounding rock. The fixed inversion mesh pattern is one of the most used methods in the DC resistivity inversion, and its inversion results are highly dependent on the inversion mesh. It is challenging to build a high-quality inversion mesh for the uncertainty in the morphogenesis of water-bearing structures. To address this issue, the idea of adaptive inversion is introduced to reduce the dependence of inversion on model regularization constraints. An adaptive inversion method with the variable mesh is proposed. First, the adaptive mesh optimization method with variable mesh is used to identify the region of the water-bearing structure. Second, based on the polyhedral grid's decomposability, the identified region's divided grid is gradually encrypted as the inversion iterations proceed. A series of numerical simulations are carried out to evaluate the detecting effect on the water-bearing structure of the proposed method, and the results proved that it depicts the position and morphology of water-bearing structures more precisely compared to the fixed inversion grid pattern. Additionally, an on-site application was conducted for the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project. The result indicates that there is a significant low resistance anomaly exits in the range of 12 + 053 ∼ 12 + 068, which is verified by drilling to be a water-rich fault with a high risk of water and mud inrush. Overall, the method proposed in this study provides a better understanding of the sudden surge of water disaster prevention and control in tunnels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Structure and properties of β-casein mutants in dairy products were summarized. • Impact of A1/A2 β-casein on gastrointestinal health in vivo studies was analyzed. • The detection method of β-casomorhin7 and A1/A2 β-casein was summarized. • Limitations and future directions in this promising field were presented. β-casein is the second most abundant form of casein in milk. Changes in amino acid sequence at specific positions in the primary structure of β-casein in milk will produce gene mutations that affect the physicochemical properties of dairy products and the hydrolysis site of digestive enzymes. The screening method of β-casein allele frequency detection in dairy products also has attracted the extensive attention of scientists and farmers. The A1 and A2 β-casein is the two usual mutation types, distinguished by histidine and proline at position 67 in the peptide chain. This paper summarizes the effects of A1 and A2 β-casein on the physicochemical properties of dairy products and evaluates the effects on human health, and the genotyping methods were also concluded. Impressively, this review presents possible future opportunities and challenges for the promising field of A2 β-casein, providing a valuable reference for the development of the functional dairy market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broad bean true mosaic virus (BBTMV) infects broad beans and peas, reducing yield. As BBTMV is transmitted through broad beans, many countries have implemented regulations to prevent the distribution of infected seeds. Currently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is commonly used to detect BBTMV. While the PCR-based method is preferred for seed virus detection due to its sensitivity and speed. A BBTMV-specific PCR detection method has not yet been reported. A universal detection method currently exists that utilizes reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for the Comovirus genus, to which BBTMV belongs. However, sequence analysis is required for species identification. To address this limitation, we developed and verified RT-PCR detection methods using newly designed BBTMV-specific primers. RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR with these primers were approximately 5 × 105–106 times more sensitive than ELISA and 100–1000 times more sensitive than previously reported RT-PCR methods. Using RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR employing these primers, we could detect BBTMV with same sensitivity when more than 3.0 × 105 copies were present per gram of broad bean seeds. Our newly developed detection methods can test for BBTMV with high sensitivity and speed. • Newly designed BBTMV-specific primer set has high sensitivity and specificity. • Our RT-PCR-based methods can effectively detect BBTMV in bulk broad bean seed samples. • This primer set can be used in both conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercialization of industrial genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) has highlighted their impact on public health and the environment. Rapid and effective monitoring methods detecting live GMMs are essential to enhance current safety management protocols. This study aims to develop a novel cell-direct quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method targeting two antibiotic-resistant genes, KmR and nptII, conferring resistance against kanamycin and neomycin, along with propidium monoazide, to precisely detect viable Escherichia coli. The E. coli single-copy taxon-specific gene of D-1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (dxs) was used as the internal control. The qPCR assays demonstrated good performance, with dual-plex primer/probe combinations exhibiting specificity, absence of matrix effects, linear dynamic ranges with acceptable amplification efficiencies, and repeatability for DNA, cells, and PMA-treated cells targeting KmR/dxs and nptII/dxs. Following the PMA-qPCR assays, the viable cell counts for KmR-resistant and nptII-resistant E. coli strains exhibited a bias% of 24.09% and 0.49%, respectively, which were within the acceptable limit of ±25%, as specified by the European Network of GMO Laboratories. This method successfully established detection limits of 69 and 67 viable genetically modified E. coli cells targeting KmR and nptII, respectively. This provides a feasible monitoring approach as an alternative to DNA processing techniques to detect viable GMMs.

NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus first appeared in 2017 in a herd of pigs in Liaoning Province, China. The virus was subsequently found in other provinces. Given the potential for this virus to cause an epidemic, rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of NADC34-like PRRSV is required. The virus’ ORF5 gene was artificially synthesized based on a Chinese reference strain, and specific primers/probes for the ORF5 gene were designed. Then, the amplified target fragment was cloned into the pMD19-T vector, and a series of diluted recombinant plasmids were used to generate a standard curve. An optimized real-time TaqMan RT-PCR method was established. The method was highly specific for NADC34-like PRRSV, without cross-reactions with other non-targeted pig viruses. The detection limit of this assay was 101 copies/μL. The method had an efficiency of 98.8%, a squared regression value (R2) of 0.999, and showed a linear range of 103–108 copies/μL of DNA per reaction. This method was shown to be analytically specific and sensitive with a low intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation (

This study presents a real-time monitoring technique for radioactive substances that meets safety management needs. We studied the accumulation characteristics of radiation response signals of monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPSs) based on their response and discrimination ability to gamma (γ) photon or neutron radiation. The radiation status of the radioactive substances was determined by monitoring the accumulation data of radiation responses. As per the results, Am-Be and 252Cf radiation response signals are primarily concentrated in the range of 0–70 pixels. Response signals of 60Co and 137Cs γ-ray were concentrated in two regions; there was a peak in the region with a pixel value of less than 50, and a plateau in the region with a pixel value of more than 75. Therefore, the results are able to discriminate between spectra. Furthermore, we designed a radioactivity monitoring system that is able to examine multiple radioactive materials. Its working principle is that a change in the accumulation of radioactivity monitoring data indicates a radiation change during the last accumulation cycle. This study provides vital technical support for the long-term supervision of radioactive substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In viticulture, there is an increasing demand for automatic winter grapevine pruning devices, for which detection of pruning location in vineyard images is a necessary task, susceptible to being automated through the use of computer vision methods. In this study, a novel 2D grapevine winter pruning location detection method was proposed for automatic winter pruning with a Y-shaped cultivation system. The method can be divided into the following four steps. First, the vineyard image was segmented by the threshold two times Red minus Green minus Blue (2R-G-B) channel and S channel; Second, extract the grapevine skeleton by Improved Enhanced Parallel Thinning Algorithm (IEPTA); Third, find the structure of each grapevine by judging the angle and distance relationship between branches; Fourth, obtain the bounding boxes from these grapevines, then pre-trained MobileNetV3_small×0.75 was utilized to classify each bounding box and finally find the pruning location. According to the detection experiment result, the method of this study achieved a precision of 98.8% and a recall of 92.3% for bud detection, an accuracy of 83.4% for pruning location detection, and a total time of 0.423 s. Therefore, the results indicated that the proposed 2D pruning location detection method had decent robustness as well as high precision that could guide automatic devices to winter prune efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DON, belonging to trichothecenes, is mostly derived from Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium fusarium. Commonly found in barley, wheat, corn and oats. DON has been listed as a tertiary carcinogen, which is a health hazard to animals and human beings. The article reviews the current detection methods of DON in feed industry, to provide reference for the research of DON detection technology and to reduce the harm of DON to feed industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equine blood plasma/serum and intermediates must be monitored for the presence of live viruses pathogenic in humans during production of equine immunoglobulins. Information concerning low-cost and simple methods for the detection of live horse viruses pathogenic and non-pathogenic to humans was gained using data of modern domestic and foreign literature. These methods are based on cultivation of these viruses on sensitive biosystems. The presented information can be used to set up blood plasma/serum control of horses at different stages of immunoglobulin production, i.e., when taking blood from horses during their quarantine period, when collecting blood from immunized horses, and before bottling the medicinal intermediate in the primary package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarized the sources of microplastics in the global soil and water environment, direct and indirect, combed the harm of microplastics to soil and water environment organisms, and summarized the detection methods