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Purpose This paper aims to emphasize the importance and current deficits of non-financial impact (NFI) assessment of socially responsible investment (SRI) with reference to the action plan of the European Commission (EC) for a greener and cleaner economy. Design/methodology/approach The importance and current deficits of NFI assessment are evaluated theoretically and condensed to an equilibrated socially responsible investment (ESRI) perspective, based on a narrative literature review of highly ranked academic journals. Findings Due to a deficient exploration of NFI in theory and practice, the role of SRI funds for sustainability transition has not yet been adequately discussed. This has enabled a situation where a constantly rising market share of SRI has not led to similar sustainability achievements. This strongly contrasts with investors’ expectations, the self-portrayal of the sector and the goals of the EC’s action plan. As a solution, the developed ESRI perspective elevates NFI as a second cornerstone for theory and practice. ESRI, contrary to the EC, sets a primer on the role of SRI fund management for achieving sustainability goals. Originality/value This study reveals how SRI theory and practice neglect the importance of NFI. The presented ESRI perspective enables scholars to examine SRI practices more holistically through a new theoretical lens. One special focus is on the role of SRI fund management as a transmission mechanism to push portfolio companies’ business practices toward more sustainable behavior.

Naturalization bestows economic benefits to immigrants, their families, and communities through greater access to employment opportunities, higher earnings, and homeownership. It is the cornerstone of immigrant assimilation in the United States. Yet, less than 720,000 of the estimated 8.5 million legal permanent residents (LPRs) eligible to naturalize do so on a yearly basis. Using data from the 2008–2018 American Community Survey, we analyze how the expansion of interior immigration enforcement impacts the decision to naturalize. We find that the adoption over an entire year of one enforcement initiative, or of two enforcement initiatives for half a year, raises the naturalization hazard by 2 percent. The effect is more pronounced among LPRs who are Mexican, women, or reside in non-mixed status households. Finally, the impact is driven by police-based, as opposed to employment-based, interior immigration enforcement. In sum, immigrants who naturalize in response to intensified enforcement may be doing so out of fear or uncertainty about their ability to secure their citizenship status and rights in a rapidly changing immigration policy environment increasingly hostile towards immigrants.

Nursing programs across the United States (US) attempt to address the current nursing shortage by enrolling, retaining, and graduating students that are prepared to practice nursing in a variety of roles and settings. Clinical learning experiences serve as the cornerstone of nursing education impacting learning and program outcomes and ensuring students are ready for future practice. As graduates enter practice, they must be prepared to interact with others and deliver care to diverse populations. Nurse educators can ensure that students are ready for their roles by moving from intention to creation of inclusive clinical learning environments. Using the lens of psychological safety, this article provides strategies for nurse educators to intentionally foster inclusive clinical learning environments. It suggests approaches and associated tasks while also considering needs of students from underrepresented minority groups (UMGs). Lastly, suggestions for future study are outlined.

Okinawa is a cornerstone of the US–Japan alliance. However, it has been marginalised in East Asian international relations whereby a state-centric view of international relations predominates. In an era of power transitions and increasing importance of non-traditional security concerns, Washington and Tokyo need to recognise Okinawa’s contribution as a non-state actor in upholding human security values for the alliance to stay attuned to shifting regional and global needs.

Background Informed consent is often cited as the “cornerstone” of research ethics. Its intent is that participants enter research voluntarily, with an understanding of what their participation entails. Despite agreement on the necessity to obtain informed consent in research, opinions vary on the threshold of disclosure necessary and the best method to obtain consent. We aimed to investigate Australian researchers’ views on, and their experiences with, obtaining informed consent. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 researchers from NSW institutions, working in various fields of research. Interviews were analysed and coded to identify themes. Results Researchers reported that consent involved information disclosure, understanding and a voluntary decision. They emphasised the variability of consent interactions, which were dependent on potential participants’ abilities and interests, study complexity and context. All researchers reported providing written information to potential participants, yet questioned the readability and utility of this information. The majority reported using signed consent forms to ‘operationalise’ consent and reported little awareness of, and lack of support in implementing more dynamic informed consent procedures, such as verbal informed consent, that was fit for the purposes of their studies. Views on Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs) varied. Some reported inconsistent, arduous inputs on the information form and consent process. Others expressed reliance on HRECs for guidance, viewing them as institutional safeguards. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of transparent relationships, both between researchers and participants, and between researchers and HRECs. Where the relationship with study participants was reported as more robust, researchers felt that they were better able to ensure participants made better, more informed decisions. Where the relationship with HRECs was reported as more robust, researchers were more likely to view them as institutional safeguards, rather than as bureaucratic hindrances. Conscientious and mindful researchers are paramount to ensuring the procedure accommodates individual requirements. This study advocates that when designing ethical informed consent practices, researchers should be integrated as autonomous players with a positive input on the process, rather than, in the worst case, predatory recruiters to be curtailed by information forms and oversight.

BACKGROUND Autonomy in practice is an important attribute of all professions and a cornerstone of advanced nursing practice. The Dempster Practice Behavior Scale was conceptualized, constructed, and psychometrically tested to make available a generalizable, empirically sound, and useful tool capable of measuring previously unrecognized dimensions of autonomy in practice. Nurse practitioner (NP) practice continues to evolve as new models of care emerge, requiring more autonomy in the NP role. PURPOSE The purpose was to describe the development and psychometric testing of the Dempster Practice Behavior Scale (DPBS), review the extant research on its use in research on nursing and other professions, and determine where future research is needed on the concept of autonomy in professional practice with a focus on advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs). METHODS Research articles, theses, dissertations using the DPBS as an instrument to measure practice autonomy were reviewed. RESULTS Twenty-one unique publications were examined for reports of psychometric properties in various populations. For the APRN population (total N = 1,669 in 10 studies), psychometrics for the DPBS support the reliability of the instrument for research. The remaining 11 studies included 2,285 participants who were not APRNs. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Questions remain about the relationships between autonomy and external factors such as regulatory environment, practice setting, models of care, years of experience, and practice mix.

