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Avaliaram-se o ganho de peso e as características da carcaça de bovinos Nelore alimentados com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (in natura ou hidrolisado) como volumoso e concentrado contendo farelo de gérmen de milho, casca do grão de soja ou polpa de citrus em substituição parcial (50%) ao milho. Quarenta bovinos Nelore (peso médio inicial de 340 kg e idade inicial de 32 meses) foram alimentados com quatro dietas fornecidas na proporção volumoso:concentrado 39:61. As fontes substitutivas do milho não afetaram o peso final (470,8; 478,6; 476,4 e 475,3 kg) e o ganho médio diário (1,1; 1,1; 1,1 e 1,2 kg/animal/dia). Não houve efeito sobre o rendimento de carcaça (55,3; 55,3; 54,0 e 54,8%), a área de Longissimus (24,2; 23,0; 25,0 e 23,2 cm²/100 kg de carcaça) e a espessura de gordura (4,4; 5,6; 4,7 e 4,4 mm). O menor custo por arroba foi observado no tratamento com polpa de citrus (R$ 44,20), seguido do farelo de gérmen de milho (R$ 48,80) e da casca de soja (R$ 50,80), porém, quando utilizado somente o milho, o custo da arroba foi de R$ 51,80. O milho moído pode ser parcialmente substituído pelo farelo de gérmen de milho, pela casca de soja ou pela polpa de citrus em dietas para bovinos em confinamento alimentados com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (in natura ou hidrolisado) como volumoso, pois a substituição não alterou o ganho de peso e as características de carcaça. The objective of this trial was to evaluate weight gain and carcass traits of feedlot Nellore fed diets containing sugarcane bagasse and one of the following concentrate sources: corn germ meal, soybean hulls or citrus pulp that partially (50% DM) replaced ground corn in the diet. The four experimental diets were formulated to yield a forage:concentrate ratio of 39:61. Forty Nellore animals averaging 340 kg of body weight and 32 months of age at the beginning of the trial were used. No significant differences on final weight (470.8, 478.6, 476.4, and 475.3 kg), weight gain (1.1, 1.1, 1.1, and 1.2 kg.animal-1.day-1), carcass yield (55.3, 55.3, 54.0 and 54.8%), Longissimus area (24.2, 23.0, 25.0, and 23.2 cm².100 kg-1 of carcass), and backfat thickness (4.4, 5.6, 4.7, and 4.4 mm) were observed among the four concentrate sources. The lowest cost per arroba was observed when ground corn was partially replaced by citrus pulp (R$ 44.20) followed by corn germ meal (R$ 48.80) and soybean hulls (R$ 50.80); the diet containing only ground corn as the energy source had the greatest cost per arroba produced (R$ 51.80). It can be concluded that ground corn can be partially replaced by corn germ meal, soybean hulls or citrus pulp in diets for feedlot Nellore also receiving hydrolyzed sugar cane bagasse with no detrimental effects in weight gain and carcass traits.

Objetivou-se conhecer as variações nos teores de carboidratos solúveis das silagens de capim-tanzânia com aditivos, durante a fermentação, bem como os valores de poder tampão e a relação carboidratos solúveis x poder tampão desta forrageira. O capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia I) foi estabelecido em um Latossolo Roxo Argiloso e colhido com 60-65 dias de crescimento. A forragem foi ensilada em silos experimentais de PVC, adaptados com válvula tipo Bunsen, com capacidade para aproximadamente 3 kg. Os tratamentos consistiram de três aditivos (polpa cítrica, farelo de trigo e fubá de milho), em quatro doses (3, 6, 9 e 12%) mais uma testemunha sem aditivos e oito tempos de abertura dos silos (0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28 e 56 dias). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial com tratamento adicional [(3 x 4) + 1] x 8 com três repetições. O capim-tanzânia colhido aos 60-65 dias de idade apresentou baixa concentração de carboidratos solúveis e todo o carboidrato da forragem, sem e com aditivos, foi consumido durante o processo de fermentação. Os três aditivos influenciaram os teores de carboidratos solúveis e o poder tampão da forragem, porém, a polpa cítrica foi o aditivo que mais contribuiu para aumentar a concentração de carboidratos solúveis da forragem e reduzir o poder tampão. Aumento da relação carboidratos solúveis:poder tampão propicia melhores condições para que o processo de fermentação resulte em silagem de melhor qualidade. The aim of this study was to check on the effect of additive addition on the variations in the water soluble carbohydrate contents of the tanzaniagrass silage during the fermentation period, and to know the buffering capacity values and water soluble carbohydrate: buffering capacity ratio of this forage. Tanzaniagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia I) was established in a Clavey Red Dusk Latosol and harvested at 60-65 day of age. The forage was ensiled in experimental PVC silos, fitted with Type Bunsen valves, with a capacity of about 3 kg each. The treatments consisted of four doses (3, 6, 9 and 12%) of three additives (citrus pulp, wheat meal and corn meal), plus one check without additives and 8 times of silo opening (0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days) building up a factorial scheme with an additional treatment [(3 x 4) + 1] x 8 with 3 replicates. The experiment was run in a completely randomized block design. Water soluble carbohydrate content of tanzaniagrass at 60-65 days of age was low and all of it was consumed during the fermentation process, regardless of additive treatments. All three additives, mainly the citrus pulp, favored the water-soluble carbohydrate contents and buffering capacity of the silages. An increase of the water soluble-carbohydrate: buffering capacity ratio contributes to the yield of better quality silage by assisting in the fermentation process.