of microplastics in soil and water environment. Sampling, extraction and detection methods of microplastics in water and soil environments, in eluded in the soil and water environneent sampling, extraction, detection methods and technological difficulty. Finally, some suggestions were put forward according to the existing problems in the detection method of microplastics in soil and water environment. For further standardizing the detection methods of microplastics and assessing their risks to the water and soil environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) occurring in skin tissues can be measured by AGE Reader. Here, we assessed the correlation between AGEs values and the development of type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Methods: The basic clinical information of 560 patients with T2DM was collected through an electronic system. AGEs and diabetic complication risk score was measured by AGE Reader, a non-invasive optical signal detector. All of the participants were classified into 4 groups based on Dyck criteria: grade 0 (non-DPN group), grade 1 (early stage group), grade 2 (middle stage group) and grade 3 (advanced group). Pearson correlation analysis and Spearman correlation analysis were used to evaluate the correlation between AGEs and other indexes. The sensitivity and specificity of glycosylated products were evaluated by ROC curve. Results: With the increase of DPN severity, the accumulative AGEs showed an increasing trend. Significant differences (P = 0.000) of AGEs were found among grades 0, 1, 2, and 3 of DPN, and significant differences (P = 0.000) of AGEs were found between grades 1 and 3. There were significant differences in DPN risk score between grades 0, 1, 2, and 3, between grades 1, 2, and 3, and between grades 2 and 3 (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). AGEs were positively correlated with age, blood uric acid, disease course, systolic blood pressure, the risk scores of the four major complications of diabetes, renal function indicators (serum creatinine, Cystatin C, homocysteine, the ratio of urinary albumin and creatinine, urinary microalbumin, α-microglobulin, urinary transferrin, urinary immunoglobulin), inflammatory indicators (white blood cell count, neutrophil count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein), and TCSS score. However, it was negatively correlated with BMI,fasting insulin, insulin 1–3 h postprandial, lymphocyte count, HOMA insulin resistance index and estimated glomerular filtration rate. The area under the AGEs cumulant and neuropathy risk score curve was 0.769 and 0.743, respectively. The confidence intervals were (71.2–82.6%) and (68.8–79.9%), respectively. The maximum Youden's index of AGEs cumulant was 0.440, and the corresponding AGEs cumulant value was 77.65. The corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 0.731 and 0.709, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum Youden's index of neuropathy risk score was 0.385, and the corresponding neuropathy risk score was 66.25. The corresponding sensitivity and the specificity were 0.676 and 0.709, respectively. Conclusion: The cumulative amount of skin AGEs can be used as the diagnostic index and the prediction and evaluation index of DPN severity. Moreover, the diabetic peripheral neuropathy risk score can predict the risk of DPN in patients with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) caused by bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is one of the most important contagious diseases in bovine. This is one of the most common infectious disease of cattle. This has led to high economic losses in the cattle farming industry. BoHV-1 can potentially be transmitted via semen during natural or artificial insemination (AI). Therefore, testing methods for the early diagnosis of BoHV-1 infection are urgently needed for international trade of ruminant semen. In this study, we developed a novel droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay for the detection of BoHV-1 DNA in semen samples. Results: The ddPCR results showed that the detection limit was 4.45 copies per reaction with high reproducibility. The established method was highly specific for BoHV-1 and did not show cross-reactivity with specify the organisms (BTV, BVDV, Brucella, M. bovis). The results of clinical sample testing showed that the positivity rate of ddPCR (87.8%) was higher than that of qPCR (84.1%). Conclusions: The ddPCR assay showed good accuracy for mixed samples and could be a new added diagnostic tool for detecting BoHV-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, the pathological aggregation and propagation of α-Syn and its toxic effects on central nervous system are elaborated, and the effects of various factors on α-Syn aggregation pattern and morphology are discussed. In view of α-Syn as a representative biomarker of Parkinson's disease, this article summarizes the current routine detection methods, and mainly focuses on the application and recent research progress of novel photochemical, electrochemical and crystal biosensors in α-Syn detection. [Display omitted] • The systematic overview of α-Syn pathogenesis in PD is innovatively summarized. • The regular methods and latest biosensors for α-Syn detection is compared and reviewed. • The development trend of α-Syn detection is prospected to offer reference to further research. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a threatening neurodegenerative disorder that seriously affects patients' life quality. Substantial evidence links the overexpression and abnormal aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) to PD. α-Syn has been identified as a characteristic biomarker of PD, which indicates its great value of diagnosis and designing effective therapeutic strategy. This article systematically summarizes the pathogenic process of α-Syn based on recent researches, outlines and compares commonly used analysis and detection technologies of α-Syn. Specifically, the detection of α-Syn by new electrochemical, photochemical, and crystal biosensors is mainly examined. Furthermore, the speculation of future study orientation is discussed, which provides reference for the further research and application of α-Syn as biomarker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The design and production of incurred test materials are critical for the development and validation of methods for food allergen analysis. This is because production and processing conditions, together with the food matrix, can modify allergens affecting their structure, extractability and detectability. For the ThRAll project, which aims to develop a mass spectrometry–based reference method for the simultaneous accurate quantification of six allergenic ingredients in two hard to analyse matrices. Two highly processed matrices, chocolate bars and broth powder, were selected to incur with six allergenic ingredients (egg, milk, peanut, soy, hazelnut and almond) at 2, 4, 10 and 40 mg total allergenic protein/kg food matrix using a pilot-scale food manufacturing plant. The allergenic activity of the ingredients incurred was verified using food-allergic patient serum/plasma IgE, the homogeneity of the incurred matrices verified and their stability at 4 °C assessed over at least 30-month storage using appropriate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Allergens were found at all levels from the chocolate bar and were homogenously distributed, apart from peanut and soy which could only be determined above 4 mg total allergenic ingredient protein/kg. The homogeneity assessment was restricted to analysis of soy, milk and peanut for the broth powder but nevertheless demonstrated that the allergens were homogeneously distributed. All the allergens tested were found to be stable in the incurred matrices for at least 30 months demonstrating they are suitable for method development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV‐2) is a viral pathogen worldwide and causing high mortality on goldfish and silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). In order to establish a stable and sensitive immunological diagnostic approach, the recombinant ORF121 protein encoded by the CyHV‐2 ORF121 gene, was selected as a capture antigen to identify cells and tissues infected with CyHV‐2 by immunological methods in this study. Firstly, the open reading frame of CyHV‐2 ORF121 was cloned into the PGEX‐4T‐3 vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified recombinant ORF121 protein was then used as an antigen to prepare monoclonal antibodies, and an efficient hybridoma cell line was selected by dot‐blot assay. The resulting mAb‐3D9 was applied to detect CyHV‐2 in infected caudal fin of Carassius auratus gibelio (GiCF) cells and fish tissues by western blotting, immunofluorescence assays and immunohistological asays. The monoclonal antibody could specifically identify CyHV‐2 in infected GiCF cells and the gills, the kidney and the spleen tissues, and it could attenuate CPE by CyHV‐2 in vitro, suggesting it can be applied for CyHV‐2 detection in the crucian carp and ORF121 may be a candidate vaccine against CyHV‐2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrographic Surveying & Charting / Haiyang Cehui is the property of Hydrographic Surveying & Charting Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Covert Timing Channels(CTCs) is a technique to leak information. CTCs only modify inter-arrival time sequence(IATs) between packets, consequently, traditional network security mechanisms, such as firewalls and proxies, can not effectively detect CTCs. If CTCs are maliciously utilized by criminals, will pose a great threat to network security. Classic CTCs detection methods, such as KS-test, Entropy-test, etc, not only have less universality and robustness, but also require more sampled IATs to detect CTCs, therefore, how to improve performance of detection methods against CTCs, has became a popular research in recent years. In this paper, a new CTCs detection method based on time series symbolization is proposed. It firstly converts the sampled IATs to symbolic time series, and regards each discrete value as a status. Then counts the times of transition for each status to status, and calculates the status transition probability matrix(STPM). Finally, it differentiates the label(overt or covert) of sampled IATs, by calculating similarity score. Experimental results about detection accuracy show that, in an ideal network environment, compared with classic methods, our method has better performance, with average accuracy of about 96%. Besides, our method has better performance as well, with the existence of network interference.

