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Mental attitude adverbials (absichtlich ‚intentionally‘, freiwillig ‚voluntarily‘, etc.) are generally considered to be a homogeneous class of adverbials, the interpretation of which is regulated via the principle of compositionality. I challenge this view, proposing instead that the class of mental attitude adverbials is systematically divided into two subtypes, which I call Assimilative Adverbials (A-Adverbials) and Intentional Adverbials (I-Adverbials). In support of this proposal I present evidence that they differ in two ways: (i) They select different arguments: A-Adverbials require an agent, I-Adverbials require an initiator. I discuss additional restrictions on their interpretation and formulate lexical entries for each subtype. (ii) The two types provide different interpretation options: While A-Adverbials adhere strictly to the principle of compositionality, I-Adverbials allow pragmatically driven coercion. On the basis of this case study of mental attitude adverbials, I take a close look at the capabilities of and constraints on coercion. With this in mind, I examine the relation between the semantics and pragmatics of mental attitude adverbials in more detail. I show that particular grammatical restrictions on them also hold true under coercion, so that they continue to regulate and to restrict interpretation in these cases. Here admittedly, in contrast to compositional interpretation, the grammatical restrictions can be implemented more flexibly, i.e., they can be fulfilled at the conceptual level. This explains why coercion is limited to I-Adverbials: In the case of coercion, the conceptual structures of A-Adverbials do not satisfy these grammatical restrictions on their interpretation.

French and Turkish telic compounds offer interesting generalizations regarding their lexicalizations, which are accounted for here by the representations allowed by a Generative Lexicon, more specifically by a complex telic role. These representations also account for various syntactic properties associated with these compounds such as anaphoric reference or coercion, and for the concurrence between two forms of expression of the telic in Turkish.

This paper aims to account for direct combination of an entity type noun with the verb HA- ‘do’ (e.g. piano-rul ha- ‘piano-ACC do’) in Korean, based on Generative Lexicon Theory (Pustejovsky 1995). The verb HA- ‘do’ coerces some entity type nouns (e.g. pap ‘boiled rice’) into an event type one by virtue of the qualia of the noun. Arguing type coercion based on qualia in Korean, this paper extended the qualia of GL by adding engagement telic quale. We further point out that qualia cannot be a warehouse of pragmatic information. Qualia are composed of necessary information to explain lexical meaning and co-occurrence constraints. Type coercion of the verb HA- ‘do’ has certain constraints related with the qualia of coerced nouns. The entity type nouns without direct telic quale cannot combine with HA- ‘do’. Natural type nouns are not coerced by HA- ‘do’. Type coercion by HA- ‘do’ does not have aspectual constraint. Finally, we seriously consider co-composition as an alternative to type coercion for the crucial operation of type shift.

1. Interfaces in a biolinguistic perspective (by Di Sciullo, Anna Maria) 2. Part I. Syntax, semantics 3. Single cycle syntax and a constraint on quantifier lowering (by Lasnik, Howard) 4. A constraint on remnant movement (by Hunter, Tim) 5. Language and conceptual reanalysis (by Pietroski, Paul) 6. Part II. Features and interfaces 7. Decomposing force (by Isac, Daniela) 8. Function without content: Evidence from Greek subjunctive na (by Christodoulou, Christina) 9. The association of sound with meaning: The case of telicity (by Fujimori, Atsushi) 10. Part III. Phonology, syntax 11. Towards a bottom-up approach to phonological typology (by Reiss, Charles) 12. The emergence of phonological forms (by Samuels, Bridget) 13. Part IV. Language development 14. Non-native acquisition and language design (by Aguero-Bautista, Calixto) 15. Interface ingredients of dialect design: Bi-x, socio-syntax of development, and the grammar of Cypriot Greek (by Grohmann, Kleanthes K.) 16. Part V. Experimental studies 17. What sign languages show: Neurobiological bases of visual phonology (by Malaia, Evie) 18. Indeterminacy and coercion effects: Minimal representations with pragmatic enrichment (by de Almeida, Roberto G.) 19. Computation with doubling constituents: Pronouns and antecedents in phase theory (by Fong, Sandiway) 20. Concealed reference-set computation: How syntax escapes the parser's clutches (by Graf, Thomas) 21. Index

