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Sugar is a phagostimulant component of cockroaches bait. Knowledge of the chemosensory response of German cockroaches to sugar is necessary to design bait formulations. This study was aimed to determine the behavior of sugar selection by German cockroaches, based on latency parameters toward the bait. Observation methods were done using behavior sampling with CCTV cameras. Observations were made on fifteen mixed-sex from VCRU, BKL, PDG, JKT-b, and PKU-b strains with the treatment of plain agar and agar containing four types of sugar i.e., glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose with a concentration of 1 M each. The observation was carried out for 12 hours. Data were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA followed by the Duncan test for p

Cretaperiplaneta kaonashi Qiu, Che et Wang, gen. et sp. nov. (Blattodea: Blattidae) is described from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. This new cockroach resembles the extant genus Periplaneta, with wide apart eyes, smooth pronotum that wider than long, complex venation in tegmina, long but sparse spines on hind margins of femora, tarsomeres with spines, symmetrical tarsal claws, and long, tapered and segmented cerci. However, it is remarkable for its long pubescence on the pronotum and tegmina and the small branches on ScP of tegmen. The taxonomic placements of the previous five Blattidae species found in amber (Balatronis cretacea Smidova et Lei, Balatronis libanensis Sendi et Azar, Spinka fussa Vrsanský, Smidova et Barna, Bimodala ohmkuhnlei Smidova, and Anenev asrev Vrsanský, Oružinský, Sendi, Choufani, El-Halabi et Azar) are reconsidered. Spinka fussa and Bimodala ohmkuhnlei are moved to the family Corydiidae; the remaining three are family unsettled species due to their limited taxonomic information.

The new species of the genus Duchailluia Rehn, 1933, D . ivindo sp. nov., is described from Gabon. The genus Distylopyga Bey-Bienko, 1965 is restored from synonymy with Duchailluia . Distylopyga beccalonii sp. nov. from Thailand is described. Neostylopyga yemenica (Bey-Bienko, 1969) comb. nov. is transferred from Duchailluia . A detailed morphological descriptions of the new species are given, N . yemenica is redescribed inclusive male genitalia. The male genitalia of N . yemenica is described for the first time. The subfamily Duchailluiinae Roth, 2003 synonymized with Blattinae Latreille, 1810.

We investigated bactericidal and fungicidal properties of chitosan extracted from adults and nymphs from both German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Blattodea: Blattellidae) and American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Dictyoptera: Blattidae). The cuticle of adults and nymphs extracted from both cockroaches were dried and ground. The powders were demineralized and deproteinized followed by deacetylation using NaOH. Finally, the chitosan yields were examined for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The degree of deacetylation (DD) was different between adults and nymph stages. The antimicrobial effect of American cockroach chitosan (ACC) and German cockroach chitosan (GCC) was tested against four bacteria and four fungi. The extracted chitosans from American cockroach, Periplaneta americana and German Cockroach, Blattella germanica suppressed the growth of Gram-negative/positive bacteria except Micrococcus luteus. The growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were notability inhibited by the extracted chitosans. The antimicrobial effect of the chitosan depended on the cockroach species, with chitosan of the American cockroach showing more inhibitory effect. This difference may be due to differences in the structure of chitin between the two cockroach species.

The various sensilla on the antennae and on the labial and maxillary palps of Blattella germanica (L.) were studied. Thick-walled chemoreceptors with fluted shafts and articulated bases are located on the antennae and on the labial and maxillary palps. Thin-walled chemoreceptors, without fluted shafts or articulated bases, are restricted to the flagellar segments of the antennae and to the distal segments of the palps. Antennae of adult males have more thin-walled chemoreceptors than do those of females. Hair-plate sensilla are found at the scape-head and scape-pedicel joints, and at the joints of segments on the palps. Campaniform sensilla are concentrated as a ring around the distal margin of the pedicel, and are also scattered singly on the scape, pedicel, and flagellar segments of the antennae, and on the first segment of the maxillary palps. Occasionally, a few sensilla coeloconica and cold receptor sensilla are found on the antennal flagellum.

Light microscopy (LM) and scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) disclose seven types of hemocytes in adults of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)-namely, prohemocytes (PR), granulocytes (GR), plasmatocytes (PL), spherulocytes (SP), adipohemocytes (AD), coagulocytes (CO), and oenocytoids (OE). Their shape, size, surface appearance, and internal ultrastructure are characterized here. The shapes and relative sizes of hemocytes noted in vitro have been compared with those flowing through the wing veins (in vivo). The GRs constitute more than 90% of the hemocyte population and have roles in the defense system such as encapsulation and phagocytosis. They are characterized by numerous cytoplasmic granules and marginal microtubular bundles, which are commonly noted in the blood cells of both vertebrates and invertebrates, but have been rarely reported in insect hemocytes. The PRs are characterized by being spherical and small, having a relatively large nucleus and a small area of cytoplasm. The polymorphic PLs have some micropapillae on the cell surface and fewer granules than the GRs. The SPs are characterized by an oblate shape, raspberrylike appearance in SEM, and many spherules in the cytoplasm. The ADs are spherical and have large, refringent fat droplets. The COs possess a distinctive cartwheellike appearance when observed by LM but resemble GRs in TEM preparations. The OEs are opaque and often have an eccentric nucleus. Of the seven types of hemocytes, all, except the COs, can be recognized both in vivo and in vitro by LM; the COs can be recognized only in vitro. SEM does not allow the COs to be distinguished from the GRs, except in samples in which coagulation has occurred. All hemocyte types can be recognized by TEM. Thus, all three types of microscopy allow the various types of hemocytes to be recognized; unequivocal discrimination among the cells is best achieved by combining all the three kinds of microscopy.

