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Aim: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the performance of resin composite restorations placed by undergraduate dental students with 1 to 15 years of placement based on dental records. Methods: Four calibrated operators evaluated 498 restorations (anterior and posterior) of 120 patients according to Ryge's validated criteria (USPHS). Results: The criteria that showed the smallest changes between the types of failures were color matching, marginal discoloration and surface texture. Regarding the longevity, the surface texture showed an increase in the frequency of failures from the second time interval (3.1 to 6 years). Higher prevalence of failure was found in class II and III restorations, with secondary caries being the main reason. No significant differences were found for anatomic form, marginal adaptation, and color matching. Class V restorations showed a higher fracture rate with total displacement of the restoration, with no increase in the frequency of fracture over time. Conclusion: High rate of restoration failure was observed, possibly due to the lack of experience and skills of the students. This outcome highlight the need for continuous revision and improvements of teaching practice regarding the development of clinical competences and skills by dental students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess the orthodontic treatment need of patients referred for orthodontic consultation. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study of 138 dental records (written case notes, radiographs, and study models) of patients who attended the orthodontic consultation clinic in 2018 in the East Coast of Sabah. All patients were examined by orthodontists. Data taken were demographic data (age, gender, and ethnic group), and source of referral. The dental records were assessed for orthodontic treatment need based on Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need- Dental Health Component (IOTN-DHC). All data were analysed descriptively. Results: Mean age of the patients was 16.89 ± 0.37 years, with females being predominant (n = 101, 73.19 %). Most patients were Chinese (n = 68, 49.28 %) and Bumiputera Sabah (n = 55, 39.86 %). The main source of referral was dentists (n = 128, 92.75 %). Most patients had IOTN Grade 4 or Grade 5 (n = 114, 82.61 %). The most common type of malocclusion was crowding (n = 57, 41.30 %), followed by increased overjet (n = 33, 23.91 %) and impacted teeth (n = 16, 11.59 %). Conclusion: More than three-quarters of the referred patients had definite orthodontic treatment need. Crowding was the most common type of malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background - Post-retained crowns are indicated for endodontically restored teeth with severely damaged coronal tooth structure. Endodontic posts may be cast with the metals, but these noble metal alloys have shown certain limitations over the years and hence fibre reinforced fibre post and core came into use in recent times. The ability to predict its prevalence may pave the way towards better coping strategies and help dentists in proper treatment decisions. Aim - The aim of this study is to assess the percentage of patients receiving prefabricated fibre post and core as post endodontic restoration. Materials and method - All the cases referred from the month of September 2020 to February 2021 for post endodontic restoration were chosen for the study. Data was collected from the dental hospital record system. Sample size of the study is 525 patients. Result data was tabulated in excel and imported to SPSS for correlation and association. Chi square test was performed for statistical significance. P<0.05 was considered to be the level of statistical significance in this study. Results - Within the limits of the present study, it was determined that 45% patients received prefabricated fibre post and core as post endodontic restoration with high male preponderance in the age group of 15 to 30 years. The probability value of the study is p = 0.035 and hence the study is statistically significant. Conclusion - Knowledge about the preference in post endodontic treatment among different age groups and gender will be helpful to the clinician in planning the treatment protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background - The ability to predict its preference may pave the way towards better coping strategies and help dentists in proper treatment decisions. Aim - The aim of this study is to assess the correlation between OHI and class 3 and 4 caries in patients visiting different outpatient departments of private dental college hospital, Chennai. Materials and method - All the cases referred from the month of September 2020 to February 2021 for class 3 and 4 caries were chosen for the study. Data was collected from the dental hospital record system. Result data was tabulated in excel and imported to SPSS for correlation and association. Chi square statistical test was performed for statistical significance. P<0.05 was considered to be the level of statistical significance in this study. Results - Within the limits of the present study, with an increasing score of oral hygiene index, the prevalence of caries also increases with high male preponderance among the age group of above 60 years. The probability value of the study is p = 0.041 and hence the study is statistically significant. Conclusion - it was found that there is a significant correlation between oral hygiene index and class 3, 4 caries. Knowledge about the correlation between OHI and caries will be helpful to the clinician to plan the treatment protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Complete debridement of the root canal system from inflamed or necrotic pulp tissues and micro-organisms is the main objective of conventional root canal treatment. Apart from this universally accepted indication, elective (intentional) RCT of teeth with normal pulp may become necessary. Aim: To analyse the number of patients requiring intentional RCT for prosthodontic rehabilitation. Materials and Methods: Data was retrieved from the dental records. Data of patients who had undergone intentional RCT were collected from the patient management records of the department of conservative dentistry and endodontics. Patients in which intentional RCT was performed for prosthodontic rehabilitation were shortlisted. The data was obtained and tabulated in excel, imported to SPSS software by IBM, a statistical software with variablesdefined. The significance of this study was set at p<0.05, obtained using Chi Square test and the results were interpreted. Results: Out of 3644 RCTs performed, 455 were intentional RCTs and 3189 were conventional RCTs. Chi square statistical test was done and the p value was found to be 0.01(Chi square test-p value< 0.05, significant). Conclusion: Elective RCT is a valid treatment approach and its prevalence is up to 12.49% among conventional RCT performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Composite restorative materials represent one of the many successes of modern biomaterials research, since they replace biological tissue in both appearance and function. Unfortunately, demands on these restorations with regard to mechanical properties, placement, and need for in situ curing leave significant room for advancements, particularly with respect to their properties, polymerization shrinkage and polymerization-induced stress, thermal expansion