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The Jitney Parallel Optical Interconnect consists of a transmitter module, a receiver module, and a cable capable of sending 1 GigaByte/sec over 1-100 meter spans. This technology has been developed to be cost competitive with copper bus technology, while still offering all the features of optical interconnects. Jitney has a two Byte wide interface with extra lines for clocking and flow control, each line supporting 500 Mb/sec. The modules use a standard logic level (LVDS) and power supply (+3.3 v), and mount on standard PC cards using standard vapor phase soldering processes. The ribbon cable connector plugs directly to the module. The transmitter module contains a VCSEL array chip with 20 emitters, driven by a 20 channel CMOS driver IC. The receiver module contains a 20 channel GaAs MESFET receiver array OEIC. Each module also contains a 20 channel plastic molded optical coupler to transfer light to and from the chips to the fibers in a fiber array connector. The modules themselves are plastic molded leadframes, with the optical alignment features for the optical coupler and the array connector molded into the module housing. The cable consists of a 20 fiber ribbon of a 200 /spl mu/m core fiber of either step or graded index of refraction profile. The entire package has assembly tolerances in the /spl plusmn/50 /spl mu/m range, and thus is assembled using passive alignment techniques. Test vehicle driver and receiver chips indicate the necessary speed, sensitivity, and uniformity for optical bus operation.

This paper discusses the present state of the art of components, systems, and application technology related to parallel optical data links (ODL) as demonstrated by the OptoElectronic Technology Consortium (OETC). Parallel ODL technology is poised for large volume commercialization despite some uncertainties in industrial standards and system applications. This is fueled by the demand for high-bandwidth to support the upcoming information age. To meet the need for low-cost, broadband digital multimedia services, parallel ODL technology faces the challenge of providing reasonable cost/performance ratios when compared with other established technologies. Responding to this challenge has required the integration of a number of state-of-the-art component technologies (e.g. VCSEL, monolithic integrated photoreceiver, MCM, GaAs IC, optical array connector and cable) with system designs and applications.

The modeling and simulation of the Optoelectronic Technology Consortium's optical bus and the treatment of the unique requirements for the modeling of a synchronous optical bus is presented. Simulation results are compared to experimental measurements and conclusions drawn.

Publisher Summary It is noted that there is an increasing trend in the high-performance computing world towards aggregating computing resources and performing computing over physically distributed processing engines. This trend has lead towards increasing requirements on the computer interconnects to allow close coupling among computing facilities and allow software to view them as a single distributed computing resource. This chapter describes the general characteristics of computer networks that couple distinct classic computers, central processing unit (CPU) and memory, into a single closely coupled distributed computing resource. It also describes the notion of a system area network (SAN) and enumerates characteristics that distinguish it from a local area network (LAN) and from the internal wiring of a single computer. The recent paradigm shift in the interconnect architecture of computing systems can provide opportunities for optical interconnect technology. The chapter also describes these opportunities and their requirements. Furthermore, the chapter illustrates the characteristics of optical components and optical data links that are required to satisfy the requirements of a system area network.

A select group of thirty two Afghan religious leaders, including five women, spent twelve days in Kuala Lumpur participating in an intensive Peace Building training programme hosted and organised by IAIS-Malaysia, in cooperation with the Irish NGO Miller White Training & Consulting (MWTC, Dublin) and Norway’s NCA (Kabul), along with representatives from the Afghan Ministry of Education and the British High Commission. The Afghan Mullahs and civic leaders were chosen by the ‘Ulama Council of Afghanistan, and included distinguished khatib s and imam s from leading religious centres, Deputy Head of the Afghan Higher Peace Council, as well as several university professors. During their time at IAIS Malaysia they received daily peace training sessions oriented toward Islamic teachings and practices, forming a mix between conflict resolution conducted by MWTC’s two experienced peace trainers Ian White and Sean McGearty, and sessions facilitated by IAIS Fellows and several noted scholars based in KL. The religious leaders also had opportunities to visit the administrative capital Putra Jaya with its Shari‘ah court, the National Mosque, the Islamic Museum, as well as Port Dickson.

