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No semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro devido à ocorrência do excesso de sais, tanto na água como no solo, as plantas estão constantemente expostas às diversas condições de estresses abióticos. Assim, é de extrema importância a identificação de alternativas capazes de minimizar os efeitos decorrentes do estresse salino sobre as plantas como forma de garantir a expansão das áreas irrigadas. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as trocas gasosas, o crescimento e a produção de mini-melancieira irrigada com águas salinas e adubadas com fósforo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em vasos sob condições de casa-de-vegetação em Pombal, PB, utilizando-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, correspondendo a cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,3; 1,3; 2,3; 3,3 e 4,3 dS m-1), quatro doses de fósforo - DP (60; 80; 100 e 120% da recomendação), com três repetições. As plantas de melancieira cv. Sugar Baby foram sensíveis a salinidade da água a partir de 0,3 dS m-1, destacando-se inibição nas trocas gasosas, no crescimento e na produção. A redução na taxa de assimilação de CO2 nas plantas de melancieira cv. Sugar Baby está associado a fatores de origem estomáticos e não estomáticos. Doses de fosforo correspondente a 73 e 88% da recomendação promoveram aumento na concentração intercelular de CO2 e no diâmetro de caule das plantas de mini-melancia. Doses de P2O5 variando de 60 a 120% da recomendação não amenizou os efeitos do estresse salino no cultivo da melancieira cv. Sugar Baby.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a produção e a qualidade de frutos de melancieira ‘Sugar Baby’ sob diferentes estratégias de irrigação com águas salinas e adubação nitrogenada, em experimento conduzido em ambiente protegido em Campina Grande, Paraíba, PB. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, arranjados em esquema fatorial 6 x 2, sendo seis estratégias de irrigação com águas salinas aplicadas nos estádios fenológicos da cultura ( irrigação com água de baixa salinidade durante todo o ciclo - SE; estresse salino na fase vegetativa - VE; vegetativa e na floração - VE/FL; -floração - FL; - frutificação - FR; maturação dos frutos - MAT) e duas doses de nitrogênio (50 e 100% da recomendação, equivalente a 50 e 100 mg de N kg-1 de solo), com cinco repetições. Foram estudados dois níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação, um com baixa e outro com alto nível de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa = 0,8 e 3,2 dS m-1). O estresse salino aplicado nas fases vegetativa e de floração reduziu o teor de ácido ascórbico e de sólidos solúveis totais nos frutos da melancieira ‘Sugar Baby’. A dose de 50% da recomendação de N proporciona maior massa fresca dos frutos da melancieira. Adubação com 100% de N proporcionou incremento no potencial hidrogeniônico dos frutos de melancieira sob estresse salino nas fases vegetativa e de floração. O teor de antocianinas dos frutos de melancieira reduziu com o estresse salino, independente da fase de desenvolvimento; contudo, com 50% da recomendação de N houve aumento nesta variável.

ABSTRACT: The development and validation of a standard area diagram set (SADs) was proposed in this study to assess the severity of powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) leaves. The SADs proposed has twelve levels of severity, varying from 0.07 to 100%. The SADs were validated by 16 raters who had no previous experience in evaluating plant disease severity. Initially, the estimation of severity was performed without the use of the SADs in leaves with different levels of severity. In a second moment, the same raters estimated the disease severity using the SADs proposed. By Lin’s concordance correlation analysis, there was an improvement in precision (coefficient of correlation, r = 0.878 and r = 0.959, without and with SADs, respectively) and accuracy (bias correction factor, Cb = 0.830 and 0.982, without and with SADs, respectively) using SADs when compared to the non-use of SADs. The agreement (Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, ρc = 0.734 and 0.952 without and with SADs, respectively) also improved using SADs. Severity estimates inter-rater were more reliable when using SADs (coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.681 without and R2 = 0.864 with SADs; Intra-class correlation coefficient, ρ = 0.759 and ρ = 0.928, without and with SADs, respectively). Therefore, SADs improved precision, accuracy and reliability of powdery mildew severity on watermelon leaves.

A adequação na época de cultivo associada às práticas culturais pode mitigar os efeitos negativos da salinidade à produção agrícola. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar componentes de produção de melancia cv. Crimson Sweet sob efeitos da irrigação com água salina, cobertura do solo e doses de potássio nos cultivos em épocas de estiagem e chuvosa. Os tratamentos foram organizados em parcela subdividida no esquema 2 x 2 x 4, sendo a condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (0,3 e 3,0 dS m-1) a parcela principal, e as combinações entre cobertura morta do solo (sem e com) e doses de potássio (0, 40, 80 e 120 kg ha-1 de K2O) as subparcelas, distribuídos em blocos casualizados. Avaliou-se o estande final, número de frutos por planta, massa média dos frutos, produção por plantas e produtividade. Os dados foram submetidos as análises de variância e as doses de potássio avaliadas por regressão. Na época chuvosa, a melancieira foi mais produtiva que no período de estiagem mesmo sob irrigação, com maior número de frutos, produção por planta e maior produtividade. A irrigação com água de 3,0 dS m-1 de condutividade elétrica pode ser recomendada com moderação na cultura da melancieira, visto que não comprometeu a produtividade. A aplicação de cloreto de potássio não é recomendada em solo com teor médio de potássio, pois reduziu o número de frutos por planta e a produtividade. O uso de cobertura morta é indicado no cultivo de melancieira, uma vez que aumentou o número de frutos e a produção por planta.