mismatch, fracture, abrasion and wear resistance, marginal leakage, and toxicity. Ultimately, these shortcomings reduce a restoration's lifetime and represent the driving force for improvement in dental composites. This study aims to assess the restoration preference of patients visiting the private dental institution. MATERIALS & METHODS: Dental patients who visited our institution from June 2019 - july 2021, 200 patients who had undergone class 1 restorations were included in the study and simple random sampling method was followed to prevent bias. Each patient's dental records, treatment reports and photographs were reviewed thoroughly. The data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows, version 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and results were obtained. P-value (< 0.05) was considered statistically significant. RESULTS:The study population had an equal male and female gender ratio (50%). Majority of the population has undergone composite restoration which is about 59.50%. Majority of the female had composite restoration compared to the male population which is about 32.50%, followed by age group of 18-22 had undergone composite restoration more compared to other age group. CONCLUSION: Within the limit of the study, it was concluded that composite restoration was the most common material used during class 1 restoration with female predilection. Furthermore studied to be done in a large sample size for better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Physical appearance especially concerning the esthetics of the facial form shape and appearance has been of utmost importance since the development of civilizations. Many studies are present researching the different types of composites, techniques and other modalities as such for anterior teeth teeth restorations but the insights regarding the etiology and the studies regarding it are very few in number. This study aims to assess the factors and the etiology of class 4 restorations in patients visiting a private dental institution. MATERIALS & METHODS Dental patients who visited our institution from June 2019 - july 2021, 200 patients who had undergone class 4 restorations were included in the study and simple random sampling method was followed to prevent bias. Each patient's dental records, treatment reports and photographs were reviewed thoroughly. The data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows, version 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and results were obtained. P-value (< 0.05) was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The study population had an equal male and female gender ratio (50%). Majority of the study population were affected with trauma 34.50% followed by caries 33.50%. Majority of the female population (21.50%) had caries as their main etiological factor and the majority of the male population had trauma (20.50%). Trauma was the main etiological factor in 18-22 age group (18.50%), followed by caries which was the main etiological factor in 33-37 age group. CONCLUSION Caries and trauma were the most common etiological factors for patients to undergo class 4 restorations. Caries were mostly associated with Females & older age groups and Trauma was mostly associated with Males & younger age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Customized cast orientations and parameter settings of the virtual articulator according to the patient's condyles are indispensable parts of today's digital workflows in prosthodontics. This article describes a digital technique to align the intraoral scans to a virtual articulator by using a facial scanner to locate the patient's cutaneous landmarks of the arbitrary hinge axis and the reference plane, and to customize the sagittal condylar inclination of the virtual articulator through a digital protrusive interocclusal record and a dental computer‐aided design software program. It enables individual cast orientations and virtual articulator parameter settings without conventional facebow transferring and bite registration procedures and can be easily integrated with most virtual articulator systems on the market to allow clinicians and technicians to work in a complete digital workflow and facilitate customized treatment planning and dental prosthesis fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the long-term outcomes of Class II treatment with the Jasper Jumper appliance and comprehensive orthodontic treatment concerning inclination of the mandibular incisors and gingival recession. Methods: Sixteen patients with Class II malocclusion at a mean age of 12.54y (SD = 1.17) were treated with the Jasper Jumper appliance and comprehensive orthodontic treatment. The mean treatment time was 2.05y (SD = 0.21). Dental records were taken before (T1), after treatment (T2) and 11.90y (SD = 0.48) after debonding (T3). The frequency of gingival recession, clinical crown height and mandibular incisor position were evaluated using intraoral photographs, digital models and lateral cephalograms. Interphase changes were evaluated using dependent t and McNemar's tests. Correlation between clinical crown height and final position of the mandibular incisors was evaluated using Pearson correlation test (P < 0.05). Results: The frequency of gingival recessions increased over time and was observed in 6 (9.4%), 12 (18.8%) and 24 (37.5%) of the mandibular incisors at T1, T2 and T3, respectively. A significant increase in labial inclination and protrusion of the mandibular incisors was observed between T1 and T2 interval. The clinical crown height significantly increased in the follow-up period (T3–T2) and in the complete observation time (T3–T1). There was no correlation between the amount of labial inclination and protrusion of the mandibular incisors and clinical crown height for all time intervals. Conclusion: No significant correlation between the amount of labial movement of the mandibular incisor and clinical crown height increase was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dental radiographic comparison is one of the most reliable and scientifically accepted methods for body identification (ID). The heterogeneity between AM (ante mortem) and PM (postmortem) x-rays images continues to stand as an issue for the forensic odontologist. Casual dental findings on X-rays for investigation of other structures than teeth or maxillaries, could eventually be a relevant source of dental data for the ID especially when AM dental files or X-rays are lacking. Two cases are reported in which the body ID was achieved through the comparison of PM dental X-rays with dental images obtained by radiographies of other structures (e.g. X-rays of the skull or cervical spine). These cases highlight that these occasional dental findings might provide sufficient evidence for a body identification. In the collection of AM data of missing people, the collection of all available records and radiographies of the head, neck and chest should be carefully reviewed by forensic odontologists, seeking for any available dental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hypodontia is one of the common dental anomalies influenced by several factors in dental development such as genetic and environmental factors. This study aims to estimate the prevalence and pattern of non-syndromic hypodontia excluding third molars among orthodontic patients at the orthodontic clinic. Methods: A total of 630 patients (n = 630) (459 females, 171 males) attending orthodontic clinic from 2011 to 