A single–row commercial potato digger was tested by replacing the fixed blade with a vibrating blade. Four design parameters were generated from amplitude, frequency, and forward velocity data: , the ratio of vibration speed to forward velocity; , the ratio of vibration acceleration to forward velocity; K, the ratio of vibration acceleration to gravitational acceleration; and T, the product of and K. Regression was used for the analysis of draft, torque, and power as functions of the four parameters. Draft correlated best to the parameter T, that is, draft was dependent on all three variables: amplitude, frequency, and forward velocity. Maximum total draft measurements yielded a range of specific drafts from 5.9 N/cm 2 to 10.0 N/cm 2 . A minimum total draft of 8272 N (7.3 N/cm 2 ) was expected when T = 2. Torque and total power correlated best with the parameter K. Regression models for torque and power were all highly significant with K as the independent variable. Total power, defined as the sum of the powers to pull and to vibrate the digger based on the maximum draft and maximum torque, was dependent on the parameter K. This implied that frequency and amplitude of vibration, in order, had major impacts on the total power rather than the forward velocity of the digger. Maximum total power was 13.30 kW (17.78 hp). An expected minimum power requirement for K = 2, recommended as a good design parameter value for a vibrating digger blade design, was 6.84 kW (9.17 hp). Torque and total power are mostly affected by vibrating frequency and secondly by amplitude.

This report was prepared by the Desert Research Institute (DRI) for the US Department of Energy (DOE). It summarizes meteorological data collected at the 24 meter tower at the Nevada Test Site Hazardous Material Spill Center (HAZMAT) located at Frenchman Flat near Mercury, Nevada, approximately 75 miles northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. The tower was originally installed in July, 1993 to characterize baseline conditions for an EPA sponsored experimental research program at the HAZMAT. This report presents results of the monitoring for January--December, 1996, providing: a status of the measurement systems during the report period and a summary of the meteorological conditions at the HAZMAT during the report period. The scope of the report is limited to summary data analyses and does not include extensive meteorological analysis. The tower was instrumented at 8 levels. Wind speed, wind direction, and temperature were measured at all 8 levels. Relative humidity was measured at 3 levels. Solar and net radiation were measured at 2 meters above the ground. Barometric pressure was measured at the base of the tower and soil temperature was measured near the base of the tower.

Recent paradigm shifts in data processing and data communications system requirements has generated the need for high performance optical interconnections. In computing and switching systems, the interconnects are inter-frame and intra-building, while in data communications the networks are global. Accompanying paradigm shifts in the competitive environment of these systems, coupled with the increased bandwidth demand of a single user, has generated a companion demand for low cost in the components of the optical technology. This paper discusses advances in cost-performance components for both of these computing system application areas.

12th International Conference on Islamic Studies, 5-7 November 2012, Surabaya: "Islamic Studies Revisited: from theoretical to practical knowledge”. Convened by the Directorate of Islamic Higher Education, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Republic of Indonesia; local host – State Islamic Institute (IAIN) Sunan Ampel. This annual gathering of 360 leading university Islamic academics and graduate students from every corner of Indonesia held in the nation’s third largest city was an important occasion for Islamic higher education in the most populous Muslim nation.

“Between Nonviolent Conflicts and Reconciliation: An International Workshop addressing deadly conflicts in Asia–Pacific” – Chiang Mai [North Thailand] 19-20 January 2013. Sponsors: TODA INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL PEACE & POLICY RESEARCH (Honolulu); Peace Information Center, Thammasat Universtiy (Bangkok); and local host Department of Religious Studies, Payab University (Chiang Mai). The two-day workshop brought together seventeen university researchers and activists from nine Asian countries to explore the transition from violence to reconciliation in conflicted societies.

A closed-door Roundtable exchange was held at IAIS Malaysia on 20 November 2012, presided over by Professor Dr Mohammad Hashim Kamali (Founding Chairman & CEO IAIS Malaysia) and Tan Sri Hasmy Agam (Chairman of Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM)). Fifty participants contributed to the frank exchange of views, and the meaningful day-long discussion was moderated by Karim D. Crow (IAIS Malaysia). This first collaborative effort between IAIS Malaysia and SUHAKAM had the following objectives: to identify pressing domestic human rights issues in Islam; to facilitate critical appreciation of such issues from the Islamic perspective and promote open discussion, analysis and research; and to explore appropriate mechanisms to intensify internal dialogue within Malaysia in a spirit of problem solving and continuing engagement.