Foram utilizadas 12 vacas lactantes Holandês-Gir com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento de dietas formuladas com diferentes fontes de carboidratos no concentrado, associadas ou não à suplementação com óleo de soja, sobre o consumo de matéria seca, a produção de leite e a composição do leite. Os tratamentos consistiram de concentrados à base de milho ou farelo de trigo (FT) ou polpa cítrica (PC), associados ou não a óleo de soja (0 e 2,25%). Não houve interação significativa entre a presença de óleo e a fonte de carboidratos em qualquer variável avaliada. O consumo de MS (18,4 kg/dia) e a produção de leite (23,5 kg/dia) não diferiram entre MI, FT ou PC, mas a dieta com FT proporcionou maior consumo de FDN e menor digestibilidade aparente total da MO e dos CHOT e reduziu o teor de lactose no leite. A síntese microbiana não foi influenciada pela fonte de carboidrato ou pelo óleo, sendo, em média, de 239,4 g N/dia. Os animais alimentados com as dietas contendo óleo apresentaram menor consumo de matéria seca (19,0 vs 17,8 kg/dia) e menores teores de lactose (4,49 vs 4,33%) e gordura (3,34 vs 3,13%) no leite, mas não diferiram quanto à produção de leite, ao teor de proteína, à digestibilidade dos nutrientes e à síntese microbiana. A presença de óleo promoveu maior eficiência alimentar (1,35 vs 1,23) e aumentou a relação proteína:gordura do leite (0,94 vs 1,00). Do ponto de vista econômico, PC e FT podem substituir totalmente o milho no concentrado em dietas para vacas com produção de até 24 kg/dia. O óleo na dieta diminui o consumo e mantém o nível de produção, aumentando a eficiência alimentar e alterando a composição do leite. Twelve Holstein-Zebu lactating dairy cows were used to study the effects of different carbohydrate sources and soybean oil on dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk composition. The following carbohydrate sources were used: corn (CO), wheat bran (WB) or citric pulp (CP) with 0 or 2.25% of soybean oil. No significant interactions between soybean oil and carbohydrate sources were observed in this trial. Both dry matter intake (18.4 kg/day) and milk yield (23.5 kg/day) did not differ among carbohydrate sources but cows fed WB had higher NDF intake and lower apparent total tract digestibilities of OM, total carbohydrates, and milk lactose content. Neither carbohydrate sources nor soybean oil changed significantly the ruminal microbial protein synthesis that averaged 239.4 g N/day. Cows fed diets supplemented with soybean oil showed lower dry matter intake (19.0 vs. 17.8 kg/day) and contents of milk lactose (4.49 vs. 4.33%) and milk fat (3.34 vs. 3.13%) compared to those with no soybean oil in the diet. Oil diets showed no differences on milk production, milk protein content, digestibility of nutrients, and microbial protein synthesis. In addition, supplementation with soybean oil improved feed efficiency (1.35 vs. 1.23) and the milk protein:milk fat ratio (0.94 vs. 1.00). It can be concluded that for cows yielding up to 24 kg of milk per day WB and CP can economically replace CO in the concentrate. Inclusion of soybean oil in the diet changed milk composition and decreased dry matter intake but maintain milk yield, which improved feed efficiency.