A pot study was performed under greenhouse condition to check the possibility that using Trichoderma harzianum could improve the growth, production and quality of watermelon genotype. Plant growth medium inoculated with T. harzianum at 1 × 104 cfu, 1.25 × 104 cfu and 1.50 × 104 cfu respectively, while un-inoculated with fungi used as control treatment. Plant growth medium inoculated with higher concentration (1.50 × 104 cfu) of T. harzianum significantly increased plant root and shoot length and brings early flowering. The higher values of plant fresh and dry weight, leaf area, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, net photosynthesis rate and number of fruit per plant of watermelon was obtained with 1.50 × 104 cfu. However, T. harzianum levels of 1.50 × 104 cfu and 1.25 x 104 cfu produced statistically similar results for carbohydrate content, total soluble solids, vitamin A content and ?-carotene of watermelon. It was observed that plant grown in growth medium inoculated with T. harzianum has direct relation with growth and quality of watermelon. Compared to all tested levels, the higher level of T. harzianum 1.5 × 104 cfu is the most effective in improving growth, yield and quality of watermelon genotype (cv. Sugar baby).

Drought conditions may have direct or indirect effects on plant physiology, biochemistry, and molecular characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of drought stress on the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of three different watermelon cultivars with varying levels of drought tolerance (24: drought resistant, CS: moderately tolerant, and 98: drought sensitive). The cultivars exhibited different responses to cope with water stress according to their tolerance level. Drought induced significant reductions in chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content and glutation reductase and ascorbate peroxidase activity in the sensitive cultivar unlike in the moderately tolerant and drought resistant cultivars. Additionally, the expression levels of NAC1, NAC2, ORE1, WRKY24, SAG12, SAG13, KCS2, CER1, DREB2A, LTP3, SWEET15, and PYL9 genes were measured using qRT-PCR. The expression ratios of the genes significantly varied depending on the gene location and on the tolerance of the cultivars. Results showed that the physiology and biochemical and molecular pathways of tolerant cultivars change to adapt to drought conditions. Therefore, the drought-resistant cultivar copes with drought stress by increasing proline content and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as by increasing the expression of specific genes.

This work presents datasets on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) synthesized from the ternary blend of Cucurbita pepo-chrysophyllum albidum -papaya mix oils via methanolysis of mesoporous CaO heterogeneous catalyst derived from the mixture of Citrullus lanatus and Musa acuminate peels. The oils were extracted from the milled powdered using the solvent extraction method. Ternary oil mixed ratio of 33:33:34 with low acid value and density was achieved using simplex lattice design software. Characterization of the mixed calcined catalyst powder (MCCP) at 700 °C for 4 h was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and BET analysis. The thermal decomposition of mixed calcined catalyst powder (MCCP) produced 78.74% CaO with a strong basic site of 143 (μmole.g−1). Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was synthesized through the based catalyst transesterification of a derived catalyst by considering four variables data (reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst amount and methanol/oil molar ratio) using response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum experimental FAME data of 94.29 (wt. %) was achieved at run 16, but the central composite design (CCD) software predicted value of 98.00 (wt. %) at a reaction time of 70 min, reaction temperature of 80 °C, catalyst amount of 5.0 (wt.) and methanol to oil molar ratio (MeOH/OMR) of 6.97, at the desirability of 97.90%. This was validated in triplicate, and the average FAME data obtained was 93.45 (wt. %). The produced FAME properties dataset meets the standard recommended value of ASTM and EN14214.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pre-harvest application of plant biostimulant Crop Set® and different plant spacings on the production attributes and postharvest quality of watermelon ‘Quetzali’. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized split-plot (3 × 2 × 4) design, corresponding to three plant spacings (0.40, 0.45 and 0.50 m), application of the plant biostimulant (with and without) and four storage periods at 10°C and RH 90% (0, 14, 21 and 28 days). Fruits were assessed after harvest in terms of average mass of fruits, number of fruits per plant and yield, and throughout the storage periods for flesh firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), SSC/TA ratio, pH and total soluble sugars (TSS). The average mass of fruit (4.02 kg) was higher in the larger spacing without application of biostimulant. The pre-harvest application of plant biostimulant negatively influenced SSC of fruits, depending on the plant spacing and storage periods. For TA and TSS content, the effect of this product varies with plant spacing and storage days. The lower plant spacing provided higher TSS to the fruits.

The WRKY transcription factors play important roles in various physiological processes, especially in regulating plant resistance to environmental stresses. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) plants suffer from various stressful climate conditions during their growth, especially cold stress. However, little information about the exact role of WRKYs in watermelon responses to cold was available. In this study, a total of 57 candidate ClWRKY genes from watermelon genome were identified and they were distributed unevenly on 11 chromosomes. After excluding five ClWRKY genes with incomplete WRKY domains, phylogenetic analysis showed that the remaining 52 ClWRKY genes could be divided into three groups with 11 members in Group 1, 34 in Group 2, and seven in Group 3. The ClWRKY genes in group 2 could be further classified into five subgroups with three members in 2a, five in 2b, 13 in 2c, six in 2d, and seven in 2e, respectively. The expression profiles of ClWRKY genes in response to cold stress could be classified into four types: four ClWRKY genes had little or no change in transcript levels, seven ClWRKY genes had irregular expression patters, 17 ClWRKY genes were upregulated, and 25 ClWRKY genes were downregulated. The different regulation patterns of ClWRKY genes in response to low-temperature treatment revealed that the WRKY gene family was crucial for cold stress tolerance and there were multiple regulatory pathways involved in cold resistance.