Erasable coercions in System F-eta, also known as retyping functions, are well-typed eta-expansions of the identity. They may change the type of terms without changing their behavior and can thus be erased before reduction. Coercions in F-eta can model subtyping of known types and some displacement of quantifiers, but not subtyping assumptions nor certain forms of delayed type instantiation. We generalize F-eta by allowing abstraction over retyping functions. We follow a general approach where computing with coercions can be seen as computing in the lambda-calculus but keeping track of which parts of terms are coercions. We obtain a language where coercions do not contribute to the reduction but may block it and are thus not erasable. We recover erasable coercions by choosing a weak reduction strategy and restricting coercion abstraction to value-forms or by restricting abstraction to coercions that are polymorphic in their domain or codomain. The latter variant subsumes F-eta, F-sub, and MLF in a unified framework.; Les coercions effaçables dans le Système F-eta, aussi connues sous le nom de fonctions de retypage, sont des eta-expansions de l'identité. Elles peuvent changer le type des termes sans en changer leur comportement et peuvent donc être effacées avant la réduction. Les coercions de F-eta peuvent modéliser le sous-typage entre types connus ou le déplacement de quantificateurs, mais elles ne permettent pas certaines formes d'instanciation retardée ni de raisonner sous des hypothèses de sous-typage. Nous généralisons F-eta en introduisant l'abstraction des fonctions de retypage. Nous suivons une approche générale où le calcul avec des coercions peut être vu comme une réduction dans le lambda-calcul gardant trace de la partie des termes qui sont des coercions. Nous obtenons un langage où les coercions ne contribuent pas au calcul, mais peuvent le bloquer et ne sont donc pas effaçables. Nous retrouvons des coercions effaçables en choisissant une stratégie de réduction faible et en restreignant l'abstraction de coercions aux valeurs ou bien en restreignant l'abstraction aux coercions qui sont polymorphes en leur domaine ou en leur codomaine. Cette seconde variante généralise F-eta, MLF et F-sub dans un cadre unifié.

This chapter shows that, at the beginning of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as ‘legal institutionalism’ (which some interpreters call ‘classic’ in order to distinguish it from more recent institutionalist paradigms) was able to capture almost all of the elements discussed in the preceding chapters. By analysing the proposals of the founding fathers of Italian classic institutionalism, Santi Romano and Widar Cesarini Sforza, the chapter contends that these authors provide a convincing analysis of the nature of law, without recourse either to morality or to coercion. Although both support a radical version of legal pluralism, they are convinced that legal theorists are required to identify the differentia specifica of law. The comparison between their views on legal phenomena will be particularly functional to the main goal of this book. In the first instance, the chapter examines Romano’s view and casts some light on a thorny problem emerging out of it, which is called ‘Romano’s dilemma’. Then it goes on by arguing that that a first step to solve Romano’s dilemma can be found in Cesarini Sforza’s legal thought and in the conceptual tools he provides. At the end of the chapter it is argued that an integration between Hoebel’s and Cesarini Sforza’s perspectives allows the formulation of a new hypothesis on the nature of law, which is called ‘thin functionalism’.

Jeffrey Friedman's claim that arbitrariness is the inevitable result of the rejection of objectivist notions of truth misses its mark because it is based on a sense of “agreement” that is radically at odds with the concept of agreement at work in hermeneutical practice. The rationalist notion of truth Friedman upholds cannot escape the need for agreement any more than the hermeneutical notion; the central distinction between the two senses of “agreement” is the distinction between coercion and consent. Hermeneutical practice integrally links the rational procedure and universalizing consent, which together constitute a rigorous existential standard that challenges any rationalist discipline.

The previous chapters investigated coercions that have received attention in the literature—coercions by nouns on their adjectival modifiers and coercions by verbal predicates on their arguments. There are also interesting coercions, however, that result from combining two nouns in a noun–noun compound or in certain cases from combining a noun with an adjective. These have received less attention but they tell us much about coercion. For instance, adjectives that constrain the denotations of the nouns they modify to be made out of a certain kind of matter or nouns denoting material that compound with other nouns, what I'll call material modifiers have a coercive function. These have been discussed in the literature, but there are other kinds of adjectives that are also coercers but less studied. I will give an overview of these here. My analysis of the coercive function of adjectives will lead us to study what might be in fact another form of predication—-the predication the occurs in so called “loose talk.” Loose talk is a very common phenomenon but also very puzzling; it occurs when we predicate properties of objects that they only have in some approximate or “loose” sense. What that sense is, I'll explain presently.

Watson, the winner of the Jeopardy! challenge, is a state-of-the-art open-domain Question Answering system that tackles the fundamental issue of answer typing by using a novel type coercion (TyCor) framework, where candidate answers are initially produced without considering type information, and subsequent stages check whether the candidate can be coerced into the expected answer type. In this paper, we provide a high-level overview of the TyCor framework and discuss how it is integrated in Watson, focusing on and evaluating three TyCor components that leverage the community built semi-structured and structured knowledge resources -- DBpedia (in conjunction with the YAGO ontology), Wikipedia Categories and Lists. These resources complement each other well in terms of precision and granularity of type information, and through links to Wikipedia, provide coverage for a large set of instances.