Hemogram and serum biochemistry (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamiltransferase, total protein, urea, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus) were performed weekly in five crossbreed bovine after consumption of a diet containing citrus pulp pellets (40%), for 43 days. Percutaneous hepatic biopsy and histologic evaluation were performed in each animal before and after consumption of the citrus pulp diet. Hemogram, the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamiltransferase, urea and creatinine had normal levels at the end of the experiment. No histologic lesions were observed in liver samples before or after citrus pulp consumption. However, there was an increase of serum phosphorus and reduction of serum calcium (p

Objetivou-se avaliar a digestibilidade e a degradabilidade de dois tipos de polpa cítrica peletizada: normal (PCPN) e queimada (PCPQ), bem como o potencial de produção de nitrogênio amoniacal com dois níveis de inclusão na ração (40 e 60%). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dois tipos de polpa e dois níveis de inclusão) e testemunha. A inclusão de polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP) nas dietas, normal ou queimada, aumentou os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes, quando comparados com a ração testemunha, exceto para a proteína bruta (PB). Com relação aos coeficientes de digestibilidade para os dois tipos de PCP, verificou-se maior digestibilidade dos nutrientes da PCPN em relação à PCPQ, principalmente em relação a PB, FDN e FDA, pressupondo que a utilização da PCPQ pode comprometer a qualidade da ração, ocasionando perdas na produtividade dos animais. A PCPN apresentou maiores taxas de degradação da MS e FDN, quando comparada à PCPQ. Verificou-se que o potencial de degradação foi alcançado com 48 horas de incubação para MS e FDN, para todos os tratamentos. Para produção de N-NH3 não foi observada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Contudo, a PCPQ pode ser utilizada na alimentação de bovinos, sendo sua utilização pautada na relação custo benefício. The objective of this research was to evaluate the digestibility and the in situ degradation of two types of citrus pulp in pellets: regular (CPPR) and burned (CPPB), as well the potential of production of N-NH3 in the rumen, with two levels in the diet (40 and 60%). A randomized blocks design, in a 2 x 2 (two kinds of pulp and two inclusions levels) factorial and control, was used. The inclusion of citrus pulp in the diets, regular or burned, increased the coefficients of digestibility of the nutrients when compared with the control ration, except for the crude protein. A higher coefficient of digestibility of the nutrients of the regular citrus pulp was observed, when compared to the burned citrus pulp, especially in relation to crude protein, NDF and ADF. The use of burned citrus pulp can result in lower animal performance. CPPR showed higher degradation rate to DM and NDF, when compared to CPPB. DM and NDF potential degradation was obtained with 48h of incubation for all treatments. No difference was oberved among treatments, concerning the N-NH3 production. However, CPPB could be fed to bovines and its utilization should be based on the cost benefits relation.

Este trabalho foi conduzido para se avaliar o efeito de níveis de suplementação energética no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de 64 bezerras de corte Charolês e suas cruzas com Nelore, mantidas em pastagem cultivada de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) mais azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Os tratamentos consistiram em suplementação equivalente a 0; 0,7 e 1,4 % do peso vivo (PV)/dia de farelo de arroz integral associado à polpa cítrica na proporção de 1:1. O método de pastejo foi contínuo, com lotação variável, visando manter massa de forragem de 1500 kg/ha de matéria seca (MS). Foram avaliados o ganho médio diário, carga animal, ganho de peso por área, condição corporal, área pélvica, peso à puberdade, idade à puberdade, altura da garupa e consumo estimado de MS. A suplementação proporcionou maior ganho médio diário, carga animal e ganho de peso vivo/ha. Bezerras alimentadas exclusivamente em pastagens tiveram menor condição corporal e apresentaram menor porcentagem de cio do que bezerras suplementadas. A percentagem de fêmeas que mostraram cio até os 16 meses de idade foi de 9,1; 68,7 e 70,6%, respectivamente. Os níveis de suplementação não interferiram em área pélvica, peso à puberdade, idade à puberdade e altura de garupa. O consumo estimado de MS foi menor no nível 1,4% do PV/dia. This work was carried outo to evaluate the effect of levels of energetic supplementation in productive and reproductive performance of sixty-four Charolais heifers and their crosses with Nellore, mantained in cultivated pasture of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) plus Italian ryegrass (Lulium mulktiflorum Lam.). The treatments considered supplementation of 0; 0.7 and 1.4% of the live weight (LW)/day of rice bran associated with citric pulp, in the proportion of 1:1. A continuous grazing system with variable stocking rate was used, to maintain 1500 kg/ha of DM in herbage mass in all treatments. The following parameters were evaluated: average daily gain, stocking rate, live weight gain, body condition, pelvic area, weight at puberty and age at puberty, hip height and estimated intake of DM. The supplementation increased average daily gain, stocking rate and live weight gain. Heifers kept only on pasture had lower body conditions and showed lower heat percentage than heifers supplemented with 0.7 and 1.4% of LW/day with no differences (P>0.05) between the 0.7 and 1.4% levels. The percentage of heifers showing heat until 16 months of age was 9.1; 68.7 and 70.6%, respectively. The supplementations levels did not affect pelvic area, age at puberty and hip height. The estimated intake of DM was lower for the level of 1.4 % LW/day.