2019 were assessed. Dental records; panoramic radiographs, and study casts were used to identify patients with missing permanent teeth, excluding third molars. TAC Data Analysis Tool method was used to determine the prevalence and pattern of non-syndromic hypodontia excluding third molars. Results: 84 missing teeth excluding third molars were found from a total of 45 patients with a range age from 7 to 34 years old when the pre-treatment OPGs were taken. The average number of missing teeth per patient is 0.13+0.61. The prevalence of non-syndromic hypodontia excluding third molars among orthodontic patients is 7.1%, where the incidence is higher in the mandible than in the maxilla. The most common missing teeth are the maxillary lateral incisors (27.5%), followed by mandibular lateral incisors (24.0%), and maxillary second premolars (12.0%). A bilateral tooth missing (53.6%) was more common than unilaterally missing teeth (46.4%). No first molar teeth and maxillary central incisors were reported missing. Conclusion: This study shows that 7.1% of orthodontic patients at orthodontic clinic have non-syndromic hypodontia. These phenotypic findings further confirm the need to ascertain the genotypic study of non-syndromic hypodontia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess long-term survival of pulpotomized primary molars and factors related to the survival of the teeth. This retrospective longitudinal study was based on electronic dental health records of children who attended public health service. Eligible children were <12 years and had a pulpotomy procedure code in their dental treatment history. Data were obtained in the period between 2002 and 2016. Chi-squared test, t-test, and one-way ANOVA were used to assess for statistical differences. Kaplan–Meier analyses were performed to create survival estimates, and the log-rank test was performed to compare differences in survival distributions. A multivariate Cox regression was conducted, and hazard ratios were calculated to estimate the hazard rate for failure. Of interventions, 40% were registered in children 3–6 years of age; 56% were boys. Mean estimated survival of such molars was 82 months (SEM = 0.6) and differed by dental operator's work setting and choice of restorative materials used after pulpotomy intervention. Using a stainless steel crown (SSC) to restore pulp-intervened primary molars had the strongest effect on survival (111 months with SEM = 1.8), followed by if the intervention was performed by a specialist or specializing dentist in paediatric dentistry (99 months with SEM = 2.6). The estimated survival time of pulpotomized primary molars is affected by dental operator-related factors, which should be considered in management of extensively carious primary molars of paediatric patients, both at the clinical and organizational decision-making levels. An increased focus on the use of SSC is recommended to be in the learning objectives of dental education programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThe authors conducted a study to determine the frequency and type of adverse events (AEs) associated with dental devices reported to the Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database.MethodsThe authors downloaded and reviewed the dental device-related AEs reported to MAUDE from January 1, 1996, through December 31,2011.ResultsMAUDE received a total of 1,978,056 reports between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2011. Among these reports, 28,046 (1.4%) AE reports were associated with dental devices. Within the dental AE reports that had event type information, 17,261 reported injuries, 7,777 reported device malfunctions, and 66 reported deaths. Among the 66 entries classified as death reports, 52 reported a death in the description; the remaining were either misclassified or lacked sufficient information in the report to determine whether a death had occurred. Of the dental device-associated AEs, 53.5% pertained to endosseous implants.ConclusionsA plethora of devices are used in dental care. To achieve Element 1 of Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Patient Safety Initiative, clinicians and researchers must be able to monitor the safety of dental devices. Although MAUDE was identified by the authors as essentially the sole source of this valuable information on adverse events, their investigations led them to conclude that MAUDE had substantial limitations that prevent it from being the broad-based patient safety sentinel the profession requires.Practical implicationsAs potential contributors to MAUDE, dental care teams play a key role in improving the profession's access to information about the safety of dental devices.

Background: Dental claims data have been used for epidemiological studies without establishing the validity of the recorded diagnoses or procedures. The present study aimed to examine the accuracy of diagnoses, procedures, operation time, and the number of teeth recorded in dental claims data.Methods: We reviewed the charts of 200 patients who visited and 100 patients who were hospitalized in the Department of General Dentistry, Orthodontics, and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in an academic hospital between August 2012 and December 2017. The sensitivity and specificity of the dental claims data for five diseases and 15 procedures were evaluated. We assessed the difference in the number of teeth and duration of general anesthesia between claims data and chart reviews.Results: Sensitivity was more than 86% for six out of seven diagnoses except for pericoronitis (67%). Specificity ranged from 72% (periodontal disease) to 100% (oral cancer for inpatient). The sensitivity of procedures ranged from 10% (scaling for inpatient) to 100%, and the specificity ranged from 6% (food intake on the day of the surgery) to 100%. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) number of teeth in the chart review was 22.6 (6.8), and in the dental claims was 21.6 (8.6). The mean (SD) operation time was 171.2 (120.3) minutes, while the duration of general anesthesia was 270.9 (171.3) minutes.Conclusions: The present study is the first study to validate dental claims data, and indicates the extent of usefulness of each diagnosis and procedure for future dental research using administrative data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While the presence or absence of previous healthcare and criminal justice system (CJS) contacts in the histories of mentally ill offenders has been well‐studied, the frequency of these contacts and when they occur in the period leading up to an index criminal event has received less research attention. Aims: To explore patterns of healthcare and CJS use in the year prior to a criminal act leading to a Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder (NCRMD) finding in Canada. Methods: In this 3‐year retrospective records study, the case files of all patients newly admitted to the British Columbia forensic psychiatric system after a finding of NCRMD between 1st July 2012 and 31st July 2015 were reviewed. Data were extracted on healthcare and CJS use for the 12 months before the act leading to the NCRMD finding. Time‐based descriptive statistics and two‐step cluster analysis were used to investigate service use patterns. Results: Among 94 eligible patients, only four had no service contacts in the year leading up to the index event, leaving 90 in the cohort for further analysis. On average, these 90 patients had seven contacts with