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Klebsiella pneumoniae represents a growing clinical threat, given its rapid development of antibiotic resistance, necessitating new therapeutic strategies. Existing live-infection models feature high mortality rates, limiting their utility in the study of natural adaptive immune response to this pathogen. We developed a preclinical model of pneumonia with low overall mortality, in which previously exposed mice are protected from subsequent respiratory tract challenge with K. pneumoniae. Histologic analyses of infected murine lungs demonstrate lymphocytic aggregates surrounding vasculature and larger airways. Initial exposure in RAG1 knockout mice (lacking functional B and T cells) failed to confer protection against subsequent K. pneumoniae challenge. While administration of isolated K. pneumoniae capsule was sufficient to provide protection, we also found that initial inoculation with K. pneumoniae mutants lacking capsule (Δcps), O-antigen (ΔwecA) or both conferred protection from subsequent wild-type infection and elicited K. pneumoniae-specific antibody responses, indicating that non-capsular antigens may also elicit protective immunity. Experiments in this model will inform future development of multivalent vaccines to prevent invasive K. pneumoniae infections., Summary: This novel mouse model of nonlethal pulmonary Klebsiella pneumoniae infection allows for the exploration of mechanisms required to mount a protective memory response to K. pneumoniae in the lung.

Project manager Hans Fredrik Veiteberg Braaten In the Norwegian River Monitoring Programme (in Norwegian: Elveovervåkingsprogrammet) 20 rivers along the Norwegian coastline are monitored for chemical and hydrological parameters. It is a continuation of river monitoring with data from 1990. This report presents the current status (2019) and long-term (1990-2019) water quality trends.

Project Manager Cathrine Brecke Gundersen Future levels of the carcinogenic- and potentially carcinogenic nitrosamines (NSAs) and nitramines (NAs), respectively, were modelled in the drinking water source, Lake Elvåga following the planned full-scale amine-based CO2 capture at the Oslo waste incineration plant. A high-resolution and dynamic catchment model (INCA-Contaminants) was combined with a lake model add-on. NSA and NA deposition rates (provided from COWI/Norsk Energi/CERC) were combined with site specific information (hydrology and climate), and literature values of NSA and NA bio- and photodegradation rates and physiochemical parameters. The three scenarios, “best”, “likely”, and “worst” cases were created to capture the uncertainty of key parameters. Three years of full-scale CO2 capture resulted in maximum annual average sums of NSAs and NAs in the lake water at 0.24, 3.3, and 4.4 ng L-1, for the three scenarios, respectively. For the NSAs, photodegradation was an efficient depletion pathway, nearly balancing out the input rates. Lake water levels of NAs increased with time due to the lack of an efficient depletion pathway. Seasonal variation was evident in both the NSA and NA concentrations and this should be considered for potential future monitoring programs. COWI