The year 2020 will be remembered as the year of the most significant global pandemic since the Spanish influenza. As Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) gradually encompasses the globe, it leaves a trail of destruction in its wake. Hundreds of thousands of direct lives lost, millions of persons affected with the disease, potentially with long-term health consequences, disruption to global travel and trade, and dislocation of communities and individual lives. At an international, national and community level, leaders across all sectors have been required to respond to both direct and indirect effects of this crisis, with little time for preparation, and in a constantly changing environment. For leaders, this significant uncertainty exacerbates the challenges associated with decision making and requires a rapidly adaptive response not usually associated with leadership in more ‘business-as-usual’ times.1 Leadership examples and frameworks during crises exist from the military and emergency management sectors. However, a key challenge of a pandemic is that an effective management of the situation requires large-scale human behaviour change. When adoption is insufficient, collective benefits are not guaranteed. A global pandemic is therefore a ‘litmus test of trust in a health system’ (p.214). 2 Trust is an individual’s expectation or belief, often in circumstances of vulnerability, that the actions or motives of another person are honest, fair and based on integrity (follow sound ethical principles).3 Trust can be at a system, organisational or individual level. It can be inspired by confidence from past behaviours, however, it is also dynamic, being developed de novo from individual or organisational relationships. Trust allows a person with less knowledge, power or ability to process complex information, to rely on another individual or institution to make decisions aligned with their well-being. Thus, trust has historically been a cornerstone of clinical care and clinician–patient …

Prepublication peer review is a cornerstone of science. Overburdened reviewers invest millions of hours in this voluntary activity. In this scoping review, we aimed at identifying motivations for performing prepublication peer review of scholarly manuscripts. Original research studies investigating actual peer reviewers' motivations were included. We excluded modeling studies, studies related to other types of peer review, guidelines, peer review processes in particular journals. Medline, WoS, and Scopus were searched in February 2016, with no language or time limitations, and the search was updated in July 2019. The search yielded 5,250 records, and 382 were chosen for full text analysis, out of which 10 were appropriate for synthesis. Reference snowballing identified one eligible study. Eleven studies were appropriate for synthesis: four qualitative, four mixed qualitative/quantitative, and three qualitative studies, published from 1998 to 2018, involving 6,667 respondents. Major internal incentive was "communal obligations and reciprocity." Major external incentives were "career advancement," "being recognized as an expert," and "building relationships with journals and editors." Major disincentive was the "lack of time." Editors could incentivize peer review process by choosing highest quality articles, improving communication with peer reviewers, in order to make the process of peer review as short and efficient as possible. The gaps in research concern disincentives to review.

the discussion in this article refers to the development of a multicultural-based Islamic religious education curriculum as an effort to develop the values of religious moderation in Indonesia that have been implemented. The research method in this article is an observative research on educational institutions in Indonesia from the policy side of government and related educational institutions. The conclusion is as follows: 1). Multicultural-based Islamic religious education learning Model. In developing a multicultural learning model that must be blessed is a truly multicultural-laden learning activity. Learning activities are designed to provide a learning experience involving mental and physical processes through interaction between learners, learners with teachers, the environment, and other learning resources in order to achieve basic competencies. 2). Learning Media of Islamic religious education. Media can also be called tools while commonly used at this time is an audio visual aids, which means audiovisual aids are materials or tools used in the situation to help the writings and words spoken in the transmission of knowledge, attitudes, and ideas in the development of Islamic education be bases multicultural. 3). Sources of educational learning Islamic religion-based multicultural sources of Islamic values as a cornerstone of Islamic education The Foundation consists of the Qur'an and Sunnah Prophet Muhammad SAW that was developed with Ijtihad, Al Maslahah al murincorrectly, Istihsan, Qiyas and so on and from the source of learning it in the Islamic Religious education based multicultural developed with regard to the values of Islam Rahmatan li Al-"alamin that put forward the principles of Islamic Humanist , tolerant, democratic, and accommodating local cultures.

Inclusion has emerged as an early cornerstone value for the emerging domain of “data ethics.” On the surface, appeals to inclusion appear to address the threat that biased data technologies making decisions or misrepresenting people in ways that reproduce longer standing patterns of oppression and violence. Far from a panacea for the threats of pervasive data collection and surveillance, however, these emerging discourses of inclusion merit critical consideration. Here, I use the lens of discursive violence to better theorize the relationship between inclusion and the violent potentials of data science and technology. In doing so, I aim to articulate the problematic and often perverse power relationships implicit in ideals of “inclusion” broadly, which—if not accompanied by dramatic upheavals in existing hierarchical power structures—too often work to diffuse the radical potential of difference and normalize otherwise oppressive structural conditions.

The old paradigm of oil-for-security as the cornerstone of Saudi-US relationship will increasingly become moot when renewables start replacing oil. However, the relationship between the two countri...

Computer vision is an important cornerstone for the foundation of many modern technologies. The development of modern computer-aided-surgery, especially in the context of surgical navigation for minimally invasive surgery, is one example. Surgical navigation provides the necessary spatial information in computer-aided-surgery. Amongst the various forms of perception, vision-based sensing has been proposed as a promising candidate for tracking and localisation application largely due to its ability to provide timely intra-operative feedback and contactless sensing. The motivation for vision-based sensing in surgical navigation stems from many factors, including the challenges faced by other forms of navigation systems. A common surgical navigation system performs tracking of surgical tools with external tracking systems, which may suffer from both technical and usability issues. Vision-based tracking offers a relatively streamlined framework compared to those approaches implemented with external tracking systems. This review study aims to discuss contemporary research and development in vision-based sensing for surgical navigation. The selected review materials are expected to provide a comprehensive appreciation of state-of-the-art technology and technical issues enabling holistic discussions of the challenges and knowledge gaps in contemporary development. Original views on the significance and development prospect of vision-based sensing in surgical navigation are presented.

Objectives In a growing number of countries, patient involvement in medical decisions is considered a cornerstone of broader health policy agendas. This study seeks to explore public preferences for and experiences with participation in treatment decisions in Hungary. Methods A nationally representative online panel survey was conducted in 2019. Outcome measures included the Control Preferences Scale for the preferred and actual role in the decision, the 9-item Shared Decision Making Questionnaire, and a Satisfaction With Decision numeric rating scale. Results A total of 1000 respondents participated in the study, 424 of whom reported having had a treatment decision in the preceding 6 months. Overall, 8%, 18%, 51%, 19%, and 4% of the population preferred an active, semiactive, shared, semipassive, and passive role in decision making, respectively. Corresponding rates for perceived role were as follows: 9%, 15%, 35%, 26%, and 15%. Preferred and perceived roles matched for 52% of the population, whereas 32% preferred more and 16% less participation. Better health status, attaining role congruence, and higher 9-item Shared Decision Making Questionnaire scores were positively associated with satisfaction, accounting for 32% of the variation in Satisfaction With Decision scores (P Conclusions This study represents the first national survey on decisional roles in healthcare in Hungary and, more broadly, in Central and Eastern Europe. Shared decision making is the most preferred decisional role in Hungary; nevertheless, there is still room to improve patient involvement in decision making. It seems that patient satisfaction may be improved through tailoring the decisional role to reflect patients’ preferences and through practices that encourage shared decision making.