health or criminal justice services in the year prior to the index offence. Cluster analysis revealed a high healthcare pathway group who had had many healthcare and few CJS contacts; a limited service user group who had had few contacts of any kind and a heavy service user group who had had a high volume of contacts with both types of service providers. Conclusions: The different patterns of patient contact prior to the index event imply that each practitioner‐type has distinct and temporally relevant opportunities to provide preventative interventions to their patients or user groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dentist in the exercise of the profession is subject to assume responsibility for unlawful acts committed (criminal, civil, ethical and administrative liability). Civil liability involves the obligation of one person to compensate the damage caused to another, with the intention of establishing an economic balance. This article proposes an analysis of the jurisprudence of civil liability cases in actions brought against dentists in the State of São Paulo, between 2015 and 2016. A survey was performed in the databases of the courts of justice (http://www.tjsp.jus.br). After analyzing 94 jurisprudences, it was concluded that dental treatment was considered as an obligation of result (52%) with subjective responsibility (51%), and the inversion of the duty to prove occurred in 49% of the cases; and for every 1,000 dental surgeons (CDs) in the State of São Paulo, 1,1 has already been tried in civil liability cases. It is concluded that the dentist should take a greater care in the preparation of the dental record, which should be very well described and have the patient's consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore caries predictors at age 1 year and caries development at ages 5 and 7 years in two groups of children following different fluoride-based preventive programs. Methods: We conducted a prospective cluster-randomized controlled intervention trial with two parallel arms comparing two prevention programs: one program included fluoride varnish applications every 6 months, the other did not; otherwise, the programs were the same. Participants were 1- and 3-year-old children enrolled at 23 dental clinics in high-risk areas in Stockholm, Sweden. The baseline examination included structured interviews. Caries data were extracted from dental records. The primary outcome measures were ICDAS 1–6 > 0 at baseline (age 1 year) and defs > 0 at ages 2, 3, 5, and 7 years. The secondary outcome measure at age 7 was DFS > 0. Results: Continuous caries development occurred: defs > 0 in 23% at 5 years and in 42% at 7 years. We found no difference in caries development between children who had or had not received fluoride varnish as toddlers. At age 1-year, significant predictors for dental caries in later preschool years were immigrant background, family income, and sweets consumption. Fluoride toothpaste > once a day at 1 year had an OR < 1 for defs > 0 at 5- and 7 years. Conclusions: For toddlers, fluoride varnish does not seem to be an adequate prevention tool. Brushing with fluoride toothpaste from 1 year of age could not arrest caries development. Immigrant background was the strongest predictor. A new toolbox as well as collaborative upstream actions for reducing free-sugar intake are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of the present study was to analyze the mandibular anterior teeth dimension and their widthto-length ratio in a Saudi subpopulation. Materials and methods. One hundred and twenty eight (males=64; females=64) Saudi nationals (mean age=25.5 years) with intact mandibular anterior teeth were recruited and participated in the study. Impressions (irreversible hydrocolloids) were recorded and poured in dental stone. Two examiners measured the teeth with a digital caliper in millimeters up to two decimals (mm=0.00), the results being tabulated and paired. Independent sample tests were used for statistical analysis using SPSS at p<0.05. Results and discussion. Pearson correlation (0.91) between the two examiners was positive. Gender wise differences (P<0.05) between the lengths and widths of mandibular anterior teeth were found. No significant difference between the right and left side pairs of teeth was found, except for length of pair (41-31; p=0.026) and width (43-33; p=0.004) for males, and for length (43-33; p=0.001) for females, respectively. Width-to-height ratio of the lower canines revealed that, in male canines, it was wider (72%) compared to female ones (76%). Conclusions. Canines were the longest/ widest (Males: L=9.75mm; W=6.99mm; Females: L=8.7mm; W=6.47mm), compared to centrals (Males: L=8.11mm; W=5.49mm; Females: L=7.88mm; W=5.31mm) and laterals (Males: L=8.14mm; W=6.06mm; Females: L=7.84mm; W=5.82mm). Sizes of mandibular anterior teeth for males were larger, compared to females. Width-to-height ratios of lateral (75%) and central incisors (69%) for both genders were similar. However, there was a difference in canines (Males=72%; Females=76%), namely female teeth longer in height and smaller in width. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The number of dental services provided is related to the type of services needed by a population and treatment decision making by dentists. This descriptive study aimed to compare the dental service mix in two different payment systems. Methods: The dental records of a long-established dental clinic were reviewed. Treatment performed, during October 2018 and October 2019, by 36 dentists, 12 dentists worked in both payment method periods, 12 of them worked only in salary, and 12 of them worked in fee for service (FFS) period. Results: Preventive dental services and practices without treatment (visits, diagnostic radiography, and referrals) decreased, and practices included aggressive treatments (randomized controlled trial, extraction, and crown) and highly aggressive procedure (surgery) increased from salary to FFS period. The total activities of dentists were higher in FFS. Conclusion: According to our results, in a salary system, the dentist was more likely to refer and perform preventive treatments, whereas in the FFS payment system, the dentists choose more aggressive treatments. Payment method may change dental service mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparison of antemortem and postmortem dental records and radiographs by forensic odontologists has provided identification of decedents who were not visually or otherwise identifiable for various reasons. Medicolegal investigators may stall in the identification process when the decedent's identity is unknown, because there are not known antemortem dental records for comparison. As clear orthodontic appliances, such as Invisalign, rise in popularity, the aligners can also assist in identifying decedents. Recognizing the use of clear orthodontic appliances, removing and assessing the aligners, and determining the brand can provide orthodontic provider information and assist with determining a positive identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this retrospective study was to determine whether a virtually created occlusion is as accurate as a conventionally created occlusion. Seventeen orthognathic patients were included in the study, which was conducted in a university clinic. Plaster cast models were obtained and digitized. Two experienced observers created the conventional (gold standard) and virtual occlusion to assess inter-observer variability. One observer created the conventional and virtual occlusion a second time to assess the intra-observer variability. The criterion for accepting the virtual occlusion was that the difference between the gold standard and the virtual occlusion was not larger than the intra-observer variability for the gold standard. A non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis H test was performed to detect statistically significant differences between the intra- and inter-observer groups for both the conventional and virtual occlusion. No statistically significant differences were found between the different groups. The difference between the conventional and virtual occlusion group was 0.20 mm larger than the intra-observer variability of the gold standard. The virtual occlusion tool presented here can be utilized in daily clinical practice and makes the use of physical dental models redundant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Oral health of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) is of utmost importance. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dental caries and attendance to dental care in Finnish heart-operated CHD patients born in 1997–1999. Methods: The cohort of children born in 1997–1999 was selected using a national register on all heart-operated children in Finland. Gender, general health problems, diagnosis, type of the heart defect (shunting, stenotic and complex defects), and number of operations were available and included in the analyses. Dental records from primary health care were collected from municipalities with their permission. The data comprised of the number of dental examinations and data on caries status (dt, DT, dmft, DMFT) at the age of 7 (grade 1), 11 (grade 5) and 15 (grade 8) years and at the most recent examination. The control group consisted of dental data on patients born in 1997–1999 provided by the City of Oulu, Finland (n = 3356). Results: Oral patient records of 215/570 children were obtained. The difference between the defect types was statistically significant both for DT (p = 0.046) and DMFT (p = 0.009) at the age of 15 (grade 8). The prevalence of caries did not differ between the study population and the controls. High present and past caries experiences were not associated with higher number of visits to oral health care, especially to oral hygienist, or with oral health promotion. National obligations concerning dental visits were not implemented in all municipalities. Conclusion: There seems to be a need for oral health promotion and preventive means implemented by oral hygienists among those with CHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk of the maxillary sinus lift technique and the correlation between the thickness of the gingiva, maxillary sinus membrane, and the maxillary sinus lateral wall. Cone-beam computerized tomograhy (CBCT) records of 32 adult dentate patients (10 male/22 female) were analyzed. The gingival thickness records of the dental units were compared with the thickness measurements of the membrane and lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. The gingival biotypes varied between 1.1 mm (thin) and 1.6 mm (thick), with a small association with sex. The thickness of the sinus membrane presented a small association between sexes (0.2 mm, female/0.3 mm, male) and gingival biotypes (Cohen d =.52). The lateral wall presented a weak association between the biotypes (1.3 mm, thin/1.1 mm, thick). There was also no correlation between the membrane and lateral wall (r = −.22). The volume dimension related to the graft area of the sinus was 4 mm3 for men and 5 mm3 for women. There was a weak correlation of gingival thickness compared with membrane thickness and lateral wall of the sinus (r =.304/r = −.31). Gingival thickness does not appear to be a reliable thickness predictor of the membrane or lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. The analysis of maxillary sinus anatomical structures through CBCT is the most reliable technique to identify the thickness of the membrane and lateral wall of the maxillary sinus before surgery. We believe that new studies are necessary to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Low ORN incidence 4.4% (47/1,050) • Increased risk ORN with mandibular surgery. • Complete ORN resolution in 17% of patients. • Opportunities for risk reduction identified. • Intensive lifelong dental care essential. To assess osteoradionecrosis (ORN) incidence in a population of Irish Head and Neck cancer (HNC) patients, and assess precipitating factors that may contribute to ORN development to aid prevention. Review of 1050 HNC patients attending the Dental Oncology Clinic, CUDSH between 2010 and 2021 identified 47 cases of ORN. Medical, dental and radiotherapy records of these forty-seven patients were retrospectively reviewed. Patient-, tumour-, and treatment-related variables were investigated in association with osteoradionecrosis development. Analysis conducted using SPSS, Pearson's Chi-square test (p < 0.05), and ordinal regression model. ORN incidence was 4.4 %. Median time from radiotherapy (RT) to ORN development was 9.5 months (range 1–98.5 months). ORN development within the mandibular surgical site was significant (p <.001), presenting at a higher Notani grade (p =.002), in mid-mandibular body region (p =.028), at radiation doses ≥ 60 Gy (p =.035), due to induced causes (p =.029), and without resolution (p =.019). This is the first retrospective study of ORN in HNC patients in Ireland over 10-year period. ORN incidence was extremely low (4.4%). As patients reported high smoking/alcohol use and poor dental attendance pre-diagnosis, this suggests intensive dental intervention pre/post-diagnosis contributed to low ORN rates. Mandibular surgery pre-RT increased risk of developing ORN at the surgical site. Therefore, we recommend future treatment planning should contour the surgical site, designating it an organ at risk (OAR), assigning a dose constraint, where oncologically possible, with emphasis on reducing the hot-spot to this region; findings reinforce importance of life-long expert dental care to reduce ORN incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the most encouraging facts about forensic odontology is that it is looked upon today as a reliable methodology which is highly accurate when maintained correctly. Dental tissues are the strongest in the human body. They remain unchanged even after the long period of exposure to extreme conditions. In the field of criminal investigation and medicolegal cases, dental practitioners play a pivotal role. The maintenance of dental records is legally important in most of the European and American countries. Unfortunately, the law is not very clear in India and the awareness is very poor. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which a questionnaire was designed for the participating dentists to self-assess their awareness regarding forensic odontology and forensic value of the dental records maintained in routine practice. The Chi-square test was used for evaluating the results statistically, and the level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: Our study revealed that the dental practitioners of Madhya Pradesh, India, are not adequately prepared for any kind of forensic and medicolegal need if it arises at all. Conclusion: Our study reveals that there is an alarming call for rectification and improvisation in forensic odontology awareness among the practitioners.

Dentistry is an honorable profession, but the relationship between the patient and the dentist has changed drastically in the last 20 years. Anxiety has risen in the community and dental profession due to patients' increased tendency to file legal cases against dentists. Thus, awareness of ethics and medicolegal matters is essential for every dental practitioner. This review was conducted to find exact literature related to dental negligence, dentist awareness of negligence, dental consent, and the Consumer Protection Act. An attempt has also been made to inform dentists that they must follow certain protocols to avert lawsuits due to illegal and/or negligent dental practice. In December 2019, the PubMed, Medline, and EBSCOhost databases were electronically searched for published literature, and 648 articles were screened. A manual search was also conducted to retrieve articles of interest. Titles and abstracts related to the topic of interest and available in English were screened and included in the study. Patient consent must be obtained in written before any treatment procedure. Dentists must be aware of dental negligence, as well as the laws governing it, and should be insured under professional indemnity insurance (“defense costs”). In the event of legal proceedings, this provides protection and financial support for case settlement and other expenses.

Proper recording and keeping dental records are an important part of any dental practice. It helps in improving patient care, has medico-legal importance and play significant role in human identification during mass disasters or criminal offences. Aim: To assess the knowledge and practices of recording and maintaining patients ‘records among private dental practitioners of Delhi, India. Methods: Data for this cross-sectional study was collected from 160 dentists of Delhi using a self-administered questionnaire. The face and content validity as well as reliability of questionnaire was tested before the final data collection. A single trained examiner collected all the necessary information via personal visits or google forms. Chi-square test was applied to check the statistically significant difference between the dichotomous independent variables with respect to study participants’ responses to the questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 34.5 (SD 7.2) years.Digital method of recording patient’s data and x-ray storage was more prevalent than manual method among the study participants. Slightly more than 40% of the dentists were keeping patient’s records safe for a period of 6 to 10 years. Younger dentists with lesser years of practice were more explicit in recording and correcting patient records. Conclusion: Results of this study shows that private dental practitioners of Delhi are aware of medico-legal importance of dental records. Most of them were recording important findings and history of their patients. Dentists must be educated in two aspects namely correct method of recording and the ideal duration of storing their patients’ dental records.

Background: Tooth extraction post radiotherapy is one of the most important risk factors of osteoradionecrosis of the jawbones. The objective of this study was to determine the predictors of osteoradionecrosis (ORN) which were associated with a dental extraction post radiotherapy.Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records and dental panoramic tomogram (DPT) of patients with a history of head and neck radiotherapy who underwent dental extraction between August 2005 to October 2019 was conducted.Results: Seventy-three patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 16 (21.9%) had ORN post dental extraction and 389 teeth were extracted. 33 sockets (8.5%) developed ORN. Univariate analyses showed significant associations with ORN for the following factors: tooth type, tooth pathology, surgical procedure, primary closure, target volume, total dose, timing of extraction post radiotherapy, bony changes at extraction site and visibility of lower and upper cortical line of mandibular canal. Using multivariate analysis, the odds of developing an ORN from a surgical procedure was 6.50 (CI 1.37-30.91, p = 0.02). Dental extraction of more than 5 years after radiotherapy and invisible upper cortical line of mandibular canal on the DPT have the odds of 0.06 (CI 0.01-0.25, p < 0.001) and 9.47 (CI 1.61-55.88, p = 0.01), respectively.Conclusion: Extraction more than 5 years after radiotherapy, surgical removal procedure and invisible upper cortical line of mandibular canal on the DPT were the predictors of ORN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Forensic odontology applies dental sciences in legal investigations and primarily focuses upon identification of individuals by comparing dental records to on-site findings such as bite marks, dental remains, fragmentary remains etc. Stature is the height of the person in upright position and is a genetically pre-determined factor for each individual; therefore, stature estimation, among the four pillars of forensic odontology, is influential in forensic assessment. It may be estimated by craniometric measurements on the principle that bones are often correlated positively with stature-justifying the purpose of the investigation. Objective: The study aims to estimate a relationship between the stature of an individual on the basis of craniometric measurements. Materials and methods: The study group comprises of 74 participants (aged 18+) with normal growth and development. The measurement of height was made by making the participant stand upright on a flat horizontal surface. Following craniometric measurements were taken using measuring tape: • Maximum Head Length-distance between glabella and the opisthocranium. • Horizontal head circumference-it is the maximum circumference of the head (mostly horizontally above the eyebrow ridge) • Maximum head breadth-maximum biparietal diameter (distance between lateral most points of parietal bone). Result: The data was analyzed using SPSS software to estimate the height of an individual based on craniometric measurements. The regression equation with r and r2 values with standard estimate of error was calculated to identify the most suitable predictor for stature. Conclusion: Correlation of height and craniometric measurements were done using simple linear regression. The best parameter recorded was with respect to head circumference with r value 0.372 and SEE 8.3551 while insignificant correlation was found with Maximum head length (MHL) and maximum head breadth (MHB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Many studies of tooth dimensions have reported both diversity among populations and sexual dimorphism. This study aimed to collect data on mesiodistal dimensions and sexual dimorphism of permanent teeth of contemporary Western Australian adolescents.Methods: The mesiodistal dimensions of teeth from 500 adolescents (177 males, 323 females; age, 13-18 years) were obtained from pre-orthodontic treatment digital dental records of examinations using Invisalign technology. Differences between contralateral teeth and sexual dimorphism were analyzed by using SPSS.Results: Mesiodistal dimensions significantly differed between right and left teeth in both sexes. Males had larger teeth than females, and the difference was significant for most teeth. Reverse dimorphism (females had slightly larger teeth than males) was observed for the maxillary second premolar. Mandibular canines exhibited the greatest dimorphism. In addition, secular trends-specifically, a reduction in the degree of dimorphism-were observed in mesiodistal dimensions.Conclusion: Mesiodistal dimensions significantly differed between teeth in contralateral quadrants, in both arches. Most teeth exhibited sexual dimorphism, which was the greatest for permanent mandibular canines. Dimorphism was less obvious in this population than in other populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental visits are a high risk activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigated the utilization of emergency dental services and clinical practical attitudes of dental residents in this period. Retrospective chart data from 13th November 2019 to 31st March 2020 in Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan were used. We obtained electronic medical records to review data from 515 patients who visited the emergency department with dental complaints and we contacted the 26 residents assigned to act as primary care providers to participate in this study. After the COVID-19 outbreak, 17% fewer patients had dental emergency utilization at a hospital emergency center relative to the previous period. A survey of residents also showed a decline in the number of patients. There were no significant differences of patients' problems and diagnoses between the two periods. After the COVID-19 outbreak, 61.5% of the residents were afraid of being infected by a patient's disease and the proportions of dentists wearing waterproof gowns, face shields, and surgical hair caps were 76.9%, 88.5%, and 76.3%, respectively. These variables increased significantly after the outbreak of COVID-19. Despite the trend of a decreased number of patients, their utilization of dental emergency services seems to be similar before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, possibly related to strict hospital infection control policies and the relatively low number of COVID-19 confirmed patients internationally at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Previous surveys have demonstrated high rates of early childhood caries (ECC) in the Alaska Native (AN) population of western Alaska. There are many challenges to providing dental care in this road‐less Yukon‐Kuskokwim Delta region. The regional Tribal Health Organization implemented an electronic dental record (EDR) system in the late 1990s. We explored use of the EDR to establish an oral health surveillance system in children. Methods: We contracted with EDR software developers to implement calculation of a summary count of decayed (d), missing (m) or filled (f) primary (dmft) score for each individual. We calculated the yearly average dmft scores for 2011–2019 for children aged 3 and 5 years with a comprehensive exam in a given year. We also assessed the number of children undergoing full mouth dental rehabilitation (FMDR). We used US census data population estimates for these age groups to calculate rates. Results: Over the 9‐year period, 2,427 3‐year‐old children (47 percent of all 3‐year olds over this period), received a comprehensive exam; increasing from 24 percent in 2011 to 62 percent in 2019. Their average dmft score over the 9‐years was 6.4 with a significant annual decline over this period. Seventy percent of AN children who turned 6 between 2015 and 2019 had received at least one FMDR. Conclusions: An oral health surveillance system has been established in western Alaska using the Electronic Dental Record. High rates of ECC and FMDR were observed. This surveillance system will allow assessments of ECC prevalence and impact of dental interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The literature regarding the treatment of posterior crossbites using a transpalatal arch (TPA) is scarce. Moreover, there is only one clinical study on the correction of unilateral crossbites using torque activation. This is an important clinical issue; therefore, this study was conducted to show the effects of an active Goshgarian TPA in correcting nonfunctional single-tooth unilateral crossbite. Methods. The present single-blind, randomized clinical trial examined 60 observations on 30 individuals with nonfunctional single-tooth unilateral crossbites in the first permanent molar area. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of "symmetric expansion" [control] and "expansion + torque activation" using Goshgarian TPAs [experimental]. The palatal arch was expanded at a rate of 2 mm/month, for 2–8 months. The average treatment durations were 157.9 and 117.1 days, respectively, for the control and experimental groups. Dentoskeletal alterations were assessed on dental records, posteroanterior frontal cephalographs, and occlusal radiographs taken before and after treatment. Changes induced by treatments in each group and differences between changes in both groups were analyzed statistically (α = 0.05). Results. The treatment duration was significantly shorter in the experimental group (P < 0.05). The extent of dental displacement on the crossbite side was significant no matter what treatment was applied (P < 0.001); no between-group difference was detected (P > 0.05). Both treatments tilted the teeth in crossbite (P < 0.001) without any between-group difference (P > 0.05). The noncrossbite molar was displaced in the control group, whereas this did not occur in the experimental group (between-group P < 0.001). Conclusions. The Goshgarian TPA can be used with torque activation in order to deliver a more effective and faster correction of nonfunctional single-tooth unilateral crossbites with more favorable clinical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the oral health status and treatment needs of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Methods: In this retrospective study, the records of children between the ages of 6 and 14 who attended the College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan between 2016 and 2019 were reviewed. Demographic and clinical data was collected and compared for children who were identified as having FASD and a healthy control group. Results: From our total sample of 252 dental records, 68 children were identified with FASD. When compared to controls, children with FASD were significantly older at their first dental visit, and more dependent on public dental