A correlated morphological and cytochemical approach to the hemocytes in Leucophaea maderae characterizes the granule contents of blood cells with May Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue (AB), and Sudan black B stainings, and after fluorochroming with acridine orange (AO). The cell nucleus and nuclear DNA is demonstrated with the Feulgen reaction. The activities of α-naphtyl butyrate esterase (ANBE) and acid phosphatase (AcPase) have been investigated in hemocytes, by both light and electron microscopy. The study discloses five cells types: prohemocyts, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, spherulocytes, and cytocytes. Occasional Sudan black-positive cells could represent an adipohemocyte category. The different patterns of cytochemical staining suggest a variety of functional roles for hemocytes. The most selective reaction pattern in terms of cytological differentiation among hemocytes occurred with the ANBE reaction. Ultrastructural analysis of intercellular granule contents, and the demonstration of cells with intermediate features, suggests that the hemolymph of Leucophaea maderae contains a developmental series from prohemocyte to plasmatocyte to granulocyte and then to spherulocyte. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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BACKGROUND Bait formulations are considered to be the most effective method for reducing German cockroach (Blattella germanica) infestations. An important property of some bait formulations is secondary kill, whereby active ingredient (AI) is translocated in insect-produced residues throughout the cockroach population, especially affecting relatively sedentary early-instar nymphs. RESULTS B. germanica was collected from a location where baits containing hydramethylnon, fipronil or indoxacarb had become ineffective, and these AIs were topically applied to adult males. Results revealed the first evidence for hydramethylnon resistance, moderate resistance to fipronil and extremely high resistance to indoxacarb. Insecticide residues excreted by field-collected males that had ingested commercial baits effectively killed nymphs of an insecticide-susceptible laboratory strain of B. germanica but failed to kill most nymphs of the field-collected strain. CONCLUSIONS We report three novel findings: (1) the first evidence for hydramethylnon resistance in any insect; (2) extremely high levels of indoxacarb resistance in a field population; (3) reduced secondary mortality in an insecticide-resistant field-collected strain of B. germanica. We suggest that, while secondary mortality is considered to be advantageous in cockroach interventions, the ingestion of sublethal doses of AI by nymphs may select for high insecticide resistance by increasing the frequency of AI resistance alleles within the population. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry

Clarifications for the genus Brancsikia Saussure & Zehntner (Mantodea, Epaphroditidae). The genus Brancsikia Saussure & Zehntner, 1895, whose species were somewhat confused in the past, is critically re-examined, with a confirmed synonymy (Brancsikia simplex Beier, 1935, syn. of Deroplatys freyi Brancsik, 1893). It is transferred in the family Epaphroditidae. A lectotype is designated for Deroplatys freyi., Le genre Brancsikia Saussure & Zehntner, 1895, dont les espèces ont fait l’objet de diverses confusions par le passé, est réexaminé de façon critique, avec une synonymie confirmée (Brancsikia simplex Beier, 1935, syn. de Deroplatys freyi Brancsik, 1893). Il est transféré dans la famille des Epaphroditidae. Un lectotype est désigné pour Deroplatys freyi., Roy Roger, Schütte Kai. Mises au point sur le genre Brancsikia Saussure & Zehntner (Mantodea, Epaphroditidae). In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 121 (3),2016. pp. 269-282.

Abiotic environmental conditions, especially temperature and humidity, have profound effects on the growth and development of gregarines, but these effects remain largely undocumented. Quantifying the effects of environmental conditions on the growth and development of exogenous gregarine ontogenetic stages is an important first step in understanding the transmission, population dynamics, and environmental persistence of gregarine infection. In this study, we examined the effect of 6 environmental temperatures (10, 18, 22, 27, 35, and 40 C) at constant humidity (0 mmHg vapor pressure deficit) on gametocyst development and oocyst viability in 2 gregarine species: Blabericola migrator and Blabericola cubensis parasitizing the Tiger-striped Hissing Cockroach, Princisia vanwaerebecki, and the Discoid Cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis, respectively. Temperature has a significant effect on gametocyst development and oocyst viability for both gregarine species. Gametocyst development for both gregarine species displays a similar threshold response to environmental temperature: 10 and 40 C represent extremes outside their developmental range, but within these extremes, the relationship between gametocyst development and temperature is weakly direct. Dehiscence increased with temperature from 68% at 18 C to 93% at 22 C and remained at that level through 35 C. Developmental temperature also has a meaningful but inverse effect on oocyst viability of both B. migrator and B. cubensis. For both species, oocyst viability is highest at 18 and 22 C and is significantly reduced at 27 and 35 C. Thus oocyst production and sporozoite viability are linked but environmentally independent phenomena. Overall, there is an acceptable developmental temperature zone for B. migrator and B. cubensis that ranges from 18 to 27 C, but production of viable sporozoites is greatest in a relatively narrow zone around 22 C. Prior studies have postulated that mechanisms that concentrate oocysts and hosts, such as host behavior or host microhabitat preference, increase the host-oocyst encounter rate and thus transmission. This study indicates that abiotic influences on gametocyst development may also lead to heterogeneous oocyst distributions in the environment and increase the likelihood of host-oocyst encounters.

The cockroach, Blatta orientalis, is among one of the important domestic pests found in the semi-arid areas of Algeria. In this study, the insecticidal activity of spinosad, bioinsecticide, was tested against B. orientalis using different concentrations. Bioassays were done by topical application on newly emerged adult females under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the product exhibits a high level of toxicity with a dose-response relationship. The enzymatic analyses of the treated adults of B. orientalis with the determined LC50 dose revealed a neurotoxic activity of spinosad, with an inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and a stimulation of the detoxification system that is interpreted by the increase of glutathione-S-transferase activity. In other experiments the compound was applied at LC50 on a newly emerged females and its effect was investigated on reproduction during the first gonadotrophic cycle (0, 2, 4 and 6 days) and the ovarian protein contents. The results showed that spinosad re...

New cockroaches of the family Blaberidae are described from Southern Sumatra: two new species of the genus Cyrtonotula Uvarov, 1939, C. secunda sp. nov. and C. tertia sp. nov. (Epilamprinae); and one new species of the genus Paranauphoeta J.W.H. Rehn, 1951, P. pullata sp. nov. (Paranauphoetinae). Detailed morphological descriptions of the new species are given. Structures of the male genitalia of the genus Cyrtonotula are described for the first time. Hypothesis on the relationships of these new taxa as well as Morphna maculata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865, Rhabdoblatta sp. and Pseudophoraspis sp. based on 28S ribosomal DNA sequences is discussed.

The Asian cockroach, Blattella asahinai Mizukubo, first introduced to Florida in 1986, has been spreading throughout the southeastern United States. Populations can reach extremely high densities and cause damage to crops as well as become a nuisance in residential settings. Because the German cockroach, Blattella germanica L., is its closest extant relative, we characterized the B. asahinai male response to blattellaquinone, the sex pheromone of the German cockroach, in an effort to develop monitoring tools for B. asahinai. Electroantennogram (EAG) analysis was conducted on B. asahinai and B. germanica males and females, and revealed that the antennae of males of both species responded significantly more to blattellaquinone than females, and in both males and females absolute EAG responses of B. asahinai were greater than in B. germanica males and females, respectively. However, normalized male EAG response curves and ED50 values (effective dose to elicit 50% of maximal response) did not differ significantly between the two species. Results of field trapping experiments demonstrated that male B. asahinai were more attracted to blattellaquinone than any other life stage, and 10 μg of blattellaquinone attracted the most males. These results suggest that blattellaquinone or a similar compound might be a component of the sex pheromone of B. asahinai females.