La pulpa fresca de citrus es un suplemento energético (TND > 80%) con escasa concentración proteica (7-8%), por lo que requiere nitrógeno adicional cuando se destina a la alimentación de ganado en crecimiento. El propósito de este trabajo fue verificar el efecto de este subproducto agroindustrial (sin refuerzo nitrogenado) sobre las ganancias de peso y los parámetros plasmáticos nitrogenados de vacas de invernada cruza cebú (n = 80) mantenidas sobre pastura natural. En dos años consecutivos, 20 animales operaron como controles (C) y otros 20 fueron suplementados (S) con pulpa fresca de citrus (15 ± 3 kg/animal, durante 4 meses), efectuándose pesajes y muestreos sanguíneos a los 0, 30, 60, 90 y 120 días. Con relación a C, las estadísticas finales para cada año indicaron que en S se registraron mayores cambios de peso (492 versus 304 y 352 versus -73 g/animal/día), así como más altos niveles de proteínas totales (8.18 versus 7.30 y 7.95 versus 7.18 g/dl), albúminas (3.57 versus 2.92 y 3.20 versus 2.59 g/dl), γ globulinas (2.80 versus 2.64 y 3.23 versus 3.12 g/dl) y urea (0.30 versus 0.24 y 0.30 versus 0.26 g/l), diferencias que en varios casos fueron significativas (p < 0.05). Los valores de α y β globulinas fluctuaron irregularmente, en tanto que la relación albú- minas / globulinas aumentó en S y disminuyó en C. La mejora de los indicadores nutricionales del metabolismo proteico y las ganancias de peso revelan que este económico residuo industrial es útil para el engorde de vacas de invernada, aún sin adición nitrogenada., Fresh citrus pulp is an energy supplement (TDN > 80%) with low protein concentration (7-8%), that is reason why it requires additional nitrogen when it is feed to growing cattle. In order to verify the effect of a citrus by-product (without nitrogen addition) on live weight gain and nitrogen plasma parameters, 80 wintering half-bred zebu cows grazed on native grassland, were used. During 2 consecutive years, twenty animals were allotted to control (C) and another 20 were supplemented (S) with fresh citrus pulp (15 ± 3 kg/animal, during 4 months). Periodic weighing and blood sampling were carried out at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Data were statistically processed using a repeated measures design, with mean comparisons by orthogonal contrasts. In both years, S registered higher live weight change rates (492 versus 304 and 352 versus -73 g/animal/day), total protein (8.18 ± 0.41 versus 7.30 ± 0.33 and 7.95 ± 0.38 versus 7.18 ± 0.39 g/dl), albumin (3.57 ± 0.36 versus 2.92 ± 0.35 and 3.20 ± 0.37 versus 2.59 ± 0.32 g/dl), γ globulin (2.80 ± 0.46 versus 2.64 ± 0.42 and 3.23 ± 0.40 versus 3.12 ± 0.44 g/dl) and urea (0.30 ± 0.08 versus 0.24 ± 0.05 and 0.30 ± 0.05 versus 0.26 ± 0.07 g/l). Differences were significant (p < 0.05) in many cases. The α and β globulins fluctuated irregularly, and the albumin / globulin ratio increased in S and decreased in C. Mean comparison tests showed that in most of the cases the differences between C and S began to be significant at day 60 of the study. Proteic metabolism nutritional indicators improvement and weight gains reveal that this cheap industrial residue is useful for fattening of wintering cows, yet without nitrogen addition., Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:06:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982001000600027.pdf: 348656 bytes, checksum: 9ce39832d962ad82dcebfdc07ae9978d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:06:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982001000600027.pdf: 348656 bytes, checksum: 9ce39832d962ad82dcebfdc07ae9978d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:10:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982001000600027.pdf: 348656 bytes, checksum: 9ce39832d962ad82dcebfdc07ae9978d (MD5) S1516-35982001000600027.pdf.txt: 26158 bytes, checksum: 5293878bdcf6d74db0df7ca566da9624 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:18:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982001000600027.pdf: 348656 bytes, checksum: 9ce39832d962ad82dcebfdc07ae9978d (MD5) S1516-35982001000600027.pdf.txt: 26158 bytes, checksum: 5293878bdcf6d74db0df7ca566da9624 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:18:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982001000600027.pdf: 348656 bytes, checksum: 9ce39832d962ad82dcebfdc07ae9978d (MD5) S1516-35982001000600027.pdf.txt: 26158 bytes, checksum: 5293878bdcf6d74db0df7ca566da9624 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-10-01 O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar os valores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e os de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) obtidos com o equipamento ANKOM e pelo método convencional (Van Soest). No primeiro ensaio foram analisados cinco materiais diferentes (cana-de-açúcar, capim-braquiária, silagem de milho, polpa cítrica e fezes bovina) e testados quatro tipos de saquinhos para filtragem de amostra. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em um fatorial 5x4 (cinco materiais diferentes e quatro tipos de saquinhos de filtragem), com três repetições. As médias obtidas foram comparadas àquelas obtidas com método convencional. No segundo ensaio procurou-se avaliar o efeito da quantidade de amostra por saquinho (0,5; 0,8 e 1,0 g) sobre os teores de FDN e FDA em três tipos de alimentos, utilizando o ANKOM. Neste ensaio, o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x3 (três alimentos x três quantidades), com três repetições. Os tipos de saquinhos de filtragem utilizados não influenciaram os teores de FDN nos diferentes alimentos, com exceção das fezes, cujos saquinhos de náilon resultaram em concentrações de FDN inferiores. Não houve diferença entre os valores de FDN e FDA, obtidos pelo equipamento ANKOM ou pelo convencional, para os alimentos estudados, com exceção da polpa cítrica, cujo valor médio de FDA pelo ANKOM foi inferior àquele obtido pelo método convencional. A quantidade não exerceu efeito sobre a concentração de FDN dos alimentos analisados no equipamento ANKOM. The ANKOM filter bag system was compared with the conventional filtration system (Van Soest) to determine acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in different materials. In the first experiment five feeds (sugar cane, Marandu grass - Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, corn silage, citrus pulp and cattle feces) and four types of filter bags were compared. A completely randomized block design in a factorial scheme (5x4), with three replications, was used. The means obtained by the ANKOM system were compared with those obtained by the conventional filtration procedure. The sample amount effect (0.5; 0.8; 1.0 g) in each filter bag on ADF and NDF contents was studied in the second experiment, using three feeds and the ANKOM system. In this experiment, a completely randomized blocks design, in a factorial scheme (three feeds x three amount feed) and three replications, was used. The types of filter bag did not affect the NDF content of the different feeds, except for feces, which bags showed smaller NDF contents. There were no statistical differences among NDF or ADF values determined either by the ANKOM or by the conventional filtration procedures for most of the feeds used, except citrus pulp, which had lower ANKOM- ADF values than the conventional procedure. The sample amount did not affect the NDF of the feed determined by the ANKOM System. UNESP UNESP

Die bestehende Dioxindatenbank des Umweltbundesamtes wurde mit Daten zu Futtermitteln erweitert. Dazu wurden in den Ländern und im Forschungsbereich durchgeführte Messprogramme zu Dioxinuntersuchungen von Futtermitteln recherchiert und für die Datenbank aufbereitet. Da im Geschäftsbereich des BML und der Länder erhobene Daten aus datenschutzrechtlichen Bedenken größtenteils nicht freigegeben wurden und diese den Schwerpunkt der Datenbankerweiterung bilden sollten, wurde ein weiterer thematischer Schwerpunkt gesetzt. Dieser besteht in einer detaillierten Betrachtung des neuen Berechnungsschemas der World Health Organization (WHO) für TCDD-Toxizitätsäquivalente im Vergleich mit dem etablierten I-TEq-System der NATO/CCMS und der Möglichkeit der Implementierung des neuen Systems in bestehende und geplante gesetzliche Regelungen. 173 verwertbare Datensätze mit Dioxingehalten von in Futtermittelzusatzstoffen (z. B. Kaolinit, Zitrustrester), Einzel- und Mischfuttermitteln wurden recherchiert und für die Datenbank aufbereitet. Ein Teil der integrierten Datensätze enthielt Dioxindaten im Bereich der Nachweisgrenzen, andere Daten entstammen Verdachtsproben mit Werten bis zu 134 ng I-TEq/kg. Für diese 173 Datensätze sowie 39 Datensätze des CVUA, Freiburg, wurden TCDD-Toxizitätsäquivalente nach NATO und WHO berechnet. Es zeigte sich, dass bei den untersuchten Futtermitteln die WHO-TEq mit wenigen Ausnahmen über den I-TEq liegen und dass bei einer kongenerenspezifischen Betrachtung die Höhergewichtung des 12378-PeCDD die Abwertung der OCDD/F überwiegt. Abschließend wurden die neu integrierten Daten mit bestehenden nationalen Grenzwerten und europäischen Empfehlungen abgeglichen.