I det regjeringsforankrede mandatet «Anmodning om Forsvarssjefens tilrådning om den videre utviklingen av Forsvaret» i oktober 2014 presiserer Forsvarsministeren at Forsvaret står ovenfor et teknologisk veiskille og at Norges grunnleggende demografiske og geografiske forutsetninger gjør det nødvendig å ta i bruk ny teknologi der det er mulig, «særlig innenfor overvåking og etterretning i våre store interesseområder». Forsvarssjefen svarer ut føringene i mandatet med å forlate ambisjonen om selvstendignasjonalevne til langtrekkende luftbåren undervannsovervåking og-krigføring med maritime patruljefly, og foreslår i stedet en erstatning med en blanding av satellitter, droner og lette overvåkingsfly uten antiubåtkapasitet i sitt fagmilitære råd i 2015. Regjeringen valgte allikevel i løpet av langtidsplanprosessen å forlate både sineegneføringer fra rammeskrivet og Forsvarssjefens råd. De foreslår å anskaffe fem nye fullverdige maritime patruljefly i sin innstilling til Stortinget. Oppgavens problemstilling er derfor: • Hva var de viktigste årsakene som kan ha ligget til grunn for at langtrekkende maritime patruljefly med antiubåtkapasitet gikk fra å være nedprioritert til å bli høyt prioritert i løpet av langtidsplanprosessen? Gjennom en analyse av grunnlagsdokumentene i planperioden og relevante åpne kilder har oppgaven sett nærmere på prosessen fra mandatet ble gitt i oktober 2014 og til Letter of Offer and Acceptance for P-8 ble signert 29. mars 2017 ved å trekke frem de viktigste påvirkningsfaktorene som kan ha ligget til grunn for de enkelte innspillene og det endelige vedtaket i proposisjonen. Analysen har blitt støttet gjennom å belyse de maritime patruljeflyenes rolle i norsk sikkerhetspolitikk og erfaringer fra tidligere videreføringer av kapasiteten. Oppgaven konkluderer med at som så mange ganger tidligere når det gjelder videreføring eller erstatning av denne kapasiteten, er det det bilaterale forholdet til USA og integrasjonsdimensjonen sammen med hensynet til beroligelse gjennom avskjerming som er avgjørende. Også i tråd med tidligere erfaringer håndteres også denne gangen anskaffelsen av maritime patruljefly over det militærstrategiske nivået, og Norge fortsetter å motta maritime patruljefly til redusert pris. In the mandate from the Minister of Defense for the Chief of Defense’ work with his long term military advice in October 2014, the Minister underscores that the Armed Forces are facing a technological crossroad and that Norway’s basic demographic and geographic prerequisites makes it necessary to start using new technology wherever possible, “especially within surveillance and intelligence in our large areas of interest”. The Chief of Defense follows up on the guidelines from the mandate by leaving the ambition of having an independent capability for the Armed Forces to conduct long-range airborne underwater surveillance-and warfare. Instead, he suggests a replacement with a mix of satellites, drones and smaller surveillance aircraft without anti-submarine capability in his military advice in 2015. Despite this advice, the government chose to leave both their own guidelines from the mandate and the military advice. The Government ended up with suggesting to Parliament an acquisition of five fully capable maritime patrol aircraft. The research question for this thesis is therefore: • What was the most important underlying reasons that made long-range maritime patrol aircraft with anti-submarine capability to go from abandoned to being highly prioritized during the long-term planning process? Through an analysis of the founding documents in the planning period and other relevant open sources this thesis has looked closer at the process from the mandate was issued in October 2014 to the Letter of Offer and Acceptance was signed on the 29. Of March 2017, by bringing to the front the most important factors that have affected the different inputs to the plans and the final decision in the proposition to Parliament. The analysis is supported by shedding light on the role the maritime patrol aircraft has played in the Norwegian security policy and experiences from earlier re-acquisitions of this capability. The thesis concludes that, as many times before when it comes to continuation or replacement of this capability, it is the bilateral relationship with the USA and the integration dimension, together with the considerations made with regard to reassurance of Russia through screening, that is crucial. Also in line with earlier experience, the acquisition has also this time been handled above the military strategic level, and Norway continues to receive maritime patrol aircraft with a reduced price tag.

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The contribution of this article is to highlight how exploring various writing genres in the beginning of higher education can contribute to academic literacy. While many studies have addressed the transition into academia by focusing on academic writing, the use of various writing genres has scarcely been researched. Based on the thematic analysis of focus-group interviews that explore first-year students’ experience of writing in academia, we present and discuss three emerging themes: 1) academic writing as a dull and constricted world, 2) playing with and playing out identities through writing in various genres, and 3) learning academic writing from contrasts. Our research indicates that starting with other writing genres than the academic genre might foster an experience of mastery that could enhance self-efficacy when it comes to academic writing. Moreover, discovering contrasts to academic writing can help students to understand the boundaries and characteristics of academic writing. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.