A full taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genusParastagmatopteraSaussure is presented, including the description of two new species:Parastagmatoptera bororoisp.n. andParastagmatoptera sottileisp.n.The following species are synonyms:Parastagmatoptera tessellataSaussure & Zehntnersyn.n.(male nec female) andParastagmatoptera hoorieCaudellsyn.n.ofParastagmatoptera flavoguttata(Serville);Parastagmatoptera confusaG.-Tossyn.n.ofParastagmatoptera pellucidaG.-Tos;Parastagmatoptera tessellataSaussure & Zehntnersyn.n.(female nec male),Parastagmatoptera serricornisKirbysyn.n.andParastagmatoptera vitrepennisBrunersyn.n.ofParastagmatoptera unipunctata(Burmeister);Parastagmatoptera concolorJantschsyn.n.ofParastagmatoptera theresopolitanaG.-Tos.Parastagmatoptera vitreola(Stål), previously treated as a synonym ofParastagmatoptera flavoguttatais returned to species status;P. flavoguttata var. immaculataChopard is recognized as a valid species.Parastagmatoptera amazonicaWerner andParastagmatoptera glauca(Rehn) are transferred to the subfamily Photinainae. In total, nine species are recognized, each of which is presented with a diagnosis, a full description, assessments, distribution data and a comprehensive bibliography. A taxonomic history of the genus and its species is provided. A key to allParastagmatopteraspecies is included and each is fully illustrated. Comments about the biogeography ofParastagmatopteraare also presented.

Two little-known species of praying mantises, Severinia turcomaniae (Saussure, 1872) and Rivetina nana Mistshenko, 1967, are reported for the faunas of Russia and Europe for the first time based on the material collected in Astrakhan Province of Russia. New data on the morphology, ecology, and distribution of these species are given. The male genitalia of S. turcomaniae and the female of R. nana are described for the first time. The lectotype of Oxythespis turcomaniae Saussure, 1872 is designated and deposited in the collection of the Zoological Museum of the Moscow University. The synonymy of O. turcomaniae and Mantis wagneri Kittary, 1849 is shown to be insufficiently justified; M. wagneri is provisionally placed in the genus Severinia Finot, 1902. Since R. nana Lindt, 1968 is most probably not a synonym of R. nana Mistshenko, 1967 but a separate species, a substitute name R. pseudonana Shcherbakov nom. n. is proposed for the former. Some characters traditionally used for the identification of Rivetina species are shown to be significantly variable and thus unreliable. A key to 11 praying mantis species of the Russian fauna is provided. The recent discovery of S. turcomaniae and R. nana in the northern Caspian Sea region is assumed to reflect the expansion of the natural ranges of thermophilic species caused by increasing aridity of the climate.

The Brazilian Atlantic forest is one of the biodiversity hotspots with the richest species diversity and threat. It is located along the Brazilian Atlantic coast going south til Paraguay and Argentina in the interior of the continent. Due to its longitudinal and altitudinal gradients, complex geology and diversity of soils it harbors an enormous diversity of landscapes and ecosystems that gave rise to its rich biodiversity. However, this biodiversity is extremely threatened because this region is the one with the highest population size and density in south America. So, the Atlantic forest is now limited to less than 5% of its original surface and distributed in scattered fragments. Despite the recognized species richness, much remains to be known about several components of this biodiversity and their origin. Among the groups still poorly known are the insects. In order to contribute to bridge this gap, in this thesis I studied one genus of cockroach endemic from the Atlantic forest, Monastria Saussure, 1864 (Blaberidae, Blaberinae). I focused on the taxonomy, phylogeography and on the contribution of the data existing in natural history collections to model the distribution range. The study of the taxonomy consisted in the revision of the genus with the re-description of already known species and description of new ones. Since the known species were described very early, the description (and re-description) comprised the definition of new characters, and consideration paid to genitalia. In addition to that, old nomenclatural problems were solved, a key to species’ identification was provided, a key to the identification of nymphs of the genera of Blaberinae endemic to the Atlantic forest were provided. The second study was aimed to understand the diversification and distribution of the genus Monastria in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. This analysis indicates the importance of differential impacts of shifts in temperature between the Southern and Northeastern part of the Atlantic forest in the Last Glacial Maximum for explaining the present pattern of distribution. The third study is an evaluation of the data concerning Monastria available in Natural History Collections for estimating its distribution range based on Ecological Niche Models (ENM), and using the data from the field work designed to assess the presence of Monastria to validate the results. Here we showed that the dataset is biased in the environmental space. This oversampling in a climate class leads to models with suitable areas much smaller than that of the real distribution of Monastria. These biases increase model’s specificity and reduced sensitivity. To overcome this problem, we designed two forms of rarefaction and showed deleting points at random in the most biased climate class is very powerful to increase the sensitivity of the ENM.; La forêt atlantique brésilienne est un des points sensibles de biodiversité avec une richesse spécifique et des risques d’extinction élevés. Cette forêt est située le long de la côte atlantique brésilienne, s’étendant jusqu’au Paraguay vers le Sud et à l’Argentine dans l’intérieur des terres. Du fait des gradients longitudinal et altitudinal, de la géologie complexe et de la diversité des sols, cette forêt comprend une diversité exceptionnelle de paysages et d’écosystèmes qui ont permis à cette riche biodiversité de se développer. Cependant, cette dernière encourt des risques extrêmes d’extinction du fait des densités et des tailles de populations humaines locales les plus élevées en Amérique du Sud. La forêt atlantique est ainsi aujourd’hui réduite à moins de 5% de sa surface originelle, répartie dans des fragments épars. En dépit de cette richesse spécifique reconnue, beaucoup reste à comprendre au sujet de plusieurs composantes de la biodiversité et de leur origine. Parmi les groupes encore mal connus figurent en particulier les insectes. Dans le but de combler cette lacune, j’ai étudié dans cette thèse un genre de blatte endémique de la forêt atlantique, Monastria Saussure, 1864 (Blattodea, Blaberinae). Je me suis focalisé sur sa taxonomie, sa phylogéographie et sur la contribution des données de collections d’histoire naturelle à la modélisation de l’aire de distribution. L’étude de la taxonomie a consisté à entreprendre la révision du genre avec la re-description des espèces espèces déjà connues et la description de nouvelles espèces. Les descriptions des espèces connues étaient fort anciennes et la description (et redescription) a donc inclus la définition de nouveaux caractères, ainsi qu’une étude des genitalia. Des problèmes nomenclaturaux anciens ont été également résolus, une clé d’identification des espèces ainsi qu’une clé d’identification des larves des genres de Blaberinae endémiques de la forêt atlantique ont été construites. La deuxième étude concernait l’analyse de la diversification et de la distribution du genre Monastria dans la forêt atlantique brésilienne. Cette analyse a indiqué l’importance des impacts différentiels des changements de température durant le dernier maximum glaciaire entre les parties Nord et Sud de la forêt atlantique, ceci résultant dans le patron de distribution présent. La troisième étude est une évaluation de l’intérêt des données disponibles dans les collections d’histoire naturelle concernant Monastria pour inférer son aire de répartition en se basant sur des modèles de niches écologiques (ENM), et en utilisant les données issues de l’échantillonnage de terrain ciblé sur Monastria pour valider les résultats. Nous montrons ici que le lot de données des collections est biaisé dans l’espace environmental. Le sur-échantillonnage dans une classe de climat conduit à construire des modèles d’aires favorables plus restreints que ceux de la distribution réelle de Monastria. Ces biais augmentent donc la spécificité des modèles et réduisent leur sensibilité. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous avons conçu deux sortes d’analyse de raréfaction et montré que la suppression aléatoire de points dans la classe climatique la plus biaisée augmente de manière très efficace la sensibilité du modèle de niche climatique.