甘油三酯（TAG）为母乳中含量最高的脂质，1,3二油酰基-2-棕榈酰基甘油三酯(1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol，OPO)和1-油酰基-2-棕榈酰基-3-亚油酰基甘油三酯(1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol，OPL)为母乳中含量最丰富的两种TAG，与欧美国家母乳中OPO含量高于OPL含量不同,中国母乳中OPL含量高于OPO，但目前婴幼儿配方奶粉多是通过添加OPO来模拟母乳脂质，这与中国母乳TAG组成不完全相同。为进一步研究OPL对婴幼儿生长发育的影响，主要从脂肪酸和TAG结构上分析了OPL的功能，比较了国内外以及中国多地母乳中OPL的含量，介绍有关OPL异构体的检测方法，主要为银离子色谱和带有手性色谱柱的液相色谱结合大气压化学电离质谱进行分离鉴定。通过总结OPL功能、含量和现有的检测技术，旨在为开发符合中国母乳特征的人乳替代脂提供科学支持。Triglycerides (TAG) are the most abundant lipids in breast milk, 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO) and 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol (OPL) are the two most abundant TAG in breast milk. Unlike European and American breast milk, which contains more OPO than OPL, Chinese breast milk contains more OPL than OPO, but at present,most infant formula in China is made by adding OPO to simulate breast milk lipids, which is not exactly the same as the TAG composition of Chinese breast milk. To further study the effect of OPL on infant growth and development, the functions of OPL were mainly analyzed from the structure of fatty acid and triglyceride. The contents of OPL in breast milk were compared at home and abroad as well as in many places in China, and the detection methods of OPL isomers were introduced, including silver ion chromatography and liquid chromatography with chiral column combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for separation and identification. By summarizing the function, content and existing detection techniques of OPL, it aims to provide scientific support for the development of breast milk replacement lipids matching the characteristics of Chinese breast milk.

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To analyze and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the pretreatment technology and detection methods of volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples, this article summarizes the relevant experimental literature in the past 10 years and analyzes the characteristics and advantages of different methods. The results show that the purge and trap method and the headspace solid phase microextraction method are the most commonly used pretreatment methods for the determination of volatile organic compounds, and have a high recovery rate;the sensitivity of the mass detector is higher than that of other detectors, and it is the detection range wide and high sensitivity detector. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are currently more mature detection methods, which have been widely used in the detection of volatile organic compounds in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red tide, one of the major ecological disasters in the world, exerts great impact on the marine environment. The ocean color satellite data with low spatial resolution and high spectral resolution is often used for red tide detection, but is insufficient for the fine-scale red tide detection due to its coarse spatial resolution. To address this problem, a new red tide detection method based on pseudo hue angle (PHA-RI) for high spatial resolution broad band satellite data is proposed in this paper. Different from the standard International Commission on Illumination (CIE) system, the false-color bands of near infrared (NIR), red and green are used to calculate the CIE tristimulus X, Y, Z, instead of the true-color bands of red, green and blue. With this method, the red tide can be easily differentiated from non-red tide water, and the distinction between red tide and non-red tide water is doubled compared to that of true-color bands composite. Experiment results show that the PHA-RI method can effectively detect red tide, with an averaged overall accuracy, F1-score and precision of 92%, 0.92 and 0.92 respectively. Compared with the traditional machine learning method support vector machine (SVM) and spectral index algorithm Gaofen-1 (GF-1) red tide detection index (GF-RI), the proposed algorithm has obvious advantages in red tide detection, especially for the strip distributed red tide. Besides, the proposed algorithm has good applicability, and it is proved to be suitable for the detection of red tides with different dominant species including Noctiluca scintillans , Skeletonema costatum and Heterosigma akashiide. Also, it is applicable to different broad band sensors, such as Chinese satellites GF-1 Wide Field of View (WFV), Haiyang 1D (HY-1D) Coastal Zone Imager (CZI), Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI). The application experiment indicates that the proposed algorithm is effective in red tide detection, and it can successfully detect fine-scale red tide events, which have not been detected by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua due to its coarse spatial resolution. The results also shows the advantages of high spatial resolution satellites in fine-scale red tide detection. This work provides a method for red tide detection using high spatial resolution broad band satellite data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major security issues in the Internet of Things (IoT) is maintaining the network availability against attacks and traffic congestion. In practice, the greedy behavioral attack is considered as an intelligent Denial of Service (DoS), which aims to compromise the availability of the network by consuming as much as possible the bandwidth of the deployed network. This attack is achieved by tuning the CSMA-CA network communication parameters that plays at the physical layer. In this paper, we propose an efficient modeling technique of attacks proper to the behavior of the greedy node in IoT networks while respecting unslotted IEEE 802.15.4. In fact, our developed greedy nodes algorithm relies on CSMA-CA protocol. This fashioned way of attack representation helped us to easily detect greedy nodes on large-scale IoT networks through simulations. Indeed, the obtained numerical results of different scenarios allow us to validate our approach and showed that the greedy nodes can monopolize the transmission channel during a significant period of time. Various relevant parameters (the number of sent/lost packets, the collision rate, and energy consumption) are considered to analyze and evaluate the impact of selfish nodes on the IoT networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)