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Chronic wounds can present the clinician with some of the most complex physiopathologic challenges, particularly in the elderly. Vascular disease is progressive, and prone to acute episodes, in thrombosis and [...]

The implications of the gravitational potential energy local feedback hypothesis advanced by Fofonoff are examined. When mixing processes occur at any depth in the ocean, the nonlinear nature of the equation of state usually causes a net contraction in the vicinity of the mixing which decreases gravitational potential energy of the fluid above this depth.

Despite the popularity of [Na.sup.+]-binding benzofuran isophthalate (SBFI) to measure intracellular free [Na.sup.+] concentrations ([[[Na.sup.+]].sub.i]), the in situ calibration techniques described to date do not favor the straightforward determination of all of the constants required by the standard equation (Grynkiewicz G, Poenie M, and Tsien RY. J Biol Chem 260: 3440-3450, 1985) to convert the ratiometric signal into [[Na.sup.+]]. We describe a simple method in which SBFI ratio values obtained during a 'full' in situ calibration are fit by a three-parameter hyperbolic equation; the apparent dissociation constant ([K.sub.d]) of SBFI for [Na.sup.+] can then be resolved by means of a three-parameter hyperbolic decay equation. We also developed and tested a 'one-point' technique for calibrating SBFI ratios in which the ratio value obtained in a neuron at the end of an experiment during exposure to gramicidin D and 10 mM [Na.sup.+] is used as a normalization factor for ratios obtained during the experiment; each normalized ratio is converted to [[[Na.sup.+]].sub.i] using a modification of the standard equation and parameters obtained from a full calibration. Finally, we extended the characterization of the pH dependence of SBFI in situ. Although the [K.sub.d] of SBFI for [Na.sup.+] was relatively insensitive to changes in pH in the range 6.8-7.8, acidification resulted in an apparent decrease, and alkalinization in an apparent increase, in [[[Na.sup.+]].sub.i] values. The magnitudes of the apparent changes in [[[Na.sup.+]].sub.i] varied with absolute [[[Na.sup.+]].sub.i], and a method was developed for correcting [[[Na.sup.+]].sub.i] values measured with SBFI for changes in intracellular pH. sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate; hippocampal neuron; intracellular sodium; intracellular pH

The modulation of the full-depth global integrated ocean heat content (GOHC) by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been estimated in various studies. However, the quantitative results and the mechanisms at work remain uncertain. Here, a dynamically consistent ocean state estimate is utilized to study the large-scale integrated heat content variations during ENSO events for the global ocean. The full-depth GOHC exhibits a cooling tendency during the peak and decaying phases of El Niño, which is a result of the negative surface heat flux (SHF) anomaly in the tropics (30°S–30°N), partially offset by the positive SHF anomaly at higher latitudes. The tropical SHF anomaly acts as a lagged response to damp the convergence of oceanic heat transport, which redistributes heat from the extratropics and the subsurface layers (100–440 m) into the upper tropical oceans (0–100 m) during the onset and peak of El Niño. These results highlight the global nature of the oceanic heat redistribution during ENSO events, as well as how the redistribution process affects the full-depth GOHC. The meridional heat exchange across 30°S and 30°N is driven by ocean current anomalies, while multiple processes contribute to the vertical heat exchange across 100 m simultaneously. Heat advection due to unbalanced mass transport is distinguished from the mass balanced one, with significant contributions from the meridional and zonal overturning cells being identified for the latter in the vertical direction. Results presented here have implications for monitoring the planetary energy budget and evaluating ENSO's global imprints on ocean heat content in different estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980s, the emergence of neoliberalism as a dominant government paradigm has led to increasing instances of accountability failure, resulting in significant injuries or death. Employing a grounded theory approach, accountability failure is defined and explored through analysis of 18 public inquiries and reports in the United Kingdom and Canada. The analysis reveals that the combination of a neoliberal policy paradigm and flawed regulation, governance, culture, and performance management inevitably led to accountability failure. Neoliberal policies have precipitated uncoordinated and underfunded regulatory regimes, an oppressive culture focused on financial efficiency at the expense of quality, self-serving and willfully blind governance, and underfunded and inadequate tools for measuring performance. The evidence suggests that organizations have not learned from each other within or between countries, revealing a pattern of accountability failure in which citizens are placed at risk in their communities and hospitals for preventable injury or death within an increasingly politicized government and leadership environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate an easy to administer and economical oral nutritional supplement for neonatal calves. Neonates are at risk of nutrient deficiencies because of maternal deficiencies, low body stores at birth and low nutritional intake. The pre-ruminating calf relies solely on milk for adequate immunity and nutrition until they begin ingesting forage. Insufficiencies can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. However, deficiencies in the cow are common due to variation in management, feeding and health protocols. A total of 21 beef calves in year 1 and 40 in year 2 were enrolled in the study. The calves were divided into experimental and control groups which received a vitamin-mineral supplement (VitaFerst-Care) and a saline solution at 1-3 days of age, respectively. Blood samples were collected, before, and again after supplementation (d 14 in yr 1 and d 3 in yrr 2) by jugular venipuncture. Iron and selenium concentrations were determined in blood serum of a subset of calves (n = 21 in yr1, n = 40 in yr2) by ICP-MS. All beef calves remained on their mothers. In yr 1, control calves had stable iron concentrations at 1.35 + 0.62 ppm (d 0) and 1.33 + 0.77ppm (d 14), with 50% of calves deficient. Iron concentrations in treatment calves increased slightly from 1.17 + 0.56 ppm to 1.43 +0.65 ppm. In yr 2, iron concentrations of control calves changed slightly from 1.69 + 0.91 ppm (d 0) to 1.98 +2.24 ppm (d 3). The iron concentrations in treatment calves further increased from 1.86 + 0.67 ppm to 2.33 + 2.16 ppm. Selenium concentrations were deficient in all calves in yr 1 (0.06 + 0.01 ppm) and year 2 (0.07 + 0.02 ppm) with no significant changes between treatment groups. This research provides insight regarding the severity and prevalence of nutrient deficiencies in newborn calves. All calves in the study were deficient in selenium, and between 30 to 50% were deficient in iron each year. Following supplementation, there was no significant increase in blood mineral concentrations between d 0 and d 14; however, between d 0 and d 3 there was a significant increase in blood iron concentration of calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]