The Brazilian Atlantic forest is one of the biodiversity hotspots with the richest species diversity and threat. It is located along the Brazilian Atlantic coast going south til Paraguay and Argentina in the interior of the continent. Due to its longitudinal and altitudinal gradients, complex geology and diversity of soils it harbors an enormous diversity of landscapes and ecosystems that gave rise to its rich biodiversity. However, this biodiversity is extremely threatened because this region is the one with the highest population size and density in south America. So, the Atlantic forest is now limited to less than 5% of its original surface and distributed in scattered fragments. Despite the recognized species richness, much remains to be known about several components of this biodiversity and their origin. Among the groups still poorly known are the insects. In order to contribute to bridge this gap, in this thesis I studied one genus of cockroach endemic from the Atlantic forest, Monastria Saussure, 1864 (Blaberidae, Blaberinae). I focused on the taxonomy, phylogeography and on the contribution of the data existing in natural history collections to model the distribution range. The study of the taxonomy consisted in the revision of the genus with the re-description of already known species and description of new ones. Since the known species were described very early, the description (and re-description) comprised the definition of new characters, and consideration paid to genitalia. In addition to that, old nomenclatural problems were solved, a key to species’ identification was provided, a key to the identification of nymphs of the genera of Blaberinae endemic to the Atlantic forest were provided. The second study was aimed to understand the diversification and distribution of the genus Monastria in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. This analysis indicates the importance of differential impacts of shifts in temperature between the Southern and Northeastern part of the Atlantic forest in the Last Glacial Maximum for explaining the present pattern of distribution. The third study is an evaluation of the data concerning Monastria available in Natural History Collections for estimating its distribution range based on Ecological Niche Models (ENM), and using the data from the field work designed to assess the presence of Monastria to validate the results. Here we showed that the dataset is biased in the environmental space. This oversampling in a climate class leads to models with suitable areas much smaller than that of the real distribution of Monastria. These biases increase model’s specificity and reduced sensitivity. To overcome this problem, we designed two forms of rarefaction and showed deleting points at random in the most biased climate class is very powerful to increase the sensitivity of the ENM., La forêt atlantique brésilienne est un des points sensibles de biodiversité avec une richesse spécifique et des risques d’extinction élevés. Cette forêt est située le long de la côte atlantique brésilienne, s’étendant jusqu’au Paraguay vers le Sud et à l’Argentine dans l’intérieur des terres. Du fait des gradients longitudinal et altitudinal, de la géologie complexe et de la diversité des sols, cette forêt comprend une diversité exceptionnelle de paysages et d’écosystèmes qui ont permis à cette riche biodiversité de se développer. Cependant, cette dernière encourt des risques extrêmes d’extinction du fait des densités et des tailles de populations humaines locales les plus élevées en Amérique du Sud. La forêt atlantique est ainsi aujourd’hui réduite à moins de 5% de sa surface originelle, répartie dans des fragments épars. En dépit de cette richesse spécifique reconnue, beaucoup reste à comprendre au sujet de plusieurs composantes de la biodiversité et de leur origine. Parmi les groupes encore mal connus figurent en particulier les insectes. Dans le but de combler cette lacune, j’ai étudié dans cette thèse un genre de blatte endémique de la forêt atlantique, Monastria Saussure, 1864 (Blattodea, Blaberinae). Je me suis focalisé sur sa taxonomie, sa phylogéographie et sur la contribution des données de collections d’histoire naturelle à la modélisation de l’aire de distribution. L’étude de la taxonomie a consisté à entreprendre la révision du genre avec la re-description des espèces espèces déjà connues et la description de nouvelles espèces. Les descriptions des espèces connues étaient fort anciennes et la description (et redescription) a donc inclus la définition de nouveaux caractères, ainsi qu’une étude des genitalia. Des problèmes nomenclaturaux anciens ont été également résolus, une clé d’identification des espèces ainsi qu’une clé d’identification des larves des genres de Blaberinae endémiques de la forêt atlantique ont été construites. La deuxième étude concernait l’analyse de la diversification et de la distribution du genre Monastria dans la forêt atlantique brésilienne. Cette analyse a indiqué l’importance des impacts différentiels des changements de température durant le dernier maximum glaciaire entre les parties Nord et Sud de la forêt atlantique, ceci résultant dans le patron de distribution présent. La troisième étude est une évaluation de l’intérêt des données disponibles dans les collections d’histoire naturelle concernant Monastria pour inférer son aire de répartition en se basant sur des modèles de niches écologiques (ENM), et en utilisant les données issues de l’échantillonnage de terrain ciblé sur Monastria pour valider les résultats. Nous montrons ici que le lot de données des collections est biaisé dans l’espace environmental. Le sur-échantillonnage dans une classe de climat conduit à construire des modèles d’aires favorables plus restreints que ceux de la distribution réelle de Monastria. Ces biais augmentent donc la spécificité des modèles et réduisent leur sensibilité. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous avons conçu deux sortes d’analyse de raréfaction et montré que la suppression aléatoire de points dans la classe climatique la plus biaisée augmente de manière très efficace la sensibilité du modèle de niche climatique.