Abstract Background Nitrogen (N) is a key macronutrient required for plant growth and development. In this study, watermelon plants were grown under hydroponic conditions at 0.2 mM N, 4.5 mM N, and 9 mM N for 14 days. Results Dry weight and photosynthetic assimilation at low N (0.2 mM) was reduced by 29 and 74% compared with high N (9 mM). The photochemical activity (Fv/Fm) was also reduced from 0.78 at high N to 0.71 at low N. The N concentration in the leaf, stem, and root of watermelon under low N conditions was reduced by 68, 104, and 108%, respectively compared with 9 mM N treatment after 14 days of N treatment. In the leaf tissues of watermelon grown under low N conditions, 9598 genes were differentially expressed, out of which 4533 genes (47.22%) were up-regulated whereas, 5065 genes (52.78%) were down-regulated compared with high N. Similarly in the root tissues, 3956 genes were differentially expressed, out of which 1605 genes were up-regulated (40.57%) and 2351 genes were down-regulated (59.43%), compared with high N. Our results suggest that leaf tissues are more sensitive to N deficiency compared with root tissues. The gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the availability of N significantly affected 19 biological processes, 8 cell component metabolic pathways, and 3 molecular functions in the leaves; and 13 biological processes, 12 molecular functions, and 5 cell component metabolic pathways in the roots of watermelon. The low affinity nitrate transporters, high affinity nitrate transporters, ammonium transporters, genes related with nitrogen assimilation, and chlorophyll and photosynthesis were expressed differentially in response to low N. Three nitrate transporters (Cla010066, Cla009721, Cla012765) substantially responded to low nitrate supply in the root and leaf tissues. Additionally, a large number of transcription factors (1365) were involved in adaptation to low N availability. The major transcription factor families identified in this study includes MYB, AP2-EREBP, bHLH, C2H2 and NAC. Conclusion Candidate genes identified in this study for nitrate uptake and transport can be targeted and utilized for further studies in watermelon breeding and improvement programs to improve N uptake and utilization efficiency.

ABSTRACT The use of saline water in agriculture has increased in the Brazilian semiarid due to low availability of good quality water for irrigated agriculture, being the selection of salt tolerant hybrids an alternative to reduce the effect of salinity on nutritional status of plants. So, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of salinity of irrigation water in the accumulation and partition of nutrients in the vegetable tissue of watermelon cultivars, in the region of Mossoro in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The treatments studied consisted of applying irrigation water with five electrical conductivities (EC1 = 0.57, EC2 = 1.36, EC3 = 2.77, EC4 = 3.86 and EC5 = 4.91 dS m-1), two watermelon cultivars and four samplings times (15; 29; 43 and 60 days after transplanting), arranged in a scheme of split plot(5x2x4) and outlined in complete blocksrandomized with four replications. The accumulated nutrients in plants were influenced by ECw, occurring a loss in comparison with the higher ECw of 24.1 and 36.4% in the accumulationof N and P in the vegetative part of plant and 37.8 and 30.1 % in the accumulation of P and K in the aerial part. The accumulation of N, P and K in the watermelon was influenced by plant age, with reduction at the end of the cycle.

In order to increase the yield of vegetables of agronomic interest, heterosis has been studied in view of the superiority of hybrids, if compared to genotypes obtained by free pollination. This study aimed to estimate the relative heterosis in watermelon hybrids, regarding the most important agronomic traits, in order to develop future cultivars. The genotypes 'JNY', 'ORA', 'KOD', 'SOL', 'CHG', 'PEA' and all hybrids among them were used, totaling 36 treatments. A randomized block design, with three replications and five-plant plots, was used. The genotypes 'ORA', 'SOL', 'CHG' and 'PEA' were promising for the development of watermelon hybrids with higher weight, whereas 'JNY' and 'KOD' provided combinations with lower fruit weight and smaller seeds, indicating their potential for the development of cultivars of the 'ice box' type. The hybrids 'CHG x ORA' and 'ORA x CHG' were promising to meet the market demand for larger fruits, while 'KOD x JNY' and 'JNY x KOD' could be targeted to the market of smaller fruits.

Introduction: The nutritive value and terapeuthic activity of watermelon seeds is known, but up to day no studies on isolation and characterisation of their melanin were conducted.

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The study was done to ascertain the protective potentials of ethanol seed extract of Citrullus lanatus on aluminum chloride-induced reproductive and hematological toxicities. Thirty mature male rats were used for the study. They were assigned into five groups (n = 6). Group 1 was treated daily with aluminum chloride (100 mg kg-1) per os for 8 weeks. Group 2 was treated with aluminum chloride (100 mg kg-1) and C. lanatus seed extract (CLSE) 200 mg kg-1 per os simultaneously for 8 weeks. Group 3 was served as a normal control and given distilled water as a placebo per os daily for 8 weeks. Group 4 was only treated with CLSE (200 mg kg-1) for eight weeks. Group 5 was only treated with aluminum chloride (100 mg kg-1) per os for 8 weeks and then treated with CLSE (200 mg kg-1) per os for another 4 weeks. Testosterone level, testicular weight, sperm motility, gonadal sperm, and extragonadal sperm reserves showed significant increases in group 2 compared to groups 1 and 5. Optimum histoarchitectural protection of the seminiferous tubules was observed in group 2, which did not differ from normal ones. For the hematological parameters, optimum protection was also observed in group 2 compared to other groups. From the results, ethanol seed extract of C. lanatus demonstrated protective potentials against aluminum's harmful effects on the male reproductive system and hematology in an experimental male rat model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hortscience Journal of Suez Canal University is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This experiment was carried out to study the genetic variability of watermelon (Citrulluslanatus) genotypes in the southern region of Bangladesh at Regional Horticulture Research Station, BARI, Lebukhali, Patuakhali during Rabi season, 2017-18. Sixteen commercially cultivated hybrids collected from different seed companies as well as from farmers' collection were used. Significant variations were recorded among the watermelon accessions in terms of different parameters. The genotype World Queen (7.4) and Sugar Kis (4.5) showed the highest performance for fruit weight and fruits number/plant, respectively. The highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficients were recorded for fruit yield/plant (55.14% and 58.69%) followed by single fruit weight/plant (34.51% and 37.65%). The number of male flower, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, leaf shape, and fruit yield were found to be highly correlated characters among the watermelon genotypes. The number of female flower was negatively correlated with vine length. The number of fruit showed negative correlation with rind thickness and positive correlation with fruit yield. The results of principal component analysis revealed that the important characters responsible for genetic divergence in major axis of differentiations are days to first male flower opening, number of male flower per plant, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield, and leaf shape. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five classes. Larger intercluster distances in all cases than intracluster distances suggested wider genetic diversity where Cluster I had highest vine length with higher internodal length. Cluster II had the highest mean value for number of fruit and fruit yield. Cluster III has the highest number of male flower, highest number of branch, and fruit length. Cluster V produced the largest fruit with highest fruit diameter and rind thickness. It also required maximum days for male flowering and highest number of female flower. This study shows wide variability among the watermelon genotypes which could be used for future breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Investigation for young fruits of Citrullus lanatus. • Two new phenolic glycosides (citrulluside H and citrulluside T). • Citrulluside H and citrulluside T having antioxidant activity. Two new phenolic glycosides, 2-caffeoyl-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric 4′-β- d -glucopyranosyloxy-3′-hydroxybenzyl ester and 2-caffeoyl-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric 4′-β- d -glucopyranosyloxybenzyl ester (citrulluside H and citrulluside T) were isolated from young fruits of Citrullus lanatus. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. These constituents exhibited weak antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants basically will continue to be the starting materials in making modern drugs. As a result of this, many believe in using herbal products than convectional drugs because of their easy accessibility, low side effects and affordability. Citrulluslanatus (popularly known as watermelon) is a citrus fruit known to contain among others, citrulline and lycopene with hepatoprotective actions on organs such as liver and kidney because of it bioactive and antioxidant properties. This study investigates the haemathological parameters and histopathological effects of crude C. lanatus juice on the liver and kidney of mice. Twenty five female mice weighing between 72 - 99g were randomly divided into five groups (A - E) of five mice each. Group A, were given water (control); group B, were given 2ml of watermelon flesh juice; group C, were given 2ml of watermelon flesh and seed juice, group D, were given 2ml of watermelon flesh and rind juice; and group E were given 2ml ofwatermelon flesh, seed and rind juice once daily for four weeks. At the end of experiment, animals were sacrificed and dissected. Blood sample were taken through cardiac puncture, liver and kidney tissue were excised also to determine the haematological and histopathological effects using routine diagnostic techniques. Highest blood and differential counts except WBC were obtained in groups exposed to crude C. lanatus juice when compared with the control.The liver of animals in all groups appears normal with no remarkable differences from the control. Also, no remarkable differences were recorded in the kidney of animals in all groups except group E which showed interstitial edema with some renal tubules within the cortex undergoing degeneration. From this study and at the dose and duration of study, every part of C. lanatushad no negative impact on the histopathology of the liver and kidney and also had the potential to boost the immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Boron (B) is an essential trace element that plays a vital role in metabolic and physiological functions of higher plants. The adequate supply of B is important for plant growth and development. Grafting is a technique used to improve the ion uptake and plant growth. In this study, a commercial watermelon cultivar "Zaojia 8424" [ Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai.] was grafted onto pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata) rootstock cv. "Qingyan Zhenmu No.1" with an aim to investigate the response of grafted plants to different levels of B supply (0.25 μM, 25 μM and 75 μM B) in the nutrient solution. Self-grafted watermelon plants were used as control. Pumpkin rootstock improved the plant growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, photosynthetic assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, B accumulation and up-regulated the expression of NIP5;1, NIP6;1 and B transporter (BOR2, BOR4) genes in the roots and leaves at 25 μM B compared with self-grafted watermelon plants. Moreover, pumpkin rootstock reduced the oxidative stress and cell damage by reducing H 2 O 2 and MDA contents, and down-regulating the expression of PDCD2-1, PDCD2-2 genes. Moreover, it enhanced the antioxidant activity of watermelon by up-regulating the expression of SOD1, SOD2 , CAT2-1, and CAT2-2 genes. Based on these observations, we concluded that pumpkin rootstock has ability to improve the plant growth of watermelon by enhancing the B uptake. This study may help adjust the B concentration in the nutrient medium for watermelon production where pumpkin grafted plants are utilized. • Boron deficiency restricts proper growth and development of watermelon. • Grafting of watermelon onto pumpkin rootstock improves B uptake and transport under less available B conditions. • Pumpkin rootstock reduces ROS production and promotes antioxidant enzymatic activity. • Higher B accumulation and antioxidant activity improves photosynthetic assimilation and hence plant growth of watermelon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increased consumption of vegetable oil, degumming has become imperative towards ehnancing quality and stability of the oil for human consumption. The present study was to determine the influence of degumming on the nutritional composition of the crude and degummed Citrullus lanatus seed oil (CLSO). The mineral and vitamin as well as physicochemical compositions of crude and degummed oil were carried out using standard methods while amino acid profile of the oils were evaluated using UHPLC. LD50 of the oils revealed that the oils are safe at 5000 mg/kg body weight. Analysis of mineral contents of crude and degummed Citrullus lanatus seed oils shows markedly increase (p<0.05) in Fe, Ca, Se, Zn and Mn, post degumming although Zn and Se contents were unchanged (p>0.05).Seventeen amino acids were detected in oils, eight were hydrophobic and nine were hydrophilic. The GC-MS shows that the crude oil has twelve compounds: four saturated fatty acids, five unsaturated fatty acid and three non-fatty acids. Degummed oil has ten compounds: three saturated fatty acids, three unsaturated fatty acids and four non-fatty acids of the oil. The nutritional and physicochemical properties of the oil revealed that degummed oil enhanced the qualities of the oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Little information is available for nematode pests associated with watermelon in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study recorded the abundance and prevalence of plant-parasitic nematodes from 25 localities across south-west Nigeria during 2016/2017. Of the 11 nematode species identified, those belonging to Meloidogyne spp. were predominant according to Prominence Values, followed by Helicotylenchus dihystera , Pratylenchus zeae and Scutellonema bradys. Morphological and molecular analyses revealed the identity of four species of root-knot nematodes: Meloidogyne enterolobii , M. incognita , M. javanica and M. arenaria (in descending order of abundance and occurrence). Meloidogyne arenaria is reported for the first time from south-west Nigeria, while S. bradys and Xiphinema nigeriense are first reports for watermelon. Significant associations were observed between the frequency of occurrence of the predominant nematode species and soil properties as well as rainfall. Results provide baseline information on the nematode pest occurrence on watermelon in Nigeria and in a wider context for SSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension has become the most prevalent issue in Pakistan that has targeted 18% adults below 45 years of age and 33% of above 45 years. Watermelon seeds possess adequate quantity of cations (e.g. K+, Mg+ and Ca+2) and phytochemicals (e.g. alkaloids, saponins, polyphenol and flavonoids) which exert potent antihypertensive effects due to their vasodilatory, antioxidant and anti-angiotensin converting enzyme activities. Present study was conducted to analyze the proximate composition, cations and phytochemical screening of watermelon seeds and their effect on hypertensive as well as normal men and women. The efficacy study was open labeled, single-arm and consisted of 40 days with one week of wash out. Male (n=16) and Female (n=16) of age 30-60years were divided into two groups; hypertensive (group-A) and normal (group-B). Each group was administered with 50g of watermelon seeds per day. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured at different time interval. Overall, watermelon seeds show appreciable amount of Protein (34.73±0.15%), Fat (32.04±0.52%), Carbohydrate (21.20±0.97%). Whereas, cations including magnesium was found as 531±1mg/100g, Potassium is in the range of 743±1mg/100g. Whereas, level of Calcium is 134±0.93mg/100g. Phytochemicals including total phenols (553.93±1.10mg GAE/100g), Total flavonoids (386.12±1.09mgCE/100g), Saponins (0.83±0.09%) and Alkaloids (3.41±0.15%) was found to be in high amount. Moreover, significant decrease (p<0.001) in systolic i.e. 13-16mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive patients i.e. 8-10mmHg was observed. Thus, study reveals effective usage of watermelon seeds for treatment of hypertensive patients due to presence of high amount of phytochemicals as well as cations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Agricultura Irrigada - RBAI is the property of Revista Brasileira de Agricultura Irrigada - RBAI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drought conditions may have direct or indirect effects on plant physiology, biochemistry, and molecular characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of drought stress on the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of three different watermelon cultivars with varying levels of drought tolerance (24: drought resistant, CS: moderately tolerant, and 98: drought sensitive). The cultivars exhibited different responses to cope with water stress according to their tolerance level. Drought induced significant reductions in chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content and glutation reductase and ascorbate peroxidase activity in the sensitive cultivar unlike in the moderately tolerant and drought resistant cultivars. Additionally, the expression levels of NAC1, NAC2, ORE1, WRKY24, SAG12, SAG13, KCS2, CER1, DREB2A, LTP3, SWEET15, and PYL9 genes were measured using qRT-PCR. The expression ratios of the genes significantly varied depending on the gene location and on the tolerance of the cultivars. Results showed that the physiology and biochemical and molecular pathways of tolerant cultivars change to adapt to drought conditions. Therefore, the drought-resistant cultivar copes with drought stress by increasing proline content and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as by increasing the expression of specific genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Watermelon is one of the commonly eaten fruit in most homes in Nigeria and has been used in the management of diabetes mellitus traditionally. This study was carried out to explore the antidiabetic potential of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Watermelon juice was used for the determination of in vitro parameters such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), nitric oxide and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) as well as phytochemicals such as total phenol, total flavonoids. In vitro, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities were also accessed using standard procedures. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single intraperitoneal (I.P) injection of freshly prepared alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight). The animals were randomly grouped into five groups of normal control, untreated diabetic control, diabetic rats administered 200 mg/kg body weight of metformin, diabetic rats administered 500 mg/kg body weight of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice and diabetic rats administered 1000 mg/kg body weight of watermelon juice. The rats were sacrificed on the 14th day of the experiment and various in vivo biochemical parameters were also evaluated in the serum and tissue homogenates of diabetic rats. Results: The watermelon juice exhibits anti-oxidant properties and inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase and α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner. Added to this, the administration of different doses of the watermelon juice significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the fasting blood glucose level, serum lipid profile, glucose-6-phosphatase, lipid peroxidation and anti-inflammatory activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, hexokinase activity as well as glucose transporters (GLUT 2 and GLUT 4) levels in diabetic rats administered different doses of Citrullus lanatus. Conclusion: Taken together, this study demonstrates that watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice exhibits its antidiabetic potential in experimental diabetic animal model via multiple pathways involving modulation of glucose transporters, anti-inflammatory activities as well as antioxidant defense system and inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. This suggests that the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice may have a useful clinical application in the management of diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications if developed as adjuvant therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichoderma spp. are an alternative to increase plant growth and as biological control agents of diseases. Biochar added to soil and Trichoderma can result in the enhancement of crop development and can aid in preventing fertilizer run-off, improving plant health, retaining soil moisture, and helping plants through drought periods. However, a knowledge gap remains regarding the combined effect of biochar and Trichoderma on soil quality and crop growth. The objective of the present study was to evaluate this combined effect and show a new approach of biochar as a route of T. aureoviride (T) inoculation. We evaluated three sources of biochar, bean husks, coCee grounds, and coCee husks, with or without T and an additional control that was devoid of biochar and T. The association of all biochar sources with T showed a significant increase in watermelon growth and soil quality. Biochar coffee grounds with T increased urease, β-glucosidase, and total organic carbon, showing the potential of this combination in these processes. Watermelon plants cultivated in soil with coffee ground biochar and T showed plant length and shoot dry biomass increases of 129% and 192%, respectively. Thus, this study found that biochar use plays an important role in the effectiveness of T. aureoviride applications and is a new instrument for sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of preharvest application of plant biostimulant Crop Set® and different plant spacings on the production attributes and postharvest quality of watermelon 'Quetzali'. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized splitplot (3 × 2 × 4) design, corresponding to three plant spacings (0.40, 0.45 and 0.50 m), application of the plant biostimulant (with and without) and four storage periods at 10°C and RH 90% (0, 14, 21 and 28 days). Fruits were assessed after harvest in terms of average mass of fruits, number of fruits per plant and yield, and throughout the storage periods for flesh firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), SSC/TA ratio, pH and total soluble sugars (TSS). The average mass of fruit (4.02 kg) was higher in the larger spacing without application of biostimulant. The preharvest application of plant biostimulant negatively influenced SSC of fruits, depending on the plant spacing and storage periods. For TA and TSS content, the effect of this product varies with plant spacing and storage days. The lower plant spacing provided higher TSS to the fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ecological guild of Tephritidae fruit flies exploits cucurbit vegetable fruits, tremendously reducing their production worldwide. Knowledge of the composition of the guild of infesting flies in the field and information on their natural enemy species, might improve pest management strategies. Our aim was therefore to identify Tephritidae species infesting the watermelon Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai in the Republic of Benin. Morphological and molecular identification of parasitoid species present in the field collections was also done. Infested watermelons were sampled in one of the main watermelon-production areas in the country. Adult tephritid flies emerging from watermelons were identified as Dacus bivittatus (Bigot), D. ciliatus Loew, D. punctatifrons Karsch, D. vertebratus Bezzi, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillet), and Ceratitis cosyra (Walker). In this study period, D. vertebratus was consistently the most abundant species emerging from watermelon. Dacus ciliatus was the second most common species followed by Z. cucurbitae. The number of emerging fruit flies per kilogram of watermelon varied with collection date and month, and was most variable for D. vertebratus. Parasitism in the fruit flies was 1.6 ± 6.4% and occurred through one wasp species that was identified as Psyttalia phaeostigma Wilkinson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). This solitary parasitoid is closely related to other members of the P. concolor species complex, some of which are used in biological control. Problems associated with identifying Psyttalia species and possibility of using this wasp as a biological control agent against tephritid flies were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits producing medicinal plants are particularly desirable, the seeds produced are considered as waste after the fruits are consumed. This study assessed the nutritional constituents of some fruits seeds by assessing the proximate, minerals and vitamins present in the seeds of Citrullus lanatus (Water melon), Malus pumila (Apple), Annona muricata (Sour sap), Persea americana (Avocado), Terminalia catappa (Almond fruit), and Carica papaya (Pawpaw). The proximate analysis, mineral and vitamin composition of the selected medicinal fruit seeds were investigated using the standard method of analysis. On the proximate composition, protein content ranged from 15.21-34.70%, crude fat: 13.82-33.15%, crude fibre: 6.96-21.71%, ash content: 2.62-5.90%, moisture content: 7.81-20.72% and carbohydrate: 12.19-26.58%; for mineral content, Sodium ranged from 26.2-832 mg/kg, Potassium: 571-4862 mg/kg, Calcium: 194-2070 mg/kg, Magnesium: 28-862 mg/kg, Phosphorus: 104-1070 mg/kg, Iron: 2.53-60.00 mg/kg, Manganese: 2.73-240 mg/kg, Copper: 1.64-73.00 mg/kg and Zinc: 3.42-84.00 mg/kg, while for vitamins, vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) content ranged from 1.26-23.54 mg/100g, vitamin E content ranged from 0.70-1.57 mg/100g; vitamin A (β-carotene) content ranged from not detected-5.61 mg/100g, while vitamin B content ranged from 0.02 mg/100g-2.67 mg/100g. The fruits' seeds show a considerable amount of vital nutritional chemicals which makes them as good as the fruits and could serve as nutraceutical remedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit shape is an economically important trait in many horticultural crops. The genes and mechanisms underlying fruit shape variation are poorly understood in watermelon. A deletion (DEL) in ClSUN25-26-27a (Cla011257), a member of the SUN gene family, has been shown to be associated with elongated fruit. In the current study, we sequenced ClSUN25-26-27a in three watermelon cultivars with different fruit shape indices (FSIs). A novel allele containing a non-synonymous point mutation in exon 3 was identified in Klondike Black Seeded. KASP assays (ClSUN-1 and ClSUN-2) were developed to distinguish three ClSUN25-26-27a alleles (WT, KBS, and DEL), and their effects on ovary and fruit shape traits were determined in a cultivar panel and segregating populations. The different alleles showed a significant association with ovary and fruit length and shape as well as the angles of the distal and proximal ends. These effects were primarily pre-anthesis. The KASP assays can serve as tools for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of fruit length and shape in watermelon. This study highlights the allelic variation in ClSUN25-26-27a and its association with fruit shape in watermelon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new phenolic glycosides, named lanatusosides C (1) and D (2), together with four known compounds (3-6), were isolated from the seeds of Citrullus lanatus. Among them, compounds 3 and 4 were isolated from Cucurbitaceae for the first time, and compound 5 was reported from this plant for the first time. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectral analysis, including HR-ESI-MS, 1H and 13C NMR techniques. The isolated new compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cell line, of which compound 1 demonstrated weak cytotoxicity against the tested cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial distribution studies of insect pests make it possible to determine their colonization and dispersal patterns. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. et Nakai) is among the most frequently consumed fruits in the world, and the common blossom thrips, Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is one of the most important insect pests of this plant. The objective of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of F. schultzei in commercial watermelon crops using geostatistics. The studied F. schultzei populations presented an aggregated distribution. The colonization of thrips began at the borders of the crops, especially in the areas located in the opposite direction to that of the prevailing winds. The highest densities of thrips occurred in crops that had cucurbits in the surrounding areas. When monitoring for F. schultzei populations, greater attention should be given to sampling that part of the crop located in the opposite direction to that of the prevailing winds because this is where colonization begins. Even at low densities, the aggregation points of thrips in the crop should be located and controlled so that they do not cause damage. In sampling programs for F. schultzei , samples should be taken at distances greater than 9 m apart because this is the distance up to which densities of this species show spatial dependence. Planting watermelon crops close to other cucurbits should be avoided, as these alternate hosts may act as a source of infestation by this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Watermelon rind is treated as agricultural waste and commonly discarded, causing environmental issues and biomass loss. This study aimed to identify volatile profiles of watermelon rind and flesh and their cultivar difference. Volatiles were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). A total of 132 volatiles were identified, including aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, terpenes/terpenoids, esters, lactones, acids, and sulfides. In both rind and flesh, the most dominant compounds in numbers and abundance (peak area) were aldehydes and alcohols, which accounted 94–96% of the total volatile abundance in the rind and 85–87% in the flesh. Total volatile in watermelon rind was only 28–58% of the corresponding flesh samples. Both rind and flesh shared nine-carbon aldehydes and alcohols, though the rind lacked additional diversity. Volatile difference between rind and flesh was greater than the difference among cultivars, although volatiles in the rind could be two times difference between Fascination and other three watermelons (Captivation, Exclamation, and Excursion). This study provides the first-hand knowledge regarding watermelon rind volatile profiles and cultivar difference and shows the potential use of rind in food or beverages due to its naturally contained nine-carbon compounds.