Keluarga sebagai pendidikan lingkungan adalah wadah pertama anak belajar bersosialisasi, dalam hal ini anak mulai belajar memahami aspek penting, salah satunya adalah menanamkan kebiasaan belajar kepada anak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan upaya orang tua dalam menanamkan kebiasaan belajar yang baik kepada siswa dalam hal di SMP Negeri 9 Pekanbaru, menyusun rencana belajar bersama anak, mendampingi dan membantu anak dalam belajar untuk tidak duduk sepanjang waktu, memberikan pujian kepada anak-anak, mengenali kekuatan anak-anak dalam belajar, membantu anak-anak untuk mengurangi kecemasan dan kebosanan dalam belajar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif, seluruh populasi siswa kelas VII, VIII, dan IX pada siswa di SMP Negeri 9 Pekanbaru dan sebanyak 664 sampel yang diperoleh 87 siswa. Temuan penelitian mengungkapkan upaya orangtua dalam menanamkan kebiasaan belajar yang baik terhadap siswa Pekanbaru sudah baik.

Contemporary policy strategies frame welfare technologies as a solution for welfare states facing the challenges of demographic change. Technologies are supposed to reduce or substitute the work of care workers and thereby reduce attrition among their ranks, reduce costs, and at the same make elderly people self-reliant and independent. In this paper, it is suggested that this way of framing how welfare technologies work with elderly people holds an instrumental view of technologies as well as of bodies and needs to be challenged. Drawing on an STS (Science Technology Studies) understanding of the constituting role of technology in people's lives, the guiding question in this study is how autonomy is practised in the lives of elderly people using welfare technologies. The study is based on interviews with eight elderly citizens in a Danish municipality who have been provided with a wash toilet and often also other technologies as part of their welfare service package. The study shows how autonomy is practised in various ways, how autonomy is practised in specific areas of life linked to the specific life story and body of the elderly citizen, how autonomy is situational as it is practised in specific situations during the day/week, and how autonomy is relational as it is practised in relation to specific persons and things and with specific persons and things. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the implementation of welfare technology as well as forms of governance appropriate for embodied elderly citizens and technologies. Contemporary policy strategies frame welfare technologies as a solution for welfare states facing the challenges of demographic change. Technologies are supposed to reduce or substitute the work of care workers and thereby reduce attrition among their ranks, reduce costs, and at the same make elderly people self-reliant and independent. In this paper, it is suggested that this way of framing how welfare technologies work with elderly people holds an instrumental view of technologies as well as of bodies and needs to be challenged. Drawing on an STS (Science Technology Studies) understanding of the constituting role of technology in people's lives, the guiding question in this study is how autonomy is practised in the lives of elderly people using welfare technologies. The study is based on interviews with eight elderly citizens in a Danish municipality who have been provided with a wash toilet and often also other technologies as part of their welfare service package. The study shows how autonomy is practised in various ways, how autonomy is practised in specific areas of life linked to the specific life story and body of the elderly citizen, how autonomy is situational as it is practised in specific situations during the day/week, and how autonomy is relational as it is practised in relation to specific persons and things and with specific persons and things. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the implementation of welfare technology as well as forms of governance appropriate for embodied elderly citizens and technologies.

Dominant research evaluation systems potentially lead to a homogenization of research. A focus on the total number of citations or journal impact factors can motivate researchers in non-English contexts to publish in English only. Efforts to publish in languages other than English run the risk of becoming ‘lost science’. The purpose of this article is to offer an indicator, the PLOTE-index, which measures the percentage of citations flowing from the non-English publications of a researcher or a group of researchers. If the spread of citations over language areas is measured, it becomes visible. Only then can it be analyzed, debated, and evaluated. In a feasibility study, PLOTE scores are calculated for 40 professors in political science in Denmark. The relation between the PLOTE-index and total number of citations is discussed. Variations across subfields are demonstrated and discussed, as well as a decline in PLOTE scores over time. The potential use of the PLOTE-index in research policy, research evaluation, strategy-making, and recruitment is discussed, as well as future developments of the index.