A new genus of mantid from French Guiana (Mantodea, Acanthopidae). Ovalimantis maculata n. gen., n. sp. is described on the basis of a single male from French Guiana, closely related to Acontistinae., Ovalimantis maculata n. gen., n. sp. est décrite d’après un seul mâle en provenance de Guyane française, proches des Acontistinae., Roy Roger. Un nouveau genre de Mante de Guyane française (Mantodea, Acanthopidae). In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 120 (2),2015. pp. 143-146.

Here we provide a checklist of cockroach species known from areas within the Guiana Shield based on literature records and new field collection. We give records of sixteen species collected in Guyana, eight of which are new records for Guyana and one of which is a new generic record for the entire Guiana Shield. We also provide a description for a geographically disparate species of Calhypnorna Stal, and the new species Xestoblatta berenbaumae. The complete checklist contains 234 species of Blattodea s.s. currently known in the shield. This checklist shows particularly low richness in Guianan Venezuela, Roraima and Amapa Brazil, but this is likely an artifact due to under–sampling. Indeed, based on previously published data and current fieldwork, we believe that most regions of the Guiana Shield are under–sampled for cockroaches. Despite this, French Guiana (151 spp.) and Suriname (136 spp.) rank as the second and sixth most species dense faunas of cockroaches in the neotropics.

New cockroach species from South India ( Aptera brindlei sp.nov., Rhabdoblattella alexeevi sp.nov., R . euptera sp.nov., Morphna indica sp.nov.) and Sri Lanka ( Placoblatta beybienkoi sp.nov., Morphna srilankensis sp.nov.) are described. The genus Rhabdoblattella Anisyutkin, 2000 is re-diagnosed. A revised key to the genera of Epilamprinae from South India and Sri Lanka and detailed morphological descriptions of new species are provided. The structure of the female genital complex of Aptera fusca (Thunberg, 1784) is described for the first time. Possible biogeographical connections of the cockroach fauna of Indian subcontinent and the phylogenetic significance of the right phallomere are briefly discussed.

Subterranean termites are the most economically important structural pests in the USA, and the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Dictyoptera: Rhinotermitidae) is the most widely distributed species. Soil treatment with a liquid termiticide is a widely used method for controlling subterranean termites in structures. We assessed the efficacy of a nonrepellent termiticide, Altriset® (active ingredient: chlorantraniliprole), in controlling structural infestations of R. flavipes in Texas, North Carolina, and Ohio and determined the post-treatment fate of termite colonies in and around the structures. In all three states, microsatellite markers indicated that only one R. flavipes colony was infesting each structure. A single chlorantraniliprole treatment provided effective structural protection as there was no further evidence of termite activity in and on the majority of structures from approximately 1 month to 2 years post-treatment when the study concluded. Additionally, the treatment appeared to either severely reduce the infesting colony’s footprint at monitors in the landscape or eliminate colony members from these monitors. A supplemental spot-treatment was conducted at one house each in Texas and North Carolina at 5 and 6 months post-treatment, respectively; no termites were observed thereafter in these structures and associated landscaping. The number of colonies found exclusively in the landscape (not attacking the structure) varied among the states, with the largest number of colonies in Texas (0–4) and North Carolina (0–5) as compared to 0–1 in Ohio, the most northern state.

Four new species of cockroach genus Balta Tepper, 1893 are described and illustrated: B. crena sp. n., B. maculata sp. n., B. tangi sp. n., and B. yaoi sp. n. Balta picea (Bey-Bienko, 1958) is now regarded as a new synonym of Balta hwangorum (Bey-Bienko, 1958), which is redescribed and illustrated. Two new combinations are proposed: B. nodigera (Bey-Bienko, 1958), comb. n. and B. valida (Bey-Bienko, 1958), comb. n., and both species are redescribed and illustrated. A key to all species from China is provided.

Three new species of subterranean cockroach of the genus Nocticola from the Pilbara region of Western Australia are described on morphological characters of males. Nocticola quartermainei n. sp., Nocticola cockingi n. sp. and Nocticola currani n. sp. occur in fractured rock landforms and have varying degrees of troglomorphies. Sequence divergence of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COXI) clearly demonstrated populations are reproductively isolated over very short distances for the highly troglomorphic Nocticola cockingi n. sp. and Nocticola currani n. sp. and conversely, there is less isolation within the same landforms for the less troglomorphic Nocticola quartermainei n. sp.

Nocticolidae are delicate cockroaches, characterized by simple but unique wing venation. They are included in Corydioidea with Corydiidae. No fossil of this family was reported. Here we describe a stem member of Nocticolidae, Crenocticola burmanica gen. et sp. nov., from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Its morphology appears plesiomorphic for Nocticolidae, and exhibits transitional form between crown Nocticolidae and Latindiinae (in Corydiidae). Placing Crenocticola in stem Nocticolidae is confirmed by a preliminary morphological phylogeny based on 28 non-genital characters. We use Crenocticola and published fossils to calibrate dating analyses of Corydioidea under autocorrelated TK02 relaxed clock model in MrBayes, and the analyses in turn test the power of Crenocticola as a node calibration. The dataset comprises published DNA (12S, 16S, 18S and 28S) of 19 ingroup taxa of Corydioidea, and eight outgroup taxa including termites. As a result, Crenocticola is too young to be an effective calibration. It is suppressed by the oldest fossil of termites, which may also be crucial in previous studies provided that unjustified fossil calibrations (e.g. ‘roachoids’) are excluded. We compare two approaches to applying fossil calibrations: 1) in-analytical calibration, i.e. incorporating the fossil age in prior settings, and 2) post-analytical calibration, i.e. adjusting the fixed prior so that the estimated age does not conflict with the fossil age. In-analytical calibration may underestimate the age, whilst post-analytical calibration yields better estimates. Our dating analyses suggest that crown Corydioidea likely originated in the Late Triassic or Early Jurassic. Questionable genera in Nocticolidae are briefly discussed.