From the juvenile leaves of Eucalyptus incrassata, a new euglobal having an acylphloroglucinol-sesquiterpene structure, euglobal-In-1 (1), has been isolated along with the known euglobal-III (2) and -V (3). The structure and stereochemistry of 1 were established by spectroscopic methods.

The OETC is an industry consortium of Martin Marietta, AT&T, Honeywell, and IBM, supported by ARPA, to develop key optoelectronic components that advance interconnect technology beyond current cost, speed, and density barriers. OETC's structure includes a users application group and a research associates group for continuous technology exchange and user feedback, combining both military and commercial perspectives, goals, and strategies. The OETC is developing a testbed that integrates all board-to-board data paths of a high performance processor with optical data links. The paper describes progress on the program including technical developments, the results of meetings with the users group, and issues remaining to be solved on future programs.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The OETC is developing components for a parallel bus that transmits data words over multiple guided-wave optical channels. Using one optical waveguide per bit, extremely high interconnect densities can be achieved without compromising data rates or suffering from crosstalk between lines.

This report describes the strategy adopted for developing a bus simulation tool; the parameters chosen for the component models which are used in the tool; the experimental determination of the parameters for one of the key devices in the link, the VSEL; and the experimental and simulation analysis used to predict the first pass link behavior. The major accomplishments are that (1) a set of specifications were developed; and (2) that a design for the VSEL source for the transmitter was established based on device and link characterization at IBM. Operational parameters for the transmitter simulation model were developed. With these accomplishments, first pass components for the link can, and are, being designed and fabricated

Networks for connecting processors to each other will require Gigabit/sec data rate; high speed setup; dense packaging, comparable to VLSI electronics; robustness, in terms of reliable components, low link bit-error-rate, and easy reconfigurability; and low cost. A GaAs based OEIC chip with all link adapter functions on one chip, a multichip carrier with self-aligned optics and opto- electronics, and multimode fiber arrays cable and connectors are optical technology elements that could be developed in the near term to provide such a multiprocessor network technology. However, component and link development work is still required to verify the technology's potential for reliability, volume manufacturability, and low cost.

Twenty-three nests of kelp greenling (Hexagrammos decagrammus) were examined from British Columbia and central California. The average nest had four clutches of eggs that were associated with rock or rock and a biological substrate, encompassed an area of 1.7 m2, and was guarded by a male averaging 31 cm in length. Frequency distributions of egg-size classes were examined for 13 gravid females. Females were batch spawners capable of producing at least three clutches of eggs per spawning season. Variation in mitochondrial DNA among 107 individuals from 83 clutches representing 20 nests sampled from British Columbia and central California was analyzed. Different maternal contributors were found among clutches in 27% of nests from British Columbia and 55% of nests from California. ARENTAL care in fishes requires an expen

Structure/activity relationships of grandinol (1), which shows potent inhibition to cress germination, were examined by an activity comparison of many synthetic analogues. The result clearly indicates that a combination of two carbonyl functionalities on a phloroglucinol nucleus is necessary for inhibition. The presumptive site of action requires strict steric limitation of the ketonic side chain, which must be less than four carbon units in length. The alkyl substituent on the nucleus is not essential, although it may enhance the activity.

A potent germination inhibitor was found in the n-hexane soluble fraction of the methanolic extract of Eucalyptus pulverulenta. This inhibitor was identified as grandinol (1) which had been isolated from E. grandis. On the cress germination test, 1 showed I50 at 10 ppm. The other eight compounds in the fraction containing 1 on silica gel chromatography were also identified. Compounds (2) and (3) are regarded as phloroglucinol metabolites characteristic of the Eucalyptus species. The known compound (4) may be a good taxonomical marker for E. pulverulenta, and (5) ~ (9) are possibly common metabolites of Eucalyptus.

The characteristics of (GaAl) As double heterostructure stripe contact injection lasers as they relate to applications in fiber optic data transmission systems are reviewed. The laser characteristics are treated as optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical interfaces to the system in order to emphasize the necessity of designing devices as a functional part of a system or subsystem. It is concluded that the laser is generally well suited as an optical source in a card-mountable hybrid module transmitter for data links up to a few km and ≅ 100 Mbit/s data rates. Areas requiring further development include lowering of the laser threshold current, improving the modal stability, packaging the laser with electronics and fiber optic transmission lines, and improving the laser lifetime under varying ambient temperature conditions.

Chloracne was found in 52% of 226 workers in a 1979 cross-sectional survey at a plant where 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) had been manufactured from 1948 to 1969. Mean duration of residual chloracne was 26 years, and in 29 subjects, it had been present for 30 years. A significant increased prevalence of abnormal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and higher mean GGT were found in those with chloracne, compared to those without. Although mean triglyceride values were higher in those with chloracne, the difference was not statistically significant. Neurological examination showed a statistically significant higher prevalence of abnormal sensory findings in those with chloracne. Increased prevalence of angina and reported myocardial infarction in those with chloracne was not significant when age-adjusted. Increased prevalence of reported sexual dysfunction and decreased libido in those with chloracne compared to those without was statistically significant after age adjustment. No differences were found between those with and without chloracne in serum cholesterol, total urinary porphyrins, or in reproductive outcome.

The structure/activity relationships of phlorophenone derivatives including grandinol and homograndinol, which are potent inhibitors of photosynthetic electron transport (PET) in Eucalyptus grandis, were examined. The results indicate that at least one acyl functionality on a phloroglucinol nucleus was essential for PET inhibition, and that the lipophilicity and/or length of the acyl group was the most prominent factor affecting the activity. In addition, the introduction of a formyl group to monoacylphloroglucinols remarkably enhanced the activity. The structural requirements for PET inhibition in these compounds were found to be very similar but not identical with those for the phenol type of inhibitors proposed by Trebst et al.

In this review we describe a high-resolution liquid-crystal (LC) display that uses multiple GaAlAs lasers to write on the LC cell. Arrays of high-powered lasers were needed to meet the writing speed requirements of the display. A fiber optic delivery system was developed to allow high-resolution, multi-spot writing on the cell, regardless of the laser configuration used. The fiexibility and unconstrained length of the fiber optics also permitted simplification in the design of the scanner system which moved the optical beams over the LC cell. Because of the proximity of the injection laser's wavelength to the visible spectrum used in the display projection system and because of divergence of the beams in the optical delivery system, a reflective LC cell was designed. Almost total absorption of the GaAlAs laser beam was achieved. This paper discusses the thermal and optical properties of the cell and their effect on the writing characteristics and the quality of the projected image (contrast and brightness). An off-axis projection system, which was designed for use with the reflective cell, creates a high-resolution image on the screen.

Penicillin V, benzathine/procaine penicillin G, cefadroxil monohydrate, and erythromycin estolate were randomly assigned for therapy of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in 198 children. All patients improved within 24 hours of initiating therapy. Reinfection with a new group A streptococcal serotype occurred in 13 patients, 12 developing 7 to 12 days afrer stopping therapy and 11 becoming symptomatic. Relapse with the same organism oc curred in 16 patients, only 5 (31%) of whom were symptomatic. Antibody titer rises, antibiotic resistance of group A organisms, presence of penicillinase- producing staphylococci, and lack of compliance were not related to re current infections. There were no significant differences between the failure rates of the four test drugs: penicillin V, 12%; benzathine/procaine penicillin G, 12%; cefadroxil monohydrate, 5%; and erythromycin, 2%.

Unlike the G-inhibitors isolated from the leaves of Eucalyptus grandis , synthetic G-inhibitors showed no inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport. These findings indicated that small amounts of impurities present in the natural samples were responsible for the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport. In support of this, grandinol and homograndinol were isolated from the leaves of E. grandis and were shown to be the active photosynthetic electron transport inhibitory components in the E. grandis preparation of G-inhibitors.

Summary The chemotaxonomic potential of pyrolysis–gas chromatography is evaluated in relation to eucalypt mycorrhizas. The sensitivity of the technique permits good elution patterns to be obtained even from samples as small as single mycorrhizal apices. A simple quantitative measure of dissimilarity between such pyrograms, based on heirarchical analysis of peak heights, is described. Dissimilarity measures obtained from comparisons between defined materials are shown to be correlated with their degree of taxonomic affinity but experimental variability between replicate samples currently limits the comparative value of this method.

Mouse cells contain multiple biologically distinguishable endogenous type-C RNA viruses. Sensitive biologic methods have been utilized to study activation of these viruses from clonal mouse cell lines. The regulatory locus, Fv-1, has been shown to influence the expression of one virus. The presence of a second virus, by itself unaffected by Fv-1, permits the first virus to partially overcome the restriction at Fv-1 in nonpermissive cells. These results provide evidence that the interaction between different endogenous viruses plays a role in their expression.

A sterile, oxygen consuming membrane fraction derived from Escherichia coli makes possible the development of new techniques for the isolation of oxygen sensitive bacteria. The membrane fraction removes oxygen rapidly and completely from a variety of bacteriological media. The membrane fraction is active over a broad pH (4–9.5) and temperature (5–65°C) range. It is not toxic to bacteria and cultures of anaerobic bacteria can be initiated from very small inocula in media made anaerobic by the use of the membrane fraction. The utility of isolation techniques using the membrane fraction was illustrated by examining 64 soil samples for the presence of acetone butanol producing anaerobes. These organisms were found in 84% of the samples. Forty-nine strains were ultimately isolated. They all produced acetone and butanol in quantities similar to that produced by a reference laboratory strain. We conclude that techniques for the isolation of anaerobes based on the use of the oxygen consuming membrane fraction are simple, efficient and likely to be applicable to other organisms from a variety of anaerobic environments.

Scientific treatment of the problems attendant on the combustion of colloidal propellants may be said to have originated with VIELLE.* Earlier, PIOBERT, in his study of the rate of burning of black powder, had formulated his well-known law of burning by parallel layers, and had further reached the conclusion that the rate of burning was independent of pressure variation during the explosion. Later experimenters with black powder, while accepting PIOBERT’s first law, recognised the dependence of the rate of burning on the pressure, the first attempt to formulate an expression connecting the rate with the pressure being due to DE SAINT-ROBERT, who gave the formula R == where p is a constant for the powder, and a = §. In course of time the index a experienced various modifications, being accorded valuesranging between J and 1 by different investigators.§ VIELLE reached the conclusion that the hypothesis of DE SAINT-ROBERT was, in general, not true for black powder : but that it could be taken to apply to colloidal explosives, such as gelatinised nitrocellulose, which possess a nearly homogeneous character. Experimenting with a variety of compositions he arrived at a value of a approximating to f, the value fluctuating slightly with the varying compositions used.

Wave propagation in thin‐film optical waveguides using gyrotropic or anisotropic material as substrate is studied. At the film‐substrate boundary, the relation between the incident and reflected fields can be expressed in terms of a scattering matrix with matrix elements representing the TE‐to‐TE and TM‐to‐TM reflection coefficients and the TE‐to‐TM and TM‐to‐TE conversion factors. The property of the scattering matrix is examined, and the condition for continuous and complete mode conversion is derived. Various schemes to achieve complete mode conversion are proposed and the performance characteristics, including the physical dimension and the tolerances in the incident angle and film thickness, for several mode‐converting structures are computed and compared. Once the practicability of complete mode conversion is established, it is possible to study the feasibility of practical devices. Various schemes for the realization of such devices as the gyrator, the isolator, the optical switch, and the nondestr...

Wave propagation in optical waveguides deposited on gyrotropic and anisotropic substrates is analyzed in terms of the eigenmodes of the guide. The field composition and the phase velocity of the eigenmodes are determined. The results of the analysis are applied to waveguide modulators and distributed‐feedback lasers for use in integrated optics. Based on the eigenmode analysis, coupled‐wave equations are set up to facilitate the analysis of integrated‐optics problems which involve the use of gyrotropic and anisotropic waveguides.