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Resumen Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el suicidio se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública de dimensiones globales. El 45% de los fallecidos por suicidio consultaron con un médico de atención primaria dentro del mes antes de consumar el hecho, sin evidenciarse una evaluación exhaustiva del riesgo suicida. Pese a ser un evento prevenible, no existe una evaluación estandarizada del riesgo suicida atingente al contexto de atención primaria de salud, donde las competencias en salud mental son variadas y muchas veces las decisiones guiadas por el juicio clínico. Se realizó una búsqueda y revisión de la mejor evidencia disponible sobre escalas de evaluación del riesgo suicida para el médico no especialista; idealmente breves, predictivas y validadas. Se buscó en las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Epistemonikos, Google Académico. Además, se contactó a referentes nacionales e internacionales en el tema. Se encontraron 3092 artículos en la literatura, de los cuales se tamizaron 2971 mediante lectura de sus abstracts, siendo 73 artículos elegibles. De ellos, mediante lectura del artículo completo, se seleccionaron 20 artículos de donde se extrajeron finalmente cuatro escalas a las que se les realizó análisis comparativo. La revisión mostró que no existen escalas para la evaluación del riesgo suicida suficientemente precisas y predictivas que justifiquen intervenciones según sus resultados. Sus valores predictivos positivos varían desde uno a 19%. De los pacientes que se cataloguen como de “alto riesgo”, sólo el 5% fallecerá por suicidio. Más aún, la mitad de los pacientes que se suicidan provienen de grupos de “bajo riesgo”. Se reflexiona finalmente en torno a una evaluación del paciente con conducta suicida que logre integrar variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes de problemas de salud mental, su estratificación dentro de una escala y posibles acciones iniciales en el difícil contexto de la incertidumbre inherente a la atención primaria.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186080.].

This study investigated the metabolic traits of 27 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains belonging to different species, previously isolated from faba bean. The activities assayed, related to technological and nutritional improvement of fermented faba bean, included peptidases, β-glucosidase, phytase, as well as exopolysaccharides synthesis and antimicrobial properties. In addition, the bacteria performance as starter cultures during faba bean fermentation on proteolysis, antioxidant potential, and degradation of condensed tannins were assessed. Fermentative profiling showed that only 7 out of 27 strains were able to metabolize D-raffinose, particularly Leuc. mesenteroides I01 and I57. All strains of Pediococcus pentosaceus exerted high PepN activity and exhibited β-glucosidase activity higher than the median value of 0.015 U, while phytase activity was largely distributed among the different strains. All the weissellas, and in lower amount leuconostocs, showed ability to produce EPS from sucrose. None of the strains did not survive the simulated gastrointestinal tract with the exception of P. pentosaceus I56, I76, 147, I214, having a viability of 8–9 log CFU/ml at the end of the treatment. None of the strains showed antimicrobial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus, while eight strains of P. pentosaceus exhibited a strong inhibitory activity toward Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Generally, the doughs fermented with pediococci exhibited high amount of total free amino acids, antioxidant activity, and condensed tannins degradation. These results allowed the identification of LAB biotypes as potential starter cultures for faba bean bioprocessing, aiming at the enhancement of faba bean use in novel food applications.

Recent results from the DIII-D tokamak have provided significant contributions to the understanding of many of the elements of tokamak physics and the application of this understanding to the design of next generation devices including ITER and CIT. The limitations of magnetohydrodynamic stability on the values of plasma beta (the ratio of kinetic pressure to the containing pressure of the magnetic field) that can be attained has been experimentally demonstrated and found to be described by existing theory. Values of beta (10.7%) well in excess of those required for proposed devices (ITER and CIT) have been demonstrated. Regimes of confinement (H-mode) have been established that scale favorably to proposed next generation devices, and experiments demonstrating the dependence of the energy confinement on plasma size have been completed. Understanding of confinement is rapidly developing especially in the areas of bulk transport and the role of turbulence in the plasma edge. Key experimental results in areas of plasma transport and edge plasma phenomena are in agreement with theories based on short wavelength turbulence. Control of the divertor heat loads and impurity influx has been demonstrated, and new progress has been made in the understanding of plasma edge phenomena. Experiments with ion Bernstein wave heating have not found regimes in which these waves can produce effective central ion heating. Electron cyclotron current drive experiments have demonstrated 70 kA of driven current in 400 kA discharges.

NODAL/Activin signaling orchestrates key processes during embryonic development via SMAD2. How SMAD2 activates programs of gene expression that are modulated over time however, is not known. Here we delineate the sequence of events that occur from SMAD2 binding to transcriptional activation, and the mechanisms underlying them. NODAL/Activin signaling induces dramatic chromatin landscape changes, and a dynamic transcriptional network regulated by SMAD2, acting via multiple mechanisms. Crucially we have discovered two modes of SMAD2 binding. SMAD2 can bind pre-acetylated nucleosome-depleted sites. However, it also binds to unacetylated, closed chromatin, independently of pioneer factors, where it induces nucleosome displacement and histone acetylation. For a subset of genes, this requires SMARCA4. We find that long term modulation of the transcriptional responses requires continued NODAL/Activin signaling. Thus SMAD2 binding does not linearly equate with transcriptional kinetics, and our data suggest that SMAD2 recruits multiple co-factors during sustained signaling to shape the downstream transcriptional program.

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has been shown to lead to increased aortic stiffness. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stent graft type and stent graft length on aortic stiffness in a controlled, experimental setting.Twenty porcine thoracic aortas were connected to a pulsatile mock loop system. Intraluminal pressure was recorded at two sites in order to measure pulse wave velocity (PWV) for each aorta: before stent graft deployment (t1); after deployment of a 100-mm long stent graft (t2); and after distal extension through deployment of a second 100-mm long stent graft (t3). Four different types of stent grafts (Conformable Gore® TAG® Device, Bolton Relay® Device, Cook Zenith Alpha™, and Medtronic Valiant®) were evaluated.For the total cohort of 20 aortas, PWV increased by a mean 0.6 m/s or 8.9% of baseline PWV after deployment of a 100-mm proximal stent graft (P

Sergio Coda,1,2 Andrew V Thillainayagam1,2 1Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK; 2Endoscopy Unit, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK Abstract: Ideally, endoscopists should be able to detect, characterize, and confirm the nature of a lesion at the bedside, minimizing uncertainties and targeting biopsies and resections only where necessary. However, under conventional white-light inspection – at present, the sole established technique available to most of humanity – premalignant conditions and early cancers can frequently escape detection. In recent years, a range of innovative techniques have entered the endoscopic arena due to their ability to enhance the contrast of diseased tissue regions beyond what is inherently possible with standard white-light endoscopy equipment. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art advanced endoscopic imaging techniques available for clinical use that are impacting the way precancerous and neoplastic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract are currently detected and characterized at endoscopy. The basic instrumentation and the physics behind each method, followed by the most influential clinical experience, are described. High-definition endoscopy, with or without optical magnification, has contributed to higher detection rates compared with white-light endoscopy alone and has now replaced ordinary equipment in daily practice. Contrast-enhancement techniques, whether dye-based or computed, have been combined with white-light endoscopy to further improve its accuracy, but histology is still required to clarify the diagnosis. Optical microscopy techniques such as confocal laser endomicroscopy and endocytoscopy enable in vivo histology during endoscopy; however, although of invaluable assistance for tissue characterization, they have not yet made transition between research and clinical use. It is still unknown which approach or combination of techniques offers the best potential. The optimal method will entail the ability to survey wide areas of tissue in concert with the ability to obtain the degree of detailed information provided by microscopic techniques. In this respect, the challenging combination of autofluorescence imaging and confocal endomicroscopy seems promising, and further research is awaited. Keywords: image-enhanced endoscopy, narrowband imaging, autofluorescence imaging, confocal laser endomicroscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging

Aquifer mismanagement is a common anthropogenic cause of subsidence and uplift phenomena in alluvial plains, representing one of the main natural hazards in urban areas due to related damage to urban structures and infrastructures. In this work, the groundwater rebound phenomenon that occurred in the last decades of the 20th century in the Lufrano area (Metropolitan area of Naples, Southern Italy) has been studied by integrating geological data, hydrogeological continuous monitoring and spaceborne SAR information derived from ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT satellites. In the period of 1989–2006, the Lufrano area, which hosts an important well field made up of 180 wells extracting groundwater for drinking use, suffered an initial over-exploitation of the aquifer which was followed by a sudden and severe decrease of the volume abstraction, resulting this last in a rapid ground uplift. The coupled analysis of hydrogeological and DInSAR data have shown a correspondence between piezometric level rise (up to 15 m) and ground uplift (up to 50 mm) trends in the period 1989–2006. In order to examine the spatio-temporal evolution of the phenomena and the cause-effect relationships, showing the link between the two phenomena and their rates, longitudinal cross-sections were carried out and comparisons between piezometric level rise and time-series of displacements were reconstructed. The obtained results represent an initial contribution to the definition of ground deformation related to groundwater level rise phenomena, providing a basis for future studies focused on the modelling of the hydro-mechanical properties of the aquifer.

The growing consumers’ request for foods with well-balanced nutritional profile and functional properties promotes research on innovation in pasta making. As a staple food and a common component of diet, pasta can be considered as a vector of dietary fiber, vegetable proteins, vitamins, minerals, and functional compounds. The conventional process for pasta production does not include a fermentation step. However, novel recipes including sourdough-fermented ingredients have been recently proposed, aiming at enhancing the nutritional and functional properties of this product and at enriching commercial offerings with products with new sensorial profiles. The use of sourdough for pasta fortification has been investigated under several aspects, including fortification in vitamin B, the reduction of starch digestibility, and gluten content. Sourdough fermentation has also been successfully applied to non-conventional flours, (e.g., from pseudocereals and legumes), in which an overall increase of the nutritional value and health-promoting compounds, such as a significant decrease of antinutritional factors, were observed. Fermented non-conventional flours, obtained through spontaneous fermentation or using selected starters, have been proposed as pasta ingredients. As the result of wheat replacement, modification in textural properties of pasta may occur. Nonetheless, fermentation represents an efficient tool in improving, besides nutritional and functional profile, the sensory and technological features of fortified pasta.

Background. Preclinical perfusion studies are useful for the improvement of diagnosis and therapy in dermatologic, cardiovascular and rheumatic human diseases. The Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging (LDPI) technique has been used to evaluate superficial alterations of the skin microcirculation in surgically induced murine hindlimb ischemia. We assessed the reproducibility and the accuracy of LDPI acquisitions and identified several critical factors that could affect LDPI measurements in mice. Methods. Twenty mice were analysed. Statistical standardisation and a repeatability and reproducibility analysis were performed on mouse perfusion signals with respect to differences in body temperature, the presence or absence of hair, the type of anaesthesia used for LDPI measurements and the position of the mouse body. Results. We found excellent correlations among measurements made by the same operator (i.e., repeatability) under the same experimental conditions and by two different operators (i.e., reproducibility). A Bland-Altman analysis showed the absence of bias in repeatability (p = 0.29) or reproducibility (p = 0.89). The limits of agreement for repeatability were –0.357 and –0.033, and for reproducibility, they were –0.270 and 0.238. Significant differences in perfusion values were observed in different experimental groups. Conclusions. Different experimental conditions must be considered as a starting point for the evaluation of new drugs and strategic therapies.

AbstractThe aim was to evaluate the internal rotation, external rotation and total range of motion of shoulder in professional rugby players and associated factors. 104 rugby players and 30 healthy volunteers were interrogated and clinically examined. 19.23% of the rugby players were excluded by history of shoulder luxation or surgery. 84 rugby players with 24.28±5.37 years old were finally included in the study. The groups were analyzed with Mann-Whitney test, Fisher’s exact test, Linear Regression and a Logistic Regression. It was found that professional rugby players had less internal, external and total range of glenohumeral rotation compared with control group. In the Logistic Regression, the age is a risk factor for external rotation range deficit (Odds Ratio= 1.58). Instead, the years of experience are a protector factor (Odds Ratio= 0.63). We can conclude that glenohumeral rotation range is diminished in professional rugby players and is associated with age and years of experience.ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la rotación interna, rotación externa, el rango total de movimiento del hombro y factores asociados en jugadores de rugby profesional . 104 jugadores de rugby y 30 voluntarios sanos fueron interrogados y examinados clínicamente. Un 19.23% de los jugadores de rugby fueron excluidos por historial de luxación o cirugía de hombro. 84 jugadores de rugby, con 24.28 ± 5.37 años de edad fueron finalmente incluidos en el estudio. Los grupos se analizaron con la prueba de Mann-Whitney, la prueba exacta de Fisher, regresión lineal y regresión logística. Se encontró que los jugadores profesionales de rugby tienen menos rango de rotación interna, externa y total en comparación con el grupo control. En la regresión logística, la edad es un factor de riesgo de déficit de rotación externa (OR = 1.58). En cambio, los años de experiencia son un factor protector (OR = 0.63). Podemos concluir que el rango de rotación glenohumeral está disminuido en jugadores de rugby profesional y se asocia con la edad y los años de experiencia.doi:10.5232/ricyde2011.02204