Se describen siete especies nuevas del género de cucarachas Eurycotis Stål para la República Dominicana (Hispaniola). Se brindan diagnosis diferenciales, ilustraciones y comentarios para los táxones nuevos, y fotografías de los ejemplares tipos macho y hembra de E. tibialis Hebard, 1916.

The antennal hearts of the zorapteran Zorotypus hubbardi and of two psocopteran species (Caecilius sp., Embidopsocus sp.) are described in detail and compared to those of other insects. In Zorotypus, the ampullae of this organ are located dorsally of the antennal base. They are attached to the frontal cuticle of the head capsule and laterally suspended by two delicate bands of connective tissue. The associated muscles comprise a well-developed M. interampullaris and a M. ampulloaortica, which together act as dilators of the ampullae. The connected antennal vessel has a very thin wall and is uniform along its entire length. In the two studied psocopterans the ampullae are likewise connected to the head capsule and have two additional elastic bands. In Caecilius sp. the anterior band is muscular, while in Embidopsocus sp. it is the posterior one. The psocopteran antennal hearts have no additional musculature. Antennal hearts with a musculature configuration resembling that of Zoraptera are known only from Dictyoptera, Phasmatodea and some orthopterans. This condition thus might be a synapomorphy of a polyneopteran subgroup including Zoraptera.

Protomagalhaensia vipera n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) is described from the orange-headed cockroach, Eublaberus posticus (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Blaberidae: Blaberinae). The oocysts of P. vipera bear extended polar plates or apical corner spines similar to those of Protomagalhaensia granulosae, Protomagalhaensia wolfi, and Protomagalhaensia blaberae. In contrast, the oocysts of Protomagalhaensia richardsoni possess only slight or vestigial apical spines, and apical spines are absent entirely from the oocysts of Protomagalhaensia cerastes. The oocysts of P. vipera are shorter than those of P. wolfi and P. blaberae, but longer than those of P. granulosae (external oocyst length 7.29 µm vs. 7.56 µm, 7.42 µm, 6.87 µm, respectively). The sporozoite bearing cavity of P. vipera oocysts is significantly shorter than any other known species of Protomagalhaensia (internal oocyst length 5.62 µm). All 6 species are also distinguished by unique oocyst length/width ratios. The oocysts ...

Blattella germanica (German cockroach) is an urban insect pest in Nigeria due to an increase in strains that are resistant to the commonly used insecticides. The purpose of this study was to determine which of the insecticides used by pest control professionals are still effective. The insecticidal efficacies of dichlorvos (organophosphate-called sniper©) and alpha cypermethrin (a pyrethroid called alpha action ©) were determined in laboratory bioassays against B. germanica. Efficacy and response were affected by application rate of insecticide and exposure period. Insecticides mixed with diesel were more effective than those mixed with water. Insects exposed to the insecticides in closed chambers gave higher mortalities than insects in open chambers. B. germanica was more susceptible to dichlorvos than to alphacypermethrin in both open and closed chambers. Mortality of B. germanica increased with increase in concentration of the insecticide used. Sniper mixed in diesel was fastest acting insecticide against B. germanica where 100% mortality was observed 5 min post exposure in closed and opened chambers. Both insecticides gave 100% mortality of all insects exposed within 4 h of the exposure period. Sniper mixed with diesel had the LT95 of 10 min while sniper mixed in water was 17 and 23 min, respectively in closed and opened chambers. The LT95 of alphacypermethrin (5% (v/v)) mixed with diesel and water in closed chambers were 10 and 125 min, respectively. The residual effect of sniper and alphacypermethrin was less than one week. Key words: Resistance, commercial insecticide, susceptibility.

Topical and fumigant toxicity of saturated aliphatic fatty acids with chain lengths of C1 through C14 were determined against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). In the C1 to C11 series, topical toxicity (LD50 in milligram per adult male) ranged from 0.145 (C1) to 0.322 mg (C2). Toxicity declined dramatically with C12 and C14 acids whose LD50 values could not be calculated. The relative fumigation toxicity (LC50 in microliter per liter) of C1 through C5 acids was positively correlated with topical toxicity with values ranging from 6.159 (C3) to 12.302 microl/liter (C2). Fumigant toxicity decreased sharply with C6 (LC50 = 37.691 microl/liter) and there was no mortality of cockroaches exposed to vapors from C7 to C14 acids. The low fumigant toxicity of the C6 to C11 acids was correlated with their relatively low vapor pressure, but differences in diffusion of the vapors into the spiracles and subsequent passage to the target sites may have also been involved.

Summary Alienoptera is an insect order recently described from mid-Cretaceous amber [1] and is phylogenetically nested in the Dictyoptera lineage. Alienoptera currently comprises three species: Alienopterus brachyelytrus [1] , Alienopterella stigmatica [2] and Caputoraptor elegans [3] . The most interesting is Caputoraptor elegans, which was recently described in Current Biology by Bai and colleagues [3] and which has an unusual cephalo-thoracic device formed by wing-like extensions of the genae and the corresponding edges of the pronotum. Bai and colleagues [3] suggested that the cephalo-thoracic apparatus may have been used to hold the female and male together during copulation. According to this possible function, the cephalo-thoracic apparatus of the female would fit together with the spread forewings of the male while the female was on the back of the male during copulation. This function was proposed based on examination of females and nymphs, and the authors stated that it could be falsified if a male with a similar apparatus were discovered. After examining a male nymph of this species ( Figure 1 ), I here suggest that the cephalo-thoracic apparatus was not used for copulation but was instead used for predation and feeding.

The Late Palaeozoic fossil record of plant-insect interactions contains few records of oviposition. Here we report the earliest evidence of exophytic oviposition, where eggs are laid directly on the outer surface of plants. The fossil structures consist of small, circular impressions on plant fossils from the late Pennsylvanian (Gzhelian, Stephanian C) of the Saale Basin in Germany. Their interpretation as exophytic insect eggs is supported by the oviposition pattern, their three-dimensional preservation and the undamaged nature of the plant host tissue. The tight arrangement of the eggs in curved arcs suggests a producer with a short abdomen such as roachoids, the ancestral group of the Dictyoptera sensu stricto. A diagnostic feature of roachoids is their long ovipositor, which was well suited for deposition of single eggs in a distinct pattern.