Universal health coverage (UHC) depends on a strong primary health-care system. To be successful, primary health care must be expanded at community and household levels as much of the world's population still lacks access to health facilities for basic services. Abundant evidence shows that community-based interventions are effective for improving health-care utilization and outcomes when integrated with facility-based services. Community involvement is the cornerstone of local, equitable and integrated primary health care. Policies and actions to improve primary health care must regard community members as more than passive recipients of health care. Instead, they should be leaders with a substantive role in planning, decision-making, implementation and evaluation. Advancing the science of primary health care requires improved conceptual and analytical frameworks and research questions. Metrics used for evaluating primary health care and UHC largely focus on clinical health outcomes and the inputs and activities for achieving them. Little attention is paid to indicators of equitable coverage or measures of overall well-being, ownership, control or priority-setting, or to the extent to which communities have agency. In the future, communities must become more involved in evaluating the success of efforts to expand primary health care. Much of primary health care has taken place, and will continue to take place, outside health facilities. Involving community members in decisions about health priorities and in community-based service delivery is key to improving systems that promote access to care. Neither UHC nor the Health for All movement will be achieved without the substantial contribution of communities.La couverture maladie universelle (CMU) repose sur un solide système de soins de santé primaires. Pour rendre les soins de santé primaires efficaces, il faut les étendre aux communautés et aux ménages car la majorité de la population mondiale n'a toujours pas accès aux structures médicales offrant des services de base. Nombreux sont les éléments qui prouvent que les interventions communautaires contribuent à améliorer l'utilisation des soins de santé et les résultats cliniques lorsqu'elles font partie intégrante des services proposés au sein des établissements. L'implication des communautés constitue la clé de voûte d'un système de soins de santé primaires local, équitable et intégré. Les politiques et actions visant à le renforcer doivent tenir compte des membres des communautés, et ne pas se limiter à les considérer comme des bénéficiaires passifs de soins de santé. Au contraire, leurs dirigeants devraient jouer un rôle prépondérant dans la planification, la prise de décisions, la mise en œuvre et l'évaluation. Faire progresser la science des soins de santé primaires requiert une optimisation des cadres analytiques et conceptuels, ainsi que des questions de recherche. Les paramètres employés pour évaluer les soins de santé primaires et la CMU se concentrent souvent sur les résultats cliniques, sur les activités et moyens utilisés pour les atteindre. Peu d'attention est accordée aux indicateurs d'une couverture équitable, ou aux mesures de bien-être général, de possession, de contrôle ou de définition des priorités, ou encore à l'étendue du pouvoir d'action des communautés. À l'avenir, les communautés doivent s'engager davantage dans l'évaluation de la réussite des efforts déployés pour développer les soins de santé primaires. La plupart de ces soins ont toujours été et continueront à être prodigués en dehors des structures médicales. Impliquer les membres des communautés dans les décisions destinées à définir les priorités sanitaires et la fourniture de services communautaires est essentiel pour améliorer des systèmes qui permettront de promouvoir l'accès aux soins. Ni la CMU, ni le mouvement «Santé pour tous» ne parviendront à leurs fins sans la contribution majeure des communautés.La cobertura sanitaria universal (CSU) depende de un sistema de atención primaria de salud sólido. Sin embargo, la atención primaria de salud se debe ampliar a nivel de la comunidad y de los hogares para que logre resultados efectivos, ya que gran parte de la población mundial sigue sin tener acceso a los centros de salud para recibir los servicios básicos. Existen muchas pruebas que demuestran que las intervenciones basadas en la comunidad son efectivas para mejorar el uso y los resultados de la atención de la salud cuando se integran con los servicios que se prestan en los centros de salud. La participación de la comunidad es el elemento fundamental de la atención primaria de salud local, equitativa e integrada. Las políticas y las medidas para mejorar la atención primaria de salud deben tener en cuenta que los miembros de la comunidad son más que receptores pasivos de la atención de salud. Por el contrario, deben ser líderes con una función importante en la planificación, la toma de decisiones, la implementación y la evaluación. El progreso de la ciencia en la atención primaria de salud requiere mejorar los marcos conceptuales y analíticos y los temas de investigación. Los parámetros que se usan para evaluar la atención primaria de salud y la CSU se centran en gran medida en los resultados clínicos de la salud y en los recursos y las actividades que permiten alcanzarlos. Se presta poca atención a los indicadores de cobertura equitativa o a las medidas de bienestar general, propiedad, control o establecimiento de prioridades, o a la medida en que las comunidades participan activamente. Por consiguiente, las comunidades deben participar más en la evaluación del éxito de los esfuerzos por ampliar la atención primaria de salud en el futuro. Gran parte de la atención primaria de salud siempre ha tenido y seguirá teniendo lugar fuera de los centros de salud. La participación de los miembros de la comunidad en las decisiones sobre las prioridades sanitarias y en la prestación de servicios comunitarios es fundamental para mejorar los sistemas que promueven el acceso a la atención, ya que ni la CSU ni el movimiento Salud para Todos se lograrán si las comunidades no contribuyen de manera sustancial.تعتمد التغطية الصحية الشاملة (UHC) على نظام قوي للرعاية الصحية الأولية. لتحقيق النجاح، يجب توسيع نطاق الرعاية الصحية الأولية في المجتمع وعلى المستويات الأسرية نظرًا لأن الكثير من سكان العالم لا يزالوا يفتقرون إلى إمكانية الاستفادة من المرافق الصحية للحصول على الخدمات الأساسية. تشير وفرة من الأدلة أن التدخلات المجتمعية تتميز بالفعالة في تحسين الاستفادة من الرعاية الصحية، ونتائجها عندما تتكامل مع الخدمات المعتمدة على المرافق. تعد المشاركة المجتمعية بمثابة حجر الزاوية للرعاية الصحية الأولية المحلية العادلة المتكاملة. إن السياسات والإجراءات المتبعة لتحسين الرعاية الصحية الأولية يجب أن تضع في اعتبارها أفراد المجتمع على أنهم أكثر من مجرد متلقين سلبيين للرعاية الصحية. وبدلاً من ذلك، يجب أن يكونوا قادة لهم دور جوهري في التخطيط، واتخاذ القرار، والتنفيذ، والتقييم. إن الارتقاء بعلم الرعاية الصحية الأولية يتطلب إطارات مفاهيمية وتحليلية وأسئلة بحثية محسنة. تركز المقاييس المستخدمة لتقييم الرعاية الصحية الأولية والتغطية الصحية الشاملة (UHC) بشكل كبير على النتائج الصحية السريرية، والمدخلات والأنشطة المتاحة لتحقيقها. لا تستحوذ مؤشرات التغطية العادلة، أو مقاييس الرفاهية العامة، أو الملكية، أو السيطرة، أو تحديد الأولويات، أو المدى الذي تتمتع به المجتمعات المحلية بالتمثيل، إلا بالقليل من الاهتمام. في المستقبل، يجب أن تصبح المجتمعات أكثر مشاركة في تقييم نجاح الجهود المبذولة لتوسيع نطاق الرعاية الصحية الأولية. كان ولا يزال قدر كبير من الرعاية الصحية الأولية يتم دائمًا خارج المرافق الصحية. إن إشراك أفراد المجتمع في القرارات المتعلقة بالأولويات الصحية، وفي تقديم الخدمات المجتمعية، أمر أساسي لتحسين الأنظمة التي تعزز الحصول على الرعاية. لن تتحقق التغطية الصحية الشاملة (UHC)، ولا حركة "الصحة للجميع" دون مساهمة كبيرة من المجتمعات.全民健康覆盖 (UHC) 取决于强大的初级卫生保健体系。世界上还有很多人无法享受卫生机构提供的基本服务,因此必须在社区和家庭大力推广初级卫生保健,才能实现全民健康覆盖。大量证据表明,社区干预结合机构服务可有效提高卫生保健服务利用率,并改善其成效。社区参与是实现地方公平和一体化初级卫生保健的基石。就初级卫生保健的改善政策和措施而言,不可将社区成员仅视为被动接受卫生保健服务的人。相反,他们应该是在规划、决策、实施和评估中发挥实质性作用的带头人。要推进初级卫生保健科学,就需要改进概念、分析框架以及研究问题。初级卫生保健和 UHC 的评估指标,主要侧重于临床卫生成效以及达成该成效的投入和举措。而很少关注公平覆盖的指标,或总体福祉、所有权、控制权或明确优先事项的措施,或社区具有的代理权程度。今后,社区必须更积极参与评估推广初级卫生保健的成功程度。许多初级卫生保健一直并将继续在卫生机构以外进行。让社区成员参与卫生工作重点决策以及社区服务,是改善体系的关键,可以让更多人获得保健机会。如果没有社区的大力协助,UHC 和全民健康都将无法实现。.Всеобщий охват услугами здравоохранения (ВОУЗ) зависит от наличия сильной системы первичной медико-санитарной помощи. Для достижения успеха первичную медико-санитарную помощь следует расширить на уровне сообществ и домашних хозяйств, поскольку большая часть населения мира по-прежнему не имеет доступа к учреждениям здравоохранения для получения основных услуг. Многочисленные доказательства демонстрируют, что меры, предпринимаемые на уровне сообществ, эффективны для улучшения использования услуг здравоохранения и результатов, если они объединены с услугами на базе учреждений. Участие сообщества является краеугольным камнем местной, равнодоступной и объединенной первичной медико-санитарной помощи. Политика и действия по улучшению первичной медико-санитарной помощи должны рассматривать членов сообщества как нечто большее, чем просто пассивных получателей медицинской помощи. Наоборот, сообщества должны быть лидерами, играющими существенную роль в планировании, принятии решений, реализации и оценке. Развитие научных знаний о первичной медико-санитарной помощи требует улучшенных концептуальных и аналитических механизмов и исследовательских вопросов. Показатели, используемые для оценки первичной медико-санитарной помощи и всеобщего охвата услугами здравоохранения, в основном сосредоточены на клинических результатах в отношении здоровья, а также на затрачиваемых на это ресурсах и мероприятиях по их достижению. Мало внимания уделяется индикаторам справедливого охвата, измерению общего благосостояния, сопричастности, контроля или определения приоритетов или тому, насколько у сообщества имеется возможность действовать. В будущем сообщества необходимо более активно привлекать к оценке успеха усилий по расширению первичной медико-санитарной помощи. Большая часть первичной медико-санитарной помощи всегда оказывалась и будет оказываться вне учреждений здравоохранения. Вовлечение членов сообществ в решения о приоритетах сферы здравоохранения и о предоставлении услуг на уровне сообщества является ключевым фактором в усовершенствовании систем, способствующих улучшению доступа к медицинской помощи. Ни всеобщего охвата услугами здравоохранения, ни движения «Здоровье для всех» невозможно достичь без существенного вклада сообществ.

