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According to the characteristics of wire-line coring drilling technology and combined the project of ZK3 borehole in salt exploration in Ye-wu sag in Henan province, the data of construction cost and efficiency for wire-line coring and roundtrip coring separately have been analyzed. In a certain evaluation period, the technical and economic evaluation for wire-line coring and simulation roundtrip coring in ZK3 borehole conducted by net present value (NPV) method, the result shows that, in ZK3 borehole, comparing with roundtrip coring, the drilling efficiency of wire-line coring method improved by 85%, the profit is 6.3 times than roundtrip coring, its technical economy is more obvious along with the depth increase. The sensibility analysis shows, the most sensitivity factors effecting on the borehole efficiency are construction price and construction period.

Particularly important is the use of drilling fluid in carrying out drilling works to great depths and especially in difficult geological conditions. Proper function of the drilling fluid is governed by the selection of their physico-chemical properties. Drilling works of hydrogeological survey require circulation of borehole with such rinses, which at a minimum pollute water-bearing horizons and their chemical composition meets hygiene requirements.

Calculations discussed in the Iceland Deep Drilling Project feasibility study in 2003 indicated that, for same volumetric flow rate of steam, a geothermal well producing from natural supercritical fluid would have the potential to generate power outputs an order of magnitude greater than from conventional high-temperature wells (240–340 °C). To reach supercritical hydrous fluid conditions in natural geothermal systems requires deep drilling to a minimum depth of some 3.5–5 km were temperature conditions can be expected to range between 400 and 600 °C in reasonably active high-temperature fields. Three geothermal fields in Iceland, Reykjanes, Hengill and Krafla, were selected as suitable locations for deep drilling to test this concept in search of natural supercritical geothermal fluid systems.

The aluminum alloy drill rod has light weight, high specific strength, more deep drilling depth and so on. The development and application of aluminum alloy drill rod has a great practical significance for improving geological drilling efficiency at where it is hard to enter and promoting scientific drilling technological progress and reducing the energy consumption. In this paper, the current situation and key technology of batch and serialization for aluminum alloy rod were introduced, and its application technology characteristics, trial production key technology, indoor experiment, and application situation had been analyzed. The research about aluminum alloy rod for high temperature was suggested after reviewing the foreign research results.

Preparation has begun for drilling the second deep IDDP well into the saline Reykjanes high-temperature field in SW-Iceland. The site selection for the IDDP-2 drillhole is under review and the prime candidate is essentially the same as the 1st priority site suggested for the Reykjanes field in 2003. More recent drillhole data and new MT surveys have amplified the justification for selecting that site. Deep drilling to 4–5 km depth is an important part of the HS Orka exploration strategy for enhanced power production, either by direct use of high energy steam, or by attempting to enhance the field performance by re-injecting geothermal fluid deep into very hot rocks. Pending on several decisions and development in Iceland, outside the control of the IDDP energy consortium, the IDDP-2 well might possibly be drilled to 4–5 km depth as early as 2014.

The aim of the Iceland Deep Drilling Projects (IDDP) was to drill to a depth of 4–5 km in known high-temperature areas to investigate their roots. The paper describes the design of the “generic” IDDP well and what the plans were. The challenges are to drill a large well with five cemented casing strings to 4500 m into a reservoir which can have a temperature of 400–600 °C. In 2009 well IDDP-1 was drilled according to these plans but could not reach below 2100 m due to the intersection of magma, as will be described in other papers in this special issue of Geothermics. The paper is thus for the historical record of the original design premises and intentions.

Funafuti atoll in the central Pacific was the site of the first deep drilling into a coral atoll. Drilling was carried out during three expeditions in 1896–98, sponsored by the Royal Society, London. Its purpose was purely scientific: to test Charles Darwin’s theory of coral atoll formation. Surface geological investigations were also undertaken during the second expedition in 1897, and detailed maps, descriptions and explanatory notes on the 32 islands located on the atoll rim were prepared for publication in the Royal Society’s report on The Atoll of Funafuti, published in 1904. However, not all of the island descriptions and explanatory notes that accompanied the final 63 page text and 14 map sheets on the geology of Funafuti Atoll were included in the published work, although this appears not to have been noticed by the volume’s editor, Professor T.G. Bonney in London, or by the authors T.W. Edgeworth David and George Sweet in Australia. Lacking are descriptions of the islands on Funafuti’s northern and northwestern rim as well as the explanatory notes to accompany five of the 14 map sheets. Searches were undertaken through archives of the expedition in the United Kingdom and Australia in an attempt to uncover the ‘missing’ material. This archival search met with partial success in the Sir Edgeworth David Papers at Sydney University where a draft manuscript containing ‘explanatory notes’ on seven islands and five of the 14 map sheets was uncovered. These notes are transcribed in an annex to the present report. The reasons behind the omission of this material in the final publication are not clear, though the archival documentation does provide a fascinating insight into the difficulties associated with scientific expedition publications at the end of the nineteenth century, when editors and authors were separated by large time and space differences, several contributors were involved in map, note and text preparation, and drafts of chapters and illustrations were transported in hard-copy over long distances, such as from Australia to the United Kingdom, as was the case of the Funafuti report.