Toxicity, repellency, and performance of three insecticides, beta-cyfluthrin EC, fipronil granules, and an essential oil EC formulation, were evaluated against the Asian cockroach, Blattella asahinai Mizukubo, in field and laboratory experiments. The beta-cyfluthrin EC and fipronil granules were significantly more toxic than the essential oil EC formulation under continuous exposure conditions, with LT50 values of 0.014, 0.45, and 11.45 d, respectively. The beta-cyfluthrin EC and fipronil granules were also significantly more toxic than the essential oil EC formulation in an Ebeling choice box test with LT50 values of 0.64, 1.98, and 59.64 d, respectively. Field applications of insecticides at label rates to Asian cockroach populations in Dothan, AL, showed that beta-cyfluthrin EC and fipronil granules reduced populations by 100% at 7 and 30 d after treatment. The essential oil EC formulation initially reduced populations by 68% at 7 d, but control diminished to 2% by 30 d. Results of the field applications and laboratory experiments demonstrate that the beta-cyfluthrin EC and fipronil granules provide excellent control of Asian cockroach populations.

Mantophasmatodea was described as a new insect order in 2002. Since then, this small group of wingless insects has developed into one of the best investigated insect taxa. Nevertheless, many aspects of mantophasmatodean morphology as well as their evolutionary relationships remain ambiguous. To determine the phylogenetic relationships of Mantophasmatodea based on an extended character set and to elucidate possible morphological adaptions towards flightlessness, we investigated the thoracic morphology of two species, Austrophasma caledonensis and Mantophasma sp. The morphological similarity between these two species is striking and no differences in musculature were found. The mantophasmatodean thorax strongly resembles that of ice crawlers (Grylloblattodea), especially with respect to the presence of pleural processes in the meso- and metathorax, branched furcae in all segments, and similar muscle equipment. In a cladistic analysis containing all major lineages of Neoptera, the monophyly of Polyneoptera is supported by the presence of an anal fan and several modifications of the wing joint. Within Polyneoptera, a sister-group relationship between stoneflies and the remaining Polyneoptera is supported. A clade comprising Mantophasmatodea and the Grylloblattodea gains strong support from thoracic morphology and can be considered assured. Potential thoracic apomorphies include prothoracic paracoxal invaginations, pterothoracic pleural arms that originate from the epimeron, and a unique metathoracic sterno-coxal musculature. The monophyly of Orthoptera and Dictyoptera is further supported while the deeper polyneopteran nodes remain unresolved. Among the wingless taxa investigated we found few general morphological adaptations whereas, in other aspects, especially in the musculature, strong differences could be observed. However, much more research on the strongly neglected topic of flightlessness is required to make reliable statements.

The earliest termite of the extant genus Mastotermes, is herein recorded in the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) transitional beds of Chernovskie Kopi in Transbaikalian Russia along with Santonitermes of an uncertain family. These records represent the earliest eusocial organisms. No termites have ever been recorded among the hundreds of thousands of fossil insects in the Jurassic/Creta- ceous boundary Beds of China and Mongolia or in prior time periods. Both genera indicate that the early termites survived for an extremely long period of time. The present find both provides evidence of the greatest ghost range (60 Mya) of any winged stem cockroach family and indicates that the origin of termites and evolution of eusociality occurred later than the Middle Jurassic.

Revision of the genus Galinthias Stål, 1877 (Mantodea, Galinthiadidae). This paper is a genus revision of Galinthias Stål, 1877, which also contains the newly described species G. rhomboidalis n. sp. The genus Galinthias is widely distributed south of the sub-Sahara line and is also present in some countries in the Middle East with the species G. philbyi (Uvarov, 1936), n. comb. With the newly described species G. rhomboidalis n. sp. and the new combination of G. philbyi, there are now five species recorded within the genus Galinthias : G. amoena (Saussure, 1871), G. meruensis Sjöstedt, 1909, G. rhomboidalis n. sp., G. occcidentalis Beier, 1930, and G. philbyi (Uvarov, 1936). G. philbyi was formerly sorted under the genus Arabistania Koçak & Kemal, 2008, which had replaced the genus Attalia Uvarov, 1936, due to homonymy. The status of Attalia has been discussed by Beier (1937) and Kaltenbach (1982) with regards to whether it should belong to the genus Galinthias. Extensive research for this paper, including first-time genital examinations of Arabistania, has produced clear evidence that Arabistania belongs to the genus Galinthias. It also became clear that many of the Galinthias specimens in collections have been wrongly identified by previous scientists. For this reason the authors felt it necessary to re-examine most of the specimens and especially their genitals, which had been largely ignored in the past. Furthermore, comparisons of several Galinthias type-specimens showed that the species Galinthias usambarica Sjöstedt, 1909, is a new synonym of G. amoena (Saussure, 1871), whilst in the past it had been treated as a synonym of G. meruensis. In this paper, a new family Galinthiadidae is established, which will include the closest relative of Galinthias, the African genera Pseudoharpax Saussure, 1870, and Congoharpax La Greca, 1954. This is supported by the phylogenetic relationship seen in the cladistics-sequence-data phylogram which is pictured in the paper of Svenson & Whiting (2009). For the first time a comprehensive distribution map has been compiled, showing many new localities for all known species. A historical overview of the genus Galinthias is provided, as well as a key to the species in French and English., Le genre de la région Éthiopienne Galinthias Stål, 1877, est complètement révisé après une nouvelle définition qui inclut Arabistania Koçak & Kemal, 2008, mis en synonymie. Une autre synonymie intervient au niveau spécifique avec Galinthias usambarica Sjöstedt, 1909, n. syn. de G. amoena (Saussure, 1871), et une nouvelle espèce est décrite, G. rhomboidalis n. sp. Ainsi, le genre Galinthias renferme maintenant cinq espèces : G. amoena (Saussure, 1871), G. meruensis Sjöstedt, 1909, G. occidentalis Beier, 1930, G. philbyi (Uvarov, 1936), et G. rhomboidalis n. sp., qui font l’objet de nouvelles descriptions avec figuration des genitalia mâles après des clés d’identification en français et en anglais. De plus, la position systématique de Galinthias est reconsidérée pour tenir compte de sa place dans le phylogramme de Svenson & Whiting (2009), avec la nouvelle famille des Galinthiadidae, séparée des Hymenopodidae où ce genre était classé jusqu’à présent. Enfin, une carte indique la distribution connue pour les différentes espèces., Roy Roger, Stiewe Martin B. D. Révision du genre Galinthias Stål, 1877 (Mantodea, Galinthiadidae). In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 119 (2),2014. pp. 199-215.

