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1522 Background: The proportion of baseline weight or fat loss needed for breast cancer risk reduction in overweight women is not defined. We conducted a pilot study to determine the effect of a structured weight loss program on serum and tissue breast cancer risk biomarkers. Methods: Postmenopausal women with BMI > 25 kg/m2 not on HRT were eligible if they met risk criteria of 5-yr Gail > 1.7%, prior contra- lateral breast cancer, or precancerous biopsy; and had breast tissue harvested by random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) indicating evidence of hyperplasia and Ki-67 > 1.5%. Our primary endpoint was to determine the proportion of women with ≥ 5% weight loss and effect on Ki-67. Due to low proportion of women with Ki-67, minimum eligibility criteria were changed to cytomorphology and a frozen aliquot. Our 6-month weight loss intervention included reduced energy diet, physical activity, and weekly meetings for behavioral strategies with other high risk women. Body composition (DEXA), fasting...

Background and Aims: Impaired salivary secretion has been reported to cause abnormal acid clearance from the esophagus in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, few studies have explained the differences between nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) and erosive esophagitis (EE) with respect to salivary secretion. We have already reported that a noninvasive salivary functional test, modified glucose clearance test, which enabled the distinction between NERD and EE (Aliment Pharmacol & Ther 2008). According to our report, glucose clearance of EE was significantly lower than that of NERD. Saliva has important functions not only to clear gastric acid but also to regenerate esophageal mucosa by epidermal growth factor (EGF). The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between pathophysiology of GERD and the amount of salivary EGF (sEGF) produced. Subjects and Methods: Twenty patients with heartburn (10 NERD and 10 EE) and 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study after an informed consent was obtained from them. Salivary volume was measured by gum test, and the sEGF concentration in the saliva produced by these patients was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit (Quantikine®, R&D systems). To elucidate the differences among the NERD and EE and control groups, salivary volume (mL/ min), sEGF concentration (pg/mL), and sEGF production (pg/min) were measured. sEGF production was calculated as salivary volume multiplied by sEGF concentration. Results: Salivary volume and sEGF concentration were not statistically different among the study groups. However the sEGF production was significantly lower in the EE group than in the NERD and control groups (Table 1). Conclusions: These results suggest that a decrease in sEGF production may be a cause of erosive esophagitis. Table 1: sEGF in the NERD and EE groups

Eighteen PKU individuals completed three-day food records. Nutrient analysis of the diets was determined using the Minnesota Nutrition Data System for Research. Subjects were divided into three medical formula consumption groups: Adequate (n s =6), Inadequate (n=3) and No Formula (n=9). Adequate formula was defined as consuming ≥ 80% of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of protein from medical formula. Statistical significance was found among the three groups using ANOVA for the mean nutrient intakes of folate (p=0.01), calcium (p 12 . The results of this pilot study suggest that PKU subjects consuming no medical formula or less than adequate amounts of medical formula are at risk for several nutrient deficiencies. Supplementation with vitamins and minerals may be warranted in these subjects.

A high percentage of young women with phenylketonuria (PKU) become pregnant prior to initiating dietary treatment which lowers blood phenylalanine levels to a safe range or have difficulty maintaining blood phenylalanine levels in the treatment range once pregnant. This results in a high incidence of serious birth defects in the offspring. The goals of this education program were to inform, instruct and build relationships among young women with PKU which would be supportive of effective family planning and diet initiation resulting in metabolic control prior to pregnancy. Programming was developed based on studies of young women with PKU indicating social support and attitudes were associated with adherence to medical recommendations. Unique aspects of the overnights, which were held for three consecutive years, are as follows: 1. Young women with PKU are often isolated from each other because of the rarity of their disease. Therefore the young women with PKU were encouraged to attend the overnight with a close friend, partner, and or parent. The significant other received concurrent instruction and could become an on-going source of support. 2. All attendees, followed the diet for PKU for the duration of the event. 3. Workshops that included hands-on learning, cooking activities, family planning, opportunities to "Meet-the-Moms" and self-esteem activities enabled the young women to experience the challenges of a PKU pregnancy and promoted decision-making. Twenty-three young women with PKU participated in the overnights over the three years, nine repeatedly. Of note, approximately 1/3 of the participants had minimal recent contact with PKU professionals and the overnight became a significant source of information and support for them.

Glucose transporters are developmentally regulated. GLUT1 is predominant in the fetus and newborn. GLUT2 in liver and GLUT4 in muscle and fatty tissue are predominant in the adult. GLUT1 is not insulin-regulatable and GLUT4 is insulin regulatable. Therefore, we hypothesize newborn rats could have a different response to insulin than the adult rat. Materials and Methods Ten day old and adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used after a 4 hour fast and an overnight fast, respectively. Radioactive 2DG with/without 10 unit/kg insulin (INS) was injected by cardiac puncture under pentobarbital anesthesia to evaluate glucose disappearance. 2DG was used because 2DG is not metabolized after phospholyration. Blood was serially collected by cardiac puncture at 0, 5,10,15,30 and 45 minutes after the injection. Plasma glucose(PG) concentration and radioactive 2DG concentration were measured by a oxidase method and scintilation counter, respectively. Glucose disappearance was calculated from plasma glucose concentration. Values for PG and 2DG were calculated as percent of initial values of PF and 2DG at 0 minute, respectively. Results PG and 2DG (%) at 45 minutes are in the Table.