In many countries of Europe and Eastern Asia, watermelon production is mainly based on the use of grafted seedlings. Upon grafting, seedlings undergo a period of healing where artificial lighting is provided by light-emitting diodes in controlled chambers in order to accelerate and improve the healing process. The objective of our study was to test the effect of light quality on the final product (i.e., seedlings ready for transplanting) in the nursery, as well as to evaluate the possible implications on fruit quality after field cultivation. Narrow-band blue (B) and red (R) wavelengths, 64–36% R-B (36B), 76–24% R-B (24B), 88–12% R-B (12B), and 83–12% R-B plus 5% far-red (12B+FR) wavelengths were tested. 12B+FR enhanced the root dry weight, root architecture, and maximum photosynthetic rate, while RB combinations generally showed better root system development with increased blue portion. R light induced inferior root dry weight and quality indices (root/shoot and shoot–dry–weight/length ratios), lower gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll content, but high shoot length and leaf area. B light led to inferior root architecture, lower stem diameter, leaf area, and maximum photosynthetic rate. Both R and B wavelengths showed decreased concentration of macronutrients and trace elements. After field cultivation, fruit quality (i.e., morphology and color), and valuable nutritive characteristics (i.e., phenolics, carotenoids, lycopene, antioxidants) maintained high quality irrespective of light treatments. Overall, 12B+FR performed well in almost all qualitative parameters including the morphology, the root development, and photosynthesis, while also maintaining high fruit quality.

Grafting is a widely used technique in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) production. However, cost of grafted seedlings is generally high as a result of intensive labor inputs for propagation using traditional grafting methods such as the manual removal of rootstock regrowth. This study developed a new grafting tool to physically remove the epidermis of pumpkin (C. maxima × C. moschata) and bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) rootstock cotyledon base during grafting; we called this a new grafting method. Compared with the traditional grafting, the new grafting method significantly decreased the pumpkin rootstock regrowth rate from 100% to 8% in hole insertion and 2% in one cotyledon grafting, respectively. These attenuated rates for bottle gourd rootstock regrowth were 23% and 9% in hole insertion and one cotyledon grafting, respectively. The scion dry weights of new hole insertion and one cotyledon grafting were increased by 78% and 74% when pumpkin was used as rootstock as compared with traditional grafting without regrown rootstock removal, while the respective values were 33% and 17% in bottle gourd rootstock grafted plants. In addition, the time used for the new hole insertion grafting method to physically remove the epidermis of pumpkin rootstock cotyledon base was significantly shorter than the time required to remove the rootstock regrowth manually three times in the traditional grafting (4.2 s/plant vs. 9.3 s/plant). Similar results were also observed in the new one cotyledon grafting (4.2 s/plant vs. 8.8 s/plant). Taken together, this study presents a new method in watermelon grafting to reduce rootstock regrowth, therefore benefiting both scion growth and plant management, thus the development of this new method is clearly useful in watermelon production.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative development and determine the concentration of sodium, potassium, and calcium in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) grown on two organic substrates and under increasing saline concentrations. The substrates were soil + earthworm humus (S1) and soil + bovine manure (S2), and the saline treatments consisted of irrigation water with different electrical conductivities: 1.36 (control), 3.56, 5.76, and 7.96 dS m-1. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block in a 2×4 (substrate × conductivity) factorial arrangement with five replicates. Main branch length, root length, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, and fresh matter mass of shoots and roots, as well as the sodium, potassium, and calcium contents in the plants, were determined. All phenological parameters showed interaction with the substrates, and S1 improved plant performance. Substrates interacted significantly with: leaf area; leaf number; stem diameter; main branch length; root length; fresh matter mass of shoots and roots; and the contents of sodium, potassium, and calcium, in both shoots and roots of watermelon irrigated with saline water for up to 27 days after emergence. There are also interactions between substrates and salinity for stem diameter, main branch length, fresh matter mass of roots, and calcium contents in both shoots and roots, and potassium and sodium contents in the roots.

Citrullus lanatus mengandung flavonoid yang berpotensi sebagai agen imunosupresi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji perubahan diameter pulpa alba limpa mencit BALB/c yang diinduksi ovalbumin (OVA) setelah pemberian ekstrak etanol buah C. lanatus. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan post-test only control group design. Sebanyak 30 ekor mencit BALB/c jantan dibagi menjadi enam kelompok, yaitu tiga kelompok kontrol (normal, negatif, dan metilprednisolon) dan tiga kelompok perlakuan ekstrak etanol C. lanatus dosis 175 mg/kgBB, 350 mg/kgBB, dan 700 mg/kgBB per hari. Ekstrak dan Metilprednisolon diberikan selama 28 hari, sedangkan OVA diberikan pada hari ke-15 dan ke-22 secara intraperitoneal dan per oral pada hari ke-23 sampai dengan hari ke-28. Pada hari ke-29, mencit dikorbankan dan organ limpa diambil untuk dibuat sediaan histologi dengan teknik pewarnaan HE. Efek imunosupresi dinilai dari rata-rata diameter pulpa alba limpa. Data dianalisis dengan uji nonparametrik Kruskal-Wallis dilanjutkan uji Mann-Whitney. Diameter pulpa alba limpa mengalami peningkatan setelah diinduksi OVA, pemberian ekstrak etanol C. lanatus dosis 700 mg/kgBB dan metilprednisolon menyebabkan penurunan diameter pulpa alba limpa secara bermakna (p

One of the main applications of microfiltration is the clarification and concentration of juices. The objective of this paper was to study the process of clarification ofwatermelon juice utilizing commercial membranes made of cellulose acetate 0,45 μm. Inorder to evaluate the efficiency of the process, the mass transfer resistances and theproperties of the juice were determined. The hydraulic permeability of the membrane was1.5x10-3 m/sPa considering water as the fluid and 2.2x10-4 m/sPa considering the juice. Theproperties analyzed in the permeate juice were color, transparency, turbidity, pH, density,viscosity, total soluble solids and acidity. The permeate flux of the juice assumed values from61 to 21 L/m2h during the experiment. This reduction was linked to the increase of theresistances with time. The membrane resistance assumed values of 1x106 m2/kg, while theresistance associated with concentration polarization and cake formation assumed valuesone order of magnitude higher. It was not possible to detect irreversible resistance.

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) has a wide distribution in Mecca regions and is considered to be a serious threat on watermelon production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of five medicinal plant extracts, against ZYMV-infecting watermelon plants. The experiment consisted of four application of soaking seeds, in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results of greenhouse experiments with individually treatments by decoction and infusion of Nigella sativa (NS) seeds in soaking and in-vitro experiment, bougainvillea and neem in pre-inoculation and thuja extract following nigella decoction in post inoculation were efficient to reduce and\or inhibit symptoms expression infecting watermelon seedling, whereas, decoction exhibited higher antiviral activity against ZYMV than infusion. The decoction and infusion of NS seed increased the total photosynthesis pigments, total soluble intracellular protein and total phenol contents. In conclusion, the results of the present investigation propose that the bougainvillea and neem extracts may perhaps play a central function in the mechanism of acquired systemic resistance and may produce pathogenesis-related proteins that play a significant role in watermelon seedling resistance against ZYMV.