The Turkestan cockroach, Blatta lateralis (Walker), has become an important invasive species throughout the southwestern United States and has been reported in the southern United States. It is rapidly replacing the oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis (L.), in urban areas of the southwestern United States as the most important peri-domestic species. They typically inhabit in-ground containers such as water meter, irrigation, and electrical boxes, raises of concrete, cracks and crevices, and hollow block walls. On occasion, they will invade dwellings. At 26.7 degrees C, male and female nymphs developed into adults in an average of 222 and 224 d, respectively. Both males and females had five nymphal instars. Adult females deposited up to 25 oothecae. The oothecae averaged 16.8 eggs and 13.9 nymphs emerged per egg capsule, resulting in an 82.7% hatch rate. Adults lived for at least 612 d. Two parameters that might contribute to the success of Turkestan cockroaches compared with oriental cockroaches are that the developmental period of the nymphs of Turkestan cockroaches are shorter and adult female Turkestan cockroaches produce considerably more oothecae than do oriental cockroaches. These may explain the observations by Pest Management Professionals that Turkestan cockroaches are displacing oriental cockroaches in outdoor habitats throughout the southwestern United States.

The minimum time of heating (48, 50, and 53 °C) required to kill Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) oothecae aged 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks was determined and their suitability as hosts after different storage conditions (live, heat killed and cold stored for 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 months at 4 °C) for rearing parasitoids Aprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) and Evania appendigaster (L.) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae; Evaniidae) was investigated. Heating at 48 °C for 45 min killed 100% of the oothecae of all ages. Both parasitoids had low emergence in live 4-week-old oothecae but emergence improved after oothecae were heat killed. For A. hagenowii, an interaction effect between ootheca age and storage duration was found for percentage emergence. Emergence rates were reduced in cold-stored 3- and 4-week-old oothecae (1–4 and 3–4 months, respectively) but not in 1–2-week-old oothecae. The number of progeny produced in 1–2-week-old and 3–4-week-old oothecae decreased significantly after cold storage for 3–4 and 0.5–4 months, respectively. In all conditions, the development time was 34.5–39.9 d and the progeny sex ratio was female-biased (88.2–94.3%). E. appendigaster had low parasitism and emergence rates (0–20%) in cold-stored oothecae and took longer to develop in heat-killed and cold-stored oothecae than in live oothecae. In all conditions, the proportion of females was 0.619–0.821. These results illustrate the effects of ootheca age on host treatment and storage and can be used to develop efficient ways to use oothecae for rearing oothecal parasitoids.

We present the first inventory of species of the order Mantodea in the Serra das Confusões National Park, in the semiarid state of Piauí, Brazil. The specimens were collected on 11 consecutive days using light traps and active collecting. Two hundred specimens were collected, distributed among five families, 15 genera, and 17 species (of which nine were identified). These results are all first records for the Serra das Confusões National Park, 14 new records for Caatinga vegetation areas, and one new record for Brazil. Primeiros Registros de Mantodea (Insecta, Dictyoptera) para o Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, Piauí, Brasil Resumo. Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados do primeiro inventário para espécies da ordem Mantodea no Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, uma unidade de conservação inserida no semiárido brasileiro no estado do Piauí. Os espécimes foram coletados durante 11 dias consecutivos utilizando-se armadilha luminosa e coleta ativa. Foram capturados 200 espécimes distribuídos em cinco famílias, 15 gêneros e 17 espécies, das quais nove foram identificadas. Além dos registros inéditos de Mantodea para o Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, estes são também inéditos para o estado do Piauí, assim como 14 novos registros para a Caatinga e um novo registro para o Brasil.

Paoliida is an insect group of highly controversial composition and equally controversial affinities. Based on comprehensive reinvestigations we propose a new delimitation of the insect order Paoliida sensu nov. associating the families Paoliidae and Blattinopsidae on the basis of the following main wing venation characters: veins CuA convex and CuP concave separating from a rather long basal stem Cu; a short, more or less distinct, but generally convex arculus brace (crossvein) between M and CuA (more distinct in forewing than in hind wing), and a broad area containing veinlets, between CuP and CuA, with a general course of CuA making a double curve (autapomorphy); CuP straight or sigmoidal. The Paoliida is considered as a neopteran clade and potential sister group of the Dictyoptera on the basis of the presence of well-defined anterior branches of CuA, with the same convexity as the median vein and more concave than the posterior branches of the same vein (synapomorphy). The polarities of the other char...

Extensive usage and heavy reliance on insecticides have led to the development of insecticide resistance in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). Six field-collected strains of B. germanica from Singapore were used to investigate resistance to fipronil and dieldrin. The three strains (Boat Quay, Cavenagh Road, and Ghimmoh Road) with greatest resistance to fipronil were subjected to selection with fipronil bait up to the F5 generation. Synergism assay and molecular detection of a target site mutation were used to elucidate the mechanism of fipronil resistance in these strains. With the exception of the Cavenagh Road strain, all parental strains were susceptible to dieldrin. This strain exhibited resistance to dieldrin and fipronil with resistance ratios of 4.1 and 3.0, respectively. Piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate were antagonistic toward fipronil toxicity in all strains. Bait selection significantly increased fipronil and dieldrin resistance in the three chosen ...

Seven new species of the cockroach genus Eurycotis Stal are described from the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola Island). Differential diagnoses, illustrations and comments are given for the new taxa, as well as pictures of the male and female type specimens of E. tibialis Hebard, 1916.

Many insects find resources by means of the olfactory cues of general odors after learning. To evaluate behavioral responses to the odor of a particular chemical after learning with reward or punishment quantitatively, we developed a standardized odor-training method in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Linnaeus), an important urban pest species. A classical olfactory conditioning procedure for a preference test was modified to become applicable to a single odor, by which a (−)-menthol or vanillin odor was independently associated with sucrose (reward) or sodium chloride solution (punishment). The strength of the association with the odor was evaluated with the increase or decrease in visit frequencies to the odor source after olfactory conditioning. The frequency increased after (−)-menthol was presented with a reward, while it did not change with the rewarded vanillin odor. With both odors, the frequency decreased significantly after training with a punishment. These results indicate that cockroaches learn a single compound odor presented as a conditioned stimulus, although the association of the odor with a reward or punishment depends on the chemical. This olfactory conditioning method can not only facilitate the analysis of cockroach behavior elicited by a learned single chemical odor, but also quantify the potential attractiveness or repellency of the chemical after learning.