We introduce the notion of nonuniform coercion, which is the promotion of a value of one type to an enriched value of a different type via a nonuniform procedure. Nonuniform coercions are a generalization of the (uniform) coercions known in the literature and they arise naturally when formalizing mathematics in an higher order interactive theorem prover using convenient devices like canonical structures, type classes or unification hints. We also show how nonuniform coercions can be naturally implemented at the user level in an interactive theorem prover that allows unification hints., Comment: In Proceedings TYPES 2009, arXiv:1103.3111

This article investigates the role of coercion and contextual background information in influencing acceptability judgments. Focusing on data from English resultative constructions I propose a usage-based constructional approach that accounts for the factors that allow for a verb’s conventionalized argument structure specifications to leak, thereby allowing otherwise unacceptable nonconventionalized utterances such as ??Ed hammered the metal safe to be judged acceptable by means of coercion. By putting less emphasis on independently existing meaningful constructions I argue that frame-semantic information at the level of lexical units (mini-constructions) can be used effectively to link semantic information to syntactic information to arrive at both lower-level and higher-level constructional descriptions for both decoding and encoding purposes.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses nonalphanumeric code and how to create and execute them. In JavaScript, objects usually return a string form of their contents when concatenated with another string. In addition, type coercion can produce number-based strings without specifically using numerical characters. The loosely typed nature of JavaScript also helps produce characters that strongly typed languages would find very difficult to produce. We often refer to JavaScript as the language of hackers because of its surprising syntax and flexibility. One of the most basic forms of nonalphanumeric code in JavaScript involves the use of inflix operators to acquire numbers. Numbers are the basic requirement for producing code, as string indexes require a position in the string. The great thing about nonalphanumeric code is that one can learn the innermost workings of the language.

Fundamental to narrative is the ability to indicate what events overlapped what other events. Crucial to this ability is stativization: only stative situations can include (as opposed to being included within) reference time. But how exactly are stative type-shifts effected, and what does it mean for an event to be “turned into” a state? There are two purported paths to stativity: use of a compositional type-shifting device, as exemplified by (i), and coercion, the creation of resolvable semantic conflict between a combinatoric pattern and an openclass word, as exemplified by (ii)

The Prosodic Minimality Hypothesis (PMH) connects the minimal size of words to the minimal size of feet. The typological facts that bear on this hypothesis are complex, and have led some recent researchers to abandon the idea that smallest words are in fact smallest feet, instead attributing minimality to general constraints against short words. The goal of this article is to test the predictions of the PMH in the context of Optimality Theory. I argue that the PMH is empirically sound but obscured by coercion, an effect that is well-motivated and empirically supported on independent grounds. Moraicity of segments is negotiated by constraint interaction, and can interact with word minimality to produce what appear to be counterexamples to the PMH. Once this effect is taken into account, the predictions of the PMH match the typology fairly cleanly. I illustrate these arguments with detailed analyses of several languages, and with a broader look at the typological predictions of the theory.

Contains fulltext : 89964.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Research in psycholinguistics and in the cognitive neuroscience of language has suggested that semantic and syntactic processing are associated with different neurophysiologic correlates, such as the N400 and the P600 in the ERPs. However, only a handful of studies have investigated the neural basis of the syntax-semantics interface, and even fewer experiments have dealt with the cases in which semantic composition can proceed independently of the syntax. Here we looked into one such case-complement coercion-using ERPs. We compared sentences such as, "The journalist wrote the article" with "The journalist began the article." The second sentence seems to involve a silent semantic element, which is expressed in the first sentence by the head of the verb phrase (VP) "wrote the article." The second type of construction may therefore require the reader to infer or recover from memory a richer event sense of the VP "began the article," such as began writing the article, and to integrate that into a semantic representation of the sentence. This operation is referred to as "complement coercion." Consistently with earlier reading time, eye tracking, and MEG studies, we found traces of such additional computations in the ERPs: Coercion gives rise to a long-lasting negative shift, which differs at least in duration from a standard N400 effect. Issues regarding the nature of the computation involved are discussed in the light of a neurocognitive model of language processing and a formal semantic analysis of coercion.

It is common practice in computational linguistics to attempt to use selectional constraints and semantic type hierarchies as primary knowledge resources to perform word sense disambiguation (cf. Jurafsky and Martin 2000). The most widely adopted methodology is to start from a given ontology of types (e.g. Wordnet, cf. Miller and Fellbaum 2007) and try to use its implied conceptual categories to specify the combinatorial constraints on lexical items. Semantic Typing information about selectional preferences is then used to guide the induction of senses for both nouns and verbs in texts. Practical results have shown, however, that there are a number of problems with such an approach. For instance, as corpus-driven pattern analysis shows (cf. Hanks et al. 2007), the paradigmatic sets of words that populate specific argument slots within the same verb sense do not map neatly onto conceptual categories, as they often include words belonging to different types. Also, the internal composition of these sets changes from verb to verb, so that no stable generalization seems possible as to which lexemes belong to which semantic type (cf. Hanks and Jezek 2008). In this paper, we claim that these are not accidental facts related to the contingencies of a given ontology, but rather the result of an attempt to map distributional language behaviour onto semantic type systems that are not sufficiently grounded in real corpus data. We report the efforts done within the CPA project (cf. Hanks 2009) to build an ontology which satisfies such requirements and explore its advantages in terms of empirical validity over more speculative ontologies.

In this chapter, I first outline some ways in which languages can vary and propose that these variations can be captured by placing endpoints at different positions in the phrase structure. Once this system is set up, however, a new question arises. Some of the meanings that are achieved in certain languages with overt morphology are achieved in other languages through coercion. In the last section of this chapter, I suggest that coercion is achieved through a system of zero morphology that mirrors overt alternations in other languages.

The designation of pedagogy as self-reference within the frame of external-reference points to a fundamental dualism within which, generally, human history is anchored: the position of man between his attachment to and liberation from nature, between attachment to and liberation from culture. Reading the history of mankind as a struggle against natural and cultural ties does not follow any ideologically-progressive scheme of reading, but rather searches for formal criteria of description. It is plausible that this varies, depending on perspective or the kind of question one raises. For pedagogy, as practical science of education and formation, this fundamental dualism of the history of mankind has to be specified as follows: Structurally, the term of education is about the relationship between what has been effected and effecting, which means it deals with forms of instruction being directed towards becoming socially-independent. In this context, the pedagogical question incorporates the problem of coercion and freedom, taking into perspective social and cultural aspects represented in the educator-pupil relation. In the educational act, the pedagogical problem will be formulated as to how self-realization can be produced on condition of functional access of institutional and social power. In contrast, the formation term operates on the correlation of being-formed and self-formation. Within this frame, this relationship structurally deals with processes which focus on individuality. In this context, the pedagogical problem is the question of how, in educational processes and in processes of arguing about the "Thing" and the "Other", a self-relationship can be established. The formal description of education and formation as correlative terms, as self-reference in the external-reference, implies, in view of the formation of an educational theory, that "tension terms", within which the concepts of education and formation constituted, have to be determined. Furthermore, it also implies to work out how the underlying dualism can be transformed into a theoretical approach in regard to education and formation. As for modernity, I will confine myself to deal with the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Schiller, Wilhelm von Humboldt and Enrique Dussel. Focusing on those authors, it can be illustrated that the pedagogical questions of self-realization and self-formation are founded on very different figures of duality and, therefore, will result in different and sometimes divergent conceptions of the pedagogical theory.

This chapter argues that adjective meanings are more constrained than was appreciated at the time of the work of Montague, Kamp and Clark or at the time of the work of Kamp and Partee. It argues that some facts about the possibility of "NP-splitting" in Polish cast serious doubt on standard hierarchy, and that the data become much more orderly if privative adjectives like counterfeit, fake, and fictitious are re-analyzed as subsective adjectives. The chapter reviews the adjective classification familiar since the work of 1970s as summarized in Kamp and Partee and in Partee. It presents the Polish NP-splitting data and problem they pose for the familiar hierarchy. It then reviews some of the constraints on possible adjective meanings proposed in Kamp and Partee and proposes further constraints that exclude privative adjectives and accounts for the coercion of the noun meaning in cases that would otherwise come out as privative. Keywords: coercion; Kamp; Polish NP-splitting data; privative adjectives; subsective adjectives

John Roemer's comment (1992) succinctly summarizes the logical structure of his own theory of capitalist exploitation, but misunderstands the main points of our critique. He reduces his argument to two propositions. The first is an “empirical proposition”about the “root causes of exploitation”:X+Y→Z, whereXis the existence of differential ownership of means of production (DOPA),Yis coercion in the labor process, and Z is the capitalist class structure and exploitation. The second is the strictly theoretical propositionX+ not-Y-”Z, the truth of which he demonstrates, given most of the assumptions of a Walrasian economic model. He concludes that these two propositions, taken together, demonstrate the primacy of DOPA in explaining capitalist class relations. This much is true – subject to the various limitations we have indicated in our article –but only within the restricted confines of a Walrasian framework.This purelytheoretical conclusionhas no force as anempirical conclusion:this is the point at which Roemer's interpretation goes awry. For obviously, DOPA is a crucial element of empirical reality. But because Roemer's Walrasian framework precludes other equally crucial elements of empirical reality (which are also conceptually central to Marxian discourse), an irreducible distance remains therein between the theoretical and the empirical.

This paper discusses constructions such as We'll have two beers and a coffee that are typically used for beverage orders in restaurant contexts. We compare the behavior of nouns in these constructions in three Germanic languages, English, Icelandic, and German, and take a closer look at the correlation of the morphosyntactic and semantic-conceptual changes involved. We show that even within such a restricted linguistic sample in closely related languages one finds three different grammatical options for the expression of the same conceptual transition. Our findings suggest an analysis of coercion as a genuinely semantic phenomenon, located on a level of semantic representations that serves as an interface between the conceptual and the grammatical systems and takes into account inter- and intralinguistic variations.Work on this paper was supported by NSF award BCS-0080377 to Boston University. The material is based in part on work done while the second author was serving as Director of the Linguistics Program at the U.S. National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this material are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. National Science Foundation. For comments on an earlier version, we would like to thank two anonymous JGL reviewers.

This study examined the electrophysiological correlates of complement coercion. ERPs were measured as participants read and made acceptability judgments about plausible coerced sentences, plausible noncoerced sentences, and highly implausible animacy-violated sentences (“The journalist began/wrote/astonished the article before his coffee break”). Relative to noncoerced complement nouns, the coerced nouns evoked an N400 effect. This effect was not modulated by the number of possible activities implied by the coerced nouns (e.g., began reading the article; began writing the article) and did not differ either in magnitude or scalp distribution from the N400 effect evoked by the animacy-violated complement nouns. We suggest that the N400 modulation to both coerced and animacy-violated complement nouns reflected different types of mismatches between the semantic restrictions of the verb and the semantic properties of the incoming complement noun. This is consistent with models holding that a verb's semantic argument structure is represented and stored at a distinct level from its syntactic argument structure. Unlike the coerced complement noun, the animacy-violated nouns also evoked a robust P600 effect, which may have been triggered by the judgments of the highly implausible (syntactically determined) meanings of the animacy-violated propositions. No additional ERP effects were seen in the coerced sentences until the sentence-final word that, relative to sentence-final words in the noncoerced sentences, evoked a sustained anteriorly distributed positivity. We suggest that this effect reflected delayed attempts to retrieve the specific event(s) implied by coerced complement nouns.

The concept of ‘constructions’ covers the range from fully unanalyzed or “frozen” units to abstract and productive schemas that can be used to form new utterances, even with verbs that usually have a different valency (coercion). The dynamic nature of the construction as well as its functional grounding makes the construction particularly suitable for describing and explaining the course of language acquisition. Distributional analyses of the linguistic structures used across development as well as experimental tests on the productivity of these structures are the methodological means to assess the degree of freedom of constructions used at each point in development. In the earliest stages of development children rely heavily on bottom up processes and generalize only slowly. But with growing productivity they are able to generate new utterances top down.

To study the neural bases of semantic composition in language processing without confounds from syntactic composition, recent magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies have investigated the processing of constructions that exhibit some type of syntax-semantics mismatch. The most studied case of such a mismatch is complement coercion; expressions such as the author began the book, where an entity-denoting noun phrase is coerced into an eventive meaning in order to match the semantic properties of the event-selecting verb (e.g., 'the author began reading/writing the book'). These expressions have been found to elicit increased activity in the Anterior Midline Field (AMF), an MEG component elicited at frontomedial sensors at approximately 400 ms after the onset of the coercing noun [Pylkkänen, L.,McElree, B. (2007). An MEG study of silent meaning. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 11]. Thus, the AMF constitutes a potential neural correlate of coercion. However, the AMF was generated in ventromedial prefrontal regions, which are heavily associated with decision-making. This raises the possibility that, instead of semantic processing, the AMF effect may have been related to the experimental task, which was a sensicality judgment. We tested this hypothesis by assessing the effect of coercion when subjects were simply reading for comprehension, without a decision-task. Additionally, we investigated coercion in an adjectival rather than a verbal environment to further generalize the findings. Our results show that an AMF effect of coercion is elicited without a decision-task and that the effect also extends to this novel syntactic environment. We conclude that in addition to its role in non-linguistic higher cognition, ventromedial prefrontal regions contribute to the resolution of syntax-semantics mismatches in language processing.

1. Preface 2. The semantics of tense, aspect and modality in the languages of the world (by Hogeweg, Lotte) 3. Incompatible categories: Resolving the "present perfective paradox" (by Malchukov, Andrej) 4. The perfective/imperfective distinction: Coercion or aspectual operators? (by Bary, Corien) 5. Lexical and compositional factors in the aspectual system of Adyghe (by Arkadiev, Peter M.) 6. Event structure of non-culminating accomplishments (by Tatevosov, Sergei) 7. The grammaticalised use of the Burmese verbs la 'come' and thwa 'go' (by Romeo, Nicoletta) 8. Irrealis in Yurakare and other languages: On the cross-linguistic consistency of an elusive category (by Gijn, Rik van) 9. On the selection of mood in complement clauses (by Marques, Rui) 10. 'Out of control' marking as circumstantial modality in St'at'imcets (by Davis, Henry) 11. Modal geometry: Remarks on the structure of a modal map (by Schepper, Kees de) 12. Acquisitive modals (by Auwera, Johan van der) 13. Conflicting constraints on the interpretation of modal auxiliaries (by Foolen, Ad) 14. Modality and context dependence (by Nauze, Fabrice) 15. Verbal semantic shifts under negation, intensionality, and imperfectivity: Russian genitive objects (by Partee, Barbara H.) 16. The Estonian partitive evidential: Some notes on the semantic parallels between aspect and evidential categories (by Tamm, Anne) 17. Index

