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International audience; Several deductive formalisms (e.g., sequent, nested sequent, labeled sequent, hyperse-quent calculi) have been used in the literature for the treatment of modal logics, and some connections between these formalisms are already known. Here we propose a general framework, which is based on a focused version of the labeled sequent calculus by Negri, augmented with some parametric devices allowing to restrict the set of proofs. By properly defining such restrictions and by choosing an appropriate polarization of formulas, one can obtain different, concrete proof systems for the modal logic K and for its extensions by means of geometric axioms. In particular, we show how to use the expressiveness of the labeled approach and the control mechanisms of focusing in order to emulate in our framework the behavior of a range of existing formalisms and proof systems for modal logic.

This paper presents the navigation implications of a possible Mississippi River mouth re-alignment plan from the perspective of one of the teams selected to compete in the changing course design competition (see changingcourse.us and deltaforall.com for more information). The goals of the competition are to: create a sustainable and functioning deltaic system in areas adjacent to the Mississippi River and below New Orleans; continue to meet the needs of navigation, flood protection and coastal industries and communities; contribute additional innovation, competition, and private sector engagement in time to inform Louisiana’s next coastal master plan in 2017 in terms of a possible option for river mouth re-alignment. In this design competition, the primary challenges arise from the meeting of the natural and built environments and the tremendous changes underway. Navigation, shipping, fisheries, coastal industries, communities, and wetland health all face tremendous pressure from these changes. This paper presents a river mouth re-alignment alternative that would provide for a smaller but sustainable delta footprint, at the same time as providing immediate opportunities for dramatic flood risk reduction and a massive upgrade to the navigation system.

Western and Buddhist psychologies acknowledge the significant role distorted self-narratives play in poor mental health. But these two disciplines hold divergent views on the utility of “cherishing the self.” Western psychology claims high self-esteem is a requirement for self-confidence, happiness, and success. Buddhist psychology asserts wisdom and compassion are the forerunners of genuine confidence and sustainable personal and collective well-being. It further states that endemic self-cherishing—the habitual reification of distorted hyper-egoic self-narratives—is a primary source of mental and emotional affliction. Yet, Buddhist psychology also affirms the innate capacity of all human beings to end the mental suffering of self-cherishing. This chapter explicates Western and Buddhist psychological models of self, Buddhist theories of not-self, and conventional and ultimate self-cherishing, and outlines a somatopsychotherapeutic clinical approach for helping individuals struggling with depressive, anxious, trauma-related symptoms, and addictions, to recognize self-cherishing mentation and lessen its deleterious effects.

We give a characterization, with respect to a large class of models of untyped lambda-calculus, of those models that are fully abstract for head-normalization, i.e., whose equational theory is H* (observations for head normalization). An extensional K-model $D$ is fully abstract if and only if it is hyperimmune, {\em i.e.}, not well founded chains of elements of D cannot be captured by any recursive function. This article, together with its companion paper, form the long version of [Bre14]. It is a standalone paper that presents a purely semantical proof of the result as opposed to its companion paper that presents an independent and purely syntactical proof of the same result.

The current study advances the emergent literature pertaining to the impacts of brand, value and relationship equities on consumer loyalty-intentions along three major fronts. First, key inter-relationships among the equities are examined; thus advancing theory. Second, procedural advancement occurs via examining the hypothesised effects after controlling for several demographic covariates. Third, the current study presents an aggregate level and a firm level analysis, providing additional insight. The chosen supermarket scenario also adds value to the study. A large national survey of supermarket consumers supports the hypotheses. Micro level analysis reveals that Woolworths does best in leveraging value-equity, Coles does best in leveraging brand-equity, while IGA does best in leveraging relationship-equity. Overall, the study makes important theoretical and managerial contributions to the literature.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore whether multiple stakeholders imbue a single or multiple meanings to a city brand.Design/methodology/approachThe branding literature hints at multiple stakeholders but most studies take a single stakeholder perspective. A two‐stage quantitative study was used to examine similarities and differences between two stakeholder groups. The context for the study is city branding.FindingsThe evidence suggests that different external stakeholders do have different brand meanings associated to a city brand. Each stakeholder group applies their own filter to interpret the meaning of the city brand. Essentially, a new conceptualisation of the city brand is provided.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the samples are reasonably large, it is important to apply the framework to other city brands to test for generalisability. Future research might also test the filter concept in the more general context of corporate branding.Practical implicationsOrganisations need to recognise the multi‐faceted, multiple meanings of the brand as a whole. Corporate communication requires adjustment from a convergence approach to one that recognises different brand purposes for each stakeholder group. The ideas are readily usable in not‐for‐profit communities.Originality/valueThe paper joins a small number of studies that challenge the conventional wisdom that convergence of brand meaning across stakeholder groups is an ideal state. The paper develops a filter concept as a way of showing that different stakeholder groups might use a different filter or lens to interpret a city brand.