Artikel ini berbagi hasil evaluasi dari sebuah pendekatan inovatif yang coba diterapkan di jurusan bahasa Inggris FKIP Unilak, dimana persepsi pengguna blog yakni mahasiswa di dua semester yang berbeda akan menjadi titik fokus dalam penelitian ini. Blog merupakan homepage interaktif yang mudah untuk dikelola memungkinkan siswa untuk terlibat dalam kegiatan online, sehingga memperluas kegiatan pembelajaran bahasa mereka melebihi jika belajar didalam kelas. Blogging bisa juga mendorong proses pembelajaran yang lebih otonom. Temuan dari survei sikap dan persepsi yang dilakukan selama dua semester dengan sebelas kelas dengan jumlah mahasiswa sebanyak 168 akan tetapi dalam masa pengumpulan data dari angket online terdapat 145 mahasiswa yang mengisi angket yang terdiri dari 127 mahasiswa jurusan bahasa Inggris serta 18 mahasiswa dari group ekskul Blogger yang terdiri dari jurusan yang berbeda-beda. Dari hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa mereka memiliki persepsi yang positif dan mendukung penggunaan blog sebagai media atau strategi pembelajaran peningkatan kemampuan bahasa Inggris di dalam kelas mereka

We evaluated the long-term safety and efficacy of once daily oral solifenacin suspension in children (5 to less than 12 years old) and adolescents (12 to less than 18 years old) with overactive bladder.We conducted a 40-week, open label extension of a 12-week double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Outcome measures included incidence and severity of adverse events (primary end point), laboratory variables, vital signs, 12-lead electrocardiogram, post-void residual volume, and change from baseline to end of treatment in mean number of micturitions and incontinence episodes per 24 hours, number of incontinence-free days per 7 days and number of grade 3 or 4 urgency episodes per 24 hours (adolescents only).A total of 119 children and 29 adolescents were enrolled in the study. The incidence of drug related treatment emergent adverse events was 34.7% (children) and 37.9% (adolescents), the most common of which were constipation (11.9%), electrocardiogram QT prolonged (8.5%) and dry mouth (4.2%) in children, and electrocardiogram QT prolonged (13.8%) and nausea (6.9%) in adolescents. Adverse events resulted in 10.2% (children) and 13.8% (adolescents) of participants discontinuing treatment. There were no cases of urinary retention or increases in post-void residual volume and no clinically relevant changes in laboratory variables or vital signs. Two cases of dizziness but no other central nervous system drug related treatment emergent adverse events were reported. Improvements in all efficacy parameters and grade 3 or 4 urgency episodes observed by 3 weeks were further improved and/or maintained during the study.Once daily solifenacin oral suspension was well tolerated for up to 52 weeks in children 5 to less than 12 years old and adolescents 12 to less than 18 years old diagnosed with overactive bladder, with constipation and electrocardiogram QT prolonged as the most common adverse reactions, respectively. Improvements in efficacy at 3 weeks were sustained during the study.

As theory-based evaluation (TBE) engages in situations where multiple stakeholders help develop complex program theory about dynamic phenomena in politically contested settings, it becomes difficult to develop and use program theory without ambiguity. The purpose of this article is to explore ambiguity as a fruitful perspective that helps TBE face current challenges. Literatures in organization theory and political theory are consulted in order to cultivate the concept of ambiguity. Janus variables (which work in two ways) and other ambiguous aspects of program theories are classified and exemplified. Stances towards ambiguity are considered, as are concrete steps that TBE evaluators can take to identify and deal with ambiguity in TBE.

Should the public sector become more like the private sector? This is a key question in debates about public management. However, the public/private distinction includes many elements. Two of these are ownership and competition. These aspects are not always sorted out empirically. Another challenge is that dissimilar functional areas are studied which makes it difficult to isolate effects of privatization as such. We respond to these challenges by carrying out an empirical analysis of job satisfaction among teachers who teach Danish to immigrants. The teachers work in comparable schools, carry out the same task, and are subject to the same performance management system, but some of the schools are public, some are private, and some have been subject to competitive tendering. We demonstrate that competition has a greater impact than ownership upon job satisfaction. We also show that one of the key mechanisms which translate competition into reduced job satisfaction relates to changing relations between managers and employees. Advocates and opponents of privatization alike should pay more attention to specific aspects and mechanisms related to privatization, in particular the element of competition.