Este artigo busca explorar parte da obra do sociólogo canadense Erving Goffman, a propósito do tratamento dado por este autor acerca das relações de poder na vida cotidiana. Esse tema encontra-se difuso ao longo de toda a obra de Goffman, e evidencia uma perspectiva política da ordem da interação social. Analiso particularmente os livros The presentation of self in everyday life, de 1959, e Gender advertisements, de 1979, abordando temas como "definição de situação", "coerção social", "gênero" e "mídia". This paper aims at exploring part of the work of the Canadian sociologist Erving Goffman, especially his dealing with the relations of power in the daily life. This theme is diffusely found all around his work, thus highlighting a political perspective of the social interaction order. Two books are particularly analyzed: The presentation of self in everyday life (1959) and Gender advertisements (1979), where themes such as "status definition," "social coercion," "gender," and "media" are therefore approached. Cet article se propose d'explorer l'oeuvre du sociologue canadien Erving Goffman par rapport à l'abordage qu'il propose sur les relations de pouvoir dans la vie quotidienne. Ce thème se trouve dispersé tout au long de l'ensemble de l'oeuvre de Goffman et met en évidence une perspective politique de l'ordre de l'interactivité sociale. J'analyse, particulièrement, les livres The presentation of self in everyday life, de 1959, et Gender advertisements, de 1979, en abordant des thèmes tels la "définition de situation", la "contrainte sociale", le "genre" et les "médias".

Frequently it is claimed that functional categories are different from lexical categories in having an abstract meaning. This holds both for functional categories in the way I have been discussing them in the previous chapters and for a special class of elements often analysed as functional, namely discourse markers. First, I will try to make the claim about the special semantic status of functional categories more precise and see whether it can be made testable, in the light of recent models of the syntax/semantics interface and interpretability. In the second part of the chapter, I will turn to discourse markers. If these should be treated as functional elements at all, they have a status and behaviour rather different from other categories. The discussion in the first section owes much to Cann (2000), the most lucid exposition of the semantic issues surrounding functional categories that I have encountered, even if I do not follow his distinction here between I- and E-language categories (cf. Chomsky 1986a). Elements can be interpreted in various ways: through reference to a notion in the cognitive system through deixis through knowledge of the constructions they are part of through paradigms through discourse patterns. In this chapter, I will deal with the last four possibilities for interpreting an element.

Communication is ubiquitous in biology, and agreement on terms essential for scientific progress. Yet there is no agreed definition of biological communication. Definitions couched in terms of adaptation are often used, but there is significant variability in exactly which criteria are invoked. An alternative is to define communication in terms of information transfer. This article reviews the merits of these approaches, and argues that the former is to be preferred, so long as we demand that both the signal and the response be adaptive, rather than just one or the other, as is common. Specific concerns with the definition are addressed, and it is then explained why an account of communication predicated on information transfer is necessarily derivative upon such an approach. Other alternatives and some variants of the adaptationist definition are also briefly discussed.

An eye-movement study examined the processing of expressions requiring complement coercion (J. Pustejovsky, 1995), in which a noun phrase that does not denote an event (e.g., the book) appears as the complement of an event-selecting verb (e.g., began the book). Previous studies demonstrated that these expressions are more costly to process than are control expressions that can be processed with basic compositional operations (L. Pylkkanen & B. McElree, 2006). Complement coercion is thought to be costly because comprehenders need to construct an event sense of the complement to satisfy the semantic restrictions of the verb (e.g., began writing the book). The reported experiment tests the alternative hypotheses that the cost arises from the need to select 1 interpretation from several or from competition between alternative interpretations. Expressions with weakly constrained interpretations (no dominant interpretation and several alternative interpretations) were not more costly to process than expressions with a strongly constrained interpretation (1 dominant interpretation and few alternative interpretations). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the cost reflects the on-line construction of an event sense for the complement.

This study was conducted to discover the discriminations against women in the Bekisar Merah novel and how they formulate resistance to those discriminations. To address the above objective, this study used descriptive qualitative research design with a feminism approach. Source of the data in this study was the second edition of Bekisar Merah novel written by Ahmad Tohari. The data included were words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs on Bekisar Merah which portray womens discrimination toward Lasi, the women figure in the novel, and power types formulated by her who resisted the discrimination. To analyze the data, content analysis was applied. Triangulation was used to ensure the trustworthiness of the data. The result of the study showed eight forms of discriminations and three resistances. The discriminations were domestic abuse, molestation, gender harassment, seduction behavior, imposition, coercion, bribery, and subordination. The resistances were physically, mentally, and verbally.

The secure and practical Internet voting protocols should have: privacy, completeness, soundness, unreusability, fairness, eligibility, and invariableness, universal verifiability, receipt-freeness, coercion- resistant. At present the hot point is receipt-freeness. In the last twenty years a lot of protocols have been proposed. Formal method is the key to assess receipt- freeness of these protocols. But the receipt-freeness of many Internet voting protocols is analyzed without formal method. In this paper, first, we survey receipt- freeness. Secondly, we analyze several typical protocols with Jonker-Vink receipt-freeness formal model. According to the result of analysis we point out that the several typical protocols are not receipt- freeness.

In this paper I develop a semantics for pejorative nouns like jerk. As part of this I articulate a typology of [+human] nouns in English, with a primary distinction made between pejorative nouns like jerk and neutral nouns like doctor. The analysis formalizes three observations about pejorative nouns: (i) They are based on generalizations of observable behavioral properties, (ii) they express subjective evaluations, and (iii) these evaluations are gradable. I show that when features (i) and (ii) are provided by the context, neutral nouns like doctor can receive pejorative interpretations. I also argue that pejorative nouns contribute to the semantics as fully at-issue elements contra Potts (2007).

Perceptions of intentionality critically guide everyday social interactions, though the literature provides diverging portraits of how such judgments are made. One view suggests that people have an "intentionality bias," predisposing them toward labeling behaviors as intentional. A second view focuses on a more complex pattern of reasoning whereby judgments of intentionality are shaped by information about social context and mental states. Drawing on the theory of action-identification, we attempt to integrate these two perspectives. We propose that people parse intentionality into two categories: judgments about concrete, low-level behaviors and judgments about relatively more abstract, high-level behaviors. Evidence from five studies supports this distinction. Low-level behaviors were perceived as intentional regardless of mental state information, supporting the "intentionality bias" view. In contrast, judgments about the intentionality of high-level behaviors varied depending on social context and mental states, supporting the systematic view of intentionality.

Simulation coercion concerns the adaptation of an existing simulation to meet new requirements. Interactions among course-of-action options available during coercion can become sufficiently complex that full verification of the simulation as it is adapted becomes cost-prohibitive. To address this issue we introduce two forms of abstraction, as employed in the model-checking community, to support verification of critical features of the simulation. We extend existing abstraction methods to facilitate our goals, and propose a useful abstraction method based on partial traces. As a case study, we apply our abstraction methods to the verification of a coercion of an existing simulation.

Tense and aspect convey temporality in language. Tense relates situations to a reference time and the moment of speech. Aspectual information classifies events and states into situation types, and presents them from a perfective or imperfective viewpoint. Keywords: temporality; deictic; absolute; relative; deixis; Reference Time; context; situation types; aspectual viewpoint; coercion; bounded events

Este estudio presenta expresiones hechas de plantas en chino mandarín y en inglés. Presentamos la composicionalidad de los significados centrales de té, melón y manzana y proponemos que para entender dichas expresiones de plantas se necesita entender el marco lingüístico planta. Este estudio se apoya en los presupuestos de la gramática cognitiva (Langacker 1987, 1991) a través del análisis de expresiones hechas de plantas, y resume los mecanismos de Pustejovsky (1993, 1995) desde la coerción de tipo hasta una operación más amplia de paquete semántico.Palabras clave: Gramática cognitiva, expresiones hechas de plantas, composicionalidad, marcos semánticos, mecanismos de coerción de tipo.Abstract: This study presents plant fixed expressions in Mandarin Chinese and in English. We present the compositionality of core meanings of tea, melon, and apple and propose that to understand PFEs needs the understanding of a linguistic plant frame. This study supports the assumption of cognitive grammar (Langacker 1987, 1991) through the analysis of plant fixed expressions, and resumes Pustejovsky’s (1993, 1995) mechanism of type coercion from a syntactic coercion to a broader package-semantic operation.Keywords: Cognitive grammar, plant fixed expressions, compositionality, frame semantics, mechanism of type coercion

This paper presents some design decisions taken in the ongoing project of extending the symbolic computation system AlgBench with a type system. The only mechanism for structuring values in AlgBench are classes which are first-class values and anonymous, hence type constructors are simple functions. We show how within this approach abstract datatypes and categories can be modelled. Subtyping by means of embeddings (inclusions) is distinguished from subtyping by coercions to avoid some deficiencies which arise in a coercion-based mechanism. Furthermore, we allow to compute with “declared-only” identifiers to retain the symbolic capabilities of the original AlgBench.