This paper proposes a physical non-linear formulation to deal with steel fiber reinforced concrete by the finite element method. The proposed formulation allows the consideration of short or long fibers placed arbitrarily inside a continuum domain (matrix). The most important feature of the formulation is that no additional degree of freedom is introduced in the pre-existent finite element numerical system to consider any distribution or quantity of fiber inclusions. In other words, the size of the system of equations used to solve a non-reinforced medium is the same as the one used to solve the reinforced counterpart. Another important characteristic of the formulation is the reduced work required by the user to introduce reinforcements, avoiding "rebar" elements, node by node geometrical definitions or even complex mesh generation. Bounded connection between long fibers and continuum is considered, for short fibers a simplified approach is proposed to consider splitting. Non-associative plasticity is adopted for the continuum and one dimensional plasticity is adopted to model fibers. Examples are presented in order to show the capabilities of the formulation.

This paper proposes a physical non-linear formulation to deal with steel fiber reinforced concrete by the finite element method. The proposed formulation allows the consideration of short or long fibers placed arbitrarily inside a continuum domain (matrix). The most important feature of the formulation is that no additional degree offreedom is introduced in the pre-existent finite element numerical system to consider any distribution or quantity of fiber inclusions. In other words, the size of the system of equations used to solve a non-reinforced medium is the same as the one used to solve thereinforced counterpart. Another important characteristic of the formulation is the reduced work required by the user to introduce reinforcements, avoiding "rebar" elements, node by node geometrical definitions or even complex mesh generation. Bounded connectionbetween long fibers and continuum is considered, for short fibers a simplified approach is proposed to consider splitting. Non-associative plasticity is adopted for the continuum and one dimensional plasticity is adopted to model fibers. Examples are presented in order to show the capabilities of the formulation.Este artigo apresenta uma formulação baseada no Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), para a análise física não-linear de estruturas de concreto reforçadas com fibras de aço. A formulação proposta permite a consideração de fibras curtas e longas inseridas num meio contínuo. A mais importante característica da formulação é que nenhum grau de liberdade adicional é introduzido no sistema de equações que modela oproblema, independente da quantidade e da forma de distribuição das fibras. Em outras palavras, o tamanho do sistema de equações para resolver o problema de reforço com fibras é o mesmo do problema sem reforço. Uma outra importante característica da formulação é o reduzido trabalho requerido para a inserção das fibras, evitando-se o uso de elementos rebar, comuns em pacotes comerciais, ou qualquer readequação de malha. É considerada ainda a conexão entre diferentes tipos de fibras (curtas e longas) e uma simplificada aproximação para a consideração de escorregamento das fibras é proposta. Plasticidade nãoassociativa é adotada para a modelagem do meio (matriz) e para as fibras unidimensional. Exemplos são apresentados para mostrar a potencialidade da formulação proposta.

Using the constructs of Motivational Orientation and Mobilization Style based on Erich Fromm´s thoughts on personality and considering studies related to people management in STI environments, this paper aims to identify behavioral work patterns of professionals operating in STI organizations as a way to provide insights for the hiring, development and staffing of knowledge workers. The empirical research uses the M.A.R.E. Diagnostic to gather data of a sample of 643 professionals performing research duties mainly in R&D institutes and compares them to those of a sample composed of 4,981 cases collected nationwide and in organizations of different kinds. Results show predominance of the Mobilization Styles named Specialist and Competitor as well as a reduction in the styles denominated Maintainer and Conqueror, as behavioral work patterns, suggesting the existence of different and specific behaviors and organizational culture for the professionals and organizations involved in the study.