The context for this study is SME energy and waste management practices. A sample of 155 Australian SMEs in three industry sectors enables a quantitative analysis of environmental practices. The study’s scope includes business drivers and measurement of a wider range than usual of environmental practices. Conceptually, a new typology of environmental management strategy is proposed, focusing on four alternative types. The findings, through cross-validation, support the usefulness of the newly proposed typology. The results position the typical SME at an elementary level of environmental practice, with a challenge for future research to better understand how firms progress up the typology ladder. More positively, about one third of the sample of SMEs has evolved their business model to seamlessly incorporate sustainability issues. Green competencies have been developed to enable them to do this. Together, environmentally friendly products and brand reputation create a major platform for progressive SME environmental business practices.

Community organizations are increasingly adopting corporate rebranding to enhance brand equity. However, existing branding and rebranding studies indicate community organizations often fail to reach their full potential because of (1) a fuzzy brand vision that does not fully utilize their very powerful values, and (2) an incomplete buy-in to the brand from internal stakeholders. The paper develops a conceptual framework of corporate rebranding for community organizations. The framework depicts organizational commitment as the pivotal construct. Internal branding activities associated with rebranding positively influence organizational commitment, directly and indirectly. Strong commitment empowers staff to live the brand consistently, influencing brand equity. This paper argues that using organizational commitment and applying social identity theory allows a greater understanding of internal branding processes.

Focused proofs are sequent calculus proofs that group inference rules into alternating positive and negative phases. These phases can then be used to define macro-level inference rules Gentzen's original and tiny introduction and structural rules. We show here that the inference rules of labeled proof systems for modal logics can similarly be described as pairs of such phases within the LKF focused proof system for first-order classical logic. We consider the system $${ G3K} $$ of Negri for the modal logic $$K$$ and define a translation from labeled modal formulas into first-order polarized formulas and show a strict correspondence between derivations in the two systems, i.e.,i¾?each rule application in $${ G3K} $$ corresponds to a bipole--a pair of a positive and a negative phases--in $${ LKF} $$. Since geometric axioms when properly polarized induce bipoles, this strong correspondence holds for all modal logics whose Kripke frames are characterized by geometric properties. We extend these results to present a focused labeled proof system for this same class of modal logics and show its soundness and completeness. The resulting proof system allows one to define a rich set of normal forms of modal logic proofs.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how one Canadian retailer developed customer confidence in the interwar years when the automobile was in its infancy. The emphasis is on products and product information in the mail‐order catalogue.Design/methodology/approachThe research design strategy draws on a longitudinal case study research using primary archival data collection and analysis.FindingsIn the 1930s, the firm used multiple approaches to respond to opportunities and challenges and to reassure customers through product assortment, guarantees, branding, quality assurance and support services. Generating an extensive mail‐order business occurred in tandem with the opening of stores, and together these approaches created rapid growth. In the early years, the emphasis was on maintenance, repairs and some augmentation through accessories. From the mid‐to late 1930s, with easing economic conditions, the focus shifts from automobile functionality to include roles for leisure and sport products, and the injunction to engage with the Canadian countryside.Originality/valueThe paper uses original historical research to contribute a new way of understanding how retailers developed customer confidence. The study contributes to knowledge about Canadian retailing in the interwar years, and the means for building customer confidence using a range of marketing techniques. For researchers, the study demonstrates a further example of the efficacy of using archival materials to explore marketing questions.

This study reports a method of measuring sheep activity in confinement based on recording movement of sheep during weighing. The aim was to show that an algorithm to analyse continuous weight records could be used to measure activity quickly and efficiently using commercial weighing equipment and that this measurement is related to animal productivity, specifically liveweight. A prototype method required magnetic switches on the weighing crate to record gate positioning and enclosure of the animal, with data analysis subsequent to the completion of weighing. The method reported here does not require additional equipment, instead using a computer program to analyse weights in real-time to record the degree of sheep movement. The result is summarised as the coefficient of variation of the weight over a period of 8–20 s and reported as an activity score. The real-time method had a higher repeatability (P < 0.05) than the prototype method and gave a stronger association with liveweight with heavier lambs and heavier young sheep being less active under confinement at 6 months and 18 months, respectively (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that a simple system could be developed enabling real-time reporting of activity scores during normal weighing.

The premise of segmentation theory is that different segments each have a discrete customer profile and behavioral characteristics. At a conceptual level, the recent branding literature recognizes that different sub-cultures or segments could experience different meanings of an organization's brand. However, few quantitative studies address the issue. The current paper combines branding and segmentation theory and offers a new perspective on whether all segments have the same brand meaning. A leading discount retailer, Wal-Mart, is the focus of this Canadian-based investigation. Two segments of Wal-Mart customers are the basis of the study — one segment preferring Wal-Mart and one less attached. The research quantifies the two networks of brand meaning that the two segments associate with the Wal-Mart (corporate) brand. Empirically, brand morphing of the corporate brand occurs, with different brand meanings across the two segments.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore how Australian fashion designers perceive the impact and opportunities offered by the Chinese textile and clothing industry.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative research design used personally administered, semi‐structured interviews. A purposeful sample used interviewees drawn from proactive fashion business owners. The sample covered four clothing categories. Thematic data analysis was used, and data integrity was assured, using well‐recognised techniques including triangulation and constant comparison.FindingsThe Queensland fashion designers are experiencing significant impacts from the current economic and manufacturing situations and the challenges presented by developments in China. They respond to their operational concerns, but do not deal strategically with contemporary challenges. They are unaware of opportunities that the Chinese textile and clothing industry offers, struggling with a global perspective. Although they are aware of issues with intellectual property, they have little experience in protecting their intangible assets.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research could link the proposed scenario building with interviews, to develop an even more robust research design. Extensions to other Asia Pacific countries could reveal common issues and any unique perspectives.Practical implicationsApplication of the proposed model and the pursuit of the scenarios for future development could assist fashion designers in the formation of a sense of community. A return to craftsmanship could nurture the local fashion design community, and create offshore links and relationships, facilitated by technology.Originality/valueThe empirical study proposes a new model, suggesting approaches and solutions, not previously considered in the context of fashion designers and their opportunities in doing business with China.

Corporate and product brands are increasingly accepted as valuable intangible assets of organisations, evidence of which is apparent in the reported financial value that strong brands fetch when traded in the mergers and acquisitions markets. However, while much attention is paid to conceptualising brand equity, less is paid to how brands should be managed and delivered in order to create and safeguard brand equity. In this article we develop a conceptual model of corporate brand management for creating and safeguarding brand equity. We argue that while legal protection of the brand is important, by itself it is insufficient to protect brand equity in the long term. We suggest that brand management ought to play an important role in safeguarding brand equity and propose a three-stage conceptual model for building and sustaining brand equity comprising: (1) adopting a brand- orientation mindset, (2) developing internal branding capabilities, and (3) consistent delivery of the brand. We put forward propositions, which, taken together, form a theory of brand management for building and safeguarding brand equity. We illustrate the theory using 14 cases of award-winning service companies. Their use serves as a demonstration of how our model applies to brand management practice.

PurposeTrust is the basis of business relationships. The purpose of this paper is to explore the antecedents of trust in the context of the relationship between shopping centre management and retail tenants, primarily from the retailer perspective, as a first test of trust in such business‐to‐business relationships. A contrast is made between neighbourhood and regional centres to determine if centre size affects trust development.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative research methods are used. The focus is a sample of 201 retail tenants in Australian shopping centres. Psychometric properties were assessed for all multi‐item scales used to capture variables of interest. Multiple regression analysis is used to explain trust in terms of five key influences: power of the centre manager (as a negative relationship), empowerment of the retailer, flexibility, responsiveness and the shopping centre brand.FindingsEmpowerment, restraint of power and responsiveness are the main determinants of trust. Power is especially critical in regional shopping centres. The shopping centre brand and flexibility play important support roles in neighbourhood centres.Research limitations/implicationsThe lack of comparable studies limits the generalizability of the results to other countries.Practical implicationsCentre managers, in larger planned shopping centres, who want greater retail tenant trust, should not demonstrate their power overtly in, say, rent negotiations. They could also learn from small centres about being flexible and projecting a more unified centre brand.Originality/valueThis empirical study probes the antecedents of trust in Australian shopping centres, a previously neglected area in the shopping centre literature. The paper is unique because it contrasts neighbourhood and regional shopping centres.