The introduction of low-temperature fluid into boreholes drilled in ice sheets helps to remove drilling cuttings and to prevent borehole closure through visco-plastic deformation. Only special fluids, or mixtures of fluids, can satisfy the very strict criteria for deep drilling in cold ice. The effects of drilling fluid on the natural environment are analyzed from the following points of view: (1) occupational safety and health; (2) ozone depletion and global warming; (3) chemical pollution; and (4) biological pollution. Traditional low-temperature drilling fluids (kerosene-based fluids with density additives, ethanol and n-butyl acetate) cannot be qualified as intelligent choices from the safety, environmental and technological standpoints. This paper introduces a new type of low-temperature drilling fluid composed of synthetic ESTISOLTM esters, which are non-hazardous substances. ESTISOLTM 140 mixtures with ESTISOLTM 165 or ESTISOLTM F2887 have an acceptable density and viscosity at low temperature. To avoid the potential for biological contamination of the subglacial environment, the borehole drilling fluid should be treated carefully on the surface.

This paper focused on optimizing deep drilling parameters based on Taguchi method for minimizing surface roughness. The experiments were conducted on CNC lathe machine using solid carbide cutting tool on material AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel. Four cutting parameters such as cutting fluid, speed, feed and hole-depth, each at three levels except the cutting fluid at two levels were considered. Taguchi L18 orthogonal array was used as design of experiment. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to determine which machining parameter significantly affects the surface roughness and also the percentage contribution of individual parameters. Confirmation test was conducted to ensure validity of the test result. The results revealed that the combination of factors and their levels A2B3C2D1 i.e. the machining done in the presence of cutting fluid, at a speed of 500 r.p.m. with a feed of 0.04mm/s and hole-depth of 25mm yielded the optimum i.e. minimum surface roughness. Further, the results of ANOVA indicated that all four cutting parameters significantly affected the surface roughness with maximum contribution from speed (27.02%), followed by cutting fluid (25.10%), feed (22.99%), and hole-depth (14.29%). It is also observed that the surface finish for deep drilling process can be improved effectively through this approach.

Drum-shaped stone tongue that there are 3 ~ 5 m thick wedge silt on the bottom formed in the junction of silt and the stone embankment by reclamation silt with mountain stone during the course of backfill. In the paper, on the basis of drills, superficia drilling holes, deep drilling holes and vibrating stop plank model, boundary stone embankment shape and soft soil layer depth were obtained, cross section of stone embankment and stone embankment boundary were revealed during the course of artificial fill, study the stone tongue shape, soft soil around stone tongue, silt characters on stone tongue bottom and reinforcement treatments were studied to obtain treatment method which can satisfy the engineering requirement and can save the engineering cost and provide mature construction technology and method for the similar subgrade treatment of sea reclamation engineering.

A remarkable event occurred in February 2012: the Vostok deep drilling project was complete at the Vostok station in Antarctica. Russian scientists were the first in the world to penetrate deep into the famous subglacial lake located there. The lake is unique because it has been in isolation from external impacts for a long time. The authors describe everything that has been done to reach the lake’s surface and present the findings.

Continuous development of science and technology, the human ability to conquer nature and continuously improve, but also rapid growth in social demands, significantly reduced the amount of available resources. Earth-shallow layer drying up of resources of our human life, forcing people to the underground exploration of the deeper substance to meet human needs. This requires adaptation of deep drilling tool for drilling needs good equipment, deep-hole wireline coring drilling equipment in adapting to constantly update and be perfect with this demand.

Aufgrund der fortschreitenden Automatisierung in der Fertigungstechnik erh��lt die automatische Verschlei��- und Prozessparameterkontrolle einen immer h��heren Stellenwert. In der Serienfertigung werden heute der allgemeine Maschinenzustand sowie der Prozess selbst ��berwacht und gegebenenfalls korrigierende Ma��nahmen ergriffen. Der Bearbeitungsprozess wird in der Einlaufphase von erfahrenen Maschinenbedienern empirisch optimiert. In der Produktion erfolgt in den meisten F��llen nur eine Postprozess-��berwachung. Dies bedeutet, dass an einem Fertigungsteil Abweichungen detektiert werden, jedoch erst beim folgenden Fertigungsteil korrigierend eingegriffen wird. Ein solches Vorgehen ist in der Einzelfertigung nicht m��glich. Man verl��sst sich hier haupts��chlich auf die Kompetenz des Maschinenbedieners, welcher mit Erfahrung und seiner menschlichen Sensorik durch aktiven Eingriff in die Prozessparameter einen stabilen Bearbeitungsprozess erh��lt. In der Einzel- oder Kleinserienfertigung wird noch kaum eine aktive Prozess��berwachung und Prozessregelung realisiert. Dies liegt vor allem an der Funktionsweise dieser Systeme. Aufgrund von Wirtschaftlichkeits��berlegungen wird Mehrmaschinenbedienung und Maschinenverf��gbarkeit ein immer gr����eres Thema. Daher ist der Wunsch begr��ndet, auch in der Einzelfertigung entsprechende Prozess��berwachungs- und Korrektursysteme einzusetzen. Gerade beim Bearbeitungsprozess des Tiefbohrens besteht f��r solche Prozess��berwachungssysteme eine besondere Nachfrage. Dieser Prozess ist sehr kostenintensiv und wird h��ufig bei sehr teuren Werkst��cken am Ende der Bearbeitungskette eingesetzt. In dieser Arbeit wird zuerst versucht, ein generelles Verst��ndnis ��ber die Verh��ltnisse am Schneidkeil zu erlangen, um die Grundlagen f��r ein den Bearbeitungsprozess abbildendes Modell zu entwickeln. Da die Qualit��t jedes Modells direkt von der Aussagekraft seiner Eingangsvariablen abh��ngt, wurden ausf��hrlich die verschiedenen Messsysteme diskutiert und auf deren Tauglichkeit hin ��berpr��ft. Das gew��hlte Modell, kontinuierlich durch prozessrelevante Messdaten erweitert, soll eine sehr kurzfristige Vorhersage zur Stabilit��t des Bohrprozesses erm��glichen und gegebenenfalls Daten f��r ein korrigierendes Eingreifen liefern. Im Zuge der Analyse werden vor allem die physikalischen Verh��ltnisse am Schneidkeil und deren schallemittierende Effekte im Besonderen untersucht. Es wird nicht nur deren Entstehung betrachtet, sondern das Forschungsziel ist daraufhin ausgerichtet, mittels Messungen, Filterung der Rohdaten und deren Bewertung mit anschlie��ender Auswertung der gewonnenen Daten auf die Verh��ltnisse direkt am Schneidkeil zu schlie��en. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse wird in Echtzeit automatisch in den Arbeitsprozess regulierend eingegriffen. Den Anforderungen der Wirtschaft folgend wurden die Grenzen des heute technisch M��glichen ausgelotet, L��sungsans��tze analysiert, weiterentwickelt und daraus ein Anforderungskatalog zur Umsetzung ausgearbeitet. In Kooperation zwischen dem Institut f��r Fertigungstechnik und Hochleistungslasertechnik (IFT) und der Firma Schoeller-Bleckmann Oilfield Technology GmbH & Co. KG (SBOT) konnte dieses Konzept speziell f��r den Bereich Einlippenbohren und BTA-Bohren umgesetzt werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde am IFT eine universelle ELB-Tiefbohrbank entwickelt und als Versuchstr��ger genutzt. Nach erfolgreichen Laborversuchen konnte das System probeweise auf eine industrielle Tiefbohrbank der Firma SBOT ��bertragen und Feldversuche unter in der Industrie ��blichen Einsatzbedingungen durchgef��hrt werden. Somit konnte durch diese Entwicklung aufgezeigt werden, dass eine automatische In-Prozess-��berwachung basierend auf der Beobachtung von K��rperschallemissionen m��glich ist. Dar��ber hinaus wird ansatzweise versucht, die Anwendung dieses Prozess��berwachungskonzeptes auf beliebige spanende Fertigungsprozesse zu ��bertragen., Due to the progressive automation in manufacturing technology, the automatic wear and process parameter control gains an increasing importance. In a series production these days, it will monitor the general machine condition and the process itself. And, if needed, appropriate corrective interventions are taken. In the single or small batch production, however, the monitoring process and corrective intervention is still in its infancy. This is mainly due to the operation of these systems. During a series production, highly experienced machine operators optimize the initial start-up phase of the cutting tool process empirically. In most cases, only post-production process monitoring exists. That means that when a deviation is detected in one produced part then corrective action is taken when the next part is produced. Such a process is not possible when a single part is produced. In that case, the quality of the product relies mainly on the competence of the machine operator. It is through experience and the human senses that an operator actively engaged in the process parameters establishes a stable production process. Due to economic considerations there is a growing cost issue associated with operating multiple machines and with machine availability. There is therefore the desire to employ appropriate automatic process monitoring and corrective systems in the individual production process as well. There is particularly a demand for a process monitoring system when deep drilling with gundrills at extreme depths up to six hundred times the drill diameter. Not only is the process itself costly, the parts themselves are also very expensive. In this paper, the objective is to create a general understanding of the conditions at the cutting edge in order to establish a foundation for developing an accurate process model. This model, continuously fed by process-relevant data, is designed to generate a short-term forecast of the stability of the drilling process and, if needed, to provide data for a corrective intervention. A model can only be as good as its input variables, so the various measurement systems are described in detail as well as their suitability. In analyzing the above and the physical conditions at the cutting edge, particular attention was focused on the sound-emitting effects that were created. During the analysis, the physical relationship between the cutting edge and the sound-emitting effects was examined. The structure-born noises were measured, filtered and validated to establish the relationship to the cutting edge. Based on this data, corrective intervention could be made in real time. Following the demands of the economy, the technical limits today were explored, possible solutions analyzed, developed and elaborated in a catalogue listing the requirements for implementing the process monitoring system. In collaboration with the Institute for Production Engineering and High Power Laser Technology (IFT) and Schoeller-Bleckmann Oilfield Technology GmbH & Co. KG (SBOT) this concept has been implemented specifically for the field of gundrilling and BTA drilling. To this end, a universal gundrill machine was developed and used as a test vehicle at the IFT. Following successful laboratory tests, the system was tentatively assigned to an Industrial gundrill machine from SBOT, and field trials were carried out under standard industrial conditions. This work proved that automatic monitoring of the gundrill process is possible by observing the structure-borne noise emissions. Further studies could confirm that such a concept can also be applied to other cutting applications.

У статті розглянуті способи і методи оптимізації обробки глибоких отворів малих діаметрів за критеріями стійкості і продуктивності процесу. In the article optimization methods of deep holes processing of small diameters by the criteria of process stability and productivity are considered.

What is the role of the various additives used to synthesize the drilling mud while a drilling operation? Drilling mud additives are being used to assure the success of drilling and maintain stability throughout the operation. Someone may say drilling fluids are designed to solve or minimize many drilling problems. From the early stages of the first drilling fluids to the sophisticated contemporary systems, drilling mud has been the heart of drilling operations. Its circulation circuit, required functions and chemical composition are presented. My goal for this thesis was to prepare a document that could serve as a short guide for drilling mud purposes and composition. For the most part, I oriented the review towards the role of drilling mud additives and their contribution to mud properties. I chose to discuss each item in this review in the order in which it is encountered in any other book with relevant content., ���������������� �������������������� ���� �������� DRILLING MUD ADDITIVES, �� ���������� �������������������������� ������ ���������������� ������ ���������������������� �������������� ������ ������������ ������������������. ������������������������ ���������������������� ���� ������������ ������������������ ������ ���������� ���� �������� ���� ��������, ���� ������������������ �� ������������ ������������������ ������������������. ������������������ �� �������������� ������ ���������������� ���������� ������ ������ ������������������ ��������. ������������ ���������������������������� ���� �������������� ������������ ������������ ���������������� ������ �������������������������������� ������ ������������ ������������������ ���������� ������ ���� ������������������ ������ ������������������ ���� ��������. A������������������������, �������� ������������ ������������������������������ �� ������������������ ������ ���������������������� ������ ������������ ������������������, ���� �������������� ���������������������� ��������������, �� ���������������� ������ �������������� ���������������������� ������ ���������������������� �������� ����������������������, ���� ���������������� ���� �������� ���� ���������� ���������������������� ���� �������������� ���������������� �������� ������ ���� �������������������� ������ ���������������������� �������� ���� ���������������� ������������ ���� ���������� ������ �������� ���������� ��������. �� ������������ ������������������ ������ ���������� ������������ ������������������ ������������������������ ������ ���������� ���������������������� �������� �������������� ������������., �������������������������� ������������������������: ������������������ ������ �������������������������������� (������������ ������ �������������������������� ������������������������ ������������), ������������������ �������������������� ������������������������ (������������ ���������������� ����������������������), ���������������������� ������������������ (���������������������� ������������������������ ������������)

Наведені теоретичні і експериментальні дослідження механізмів приводів верстатів для обробки глибоких отворів. Показано, що застосування пристроїв із змінною величиною вильоту інструмента, а також механізмів вібраційного свердлення підвищують ефективність обробки глибоких отворів. Наведено схеми розвантаження свердла, що основані на використанні комбінованої обробки „різання - пластична деформація” і підведенням мастильно-охолодного технічного засобу з надлишковим тиском. Способи вирішують задачі зниження складових технологічного навантаження і дозволяють розширити технологічні можливості процесу свердління по глибині обробки. The theoretical and experimental researches of mechanisms of machine tools drives for the deep drilling are considered. The application of devices with a variable quantity of tool extension, and also mechanisms of vibration drilling raise effectiveness of deep-hole machining are demonstrated. The schemes of drill unloading, based on use of the combined processing „cutting - plastic deformation” and admission lubricant-cooling agent with overpressure, are considered. The methods solve a problem of technological load components decrease and allows expanding technological capability of drilling process on depth of processing.

An integrated logging and deep drilling data interpretation has provided insight to the section of the Yurubcheno-Tokhomo field. Five phases of salt deposition of 50–350 m in the cumulative thickness have been identified (top–bottom): upper Litvintsevo, Angara, upper Belsk, upper Usolye, and lower Usolye. Cumulative thickness of Cambrian salts was found to reach 550–600 m, with predominance of 1- to 9-m salt layers. In the Cambrian, the study area was a shallow warm basin of sabkha type and favored salt evaporation. Regression periods controlled the thicknesses of salts.

Moving into the next decade, wells in the Middle East are becoming more challenging as the deeper and more complex plays are exploited. This environment will be challenging from a torsional and tensile loading standpoint, and will be dynamically very active. This type of environment combined with high levels of H2S calls for a new high grade of sour service pipe. The Middle East is also opening up to the idea of high speed telemetry and wired pipe economics that call for a long lasting pipe product. When using sour service pipe that is traditionally limited to 105 KSI grades, even with an optimized string design, drillers sometimes have no other option than to sacrifice the margin of overpull, risking losing the well if fishing is unsuccessful. Alternatively, they can elect to use drill pipe, which is not suited for use in this corrosive environment, generally using API S135, with a risk of parting the string due to H2S embrittlement. To address these operational limitations, the pipe body, which is the drill pipe limiting member in tension, has to come with higher material strength and at the same time exhibit improved Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) resistance compared to API S135 grade. A novel grade of drill pipe was developed over a period of two years that is the strongest sour service drill pipe the industry has to offer to date and gives drillers an extra 19% of tensile capacity with its 125 KSI material yield strength. This new grade has been ordered for use in various regions of the world and for numerous applications. At this time, it is being used for intervention and stimulation operations in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), and drilling long, extended reach (ER) wells with wired telemetry drill pipe in the Middle East. This paper presents the phases of the grade development and discusses testing requirements for the crossover between strength and SSC resistance. It also includes statistical data on the first full scale manufacturing tests. Finally, it outlines the products expectations for field applications.

Sedimentary sequences in ancient or long-lived lakes can reach several thousands of meters in thickness and often provide an unrivalled perspective of the lake's regional climatic, environmental, and biological history. Over the last few years, deep drilling projects in ancient lakes became increasingly multi- and interdisciplinary, as, among others, seismological, sedimentological, biogeochemical, climatic, environmental, paleontological, and evolutionary information can be obtained from sediment cores. However, these multi- and interdisciplinary projects pose several challenges. The scientists involved typically approach problems from different scientific perspectives and backgrounds, and setting up the program requires clear communication and the alignment of interests. One of the most challenging tasks, besides the actual drilling operation, is to link diverse datasets with varying resolution, data quality, and age uncertainties to answer interdisciplinary questions synthetically and coherently. These problems are especially relevant when secondary data, i.e., datasets obtained independently of the drilling operation, are incorporated in analyses. Nonetheless, the inclusion of secondary information, such as isotopic data from fossils found in outcrops or genetic data from extant species, may help to achieve synthetic answers. Recent technological and methodological advances in paleolimnology are likely to increase the possibilities of integrating secondary information, e.g., through molecular dating of molecular phylogenies. Some of the new approaches have started to revolutionize scientific drilling in ancient lakes, but at the same time, they also add a new layer of complexity to the generation and analysis of sediment core data. The enhanced opportunities presented by new scientific approaches to study the paleolimnological history of these lakes, therefore, come at the expense of higher logistic, communication, and analytical efforts. Here we review types of data that can be obtained in ancient lake drilling projects and the analytical approaches that can be applied to empirically and statistically link diverse datasets for creating an integrative perspective on geological and biological data. In doing so, we highlight strengths and potential weaknesses of new methods and analyses, and provide recommendations for future interdisciplinary deep drilling projects.

Over the last 30 years, Coiled Tubing (CT) has become one of the most important tool for wellbore interventions, completions and even drilling. The success of this technology lies in its high degree of flexibility which is based on the conscious destruction of its own working material – the Coiled Tubing itself – caused by low cycle fatigue. The current standards and best practices for the fatigue simulation are based on testing frames that are as old as the coiled tubing itself. In a working environment such as the oil and gas industry, where safety of operation is a key parameter, a reliable fatigue model that allows to track the fatigue damage and to stop using a pipe before it breaks becomes critical. Therefore, this paper provides a discussion of the existing fatigue testing setups and an inside of the prediction models. The second part of the paper will focus on discussing the true loads of a coiled tubing used for drilling applications. Finally a newly built for purpose testing facility is presented, showing the latest developments in accurate testing of coiled tubing used for deep drilling applications. The experimental tests have shown a good compatibility with existing testing setups, but the new added capabilities exceed the actual performance, and allow the development of a new coiled tubing fatigue prediction model.

The Continental Deep Drilling Program of Germany (in German: Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, abbreviated as KTB) was a scientific drilling project near the town of Windischeschenbach, Bavaria. The KTB Depth Laboratory comprises two 9.1 km and 4 km deep, water-filled boreholes in crystalline basement rocks just 200 meters apart from each other. Available equipment such as cables, winches, geophysical borehole tools as well as workshops and office infrastructure allows for in-situ tests and experiments at different pressure and temperature conditions. The two stable wells are large-diameter steel-cased and have been geophysically monitored in detail since 1996.

International audience; Machining large-scale parts involves extreme loading at the cutting zone. This paper presents an overview of some cases of machining large-scale parts: heavy turning, deep drilling and broaching processes. It focuses on experimental characterization and modelling methods of these processes. Observed phenomena and/or measured cutting forces are reported. The paper also discusses the predictive ability of the proposed models to reproduce experimental data.

Because the hard strata and big angle of bedding, deep wells in Daqing Xujiaweizi area well deviate easily. Low efficiency and long drilling cycle are big problems of drilling engineering since small bit weight is used to avoid well deviation. To improve efficiency, Smooth drill collars with high bit weight WOB technology is used in the deep wells in Daqing Xujiaweizi area. Facts prove that penetration rate can be increased more than 20% , bit life can be extended more than 30% and well deviation can be corrected in Daqing Xujiaweizi deep drilling. This paper through analyzes the mechanism of smooth drill collars BHA ,then build kinematic model and dynamic mode,so bit side force's Solution formula is worked out,Get the principles and applicability of smooth drill collars with high bit weight WOB technology.

The nature of geoacoustic waves is discussed, based on comparison of the results of seismic and acoustic studies in the Fennoscandian Shield with the drilling record of the Kola Superdeep Borehole: 12262 m (1970-1990), Russia; Gravberg 6337 m (1986-1987), Sweden; Outokumpu - 2516 m (2004-2005), Finland; Pogranichnaya - 5200 m (2004-2006), Russia; Onezhskaya - 3537 m (2007-2009), Russia. The assumption that the crystalline crust has a heterogeneous structure with gradient variations and elastic wave velocity inversions and the vertically and laterally varying degree of differentiation is wellbased. The nature of seismic boundaries depends on differences in rock composition and the physical state of the rocks. The results of geophysical studies, conducted during deep drilling in the Fennoscandian Shield, make investigators reinterpret the geological and geophysical data.

Rotary drilling rigs, general construction equipment, are widely used for deep drilling of ground for the foundations of public works. A new 250kN.m-type rotary drilling rig, most widely used in this field, is under development, and this study focuses on the operational safety of the mast subassembly on the basis of structure analysis of the mast subassembly using a finite element method with ANSYS. When using a drilling rig, an electric rotary drive supplies power for drilling. Here, the elevation of the rotary drive along the mast needs to be changed according to the geological construction environment. Through the analysis, the allowable torques at various elevations of the rotary drive are evaluated, also the safety of the drilling tool called the kelly bar subassembly is examined. Finally, the suitability of the mast subassembly design is examined from the analysis results.

Deep geothermal exploration in the UK in the 1980s resulted in only one operative borehole (in Southampton). In 2004, a 995 m deep borehole was drilled into the Weardale granite in County Durham. This project differed markedly from the earlier ‘hot dry rock’ investigations in the granites of Cornwall, in that it deliberately targeted possible high natural permeability derived from large fault zones. The new approach met with success, discovering what is believed to be the highest natural permeability ever found in granite anywhere in the world. Drilling of a second borehole at Eastgate in 2010 confirmed that high permeability is preferentially associated with major west–east geological faults. Further deep drilling is now targeting similar faults cutting nearby sedimentary sequences. Meanwhile, renewed interest is being shown in Cornish prospects, as well as in previously unexplored resources in Scotland and Northern Ireland. There is also significant interest in the possible geothermal exploitation of hot brines, which are co-produced with hydrocarbons in existing oilfields. Technological advances in directional drilling, reservoir stimulation and power generation using binary-cycle turbine plants are finally making deep geothermal energy a realistic target for full-scale development in the UK.

The Gas Hydrate Research and Development Organization (GHDO) of Korea successfully accomplished both coring (hydraulic piston and pressure coring) and logging (logging-while-drilling, LWD, and wireline logging) to investigate the presence of gas hydrate during the first deep drilling expedition in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea of Korea (referred to as UBGH1) in 2007. The LWD data from two sites (UBGH1-9, UBGH1-10) showed elevated electrical resistivity (>80 Ω-m) and P-wave velocity (>2000 m/s) values indicating the presence of gas hydrate. During the coring period, the richest gas hydrate accumulation was discovered at these intervals. Based on log data, the occurrence of gas hydrate is primarily controlled by the presence of fractures. The gas hydrate saturation calculated using Archie’s relation shows greater than 60% (as high as ∼90%) of the pore space, although Archie’s equation typically overestimates gas hydrate saturation in near-vertical fractures. The saturation of gas hydrate is also estimated using the modified Biot-Gassmann theory (BGTL) by Lee and Collett (2006). The saturation values estimated rom BGTL are much lower than those calculated from Archie’s equation. Based on log data, the hydrate-bearing sediment section is approximately 70 m (UBGH1-9) to 130 m (UBGH1-10) in thickness at these two sites. This was further directly confirmed by the recovery of gas hydrate samples and pore water freshening collected from deep drilling core during the expedition. LWD data also strongly support the interpretation of the seismic gas hydrate indicators (e.g., vent or chimney structures and bottom-simulating reflectors), which imply the probability of widespread gas hydrate presence in the Ulleung Basin.

To deal with the problem of depletion of iron mine reserves in the area of Xiangshui River in Heilongjiang Province, it is needed to study the geological structure of the region. Through TEM measurements and the corresponding data processing, -350 to -600 m apparent resistivity and the corresponding relationship between different lithologies are set up in the area. According to the regional differences in apparent resistivity lithology, four fracture zones are divided. According to the apparent resistivity difference between rock and ore greater than two orders of magnitude, the spatial location of the ore is explained. With the actual verification of deep drilling, see mine rate reaches 75% so that the efficiency of mining exploration is greatly improved.

Over the past years, deep drilling technology developed quickly. New technologies better quality of drilling work and accelerated the drilling process. At present, 20-25% are new techniques while 75-80% drilling methods used worldwide are traditional. Slovakia is quite at the rear of this tendency: our utilization ration shows 95-98% traditional drilling methods, in comparison to only 2-5% new ones. Advancement of new deep well boring technologies causes the evolution of new types of drilling sets for deep drilling (depending on applied techniques). Techniques used have a mechanical and physical impact for drilling of rock. Several tests and analyses of disintegration and drilling methods were performed over the last years. The article focuses on a description of the working principle and utilization possibilities.

In high aspect ratio micro deep drilling, to shorten the machining time while maintaining the tool life, the addition of ultrasonic vibrations to increase the step feed was examined. First, machining experiments with L/D=10 were conducted, and an increase in the step feed upon the addition of ultrasonic vibrations was confirmed by evaluation of the cutting force and tool wear. Furthermore, micro deep drilling with a high aspect ratio of L/D=20 was examined. Our results reveal that reducing the cutting speed and adding ultrasonic vibrations shorten the machining time by increasing the step feed while maintaining a long tool life. Moreover, we confirmed that the developed technique is effective for the micro deep drilling of holes with a small diameter of 0.1 mm and L/D=15.

Focusing on high temperature rheological stability and filtration control of high temperature resistant drilling fluid system, in this context, further research has been made on mud formula and the formula of high temperature resistant drilling fluid system was optimized, Finally, a kind of organic silicon drilling system with high 220 degrees heat resistance and good performances was developed, in combination with the evaluation of the validity for the overall performance of the drilling system. In virtue of the behavior of high temperature stabilizing agent, the system provided excellent shale inhibition, lubrication and tough hole stabilization. The filtrate value is low, the mud cake is thin and tough, which are good for bit balling prevention; the capacity of cuttings transportation is efficient, as well as the easy-control rheological property. In high salinity conditions, the entire drilling fluid properties maintain stability; limit the pollution of 6% NaCl or 0.5%CaC12. The composition of fluid is non-toxicity, non-fluorescence, which is fitful for deep drilling.

Many automotive applications require deep drilling on pressure die-cast parts in Aluminium alloys. The aim of the research was to understand if common cutting practices, usually determined on raw materials, can be successful on semimanufactured parts as well, having an inhomogeneous microstructure. A specific investigation was carried out on deep drilling of an EN AB-46000 cylinder block, varying technological parameters (cutting speed, feed, tool, lubrication). Dimensional tolerance and surface roughness were measured and statistically analyzed. The quantitative analysis of the process macroscopic performances was combined with an investigation of microstructural aspects of the material, their effects on chip formation and tool-chip interaction.

In the Rajpura-Dariba belt zinc and lead mineralization was established on the basis of gossan and opinions were given that the deposits are stratiform and syngenetic. During last two decades metamorphism and volcanic processes have been attributed for the generation of exhalative and remobilized lead-zinc ore bodies. Subsequent exploration was based on the concept of successive borehole planning around positive intersections. Areas having surface indications of base metal mineralization and their extensions have been already explored. Recent deep drilling by Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL) in this area has intersected rich ore lodes, thereby confirming depth ward continuity of ore zones at some places. It indicates possibility of searching hidden deposits by innovative techniques. Therefore, today, there is a challenge before geoscientists to discover new deposits in this area by an exploration technique which should have low risk, consume less time and it should be cost effective.

The Svecofennian is a large hot orogen composed of different accreted crustal units. The boundaries between these units are often characterised by major, steeply dipping shear zones with post-accretionary signatures. However, some of these shear zones have recorded an earlier and long-lived activity related to the accretionary episode, so have moderately eastward dipping shear zones identified in the eastern part of the Ljusdal Domain in the central part of the orogen. These shear zones, repeated at multiple lithostratigraphical levels, are associated with west verging asymmetric F2-folds indicating thrusting with imbricate slices in thickness comparable to those in the Caledonides. In the Ljusdal Domain these structures have been recognised in rock of significantly different metamorphic grade indicating thick-skin thrusting on the crustal scale possibly accompanied by channel flow. Information from deep drilling through these stacked units would shed light on the tectonostratigraphy and consequently the accretionary to post-accretionary evolution of hot orogens. In addition, information about groundwater circulation, geothermal energy potential and reservoir quality of tectonically layered rocks for e.g. CO2 sequestration experiments in crystalline rocks would be gained.

Microbial communities in the bottom sediments of the Akademichesky Ridge, Lake Baikal, were studied. The samples were taken by deep drilling BDP-96 (a 100-m core). Vertical distribution of the prokaryotes with different physiological characteristics was studied for the core. The phylogenetic analysis of the organotrophic laboratory-reared microorganisms revealed the clusterization of Baikal strains and species which have not been identified yet.

The Swedish Deep Drilling Program (SDDP) has been initiated to study fundamental problems of the dynamic Earth system, its natural history and evolution. Many key scientific questions can be addressed through in situ investigations only, requiring deep continental drilling. Some are unique to Scandinavia, most are of international interest and significance. At present, five core projects (Fig. 1) with international teams are integrating scientific problems with societal and industrial applications. If SDDP succeeds to attract the funding required, Sweden will have a number of world-class boreholes at key locations by 2020.

The actual contact area and frictional coefficient of the drill guides and the hole produced in deep drilling are investigated as a function of the inclination of the microprojections in the guides. A model of the contact interaction of these surfaces is outlined and experimentally confirmed. A program for simulating the surfaces of the guide and the hole is described. The program permits the prediction of the actual contact area and frictional coefficients in different conditions.

Summary A critical cost in future deep-oil and -gas recovery is the cost to drill a well. This cost is dominated by the rate of penetration (ROP) that becomes increasingly important with increasing depth. Improving the technology of drilling and increasing the ROP was the object of full-scale laboratory testing conducted under a joint industry and Department of Energy (DOE) program titled "Improving Deep Drilling Performance" (Black and Judzis 2003). Simulations of deep-well drilling in the Arbuckle play and the Tuscaloosa trend were accomplished during 16 full-scale, high-pressure tests using four different 6-in. drill bits, three types of rock, and five different drilling fluids. This paper describes what is believed to be the first set of full-scale laboratory drilling tests yet performed at bottomhole pressures in excess of 10,000 psi. Accomplishments of the testing and analysis include the following: Laboratory data was compared with field data to confirm that the simulated laboratory conditions provided similar results to what would be expected in the field.ROP reductions were significant when "mudding up" at high bottomhole pressures.Polycrystalline-diamond-compact (PDC) bits provided substantially higher ROP performance than impregnated or roller-cone bits in the environment of this study.The relationship between ROP and confined-rock strength is not a simple function of bottomhole pressure alone.The mechanical specific energy (MSE) when drilling at high bottomhole pressure is often substantially higher than the rock's compressive strength, even when the bit is drilling efficiently.Fluid invasion of intact rock and of rock broken up by the bit's cutting structure seems to play a major role in controlling ROP at these high bottomhole pressures.Drilling-fluid compositions and properties that promote invasion without provoking formation damage, and bit-design features that facilitate the removal of rock debris from the hole bottom, hold promise for improving drilling efficiency in hard rock drilled at high bottomhole pressures.

1999年に起きた台湾集集（Chi-Chi）地震（Mw7.6）を引き起こしたチェルンプ断層は，その南部と北部では，地震時に生じた断層の挙動に明瞭な違いが認められた．この挙動の違いは，地震時の断層の強度を減少させる“場”の違いや，強度低下を引き起こす機構の違いに起因すると考えられ，これらを明らかにする目的で，2003年に地震断層を貫く台湾チェルンプ断層掘削計画（TCDP）が開始された．その結果，Hole A（掘削深度2000 m）およびHole B（同1350 m）より，孔内検層と併せ地震断層を貫くコア試料が採取され，これまでに種々の面から分析が行なわれた．本総説では，この断層の動的強度低下機構と地震直後の断層のヒーリング過程を知る上で重要な断層帯内部の物理・化学的環境変化についてのコア試料の物性計測や化学分析等の研究成果についてレビューし，その結果を踏まえ現段階で考えられる作業仮説について論述した．

This paper highlights the development of micro long flat drills with nominal diameter and flute length of 20 μm and 200 μm, respectively, by precision grinding. Furthermore, it also covers the evaluation of the developed micro long flat drill in micro deep drilling. Micro long flat drills were made of ultra-fine grained cemented carbide containing WC particles with an average particle diameter of 90 nm. First, the study focused on establishing the optimal web thickness of micro long flat drill showing the best performance in micro deep drilling. In drilling experiment, observation was conducted with the aim of finding the best conditions and method of micro deep drilling into both duralumin and stainless steel workpieces. This observation included the applications of ultrasonic vibration (USV) and step feeding method. The study proved that there was an optimum web thickness resulting in the best drilling performance. Furthermore, the application of USV during drilling could lead to a longer tool life significantly. However, there was no improvement of drilling performance in drilling with step feeding.

The Huangtuliang gold deposit is characterized by its wide and large ore belt, stable extension and closely spaced orebodies. Unfortunately, no orebody was found by deep drilling. As a result, ore prospecting in this region was once put into dilemma. Detailed analysis of ore-forming and ore-controlling structures in the mining district by the authors has revealed that the ore-forming and ore-controlling structure in this mining district is a steeply dipping (85°−110°/∠70°–85° N-NNE), spade-shaped ductile shear zone, and the ore-controlling structures are a series of nearly erected second-ordered faults which are developed in the upper part of the ductile shear zone, intersecting with the ductile shear zone. Deep cutting of the ductile shear zone made it possible the ascending of ore fluids from the mantle plume at depth and these ore fluids would migrate upwards along the ductile shear zone under certain temperature and pressure conditions. Along their ascending path, the ore fluids would extract ore-forming elements from the country rocks and the extracted ore-forming elements would be deposited as ores in the hanging-wall second-ordered faults. The reason why no orebody was found in early prospecting at depth is that northward-dipping drilling in the southern part of the shear zone extended so deeply as to be beneath the shear zone. Only shallow-level orebodies could be found by southward-dipping drilling practice in the northern part of the shear zone. The location where deep-seated orebodies occurred shifted northwards and the orebodies occurred at greater depth. Therefore, it is natural that no orebody could be found when drill core passed through the shear zone. After the ore-forming and ore-controlling structures were well understood, the focus of ore prospecting was placed on the deep-level, northward-penetrating veins. In this way a number of new blind orebodies of great thickness have been found. On the basis of research development in the mining district, a prospecting plan has been made for ore prospecting in the periphery of eastern mining district. Prospecting practice has shown that there occur generally continuous engineering orebodies at large intervals. So, the Huangtuliang gold deposit has turned at one stroke from a medium sized to a large-sized, even a super-large gold deposit between prospecting lines 30–98.

Widespread exploration for oil and gas in the Niigata oil and gas fields, involving extensive drilling, has shown that Early to Middle Miocene volcanic rocks bearing the petroleum and natural gas are extensively developed, and they have been buried at depths greater than 4,000-6,000m since the Middle Miocene. We determined Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of volcanic rocks recovered by deep drilling at thirteen wells in the fields. The present and our previous data demonstrate that these deep-seated basaltic rocks older than about 16 Ma have lower NdI (initiaI^143Nd/^144Nd ratios) compared to those younger than 16 Ma. The former NdI (0.51264 to 0.51284) are within the Nd isotopic range of an undepleted source mantle shown by NdI of basaltic rocks older than about 15 Ma outcropped at the land surface of the back-arc margin of the NE Japan arc, whereas the latter NdI (0.51285 to 0.50302) within the Nd isotopic range of a depleted source mantle shown by NdI of basaltic rocks younger than about 15 Ma from the back-arc margin of the Japan arc. The NdI of basaltic rocks collected from each drilling well vary only slightly, whereas the SrI (initial^87Sr/^86Sr ratios) of these rocks range widely and deviate systematically from the areas of the undepleted and depleted source mantle in SrI-NdI diagram. In addition, thirty samples, older than about 16 Ma, including basaltic andesite, andesite and more felsic volcanics, collected from eight drilling wells in the southern part of the fields have nearly constant NdI of around 0.51275, but these rocks have SrI ranging widely from 0.70554 to 0.70851, indicating changes of SrI due to alteration by seawater for these volcanic rocks which were produced from basaltic magma by fractional crystallization. Consequently, the present results imply that the alteration of underground oil and gas-bearing volcanic rocks by seawater caused significant increases of ^87Sr/^86Sr ratios, whereas the ^143Nd/^144Nd ratios remained virtually unchanged. Rhyolitic rocks older than about 16 Ma collected from three drilling wells in the northern part of the fields show significantly higher SrI values (0.70727 to 0.70914) and lower NdI values (0.51247 to 0.51265) than the recovered basaltic rocks prior to about 16 Ma, indicating a lower crust origin for these rhyolitic rocks.

One determination of Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of Early to Middle Miocene volcanic rocks recovered by deep drilling at twenty-six wells in the Niigata oil and gas regions demonstrates that the NdI (initial^143Nd/^144Nd ratios) of basaltic rocks collected from each drilling well vary only slightly, whereas the SrI (initial^87Sr/^86Sr ratios) of these rocks range widely and deviate systematically from the fields of the source mantle in SrI-NdI diagram.In addition, thirty samples (basaltic andesite, andesite and more felsic volcanics) collected from eight drilling wells in the southern part of the regions have nearly constant NdI of around 0.51275, but these rocks have SrI ranging widely from 0.70554 to 0.70851, indicating changes of SrI due to alteration by seawater for these volcanic rocks which were produced from basaltic magma by fractional crystallization. The present results indicate that the alteration of underground oil and gas-bearing volcanic rocks by seawater caused significant increases of ^87Sr/^86Sr ratios, whereas the ^143Nd/^144Nd ratios remained virtually unchanged. Rhyolitic rocks from three drilling wells in the northern part of the regions show significantly higher SrI values (0.70727 to 0.70914) and lower NdI values (0.51247 to 0.51265) than the recovered basaltic rocks, indicating a lower crust origin for these rhyolitic rocks.