insurance. Children with FASD also had a significantly higher caries experience (97% vs 64.7%) and severity (DMFT/dmft score = 7.18 ± 1.79 vs 2.93 ± 0.98). Additionally, the results of our logistic regression model indicate that children with FASD were 4.71 times more likely (OR 4.71, 95% CI 1.58 –14.03) to be referred for treatment under general anesthesia (GA) when all other factors were controlled. Conclusions: Children with FASD may be at a higher risk for poor oral health outcomes and have more extensive treatment needs. Our results indicate that they may also be at a higher risk for treatment under GA. Clinical relevance: Oral healthcare providers need to be award of the unique needs of children with FASD to better prevent and manage their oral disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overall, trauma hand surgery under WALANT was a positive experience for most patients, with 95% considering it better than expected, and 95% reporting that they would recommend it to friends and family. Our regional plastic surgery department, based at Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University, provides tertiary hand trauma service to 2.8 million people. This may indicate that trauma patients have lower expectations of how much pain is involved, as the pain from the injury is already a factor. [Extracted from the article]

Periapical lesions may be due to periapical abscess, granuloma or a cyst. Seen only on radiograph as radiolucency, root canal treatment is established as the first choice of treatment. Periapical lesion usually found at the apices of nonvital teeth as periapical granuloma, abscess or radicular cyst. The treatment and prognosis may differ according to the lesion present. This study was aimed to establish an association between periapical lesions associated with non vital teeth and its management. A retrospective study was done based on data analysed from 86000 patients records collected in a dental outpatient department. Excel tabulation was done and the results obtained from SPSS version 20. Statistical test performed was the chi square test. From the total patient data of 138 patients were studied and prevalence of periapical lesion was assessed. Out of which periapical lesion was present in 40.1% of the cases, in which only 2.2% required surgical method of treatment. Within the limits of study, It can be concluded that surgical methods of treatment to be done only if there is a persistent lesion after primary endodontic therapy. Its proven that non vital teeth without lesions are treated non surgically with high success rates and is statistically significant (p<0.05). Hence, a routine root canal treatment can always be resorted to before attempting any surgical approach. Regular follow up is required to assess healing of lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentition Affected By Dental Caries With Pulpal Involvement Either Requires Endodontic Or Exodontic Management. Permanent Teeth Involving Endodontic Management Loses Its Vitality And Strength And Those Involving Exodontic Management Are Completely Absent For The Rest Of The Life Of The Patient. Aim: The Aim Of The Study Was To Assess The Association Of Age And Gender In Children Undergoing Extraction Of First Permanent Molar And First Premolar. Materials And Method: A Total Of 89000 Cases Were Reviewed Between June 2019 To March 2020 To Collect Data On Children Who Underwent Premolar Extractions And Children Who Underwent Molar Extractions. A Total Of 161 Case Sheets Were Finally Reviewed For Gender And Age Variations In Children With First Premolar Extractions And With First Permanent Molar Extractions. The Data Obtained From Dental Treatment Records Were Added In MS Excel. Data Was Analysed Using SPSS Software And Chi Square Test Was Done. Results: 64.47% Of Children Who Were Males Underwent Extraction Of First Permanent Molar While 61.18% Of Children Who Were Females Underwent Extraction Of First Premolar (P = 0.001). 51.32% Of Children Between 15-17 Years Of Age Underwent Extraction Of The First Permanent Molar While 64.71% Of Children Between 12-14 Years Of Age Underwent Extraction Of The First Premolar (P=0.04). Higher Number Of Children Who Were Males Underwent Extraction Of The First Permanent Molar Predominantly, While Females Underwent Extraction Of The First Premolar. Higher Number Of Children Between 15-17 Years Of Age Underwent Extraction Of The First Permanent Molar Predominantly While Children Between 12-14 Years Of Age Underwent Extraction Of The First Premolar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional Appliances Are Used Worldwide And Are Most Effective In The Treatment Of Class Ii Malocclusion. They Are Also Used To Achieve Posterior Extrusion To Correct Deep Bites. The Aim Of The Study Was To Assess The Number Of Patients Undergoing Growth Modification With Different Types Of Functional Appliances And The Age Group Which Has The Highest Frequency Of Functional Appliance Usage. The Study Has Been Carried During An One-Year Period (June 2019 To April 2020) On 34 Patients Who Used Functional Appliances. Data Was Collected From An Electronic Dental Record Consisting Of All Orthodontic Diagnosis Case Sheets Which Were Reviewed And Pre-Adolescents And Adolescents In The Age Group Between 8-17 Years Were Chosen For The Study. All Relevant Datas Obtained From The Record System Were Exported To Spss Software And Results Were Obtained Using Chi Square Test. The Findings Of Our Study Demonstrated That Patients Who Had Undergone Removable Functional Appliance Therapy (69.70 %) Were Comparatively Higher Than The Ones Who Had Undergone Treatment With Fixed Functional Appliances (30.30 %). Majority Of Male Patients Had Undergone Removable Functional Appliance Therapy. 42.42 % Of Patients Were In The Age Group Of 8-12 Years (P Value >0.05) Statistically Not Significant. The Study Concludes That The Majority Of The Patients Have Undergone Removable Functional Appliance Therapy As Compared To Treatment With Fixed Functional Appliances But The Study Was Not Statistically Significant.(P Value >0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important developments in the field of radiology is that the imaging process has started to take place in the digital environment. The advantages of digital radiography increase the interest of dentists in digital radiography, and nowadays digital systems are replacing conventional systems. The most important reasons for the increase of using the digital systems are the fast access to the image, the quality of the image, and the easy storage and transmission of the image. Nowadays, clinicians can digitize anything and recall it with the patient. This article presents a review of digital imaging and dental record. The history of digital imaging, direct and indirect digital imaging methods, digital sensors, and dental records were reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]