Three studies were conducted to determine the effects of observing the behaviors of others upon an individual's actions in a simulated social trap situation. In Experiment 1, it was found that merely having the opportunity to make comparative appraisals of the actions of others led to greater competition for a finite common resource than when subjects were physically isolated from one another. In Experiment 2, false feedback was given to subjects to determine if the actions of others alone were responsible for the deleterious effects of having the opportunity for comparative appraisal; it was found that subjects quickly conformed to the behavior pattern of the interacting others, regardless of whether the false feedback indicated that the other subjects were consuming more or less than no-treatment control subjects. Experiment 3 was conducted to determine the motivation of subjects reacting to the actions of others; differential predictions based upon a competition/relative outcome explanation and upon an information search explanation were made. The data were consistent with the information search explanation.

Background Recent evidence suggests that a low carbohydrate (LC) diet may be equally or more effective for short-term weight loss than a traditional low fat (LF) diet; however, less is known about how they compare for weight maintenance. The purpose of this study was to compare body weight (BW) for participants in a clinical weight management program, consuming a LC or LF weight maintenance diet for 6 months following weight loss. Methods Fifty-five (29 low carbohydrate diet; 26 low fat diet) overweight/obese middle-aged adults completed a 9 month weight management program that included instruction for behavior, physical activity (PA), and nutrition. For 3 months all participants consumed an identical liquid diet (2177 kJ/day) followed by 1 month of re-feeding with solid foods either low in carbohydrate or low in fat. For the remaining 5 months, participants were prescribed a meal plan low in dietary carbohydrate (~20%) or fat (~30%). BW and carbohydrate or fat grams were collected at each group meeting. Energy and macronutrient intake were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months. Results The LC group increased BW from 89.2 ± 14.4 kg at 3 months to 89.3 ± 16.1 kg at 9 months (P = 0.84). The LF group decreased BW from 86.3 ± 12.0 kg at 3 months to 86.0 ± 14.0 kg at 9 months (P = 0.96). BW was not different between groups during weight maintenance (P = 0.87). Fifty-five percent (16/29) and 50% (13/26) of participants for the LC and LF groups, respectively, continued to decrease their body weight during weight maintenance. Conclusion Following a 3 month liquid diet, the LC and LF diet groups were equally effective for BW maintenance over 6 months; however, there was significant variation in weight change within each group.

Background Dietary habits established in early childhood and maternal socioeconomic status (SES) are important, complex, interrelated factors that influence a child’s growth and development. The aim of this study was to define the major dietary patterns in a cohort of young US children, construct a maternal SES index, and evaluate their associations. Methods The diets of 190 children from a randomized, controlled trial of prenatal supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were recorded at 6-mo intervals from 2-4.5 years by 24-h dietary recall. Hierarchical cluster analysis of age-adjusted, average daily intake of 24 food and beverage groups was used to categorize diet. Unrotated factor analysis generated an SES score from maternal race, ethnicity, age, education, and neighborhood income. Results We identified two major dietary patterns: “Prudent” and “Western.” The 85 (45%) children with a Prudent diet consumed more whole grains, fruit, yogurt and low-fat milk, green and non-starchy vegetables, and nuts and seeds. Conversely, those with a Western diet had greater intake of red meat, discretionary fat and condiments, sweet beverages, refined grains, French fries and potato chips, eggs, starchy vegetables, processed meats, chicken and seafood, and whole-fat milk. Compared to a Western diet, a Prudent diet was associated with one standard deviation higher maternal SES (95% CI: 0.80 to 1.30). Conclusions We found two major dietary patterns of young US children and defined a single, continuous axis of maternal SES that differed strongly between groups. This is an important first step to investigate how child diet, SES, and prenatal DHA supplementation interact to influence health outcomes. Trial registration NCT00266825. Prospectively registered on December 15, 2005 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-016-0729-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC) is a 3-year elementary school-based intervention to determine if increased amounts of moderate intensity physical activity performed in the classroom will diminish gains in body mass index (BMI). It is a cluster-randomized, controlled trial, involving 4905 children (2505 intervention, 2400 control). Methods We collected both qualitative and quantitative process evaluation data from 24 schools (14 intervention and 10 control), which included tracking teacher training issues, challenges and barriers to effective implementation of PAAC lessons, initial and continual use of program specified activities, and potential competing factors, which might contaminate or lessen program effects. Results Overall teacher attendance at training sessions showed exceptional reach. Teachers incorporated active lessons on most days, resulting in significantly greater student physical activity levels compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Enjoyment ratings for classroom-based lessons were also higher for intervention students. Competing factors, which might influence program results, were not carried out at intervention or control schools or were judged to be minimal. Conclusion In the first year of the PAAC intervention, process evaluation results were instrumental in identifying successes and challenges faced by teachers when trying to modify existing academic lessons to incorporate physical activity.