The dengbêji bards who usually sing usually unaccompanied are the cornerstone of Kurdish traditional classical performance. They have sought to preserve the purity of their singing style and technique from the past to the present; and, they have maintained an existence that has been independent of modernization or foreign interchange. On the other hand, in the West especially from the start of the 20th century, classical music has changed in character reflecting cultural, political and technological developments. Opera singers, performance artists who undergo classical voice training have benefited by these technological developments, and are held in high esteem especially in regard to their voice production. Surprisingly, their modern singing techniques have a great deal in common with the age-old techniques of the Kurdish dengbêji. The present study examines both the commonalities and the differences., The dengbêji bards who usually sing unaccompanied are the cornerstone of Kurdish traditional classical performance. They have sought to preserve the purity of their singing style and technique from the past to the present; and, they have maintained an existence that has been independent of modernization or foreign interchange. On the other hand, in the West especially from the start of the 20th century, classical music has changed in character reflecting cultural, political and technological developments. Opera singers, performance artists who undergo classical voice training have benefited by these technological developments, and are held in high esteem especially in regard to their voice production. Surprisingly, their modern singing techniques have a great deal in common with the age-old techniques of the Kurdish dengbêji. The present study examines both the commonalities and the differences.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify a comprehensive list of main enablers of successful implementation of green manufacturing (GM) practices in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Based on the inputs from Irish SMEs' experts, a validated conceptual hierarchy model of the identified enablers is developed to analyse and prioritise the most dominant ones.Design/methodology/approachData were collected using a questionnaire survey responded by various professionals in Irish manufacturing SMEs. Experts' opinions were analysed using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) and cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) to distinguish the mutual influences amongst the nine identified enablers.FindingsThe findings revealed that from the Irish SMEs' perspective, strong green supply chain relations are the outcome of successfully implementing GM and not a driver of the other enablers. Furthermore, lower manufacturing costs are found to arise as a result of GM practices in SMEs.Practical implicationsIt is discussed that emulating the actions of larger companies will not necessarily yield the same results for SMEs. Innovation will become a cornerstone of remaining competitive in a sustainable environment, which is facilitated by closer green supply chain relations.Originality/valueThe reported findings in this article contribute to theory and practice of GM and SMEs research domains by systematically identified, classified and ranked enablers in a conceptual hierarchal model from the perspective of Irish SMEs. This research lays the foundations for further analysis of the GM practices enablers in a time when UN mandates and EU regulations are increasingly impacting SMEs all around Europe and especially Ireland.

Living in the future, constantly thinking over it, incessantly inventing it, anticipating it, more than a Weltanschauung, a state of consciousness. It’s not about predicting rather living the prediction, experimenting with it, chasing the words to describe it, imagining the machines to produce it. The futurists’ undertaking was fueled by an overwhelming desire to overcome their present time through art and influence, by dint of its momentum, the society, culture and life that thrived around it, shifting their current world and the one to come by virtue of an overflowing power of insights as well as an innovative and creative strength. This is what Futurism was, its constant, compelling self-supersession was its ontological matrix as this movement was projected and installed in a dimension of time that had severed both the past and the present. This study aims to frame this avant-garde on the basis of this chief cornerstone.

Print periodicals have been a cornerstone of libraries for over 100 years. Over the past 20 years print periodicals have been eclipsed by online journal databases and individual e-journals, but mos...

Sharia banking is expected to apply sharia values to its transactions. Sharia values have a transparent nature. Sharia banking should be based on sharia principles. Referring to sharia principles as described in the Qur'an. Based on the problem then the author took the theme of Sharia banking branding through funding products. The fund-raising consists of three sharia Giro products, sharia savings and sharia deposits. The methods used are methods of analysis used are qualitative methods, and case studies. The triangulation approach of the two techniques of Denzin triangulation (XXX) is the use of sources and methods. It can be used as a cornerstone that by using Sharia bank products has many benefits that can be made for Shahibul Maal (Fund owners) continue to improve performance by using Sharia banking branding on all products especially in funding products. Islamic brand must show and have the appeal to consumers, and provide training and evaluation of human resources in sharia banking that is spearheading to provide vast information to prospective mudharib.

Symbols are a cornerstone of the written language of mathematics and mathematical sciences. However, variations in their use pose a constant challenge to students. This paper reports data from first year undergraduate students studying mathematics, statistics and/or physics collected using surveys and interviews. It became clear that multiple uses of a single symbol across topics and across STEM subjects can be problematic for students. In particular our attention was drawn to misinterpretation of subscripts. Without explicit attention, educators of mathematics and mathematical science subjects should not assume that students correctly interpret symbols in a given context.

A cornerstone of the scientific method, the ability to reproduce and replicate the results of research has gained widespread attention across the sciences in recent years. A corresponding burst of ...

The problem of finding an item-set of maximal aggregated utility that satisfies a set of constraints is at the cornerstone of many e-commerce applications. Its classical definition assumes that all the information needed to verify the constraints is explicitly given. In practice, however, the data available in e-commerce databases on the items is often partial. Hence, adequately answering constrained search queries requires the completion of this missing information. A common approach to complete missing data is to employ Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. However, ML is naturally error-prone. More accurate data can be obtained by asking the items' sellers to complete missing data. But as the number of items in the repository is huge, asking sellers about all items is prohibitively expensive. CONCIERGE, our presented system, assists the e-commerce platform in identifying a bounded-size set of items whose data should be manually completed, as these items are expected to contribute the most to the constrained search queries in question. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system on real-world data and scenarios taken from a large e-commerce system by interacting with the VLDB'20 participants who act as both analysts and the sellers.

La Reforma Educacional implica una serie de cambios sistémicos que han apuntado a construir un sistema educacional inclusivo, que promueva una educación de calidad integral. Tales cambios constituyen desafíos para la gestión institucional y pedagógica, debiendo garantizar que todos los estudiantes puedan acceder a una educación de calidad con oportunidades equivalentes de aprender y participar, considerando sus características individuales, económicas, sociales y culturales. La presente investigación documental, enmarcada en el paradigma cualitativo, busca mostrar cómo ha evolucionado el concepto de inclusión educativa y cómo el trabajo colaborativo es la piedra angular para el despliegue de prácticas pedagógicas inclusivas. De este modo, los/as docentes han debido afrontar el reto de enriquecer las prácticas educativas, para dar respuesta y atender a la diversidad, enfatizando la colaboración y participación de distintos actores, entendiendo, por ejemplo, que la definición e implementación de un plan de adecuaciones curriculares debe ser elaborado y ejecutado en forma participativa y colaborativa, lo cual demanda el desarrollo de estrategias de trabajo colaborativo. En particular, se plantea la práctica de co-enseñanza (MINEDUC, 2009 y 2012), lo cual implica un cambio en la estructura y organización de las experiencias de enseñanza y aprendizaje en los establecimientos escolares, en donde los docentes de aula regular y Educación Especial trabajen en forma colaborativa en todo momento.

This volume is dedicated to advances in the care of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). In this chapter the authors review the data cornerstone to the growing workforce needs.This first chapter serves as a backdrop to the second chapter that applies these observations to the planning of health care services delivery in the United States accounting for the definition and organization of multisystem expertise and centers for adults with CHD at a health systems level.

Within just a few months, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved from a virtually unknown pathogen to a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As COVID-19 infection can affect multiple organ systems, treating many manifestations and complications requires clinical expertise across the healthcare professional spectrum. Therefore, interprofessional and multidisciplinary collaboration should form the cornerstone of every hospital's COVID-19 management approach. In this manuscript, we discuss the non-microbial management strategies for our COVID-19 inpatient population. Specifically, through an inter-professional and collaborative approach to care delivery, we provide rationale and guidance on prone positioning, oxygen strategies, early mobilization, identifying and treating co-infections, anticoagulation and ensuring appropriate psychological support for patients and their families. It is our hope that these recommendations help supporting clinician management decisions to best care for hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the region and worldwide.

Formal hierarchical differentiation is a cornerstone of the organizing process. Prior research has focused primarily on pyramid-shaped formal hierarchies, despite documented limitations of the pyra...

Objectives: Any attempt to introduce new data types in the entangled hospital infrastructure should help to unravel old knots without tangling new ones. Health data from a wide range of sources has become increasingly available. We witness an insatiable thirst for data in oncology as treatment paradigms are shifting to targeted molecular therapies. Methods: From nineteenth-century medical notes consisting entirely of narrative description to standardised forms recording physical examination and medical notes, we have nowadays moved to electronic health records (EHRs). All our analogue medical records are rendered as sequences of zeros and ones changing how we capture and share data. The challenge we face is to offload the analysis without entrusting a machine (or algorithms) to make major decisions about a diagnosis, a treatment, or a surgery, keeping the human oversight. Computers don’t have judgment, they lack context. Results: EHRs have become the latest addition to our toolset to look after patients. Moore’s law and general advances in computation have contributed to make EHRs a cornerstone of Molecular Tumour Boards, presenting a detailed and unique description of a tumour and treatment options. Conclusions: Precision oncology, as a systematic approach matching the most accurate and effective treatment to each individual cancer patient, based on a molecular profile, is already expanding to other disease areas.

The two World Wars (1914-18, 1939-1945) cannot be forgotten easily. This is because of their uncanny brutality and imponderable consequences which in no small measure demonstrated man’s capacity to destroy himself and decimate the environment. This assertion is predicated on the millions of people who were gruesomely killed, maimed and properties wantonly destroyed. The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction undoubtedly became an easy way to mediate an insatiable economic instinct. Propelled by the desire to save the human family from imminent extinction, world leaders decided to stop the carnage. They were convinced that upholding the tenets of human freedom in all ramifications offers a guarantee for human security and development. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the extent the UN has been able to ensure that human rights become the cornerstone of human security, its challenges and prospects. This is a qualitative study, and data collected was based solely on secondary sources. These include, browsing of the internet, review of existing literature, UN Resolutions, Official bulletins, Newspapers, Magazines and visit to some research institutes like the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA), Center for Black Arts and African Culture (CBAC). It was discovered that since its formation in 1945, the UN has accomplished a lot in mainstreaming human rights. Consequently, many regional bodies like the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), European Union (EU), the Organization of American States (OAS) and member States of UN have keyed into the UN emphasis on respect and promotion of human rights as a minimum condition for global peace. We recommend that knowledge and respect of human rights should be deepened in the curriculum of every level of socialization. Key words: Human insecurity, human rights, human family, development, global peace.

International audience; A cornerstone of impact investing is the intentional provision of measurable nonfinancial returns in addition to conventional financial returns. This attractive promise also constitutes the Achilles’ heel of impact investing. When two or more goals (e.g., impact and financial returns) are pursued through a single means (e.g., investing), humans tend to believe that the means becomes less effective in achieving either goal. We discuss the conceptual foundations of this likely bias and its implications for the impact investing movement. We also suggest some practical ways to overcome this issue.

A systems thinking approach to incorporating green chemistry and safety into laboratory culture is vital, as chemists will be at the molecular level of the innovative solutions to our global challenges. Training chemists to have the skills and culture to accomplish this feat in the safest way possible is pivotal to safe working conditions within the chemical industry and extends to society in a sustainable future for the planet. Today, we know green chemistry to be the framework for conducting chemistry in a manner that is conducive to life. In this article, we emphasize how framing green chemistry through the lens of systems thinking can build a culture of safety in the laboratory. This can shift the focus of safety culture from compliant to proactive, as assessing the risk of performing a reaction gives chemists ownership and control of their safety. The Guide to Green Chemistry Experiment for Undergraduate Organic Laboratories is highlighted as one approach. The guide utilizes the green chemistry metric, DOZN 2.0, which allows for a quantitative method toward recognizing and assessing the risks of hazards in a chemical reaction. Within the research enterprise, green chemistry is a cornerstone of the Green Laboratories movement and helps institutions to meet both safety and sustainability strategies. Yet, in order for these efforts to be successfully implemented, environmental health and safety (EH&S) and sustainability professionals must engage one another and communicate effectively. Understanding how motivational focus affects our perceptions and attitudes can allow stakeholders to better partner on Green Laboratories initiatives and more successfully implement these techniques.

Effective information disclosure is the cornerstone of sustainable operation of the capital market. In the IPO market, whether public information in the prospectus can be fully captured by investors largely depends on the quality of valuation-relevant information. Based on Chinese prospectuses, we create five unique indicators to measure the information quality and examine the relationship between information quality and IPO underpricing. We find that high quality of information disclosure results in less underpricing because they relieve serious information asymmetry between issuing companies and investors. We provide a new method to supervise and improve the quality of non-financial information disclosure.

Most forms of international cooperation in criminal matters have now been regulated to some extent by European Union legislation. One classical form of cooperation has been so far largely immune from influence by the EU legislator, however. This is the area of transfer of proceedings. This article provides an overview of the current situation and argues that new life should be blown into earlier initiatives to improve this form of cooperation. Harmonisation in this area will prove an important step to facilitate the proper administration of justice in the common Area of Freedom, Justice and Security that the European Union is set to realise.

Taxes have been the cornerstone of IMF-led adjustment programs for Pakistan for over four decades. During this period, long term growth and productivity have declined while the tax policy has become more contentious and fragmented. Measures multiply as unrealistic targets are chased with mini budgets every quarter. The following arose from a high-level conference arranged by PIDE to outline future directions in tax policy.

Traditionally, Chinese families have been the primary provider of care for older adults, and older people expected family care. However, along with the modernization and demographic transition, family functions have been weakened, and state-based care has begun to play an essential role in supporting family care for older people. This paper aims to assess the care preferences of older people and the different responsibilities of individuals and communities in modern China. Using data from the 2014 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS) and multinomial logistic regression modeling, we find that family care remains the cornerstone for older adults and their care preferences are associated with individual and community factors, mainly including the number of children, education level, residential area, the presence of health infrastructure and care facilities, and the values associated with filial piety of older adults.

The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which prohibits any abridgement of freedom of speech, must be regarded as a cornerstone of the American social and political order. The number of expressive categories placed beyond the First Amendmentʼs pro-tective mantle is very small. In particular, there is no hate speech exception to the free speech Constitutional clause. The article analyzes the decision of the United States’ Supreme Court in the case of Wisconsin v. Mitchell. The issue at hand concerned the question of whether it is constitu-tionally permissible to enhance criminal punishment for bias-motivated crimes in comparison with crimes motivated by other factors. In those types of cases, the factual basis for meting out a more severe punishment is usually and necessarily provided by a criminal’s expression that reveals the aforementioned bias. By considering such regulations to be constitutional, the Supreme Court cre-ated an exception regarding the First Amendment protections granted to hate speech by permitting the courts — albeit in a very narrow and specific set of circumstances — to attach negative con-sequences to someoneʼs engagement in constitutionally protected expressive activity. The article critically describes the doctrinal justifications given for this conclusion by the Supreme Court, con-sidering them to be cursory and doctrinaire. The author contends that the Mitchell decision is an example of results-oriented jurisprudence, issued with the political aim of combatting hate crimes in mind. While this objective remains a worthy one, it does not — in the author’s opinion — provide a sufficient justification for reducing the scope of the First Amendment’s protection of (admittedly outrageous, immoral, and shocking) expression a majority may find distasteful. While the legisla-tive branch ought to be permitted to consider specific motives as aggravating factors in a crime (at least from the First Amendment standpoint), a penalty-enhancement should not be contingent on the question whether the accused engaged in protected expressive activity, distinguishing “silent” and “vocal” criminals. The paper utilizes descriptive and analytical methods.

Keeping employees safe is a cornerstone of most industrial safety policies. Often, facility safety personnel are unaware of what the requirements are for electrical systems, so they treat those policies as special. Many forest product industry facilities have standards related to their electrical distribution systems and testing requirements. Most insurance carriers require protective devices to be periodically tested. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70E standard requires electrical systems to be maintained and, by extension, so does the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. How does one know if the systems in place are adequate? How should systems be assessed, and what is the basis for the assessment? Given that resources are limited, how can a representative portion of a system be evaluated to get an idea of how it is overall? This article explores one company's approach based on a recent, corporatewide electrical safety and power system assessment.

Providing a strong foundation in culinary medicine (CM)—including what constitutes a healthy diet and how to find, obtain, and prepare healthy and delicious food—is a cornerstone of educating health professionals to support patients in achieving better health outcomes. The Culinary Medicine Curriculum (CMC), published in collaboration with the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, is the first, comprehensive, open-source guide created to support the implementation of CM at health professional training programs (HPTPs) worldwide. The CMC is modeled after the successful CM elective course for Stanford University School of Medicine students. Key goals of the CMC include presenting healthy food as unapologetically delicious, quick, and inexpensive; translating lessons learned to healthy eating on-the-go; practicing motivational interviewing on healthy dietary behavior changes; and demonstrating how to launch a CM course. The CMC highlights a predominantly whole food, plant-based diet as seen through the lenses of different world flavors and culinary traditions. It was developed, published, and distributed with the aim of expanding CM by reducing barriers to creating CM courses within most types of HPTPs and practice settings. During the first 2 months the CMC was available, it was downloaded 2379 times in 83 countries by a wide variety of health care professionals interested in teaching CM. The global interest in this first, freely available, evidence-based CMC underscores the demand for CM resources. Such resources could prove foundational in expediting development of CM courses and expanding the reach of CM and counseling on dietary behavior changes into patient care.

Augmented and mixed reality are emerging interactive and display technologies. These technologies are able to merge virtual objects, in either 2 or 3 dimensions, with the real world. Image guidance is the cornerstone of interventional radiology. With augmented or mixed reality, medical imaging can be more readily accessible or displayed in actual 3-dimensional space during procedures to enhance guidance, at times when this information is most needed. In this review, the current state of these technologies is addressed followed by a fundamental overview of their inner workings and challenges with 3-dimensional visualization. Finally, current and potential future applications in interventional radiology are highlighted.

In the field of machine learning, there exist effective models that achieve remarkable results. However, it is criticized from the perspective of the end user that many successful models behave like “black boxes.” In the desire for achieving excellent performances, the models become more complicated and less explainable. In this context, a major challenge has emerged: it is necessary to provide the intelligent models and algorithms with the property to be explained. In this article, a new paradigm is proposed: the minimalist machine learning. The conceptual cornerstone of the new paradigm is the assumption that it is possible to make the representation of the data of any problem of classification of patterns reduced to the Cartesian plane. The proposal is to design algorithms that are capable of achieving intelligent pattern classification in two dimensions (the plane) effectively, regardless of the number of attributes that the patterns contain.

This paper elaborates on our joint experience of teaching quantitative methods to (mostly) historians since the early 2000s and writing an introductory book on this topic, first in French, then in English, in a revised and expanded version. All along, we have pursued three aims, related to two different types of audience. First, we want to make quantitative methods accessible for all historians—and humanists generally—, especially those who do not think that such methods are “for them,” because they do not enjoy mathematics, or because they study topics that are not traditionally considered as suited to quantification. Second, our intent is to contribute to less routine uses of quantification in the social sciences, by promoting diversity in methods and imagination in categorization schemes—going beyond “the usual suspects” in terms of sources, variables, and calculations. Third, we promote respect for the basic tenets of the historical profession, i.e. principles of source criticism, as the cornerstone of the constitution of data from historical sources.The first part of the paper begins by explaining where we speak from. As practices of quantification differ between countries and sub-disciplines, we first tell a few words about our own experience with quantitative history, in the context of its recent evolutions, since it lost any pretense at dominance in the historical discipline. These trajectories led us to promote constructivist, small-scale, experimental quantitative history. In terms of teaching, this translates into a learning-by-doing focused on the construction and categorization of data from sources. The second and third parts of the paper briefly flesh out the main principles that we promote in our teaching, with examples in and out of economic history and the history of capitalism. The second part addresses the transformation of sources into quantifiable data; the third part discusses data categorization and analysis.

A wide range of topics associated with the challenges of ensuring solid and lasting peace on the Korean Peninsula is considered. The issue of a peace treaty to replace the Armistice Agreement is the cornerstone in building a new nonconfrontational system of relations in Korea that will ensure the security of all parties involved and their equal cooperation. According to the authors, the implementation of these tasks was greatly facilitated by the positive developments achieved in the past year in US–North Korean and inter-Korean relations. At the same time, despite the warming of the general climate, the transition from political declarations to practical steps in the interests of a comprehensive peace settlement turned out to be difficult due to the continuing deep contradictions between the participants in this process. Considerable attention is paid to the position of Russia in the article. It is shown that participation in the peaceful settlement of key Korean problems meets the vital interests of the Russian Federation in the context of the tasks of creating a security and cooperation mechanism in Northeast Asia.

This article examines the state and criteria of development of professional self- reflection of future leaders of an instrumental bands. The qualitative characteristic of levels of development of professional self-reflection is defined and four levels of development of this skill are outlined. The value and role of professional self-reflection of the leader of an instrumental band in the context of collective performance management is disclosed. It is noted that the reflexive method makes it possible to comprehend one’s own and team members’ activities, to predict one’s own actions, to form a new thinking style, to detect and anticipate problems in one’s own professional activities and improve the quality of work. We also believe that professional reflection is a necessary component of the professional education of the future leader of the instrumental ensemble and the cornerstone principle of successful management of any ensemble performance in particular.

Bilingualism has always been emphasized in Singapore’s education system. Since 1959, Singapore government leaders have repeatedly stressed that bilingualism is the cornerstone of Singapore’s language policy. Scholars researching language policy and planning in Singapore have also assumed that Singapore has always maintained a consistent stand on bilingualism. This paper cites the case of Chinese language (Mandarin) education as evidence to show how “bilingual” education has undergone significant changes in Singapore by tracing the historical changes and examining how bilingual education has evolved since its implementation. The findings show that the once-compulsory bilingual requirements gave way to differentiated ones in the history of Singapore’s bilingual policy. This finding will help researchers have a better understanding of Singapore’s “bilingual education” today and its position compared to other bilingual education systems in the world.

Cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization (CDS) practices and protocols are the cornerstone of infection control and patient safety. Central sterile processing (CSP) leaders are responsible for updating policies and procedures for sterile processing and ensuring CSP staff members process instruments correctly. Monitoring staff member practices can be a demanding and difficult task, but it is critical for safe patient outcomes. The CSP and perioperative leaders at our facility found that regular consultation and collaboration with the Department of Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control (HEIC) is an effective way to ensure that patient safety is at the forefront of CDS practices. These leaders established an oversight committee to address a variety of infection prevention concerns, including environment of care rounds, implementation of manufacturers' instructions for use, and CDS standardization. This article highlights how CSP and HEIC leaders and staff members partnered to implement and sustain CDS best practices and protocols.

Everything in the universe was created on proportion and proportion systems. Spirals which exist in the essenace of many entities are formed in spiral-shaped structures that contain such a proportinal harmony. The artists wanted to reflect this perfection in the universe and tried to apply the Divine Proportions in their works. Spirals, which have been used in different art branches for many centuries, also lies at the basis of floral compositions in our traditional arts. The history of spirals is as old as human history. The artists observed the nature and formed perfect designs with their patience and talent. The perfection of the compositions depends on the proportions used. The artists achieved this harmony and balance with spirals in their works. In our article, we will try to shed some light on the history of the spirals, which is supposed to be the cornerstone of floral compositions used in our traditional arts.

The problem of innovation is a trigger factor in the religious disharmony, claims of truth occurs only on one side, and regard the other with false accusations and even accused as infidels. Heresy at the time still not Resolved, justruh become even more tapered and-so. They had perverted heretical propaganda through mass media like radio, fatwa commission, salebaran, and other writings, such accusations Surprisingly more precisely lead to the Expert Sunnah Wal Jama'ah. For that, it should be with the polemics of this kind needs be no specific response to concerns relating to issues that have been merasahkan and disrupt the comfort and harmony of religions, especially Islam in terms of legal analysis. The goal is that these problems can be solved by the decision of the best and can provide solutions that can diajalankan by the public, and can eliminate the unilateral truth of the allegations. Furthermore, to provide the best solution on the claims of heresy heresy, in society, the author gives an explanation which is very comprehensive in answering the issues around innovation with the proposition that qhat'i berlandasankan and accountable, in the form of al-Quran and Hadith-Hadith sahih, but it is also the author gives a real understanding of what it is heresy and Islamic attitudes in response to this polemic. Because the moment is now so easy to claim someone on charges of heresy that ultimately leads to infidelity. The design of the study is a research library research (literature study) using the method of qualitative analysis with deductive and descriptive way of thinking. The results of this study, is to assert that not all innovations are prohibited, senayampang heresy has qhat'i cornerstone arguments. Even the heretics also be recommended by the Sunnah of the Prophet. In addition to the understanding of the hadith also straighten often used as a reference by those who say all heresies heresy, as well as provide an understanding of how to determine the proper position on the hadith, as well as introducing a method to determine the hadith in order to understand haidits with true understanding. Based on the results of this study, recommended for groups who claim to truth as Islamic fundamentalist and liberal Islam should not only understand the hadith of the literal aspect dhahirnya alone or, if a hadith is understood from the aspects dhahirnya will certainly experience a fatal error kerana pemahamn like it was just owned by someone who have an interest or based on lust.

En yalın ifadeyle dil, insanlar arasında iletişim kurmayı sağlayan doğal bir araçtır. İnsan yaşamının temel taşı olan dil kültürün en etkili aktarıcısıdır ve bu bağlamda kültür ile arasında doğal bir ilişki vardır. Ne dil kültürden ayrı, ne de kültür dilden ayrı düşünülebilir. Birbirinden ayrı düşünemeyeceğimiz bu iki unsur toplumu oluşturur ve/veya toplum dil ve kültürü oluşturur. Bir başka ifadeyle, dil ve kültür ait olduğu toplumu biçimlendirdiği gibi toplum da sahip olduğu dil ve kültürü biçimlendirmektedir. Dolayısıyla dil-kültür ve toplum arasında karşılıklı bir etkileşim vardır. Dil ile kültür hem iç içedir hem de dil kültürün taşıyıcısıdır. Bu anlamda dil, yeni fikirlerin ve yaratıcılığın da kaynağıdır. Dilin bu iki temel özelliği, onu kültür dediğimiz toplum ve millet kimliğinin en büyük koruyucusu, yaratıcısı ve geliştiricisi durumuna getirmiştir. Yani dil, bireylerin içinde bulundukları topluma karşı bir aidiyet duygusu geliştirmelerini sağlayan kültürün bir yansıması, sesli ifadesidir. İçinde kültürden parçalar taşır ve bu parçaları sesle, sembollerle aktarır. Bu düşünceler ışığında çalışmada dil, kültür ve bu iki kavram arasındaki ilişki ve etkileşim üzerine kuramsal bir çerçeve oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır.

Prevalence of non-communicable diseases in Malaysia is perturbing, along with the increment in obesity rate. The cornerstone of this health problem is the increase in physical inactivity among Mala...

I investigate the historical development of limited liability – widely considered a cornerstone of the business corporation – and challenge the commonplace linear narratives about how limited liability evolved. I dismiss the claim that limited liability was invented with the very first joint-stock business corporations around 1600. I also reject the assertion that it became dominant with the limited liability acts of the mid-19th century. My argument is that it was only around 1800 that limited liability became a separate corporate attribute, distinct from legal personality, and that limited liability in the modern sense became a uniform attribute of all corporations only in the 20th century. Since corporations, stock markets and the corporate economy enjoyed a long and prosperous history well before limited liability in its modern sense became established and dominant, the economic theory of limited liability needs to be revisited. The paper opens a new set of conceptual, empirical and theoretical research questions, and points to new possibilities in terms of viable future liability regimes.

Indonesia has traditionally been viewed as a de facto leader of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the regional body remains the cornerstone of Indonesian foreign policy. The pa...