Consumers learn to attach social and contextual meaning to products and brands through observing the character relationships with particular objects or specific brands in the archetypal stories in film on “the big screen” (cinema). Luxury brands become objects of desire, fueling consumer aspirations and giving consumers frames of reference in their own consumption ideals. However, substantial research attention to the brand narratives that popular culture portrays has yet to emerge. This paper therefore presents a textual analysis of the brand narratives evident within popular culture, specifically in the context of James Bond films. In taking this interpretive approach, this article identifies three different and contrasting brand-self narratives that reinforce a particular archetypal myth of a lover, hero, or outlaw. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This paper reports an investigation into metabolic and endocrine maturity in the neonate lamb and the relationships between litter size, birth weight, and maternal metabolic and endocrine variables on behavior at birth and survival over the first 72 h of life. Data were from multiparous, fine-wool Merino ewes (n = 150; equal numbers of single-lamb and twin-lamb bearing status) lambed on pasture after late gestational glucocorticoid treatments. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to investigate relationships between lamb survival, behavior, endocrinology, and physiology. Improved lamb viability at 72 h after birth was related to decreased chill indices at birth, singleton litter status, greater presuckling rectal temperature, increased ewe prelambing plasma ghrelin concentration, female sex, heavier birth weight, and decreased lamb presuckling plasma glucose concentration. Greater rectal temperatures were associated with heavier birth weight and gestation lengths shorter than 146 d, but no relationship with neonatal behavioral progression was evident. Presuckling glucose concentrations were greater in singletons and lambs born to ewes of greater BCS at d 95 of gestation, and lambs of heavier birth weight, but were also associated with decreased rectal temperatures. This might reflect a delay in glucose utilization during the adjustment from a fetal metabolic rate to a rate appropriate for cold external environments. Singleton lambs exhibited decreased presuckling plasma NEFA concentrations and were almost 8 times more likely to survive to 72 h than a twin-born lamb. Birth weight was lesser in lambs born to ewes with elevated plasma glucose and leptin concentrations before lambing and was positively related to ewe BW at d 95 of gestation and to length of gestation. Greater presuckling plasma ghrelin and leptin concentrations were measured for shorter gestation lengths. Neonate presuckling ghrelin concentrations above 650 pg/mL tended (P = 0.077) to be associated with improved lamb survival to 72 h. This was consistent with a curvilinear decline in neonate survival rates to 72 h after birth as time of latency to suckle increased. No relationship was observed between lamb plasma glucose concentrations and behavioral expression after lambing. Lambs exhibiting greater metabolic and endocrine maturity at birth had improved survival in a cold environment to 72 h after birth. The role of ghrelin in ovine fetal development warrants further investigation.

We specify the operational semantics and bisimulation relations for the finite φ-calculus within a logic that contains the ∇ quantifier for encoding generic judgments and definitions for encoding fixed points. Since we restrict to the finite case, the ability of the logic to unfold fixed points allows this logic to be complete for both the inductive nature of operational semantics and the coinductive nature of bisimulation. The ∇ quantifier helps with the delicate issues surrounding the scope of variables within φ-calculus expressions and their executions (proofs). We illustrate several merits of the logical specifications permitted by this logic: they are natural and declarative; they contain no side-conditions concerning names of variables while maintaining a completely formal treatment of such variables; differences between late and open bisimulation relations arise from familar logic distinctions; the interplay between the three quantifiers (∀, ∃, and ∇) and their scopes can explain the differences between early and late bisimulation and between various modal operators based on bound input and output actions; and proof search involving the application of inference rules, unification, and backtracking can provide complete proof systems for one-step transitions, bisimulation, and satisfaction in modal logic. We also illustrate how one can encode the φ-calculus with replications, in an extended logic with induction and co-induction.

We review links between three logic formalisms and three approaches to specifying operational semantics. In particular, we show that specifications written with (small-step and big-step) SOS, abstract machines, and multiset rewriting, are closely related to Horn clauses, binary clauses, and (a subset of) linear logic, respectively. We shall illustrate how binary clauses form a bridge between the other two logical formalisms. For example, using a continuation-passing style transformation, Horn clauses can be transformed into binary clauses. Furthermore, binary clauses can be seen as a degenerative form of multiset rewriting: placing binary clauses within linear logic allows for rich forms of multiset rewriting which, in turn, provides a modular, big-step SOS specifications of imperative and concurrency primitives. Establishing these links between logic and operational semantics has many advantages for operational semantics: tools from automated deduction can be used to animate semantic specifications; solutions to the treatment of binding structures in logic can be used to provide solutions to binding in the syntax of programs; and the declarative nature of logical specifications provides broad avenues for reasoning about semantic specifications.

Perinatal mortality is a major contributing factor to reproductive wastage in grazing sheep industries. Enhanced metabolic and endocrine maturity at birth may improve the behavioral competency and thermoregulatory ability of neonates, potentially improving lamb survival over the first 72 h of life. Maternal glucocorticoid treatment in late gestation was investigated as a mechanism for manipulating metabolic and endocrine maturity in the ovine neonate. Multiparous, fine-wool Merino ewes (n = 150) were divided into 3 groups to lamb on pasture. Within each group, 5 single-lamb and 5 twin-lamb bearing ewes were randomly allocated to 1 of 5 treatments. Treatments included a saline control (1 mL), or dexamethasone (2 mg/mL as the sodium phosphate) injected intramuscularly at 1 of 2 dose rates (1.5 or 3.0 mg) at d 130 or 141 of gestation. One-half of the control ewes were injected at d 130 and the remainder at d 141. Dexamethasone treatment had no effect on lamb survival to 72 h after birth, although there tended (P = 0.09) to be a smaller proportion of lambs dying due to dystocia than for control lambs. Heart girth at birth in singleton and twin lambs was reduced (P < 0.01) at the greater dose rate. Further, treatment also reduced birth weight (by about 5%) and presuckling rectal temperatures in twin lambs, but not in singleton lambs. These reductions were also dependent on the sex of the lamb. Dexamethasone treatment did not alter gestation length or lamb presuckling plasma glucose, NEFA, urea, or leptin concentrations, but treatment at d 141 increased (P < 0.05) ghrelin concentrations in singleton and male lambs. Behavioral interactions between ewes and neonatal lambs were generally unaffected, although treatment at d 130 produced lambs that took longer to bleat than lambs of untreated ewes (P < 0.05). Treatment did not affect the concentration of measured blood metabolites or hormones at weaning. Although there were interactions between litter size, lamb sex, and the dose rate and time of treatment on weaning weight, BW recorded 73 d after weaning was unaffected by treatment. Despite changes in birth weight, rectal temperature, lamb behavior, and presuckling plasma ghrelin concentrations, survival in the first 72 h of life, and lamb growth performance were unaffected by periparturient maternal glucocorticoid treatment.

City branding is a relatively new area of academic research in marketing. Earlier research focuses on city brand images and particularly the contrast in brand image between cities. Essentially that attention reflects the interest of policy makers in developing sound competitive brand positions, with the aim of achieving a competitive advantage. The current paper shifts the focus to explaining the brand attitudes that residents have of a particular city. What are the key antecedents (city attributes) influencing city brand attitudes? The paper reports on a quantitative survey of a sample of 878 residents of the Gold Coast City. The findings show that the major antecedents are social bonds, a sun and surf brand personality, and creative business. Safety, nature and cultural activities are also influential attributes. Apart from insight into how city brand attitudes are shaped, the paper provides a framework for public policy intervention to improve the urban environment.

PurposeThe paper aims to highlight the importance of corporate rebranding in branding practice, which is neglected in theoretical treatment, so an extended theory is to be developed.Design/methodology/approachFrom the literature, the existing state of the theory of corporate rebranding is articulated. That theory is extended by the development of six principles and by case research. The principles are illustrated in the case of a Canadian leather goods retailer which has implemented a major corporate rebranding strategy. The paper demonstrates the value of organisational single case studies as a precursor to further research.FindingsThe single case enables a more in‐depth analysis of how branding principles were applied to corporate rebranding. All six principles were supported, indicating the need for maintaining core values and cultivating the brand, linking the existing brand with the revised brand, targeting new segments, getting stakeholder “buy‐in”, achieving alignment of brand elements and the importance of promotion in awareness building.Originality/valueAlthough corporate rebranding is often used narrowly in practice as renaming, this paper redresses the limited attempts to build theory in this area of marketing. It attempts to build a more sophisticated and substantial theory of corporate rebranding.

This paper presents a study that used newly developed instruments to investigate student expectations at two points in a semester‐based course. Course convenors were able to make some changes in response to the feedback, explain to students how the feedback had informed the course processes, and work with tutors on delivery enhancements. The administration of these instruments, a partnership approach involving students, tutors and lecturers, contributed to the creation of a responsive teaching and learning environment. In addition to enabling real‐time changes to be made, evaluation of the total teaching and learning experience ensured that improvements were made to subsequent offerings of the same course. Also, insights from one course were evaluated in terms of applicability to other courses offered within the same academic discipline. The study finds that establishing student expectations provides a framework for developing a responsive and iterative approach to achieving excellence in teaching and lea...

Usually destination branding is looked at from the visitor's perspective. However, previous literature does not adequately address the perceptions that residents have of their own place of residence. The residents are a major stakeholder in tourism and their perspective has been overlooked, other than their views about tourists. To analyze this perspective, a structural model is developed to explain the formation of residents' attitude to their city brand (Brand Cairns) and further the path to explaining intentions of residents to act as "occasional tourists" in their own city. The statistical tests demonstrate the validity of the structural model.

Retail development and activity in transition economies is the context for this paper. The paper examines if differences exist in how retailer brand attitudes and store loyalty are realized across cultures. The objective is to contrast the Estonian situation with that of a typical Western country, Canada. Retail service quality (personal service and store organization), pricing and location express retail marketing strategy. This article focuses on retail marketing strategy. The article examines if the same structural model of the brand formation process applies to both cultures. To make the comparison meaningful, the article describes a study covering discount or low-price department stores. Confirmatory factor analysis tests the equivalence of constructs across cultures, and structural equation modeling with AMOS software was used to estimate the overall model of retailer brand formation. Retail service quality is a pivotal variable in the brand formation model.

In a world where trusting software systems is increasingly important, formal methods and formal proof can help provide some basis for trust. Proof checking can help to reduce the size of the trusted base since we do not need to trust an entire theorem prover: instead, we only need to trust a (smaller and simpler) proof checker. Many approaches to building proof checkers require embedding within them a full programming language. In most modern proof checkers and theorem provers, that programming language is a functional programming language, often a variant of ML. In fact, aspects of ML (e.g., strong typing, abstract datatypes, and higher-order programming) were designed to make ML a trustworthy “meta-language” for checking proofs. While there is considerable overlap between logic programming and proof checking (e.g., both benefit from unification, backtracking search, efficient term structures, etc.), the discipline of logic programming has, in fact, played a minor role in the history of proof checking. I will argue that logic programming can have a major role in the future of this important topic.

International audience; Bisimilarity of two processes is formally established by producing a bisimulation relation that contains those two processes and obeys certain closure properties. In many situations, particularly when the under-lying labeled transition system is unbounded, these bisimulation relations can be large and even infinite. The bisimulation-up-to technique has been developed to reduce the size of the relations being computed while retaining soundness, that is, the guarantee of the existence of a bisimulation. Such techniques are increasingly becoming a critical ingredient in the automated checking of bisimilarity. This paper is devoted to the formalization of the meta theory of several major bisimulation-up-to techniques for the process calculi CCS and the π-calculus (with replication). Our formalization is based on recent work on the proof theory of least and greatest fixpoints, particularly the use of relations defined (co-)inductively, and of co-inductive proofs about such relations, as implemented in the Abella theorem prover. An important feature of our formalization is that our definitions of the bisimulation-up-to relations are, in most cases, straightforward translations of published informal definitions, and our proofs clarify several technical details of the informal descriptions. Since the logic behind Abella also supports λ-tree syntax and generic reasoning using the ∇-quantifier, our treatment of the π-calculus is both direct and natural.

International audience; We construct a partially-ordered hierarchy of delimited control operators similar to those of the CPS hierarchy of Danvy and Filinski. However, instead of relying on nested CPS translations, these operators are directly interpreted in linear logic extended with subexponentials (i.e., multiple pairs of ! and ?). We construct an independent proof theory for a fragment of this logic based on the principle of focusing. It is then shown that the new constraints placed on the permutation of cuts correspond to multiple levels of delimited control.

We argue that retail competition, both between small retailers and between small and large retailers is best analysed in the context of strategic groups. This means that the small retailer should ascertain who else is using a broadly similar marketing approach and focus on this group. The key contribution of the research include the identification of four strategic groups using cluster analysis and the identification of organizational capabilities used by small enterprises in each group in the apparel retail industry. Using this strategic group approach we find that small retailers in each of the four strategic groups are using very different strategies and are supporting these strategies with different capabilities. The peer provides the knowledge to enable small retailers compete more effectively in tomorrow’s very competitive retail environment

This paper reports on the empirical testing of a fundamental tenet of marketing theory, namely that different marketing strategies require different organizational capabilities. That nexus is explored using a study of apparel retailers in Eastern Australia. The key contributions of the research include the identification of four main components of retail marketing strategy using factor analysis and the identification of organizational capabilities used in the apparel industry. The final contribution is the exploration of managerial implications. The findings suggest that there is scope to test the same nexus in other industries and in other countries.

Proof theory can be applied to the problem of specifying and reasoning about the operational semantics of process calculi. We overview some recent research in which λ-tree syntax is used to encode expressions containing bindings and sequent calculus is used to reason about operational semantics. There are various benefits of this proof theoretic approach for the π-calculus: the treatment of bindings can be captured with no side conditions; bisimulation has a simple and natural specification in which the difference between bound input and bound output is characterized using difference quantifiers; various modal logics for mobility can be specified declaratively; and simple logic programming-like deduction involving subsets of second-order unification provides immediate implementations of symbolic bisimulation. These benefits should extend to other process calculi as well. As partial evidence of this, a simple λ-tree syntax extension to the tyft/tyxt rule format for name-binding and name-passing is possible that allows one to conclude that (open) bisimilarity is a congruence.

The department store as a retail format created special demands on the organization of staff and the creation of a harmonious and productive workplace. Despite a lack of theoretical knowledge of human resource management strategy, early 20th century department store owners used the business strategy to guide strategic decisions about internal communication and staff training. The most obvious area of training was in selling. However, the more innovative department stores also recognized the need for management development programs. This study examines how the business strategy which embraced business growth, efficiency and effectiveness, building the firm's image and creating a supporting culture, strategically guided selected human resource management policies and practices in an Australian department store.

The Abella interactive theorem prover is based on an intuitionistic logic that allows for inductive and co-inductive reasoning over relations. Abella supports the λ-tree approach to treating syntax containing binders: it allows simply typed λ-terms to be used to represent such syntax and it provides higher-order (pattern) unification, the nabla quantifier, and nominal constants for reasoning about these representations. As such, it is a suitable vehicle for formalizing the meta-theory of formal systems such as logics and programming languages. This tutorial exposes Abella incrementally, starting with its capabilities at a first-order logic level and gradually presenting more sophisticated features, ending with the support it offers to the two-level logic approach to meta-theoretic reasoning. Along the way, we show how Abella can be used prove theorems involving natural numbers, lists, and automata, as well as involving typed and untyped λ-calculi and the π-calculus., Journal of Formalized Reasoning, Vol 7, No 2 (2014): Special Issue: User Tutorials 2

The operational semantics of a computation system is often presented as inference rules or, equivalently, as logical theories. Specifications can be made more declarative and high level if syntactic details concerning bound variables and substitutions are encoded directly into the logic using term-level abstractions (λ-abstraction) and proof-level abstractions (eigenvariables). When one wishes to use such logical theories to support reasoning about properties of computation, the usual quantifiers and proof-level abstractions do not seem adequate: proof-level abstraction of variables with scope over sequents ( global scope) as well as over only formulas ( local scope) seem required for many examples. We will present a sequent calculus that provides this local notion of proof-level abstraction via generic judgment and a new quantifier, ∇, which explicitly manipulates such local scope. Intuitionistic logic extended with ∇ satisfies cut-elimination even when the logic is additionally strengthened with a proof theoretic notion of definitions. The resulting logic can be used to encode naturally a number of examples involving abstractions, and we illustrate the uses of ∇ with the π-calculus and an encoding of provability of an object-logic.

Fashion retailing has evolved in response to opportunities and market pressures. It has been both reactive and proactive. For example, Palmer, in 2001, analyses what might be called a partnership between Canadian department stores and European couture houses in the 1950s. Her work affords a rare overview of retailing's fit with fashion design and commercial delivery systems, and is a point of departure for closely examining an earlier period (1880‐1920) in Australia. The current paper studies the leading role that department stores played in shaping the Australian fashion scene and the marketing techniques they used. A context, period and country, where a set of major retailers formed the predominant influence on fashion trends, and styles and diffusion throughout the community have been identified. Findings suggest that for the 1880‐1920 period the department store retailers were market‐driving rather than simply market‐driven, implying a more proactive and innovative role for the department stores.

At the Dolev-Yao level of abstraction, security protocols can be specified using multisets rewriting. Such rewriting can be modeled naturally using proof search in linear logic. The linear logic setting also provides a simple mechanism for generating nonces and session and encryption keys via eigenvariables. We illustrate several additional aspects of this direct encoding of protocols into logic. In particular, encrypted data can be seen naturally as an abstract data-type. Entailments between security protocols as linear logic theories can be surprisingly strong. We also illustrate how the well-known connection in linear logic between bipolar formulas and general formulas can be used to show that the asynchronous model of communication given by multiset rewriting rules can be understood, more naturally as asynchronous process calculus (also represented directly as linear logic formulas).

Intuitionistic and linear logics can be used to specify the operational semantics of transition systems in various ways. We consider here two encodings: one uses linear logic and maps states of the transition system into formulas, and the other uses intuitionistic logic and maps states into terms. In both cases, it is possible to relate transition paths to proofs in sequent calculus. In neither encoding, however, does it seem possible to capture properties, such as simulation and bisimulation, that need to consider all possible transitions or all possible computation paths. We consider augmenting both intuitionistic and linear logics with a proof theoretical treatment of definitions. In both cases, this addition allows proving various judgments concerning simulation and bisimulation (especially for noetherian transition systems). We also explore the use of infinite proofs to reason about infinite sequences of transitions. Finally, combining definitions and induction into sequent calculus proofs makes it possible to reason more richly about properties of transition systems completely within the formal setting of sequent calculus.

The author describes his career as a psychologist serving in elected office. He found that by his attending to individual concerns, supporting community consensus on key issues, playing the outsider role, leading an issueindividually, and calling media attention to a problem, city hall could be moved to action. In the state legislature, the author serves in the minority but has made an impact by amending legislation, sponsoring less controversial bills, or generating enough public support for a bill that the majority advances its own similar bill. He identified the following mental health needs in Ohio: better understanding by legislators of the nature and impact of mental illness, adequate funding, mental health parity legislation, and more effective advocacy.

Logical frameworks based on intuitionistic or linear logics with higher-type quantification have been successfully used to give high-level, modular, and formal specifications of many important judgments in the area of programming languages and inference systems. Given such specifications, it is natural to consider proving properties about the specified systems in the framework: for example, given the specification of evaluation for a functional programming language, prove that the language is deterministic or that evaluation preserves types. One challenge in developing a framework for such reasoning is that higher-order abstract syntax (HOAS), an elegant and declarative treatment of object-level abstraction and substitution, is difficult to treat in proofs involving induction. In this article, we present a meta-logic that can be used to reason about judgments coded using HOAS; this meta-logic is an extension of a simple intuitionistic logic that admits higher-order quantification over simply typed λ-terms (key ingredients for HOAS) as well as induction and a notion of definition . The latter concept of definition is a proof-theoretic device that allows certain theories to be treated as "closed" or as defining fixed points. We explore the difficulties of formal meta-theoretic analysis of HOAS encodings by considering encodings of intuitionistic and linear logics, and formally derive the admissibility of cut for important subsets of these logics. We then propose an approach to avoid the apparent trade-off between the benefits of higher-order abstract syntax and the ability to analyze the resulting encodings. We illustrate this approach through examples involving the simple functional and imperative programming languages PCF and PCF := . We formally derive such properties as unicity of typing, subject reduction, determinacy of evaluation, and the equivalence of transition semantics and natural semantics presentations of evaluation.

International audience

International audience; The sequent calculus is often criticized for requiring proofs to contain large amounts of low-level syntactic details that can obscure the essence of a given proof. Because each inference rule introduces only a single connective, sequent proofs can separate closely related steps---such as instantiating a block of quantifiers---by irrelevant noise. Moreover, the sequential nature of sequent proofs forces proof steps that are syntactically non-interfering and permutable to nevertheless be written in some arbitrary order. The sequent calculus thus lacks a notion of canonicity: proofs that should be considered essentially the same may not have a common syntactic form. To fix this problem, many researchers have proposed replacing the sequent calculus with proof structures that are more parallel or geometric. Proof-nets, matings, and atomic flows are examples of such revolutionary formalisms. We propose, instead, an evolutionary approach to recover canonicity within the sequent calculus, which we illustrate for classical first-order logic. The essential element of our approach is the use of a multi-focused sequent calculus as the means for abstracting away low-level details from classical cut-free sequent proofs. We show that, among the multi-focused proofs, the maximally multi-focused proofs that collect together all possible parallel foci are canonical. Moreover, if we start with a certain focused sequent proof system, such proofs are isomorphic to expansion proofs---a well known, minimalistic, and parallel generalization of Herbrand disjunctions---for classical first-order logic. This technique appears to be a systematic way to recover the "essence of proof" from within sequent calculus proofs.

Relatively little is known about consumer perceptions of retailers in Central and Eastern Europe. What store attributes do consumers in these markets emphasize? Do these attributes reflect the culture of the region? These questions are addressed in the case of Estonia. However our main objective is to contrast the Estonian situation with that of a typical Western country, Canada. Two key shopping experience constructs are selected, namely merchandise selection and the interactivity between the store and the consumer. To make the comparison meaningful we have chosen a single retail category, namely discount or low-price department stores. In both countries there were two stores that dominated their respective market, so this facilitates the collection of consumer perceptions. Structural equation modeling using AMOS software has been used to test the equivalence of the constructs across cultures. Our main findings are that (1) both merchandise selection and store-customer interaction are valid constructs across both countries, (2) that the factor patterns have configural invariance or equivalence for each construct across the two cultures and (3) that the factor patterns do not have weak factor invariance across the cultures. In short, we conclude that there are major differences in consumer's discount store shopping experiences across the two cultures.

Operational semantics is often presented in a rather syntactic fashion using relations specified by inference rules or equivalently by clauses in a suitable logic programming language. As it is well known, various syntactic details of specifications involving bound variables can be greatly simplified if that logic programming language has term-level abstractions (λ-abstraction) and proof-level abstractions (eigenvariables) and the specification encodes object-level binders using λ-terms and universal quantification. We shall attempt to extend this specification setting to include the problem of specifying not only relations capturing operational semantics, such as one-step evaluation, but also properties and relations about the semantics, such as simulation. Central to our approach is the encoding of generic object-level judgments (universally quantified formulas) as suitable atomic meta-level judgments. We shall encode both the one-step transition semantics and simulation of (finite) π-calculus to illustrate our approach.