This study aimed at investigating the suitability of quinoa for making yogurt-like beverages. After the selection of the adequate technological parameters, the fermentation was carried out by using different lactic acid bacteria strains: a probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1), an exopolysaccharides (EPS)-producing (Weissella confusa DSM 20194), and one isolated from quinoa (Lactobacillus plantarum T6B10). During the 20 h of fermentation, W. confusa caused the highest viscosity increase. All the strains had improved concentration of free amino acids and γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), polyphenols availability, antioxidant activity (up to 54%), and protein digestibility. The nutritional index (NI) was the highest when L. rhamnosus SP1 was used. The starch hydrolysis index in vitro ranged from 52 to 60. During storage at 4 °C, viscosity and water holding capacity decreased with the exception of the beverage fermented with W. confusa, while all the nutritional characteristics remained stable or slightly increased. Sensory analyses showed that beverages had good textural and organoleptic profiles. Besides the well-known positive properties of the raw matrix, fermentation allowed the obtainment of beverages with different features. Due to the nutritional and functional characteristics conferred to the quinoa beverages, the use of the probiotic and EPS-producing strains showed adequate potential for the industrial application.

This study discusses the perceived role of the Human Resource Management Department and its perceived capacity of outstanding performance by comparing data collected in Brazil and Peru from employees of large organizations as well as participants in MBA programs at renowned schools. The non-probabilistic sample was composed of 416 Brazilian and 90 Peruvian respondents. The results point out that both in Brazil and Peru, the relevance attached to the HRM Department role for contributing to the future success of organizations does not correspond to its current capacity of performance. As such, in these realities the HRM Department has not yet made the qualitative leap that would enable its strategic role in organizations.

Detection, characterization, and staging constitute the fundamental elements in the endoscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases, but histology still remains the diagnostic gold standard. New developments in endoscopic techniques may challenge histopathology in the near future. An ideal endoscopic technique should combine a wide-field, “red flag” screening technique with an optical contrast or microscopy method for characterization and staging, all simultaneously available during the procedure. In theory, biophotonic advances have the potential to unite these elements to allow in vivo “optical biopsy.” These techniques may ultimately offer the potential to increase the rates of detection of high risk lesions and the ability to target biopsies and resections, and so reduce the need for biopsy, costs, and uncertainty for patients. However, their utility and sensitivity in clinical practice must be evaluated against those of conventional histopathology. This review describes some of the most recent applications of biophotonics in endoscopic optical imaging and metrology, along with their fundamental principles and the clinical experience that has been acquired in their deployment as tools for the endoscopist. Particular emphasis has been placed on translational label-free optical techniques, such as fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), two-photon and multi-photon microscopy, second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG) imaging, optical coherence tomography (OCT), diffuse reflectance, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular imaging.

To characterize the anatomy of the venous outflow of the mouse brain using different imaging techniques. Ten C57/black male mice (age range: 7-8 weeks) were imaged with high-frequency Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Angiography and ex-vivo Microcomputed tomography of the head and neck. Under general anesthesia, Ultrasound of neck veins was performed with a 20 MHz transducer; head and neck Magnetic Resonance Angiography data were collected on 9.4 T or 7 T scanners, and ex-vivo Microcomputed tomography angiography was obtained by filling the vessels with a radiopaque inert silicone rubber compound. All procedures were approved by the local ethical committee. The dorsal intracranial venous system is quite similar in mice and humans. Instead, the mouse Internal Jugular Veins are tiny vessels receiving the sigmoid sinuses and tributaries from cerebellum, occipital lobe and midbrain, while the majority of the cerebral blood, i.e. from the olfactory bulbs and fronto-parietal lobes, is apparently drained through skull base connections into the External Jugular Vein. Three main intra-extracranial anastomoses, absent in humans, are: 1) the petrosquamous sinus, draining into the posterior facial vein, 2) the veins of the olfactory bulb, draining into the superficial temporal vein through a foramen of the frontal bone 3) the cavernous sinus, draining in the External Jugular Vein through a foramen of the sphenoid bone. The anatomical structure of the mouse cranial venous outflow as depicted by Ultrasound, Microcomputed tomography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography is different from humans, with multiple connections between intra- and extra-cranial veins.

RESUMOO presente artigo é fruto de um estudo realizado junto a um grupo de executivos, que teve por objetivo compreender o significado atribuído ao trabalho. A pesquisa foi conduzida segundo a abordagem qualitativa, com base na Fenomenologia. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas individuais, adotando-se para o processo analítico, o método proposto por Giorgi (1985), composto de quatro passos e que parte dos depoimentos da experiência vivida para chegar à compreensão do fenômeno. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o trabalho assume para cada indivíduo, um significado, uma função, relacionada aos seus desejos e necessidades, o que o transforma, portanto, num instrumento para realização dessas pessoas. O estudo permitiu ainda a identificação de 10 categorias de significado, que vão ao encontro dos resultados obtidos pelo Meaning of Working – MOW (1987) – sobre o tema. Constatou-se também que à medida que o trabalho consegue cumprir sua função, ou seja, quando é provido de significado para o indivíduo, há um sentimento de gratificação e prazer, o que leva à reflexão sobre a importância de estudos sobre o Significado do Trabalho, cujos resultados beneficiam: 1) os profissionais, pois as investigações levam a um questionar-se e, portanto, à busca de um maior conhecimento dos próprios desejos e necessidades, com conseqüente envolvimento com as atividades mais significativas; 2) as empresas, que podem buscar um maior ajuste entre os objetivos organizacionais e as expectativas dos indivíduos, resultando em qualidade, sinergia e eficácia.ABSTRACTThe present article is derived from of a study accomplished in a group of managers which objective aimed at understanding the meaning attributed by them to the work they perform. The research has been conducted according to a qualitative approach, based on Phenomenology. The collection of data was obtained through individual interviews, adopting as analytical process the method proposed by Giorgi (1985), involving four steps, and starting with verbal reports about living experiences to get to the understanding of the phenomenon. The results obtained indicated that, for each individual, work assumes a different meaning, a function related to his wishes and needs, transforming the work itself in an instrument for their self-actualization. The study also allowed the identification of 10 categories of meaning: 1) a means for taking part in something, belonging; 2) independence, autonomy; 3) an instrument for the transformation of society, of the organization; 4) a means for building something; 5) knowledge, enlargement; 6) a means for being useful; 7) a means for overcoming one’s limitations; 8) possibility of relating and establishing bonds with people; 9) a means for expressing knowledge and skills; 10) related to security, personal and family maintenance. These categories support the results obtained by the Meaning of Working – MOW – Research Group (1987) on the subject. It was also found out that if the individual attributes meaning to the work performed, there is a derived feeling of gratification and pleasure, which leads to the importance of studies about the Meaning of Work. From the results can benefit: 1) the professionals, since the investigations lead to questioning themselves and, therefore, to the search of a greater knowledge of their own wishes and needs, with a consequent quest for involvement in most meaningful activities; 2) the companies, which may provide an improved adjustment between organizational objectives and individual expectations, resulting in quality, synergy, and effectiveness.RESUMENEl presente artículo es el resultado de un estudio realizado con un grupo de ejecutivos, que tuvo por finalidad comprender el significado atribuido al trabajo. La investigación se realizó según el abordaje cualitativo, basado en la Fenomenología. La recolección de datos se realizó por medio de entrevistas individuales, por medio del proceso analítico, un método propuesto por Giorgi (1985), que se compone de cuatro pasos y que se inicia con las declaraciones de la experiencia vivida para llegar a comprender el fenómeno. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que el trabajo adquiere en cada individuo, un significado, una función, relacionada con sus deseos y necesidades, y se transforma, por lo tanto, en un instrumento de realización personal. El estudio también permitió identificar 10 categorías de significado, que coinciden con los resultados obtenidos por Meaning of Working – MOW (1987) – sobre o tema. También se comprobó que a medida que el trabajo cumple su función, o sea, cuando está provisto de significado para el individuo, existe un sentimiento de gratificación y placer, que lleva a reflexionar sobre la importancia de los estudios sobre el Significado del Trabajo, cuyos resultados benefician: 1) a los profesionales, pues las investigaciones los llevan a cuestionarse y por lo tanto a buscar mayor conocimiento de los propios deseos y necesidades, con la consiguiente dedicación a las actividades más significativas; 2) a las empresas, que pueden buscar un mayor ajuste entre los objetivos organizacionales y las expectativas de los individuos, y obtener como resultado calidad, sinergia y eficacia.