We discuss and examine strategies used to achieve rapid transformation when there are specialized identities within an organization. In this case study we use a grounded theory approach, conducting interviews with individuals representing the various subgroups in the organization two years after a reform initiative was undertaken. Transcripts were thematically analyzed. The findings contributed to the development of a model to depict the effects of a specialized management identity that employs a deletion strategy using coercion to effect rapid transformation. Recommendations are presented for specialized identity change management strategies.

1. The Cognitive grounding of Constructional Grammar (by Ostman, Jan-Ola) 2. Theoretical extensions 3. Argument realization: The role of constructions, lexical semantics and discourse factors (by Goldberg, Adele E.) 4. Entity and event coercion in a symbolic theory of syntax (by Michaelis, Laura A.) 5. Frames, profiles and constructions: Two collaborating CGs meet the Finnish Permissive Construction (by Leino, Jaakko) 6. Construction Discourse: A prolegomenon (by Ostman, Jan-Ola) 7. Construction Grammars 8. Embodied Construction Grammar in simulation-based language understanding (by Bergen, Benjamin K.) 9. Constructions in Conceptual Semantics (by Nikanne, Urpo) 10. Constructions in Word Grammar (by Holmes, Jasper) 11. Logical and typological arguments for Radical Construction Grammar (by Croft, William A.) 12. Subject Index 13. Index of constructions

Introduction Most current formal theories of discourse incorporate some insight concerning the contribution of aspect to discourse structure, and many draw upon Hans Kamp’s analysis of the aspectual contribution of tenses, as well as Vlach’s notion of tenses as aspect-shift operators (cf. Vlach 1981). Thus, Kamp & Rohrer (1983) argue that the French imparfait acts as a ‘stativizer’, mapping non-stative event types onto stative ones. Moens & Steedman (1988), Kamp & Reyle (1993) as well as Asher (1993), Lascarides & Asher (1993), de Swart (1998) defended or developed related views, amounting to treating tenses as aspect-shift operators. Another, concurrent view on the aspectual contribution of tenses can be found in early works on aspect in Romance languages (e.g., Guillaume 1929), and has been recently revived in the formal community by Smith (1991). It consists in treating the aspectual contribution of tenses in terms of viewpoint, expressing the speaker’s perspective on the course of events. It does not reduces the aspectual content of tenses to aspect-shift or coercion operators ; they are not content with changing the internal structure of events, they add information of a new kind to it. Assuming that a viewpoint approach to aspectual semantics should be favoured (see Caudal 2000 for arguments supporting this position), the main goal of our paper will be to treat tenses as illocutionary viewpoint functions constraining rhetorical relations, and thereby interacting with discourse structure. It will appear that the illocutionary force of tenses is strongly connected with their aspectuo-temporal content. Our formal analysis will be couched within the SDRT framework ((Segmented Discourse Representation Theory, cf. Asher 1993, 1999, Asher & Lascarides 1994, 1998, 2001, Lascarides & Asher 1993). In SDRT, discourse constituents (formerly propositional content, labelled by terms K) are labelled by terms called π, to which rhetorical relations (which pertain to discourse structure) are applied. Under this new communicative perspective, the π labels are to be viewed as speech act referents and rhetorical relations as relational speech act functions (cf. Asher & Lascarides 2001).

We extend classical first-order logic with subtyping by type predicates and type coercion. Type predicates assert that the value of a term belongs to a more special type than the signature guarantees, while type coercion allows using terms of a more general type where the signature calls for a more special one. These operations are important e.g. in the specification and verification of object-oriented programs. We present a tableau calculus for this logic and prove its completeness.

zoo is an R package providing an S3 class with methods for indexed totally ordered observations, such as discrete irregular time series. Its key design goals are independence of a particular index/time/date class and consistency with base R and the "ts" class for regular time series. This paper describes how these are achieved within zoo and provides several illustrations of the available methods for "zoo" objects which include plotting, merging and binding, several mathematical operations, extracting and replacing data and index, coercion and NA handling. A subclass "zooreg" embeds regular time series into the "zoo" framework and thus bridges the gap between regular and irregular time series classes in R., Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures

A conference on memory metadiscourses on its own topic.1 Memory is so constitutive, so indispensable to our intellectual and practical activity to begin with that every cognitive or discursive act or fact is already tangled up in the mnemonic realm. And this is all the more true when memory is itself the matter we reflect upon. Then the imbrication of our cognitive modality and our analytical object becomes truly thorny. The problem becomes something like trying to see vision. This chapter seeks to make explicit memory’s implication of its medium in its referent.