This research was carried out with the aim of improving the conservation and feed value characteristics of citrus pulps. In order to ensure and improve citrus pulp conservation even for short periods (1 week), several methods intended to inhibit yeast activity were examined. Orange and grapefruit pulps were used as feed materials and three heads of merino male yearlings fitted with rumen cannula were used as animal materials. Pulps were treated with Ca(OH)2, NaOH, urea, sorbic acid, dehydration and blanching. After these treatments, pulps were ensiled in glass jars equipped with a lid that enabled gas release only. The jars were stored at 18 +/- 2 degreesC in laboratory conditions. Three jars from each treatment were sampled for chemical and microbiological analysis on days 5 and 90 of fermentation. At the end of the ensiling period (90 days), the rumen degradability characteristics of the pulps were determined. In conclusion, all of these treatments seemed to inhibit yeast activity, and therefore reduce ensiling losses. The mould, enterobacteria and clostridia, which also cause spoilage in silages, were eliminated from all silages. All treatments reduced ensiling losses and increased the ensilability and feed value characteristics of citrus pulp silages. However, the best results were achieved with blanching at 80 degrees C and sorbic acid 0.1% treatments.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2014-02-26T17:13:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000176458800026.pdf: 61441 bytes, checksum: 18ce25b95fcd9afcd88affb488d7d9c2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-26T17:13:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000176458800026.pdf: 61441 bytes, checksum: 18ce25b95fcd9afcd88affb488d7d9c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-11-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:20:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000176458800026.pdf: 61441 bytes, checksum: 18ce25b95fcd9afcd88affb488d7d9c2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:20:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000176458800026.pdf: 61441 bytes, checksum: 18ce25b95fcd9afcd88affb488d7d9c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-11-01 Quatro búfalos com cânulas ruminais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quadrado latino 4 x 4, compreendendo quatro rações com feno de capim-coastcross (Cynodon dactylon) (50% MS) e níveis crescentes de polpa cítrica peletizada em substituição ao milho em grão moído no concentrado (0, 33, 66 e 100% MS). Foram avaliadas a degradabilidade dos nutrientes e a população de protozoários no rúmen. Houve efeito quadrático da fração solúvel dos nutrientes entre os tratamentos, com valores maiores nos dois extremos. A taxa de degradação da PB do feno e da MS da polpa cítrica apresentou-se linear com aumento da polpa cítrica na ração. As rações contendo polpa cítrica promoveram menores concentrações de Entodinium e número total de ciliados/mL que a dieta só com milho. Houve predominância dos Entodinium nas dietas contendo somente milho ou somente polpa cítrica, enquanto em mistura predominaram os ciliados da subfamília Diplodiniinae. Observou-se efeito de interação da polpa cítrica com o milho, promovendo modificações no metabolismo ruminal, especialmente na solubilidade dos nutrientes, na curva do pH e na composição da fauna. Four buffaloes with rumen cannula were distributed in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design with four diets composed by coast cross grass (Cynodon dactylon) hay (50% DM) and increasing levels of citrus pulp in substitution of corn grain in the concentrate (0; 33; 66 and 100%). The nutrient degradability and rumen protozoa population were evaluated, There was a quadratic effect on the soluble fraction of the nutrients among the treatments with higher values in the two ends. The hay CP and citrus pulp DM degradation rate was linear as the levels of citrus pulp in the diet increased. The diets containing citrus pulp promoted lower concentrations of Entodinium and total number of ciliates/mL than the diet with corn grain alone. There was predominance of the Entodinium in the diets with only corn grain or only citric pulp while in mixture prevailed the ciliates of the subfamily Diplodiniinae. Effect of interaction of citrus with the corn pulp was observed, promoting modifications in the ruminal metabolism, especially in the nutrient solubility, in the pH curve and in the rumen fauna composition. Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brasil Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil

Trinta e dois tourinhos da raça Santa Gertrudis com peso inicial de 230 kg e idade média de 9 meses foram utilizados em um experimento de abate comparativo com delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, com dois níveis de concentrado na dieta, 20 ou 80%, e dois ingredientes energéticos no concentrado, milho ou polpa de citros peletizada. Quatro animais foram abatidos após o período de adaptação para determinação da composição corporal inicial do lote e os que receberam dietas com 80 e 20% de concentrado foram abatidos após 123 e 172 dias de confinamento, respectivamente. O tratamento com 80% de concentrado à base de milho resultou em ganhos de peso vazio de 1,038 kg/dia, 40% maior que os demais. A substituição do milho pela polpa de citros decresceu o ganho a níveis abaixo dos tratamentos com 20% de concentrado, nos quais não foi observada diferença entre as fontes de energia. A composição química corporal, estimada por intermédio da composição do corte da 9-10-11ª costelas com equações obtidas em outro grupo de animais Santa Gertrudis, não revelou diferenças entre os tratamentos. Thirty two Santa Gertrudis young bulls with an initial weight of 230 kg and 9 months of age were used in a comparative slaughter experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with two concentrate levels, 80 and 20%, and two energetic ingredients in the concentrate, corn grain or pelletized citrus pulp. Four animals were slaughtered after the adaptation period for the determination of the initial body composition of lot and those that received diets with 80 and 20% of concentrate were slaughtered after 123 or 172 days, respectively. The treatment with 80% of corn grain based concentrate resulted in empty body weight gain of 1.038 kg/day, 40% greater than the others. The substitution of corn grain by citrus pulp decreased the body weight gain below those of the treatments with 20% concentrate, in which no difference due to energy source was observed. The chemical body composition, estimated by means of the 9-10-11th rib cut composition with equations obtained from another group of Santa Gertrudis animals, did not show differences among treatments.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-03T13:11:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-01-01Bitstream added on 2014-12-03T13:22:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000328275300048.pdf: 723528 bytes, checksum: dfed72e1b7de4cb986570d39a2d1cb7d (MD5) The objective this work was to evaluate the degradation, fermentation and kinetics of passage rumen fluid en sheep fed diets containing different carbohydrate associated with the oil. Four rumen cannulated sheep were allotted in 4 x 4 latin square. The treatments consisted of diets with high neutral detergent soluble fiber and diets with high starch associated or not with 4,2% of oil. Incubation times were 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours and ruminal fluid was collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after feeding. Diets high neutral detergent fiber soluble resulted in greater degradation of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber soluble and starch, and higher pH values, butyric acid production, dilution rate and ruminal recycling compared with diets high starch content. The inclusion of 4,2% oil the different carbohydrate sources had no influence on the fermentation kinetics and degradation of the fiber. High content of neutral detergent soluble fiber in the diet favors the ruminal fermentation compared to the high starch content. Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Campus De Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil UNESP, Dept Zootecnia, Campus De Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil UNESP, Dept Ciencias Exatas, Campus De Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil UNESP, Dept Clin & Cirurgia Vet, Campus De Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Campus De Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil UNESP, Dept Zootecnia, Campus De Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil UNESP, Dept Ciencias Exatas, Campus De Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil UNESP, Dept Clin & Cirurgia Vet, Campus De Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil