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Five prehistoric archaeological sites (GaSa-29, GdRr-4, GgRm-1, GiRk-10, and GjRi-4) located throughout the Interior Plateau, Central Canadian Rocky Mountains, and Rocky Mountain Foothills of northern British Columbia, Canada, yielded numerous flaked lithics from various cultural period affiliations. Ten lithic artifacts were submitted by Roy Northern Land and Environmental to PaleoResearch Institute for protein residue analysis. An additional lithic artifact was submitted to PaleoResearch for phytolith analysis. The objectives of Roy Northern are to determine which animals (in the cases of protein residue analysis) and plants (in the case of phytolith analysis) might have been processed with each lithic artifact (Stephan Girard, personal communication, January 18, 2019).

A chert flaked stone tool recovered from Site CA-MEN-1371, Mendocino County, California was submitted for protein residue analysis.

Lacanjá Tzeltal is a Classic Period Maya site located in Ocosingo, Chiapas, Mexico. A cache containing artifacts was recovered beneath a large limestone altar, situated in the center of a ballcourt (Andrew Scherer, personal communication, November 29, 2019). One chert spear point and two obsidian blades from the cache were submitted for protein residue (CIEP) analysis to determine if the tools were used on plants or animals prior to being deposited in the cache.

Paleolitik Çağ insanlarının Eski Dünya'daki yayılımında zorunlu geçitlerden biri olan Anadolu, farklı ekolojik özelliklerdeki coğrafi birimlere ayrılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın coğrafi sınırları, Anadolu yarımadasının kuzeybatı ucunda ve Marmara Bölgesi'nin güneybatısında konumlanan Çanakkale-Balıkesir çevresidir. Geniş vadi sistemleri ve ovalardan oluşan bölgenin kuzeyinde Marmara Denizi, batısında ise Ege Denizi yer alır. Pleyistosen süresince yaşanan iklim salınımları, bir iç deniz olan Marmara Denizi'nin su seviyesini çok daha fazla etkilemiştir; ancak Marmara Denizi hiçbir zaman Anadolu ile Balkan coğrafyaları arasında aşılması imkansız bir engel durumunda olmamıştır. Anadolu ve Yunanistan yarımadaları ise, soğuk dönemlerde, neredeyse Üst Pleyistosen'in başlarına kadar geniş karasal köprüler ile birbirine bağlılığını sürdürmüştür. 1980'li yıllarda bölgede yapılan ilk sistematik yüzey araştırmaları ile birlikte çok sayıda Paleolitik Çağ buluntu yeri tespit edilmiştir ve ulaşılan buluntular İÜ Prehistorya Laboratuvarı koleksiyonunda yer almaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasının çerçevesinde, Çanakkale ve Balıkesir'de tespit edilmiş olan yontmataşlar, hammadde ve teknolojik-tipolojik özellikleri bakımından incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın öncelikli amacı, bölgenin Paleolitik yontmataş geleneklerini tanımlamaktır. Araştırmanın yöntemleri arasında, 2017 yaz sezonunda Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü'nün desteği ile bölgede yapılan yeni bir arazi çalışması yer almaktadır. Çalışma kısa süreli olsa da yeni buluntu yerleri de tespit edilmiştir.Buluntu yerleri jeolojik açıdan in situ değildir ve fen bilimsel yöntemlerle tarihleme yapmak mümkün olmadığından, buluntuların teknolojik ve tipolojik özelliklerine bağlı olarak göreli tarihlendirme yapılmıştır. Çanakkale ve Balıkesir illerinde, genel toplamalar ve tekil buluntu yerlerinin haricinde toplam 35 farklı Paleolitik buluntu yeri tespit edilmiştir; bunlar eklendiğinde ise bu sayı 43'e çıkmaktadır. Paleolitik Çağ süresince asıl iskânın Orta Paleolitik dönemde olduğu, buluntuların yoğunluğu ve çeşitliliği dolayısıyla anlaşılmaktadır. Orta Paleolitik buluntulardaki teknolojik ve tipolojik çeşitlilik, neredeyse tüm buluntu yerlerinde görülmektedir. Alt Paleolitik ve Üst Paleolitik dönem buluntuları az orandadır. Alt Paleolitik dönem teknolojileri satır ve kıyıcılar ile daha az sayıdaki iki yüzeylilerle temsil edilmektedir ve bunlar Yenice Ovası ile Gönen, Güney Koca Çay ve Güney Susurluk havzalarında yoğunlaşır. Üst Paleolitik teknolojilerindeki buluntular ise Çan Ovası'nda yoğunlaşmaktadır. Anatolian peninsula is thought to be one of the main land routes for hominin dispersals through the Old World during the Paleolithic. Apart from its strategically important geographical position, the region consists of many different ecological sub-regions and niches. Çanakkale and Balıkesir provinces are situated on the northwestern end of the peninsula and south of the Marmara Sea. The climatic changes during the Pleistocene (2.588 mya-11.700 BP) resulted in global sea level changes and due to the fact that Marmara Sea as an inland sea, the sea level changes were much more. Marmara Sea has never been a natural barrier for hominin dispersals between Thrace and Anatolia. On the west, the sea level changes in Aegean Sea made the continental shelf larger during the Paleolithic, resulting in the land bridges that connect Anatolian and Greek peninsulas until the Early Upper Pleistocene.First systematic surveys in the region were conducted in the late 1980's and revealed many Paleolithic open air sites. The finds are currently stored in the Prehistory Laboratory of Istanbul University. These lithic assemblages are studied, regarding their techno-typology and raw material characteristics. The primary purpose of this study is to describe the lithic industries of the region. Also with the support of Institutum Turcicum Scientiae Antiquitatis (TEBE), a fieldwork was conducted in order to understand geomorphological structures of the sites.Since none of the sites were geologically in situ and it was not possible to obtain absolute dates, the artifacts are dated relatively due to their technological and typological characteristics. In Çanakkale and Balıkesir provinces there are a total of 43 Paleolithic sites, including the ones that are discovered during the recent fieldwork and the single find bearing sites. Middle Paleolithic artifacts are most abundant and variable in almost every site. This indicates that the main occupation in the region took place during the Middle Paleolithic. The technological and typological diversity of the Middle Paleolithic finds is evidenced at almost every site. The Lower and Upper Paleolithic artifacts are much more less in numbers. The Lower Paleolithic finds are represented mainly by chopper and chopping-tools and less by bifacial tools and concentrated in Yenice Plain, Gönen, South Koca Çay and South Susurluk basins. The Upper Paleolithic finds are concentrated in Çan Plain. 306

Site 24DW0560 is a buried lithic scatter or temporary camp located in Dawson County, Montana, approximately 10.5 km west of the town of Lindsay. Twenty-one samples were submitted for a variety of analyses to better understand resource use among prehistoric huntergatherer populations. Eight lithic samples were submitted for protein analysis. Of the seven rock and sediment samples collected from fire-cracked rock (FCR) features, three were submitted for FTIR analysis, one for macrofloral, one for macrofloral and protein control, and two for macrofloral and AMS age determination. In addition, one feature-fill sample was submitted for macrofloral analysis and as a protein control, two FCR samples were submitted for FTIR analysis, and three uncharred bone samples were submitted for AMS age determination on collagen.

This document is a government generated Section 106 report consisting of a historic property inventory and an assessment of adverse effects associated with the A5 Powerline Replacement Project. The purpose of the document is to compile any prior or current studies performed in support of the A5 Powerline replacement project as a single Section 106 report. This report provides the information needed by the California State Historic Preservation Officer to concur on the project findings and determinations for individual resources as presented by the Vandenberg Air Force Base Cultural Resource Manager. The report specifically examines project impacts and/or avoidance strategies for twenty-seven archaeological sites; CA-SBA-592, -702, -775, -776, -1779, -2086, -2569H, -2570, -2571, -2883, -2884, -2885, -2886, -2887, -2888, -2889, -2894, -3213, -3215, -3232, -3348, -3376, -3527H, -3552H, -3560H, -3747, -3748.

This government generated Section 106 report is a historic property inventory and an assessment of adverse effects associated with the Replace the 12 kV Switchgear at Switchyard M Project. The purpose of this document is to compile any prior or current studies performed in support of the Replace 12 kV Switchgear at Switchyard M project as a single Section 106 report. This report provides the information needed by the California State Historic Preservation Officer to concur on the project findings and determinations for individual resources as presented by the Vandenberg Air Force Base Cultural Resource Manager. The report specifically examines project impacts and/or avoidance strategies for two archaeological sites; CA-SBA-1940, -2427, and one built environment resource; Building 727.

The Sundog Site (24LC2289) represents a prehistoric, short-term occupation and is situated on a large bench near the head of Indian Creek adjacent to the Gates of the Mountains Wilderness Area in Helena National Forest, Lewis and Clark County, Montana. Thirteen lithics recovered from the site were selected and submitted for protein residue analysis to identify animals hunted or processed at the site.

Midland Site #8 (20MD38), is a multi-component prehistoric site located in Chippewassee Park, Midland County, Michigan. The site was originally situated on stratified floodplain alluvium near the confluence of the Chippewa and Tittabawasee Rivers. In the 1970s, the city of Midland built Chippewassee Park and buried the site under a gravel parking lot and cleared grassy area (Kevin Schwarz, personal communication, November 12, 2018). Current archaeological investigations were conducted by ASC Group in Spring 2017 prior to the construction of a new bridge for the —20 road. Sediment, groundstones, and lithic samples were submitted to PaleoResearch Institute for phytolith and starch analysis; in addition to two lithic samples submitted for protein residue analysis. The objective of these analyses is to better understand the subsistence practices of Archaic and Woodland cultures of central Michigan. Despite the typically limited macrobotanical evidence at prehistoric sites in Michigan, successful phytolith and starch analyses of archaeological samples in Ottawa County, Michigan, suggest that similar analyses, in addition to protein residue analysis, may help to indicate food processing strategies at Midland Site #8 (Hambacher et al. 2016; Ladwig and Cummings 2013). ASC Group posed two specific questions of the evidence prior to sample submission: 1. Does phytolith and starch evidence uphold the interpretation that Middle Woodland bladelets were multi-use tools, which included the processing of plants, and; 2. Does protein residue on Jack’s Reef horizon (JRH) projectiles support the hypothesis that JRH peoples living in riverine environments used projectiles in fishing?

This document is a Section 106 letter from the California State Historic Preservation Office for the Replace 12kV Switchgear at Switchyard M Project. The letter reiterates the information provided in the transmittal letter from Vandenberg Air Force Base. It provides concurrence for 1) the delineation of the project area of potential effect, and 2) the project finding of no adverse effect to historic properties with conditions. The conditions that will be required during project execution will be the presence of an archaeological and Native American monitor during ground disturbing activity and the erection of temporary exclusionary fencing around archaeological site CA-SBA-2427.

This report describes HRA Inc., Conservation Archaeology’s (HRA) data recovery investigations at three archaeological sites (42IN3543, 42IN3556, and 42IN3561) located near Gold Springs in Iron County, Utah. The archaeological sites (42IN3543, 3556, and 3561) were initially recorded as large diffuse prehistoric artifact scatters that dated to the Formative Period (A.D. 900-1300) (Table 1). Excavations identified the remains of circular or oval brush shelters associated with thermal features and Fremont pottery. Two sites also contained small assemblages of Intermountain Brown Ware ceramics. The macrobotanical samples processed from two of the sites contained pine nut shells, pine cones, or pine nuts, which suggests that the main subsistence focus was pine nut processing in the fall. Highly fragmented burnt bones, some from mule deer, were also collected from the hearths and floor features of all three sites. No evidence for the use of cultigens was found in the macrobotanical samples or pollen records.

Neolitik Çağ, Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem ve Çanak Çömlekli Neolitik Dönem olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Söz konusu dönemler arasında; ekonomide, sosyal hayatta, yerleşim dokusunda, mimaride, inanç sistemlerinde, ritüellerde, sembolizmde ve her şeyden öte insanların gündelik kullanım eşyalarında oldukça belirleyici bir geçiş süreci yaşanmıştır. Bu tez çalışması İç Anadolu Bölgesi ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde arkeolojik araştırmaları yapılmış yerleşimlerin Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem'den Çanak Çömlekli Neolitik Dönem'e geçiş sürecine ait yontmataş buluntu topluluklarının nelerden ibaret olduğu ve neyi ifade ettiklerinin nitelik açısından incelenmesini içermektedir. Çalışmamızı gerçekleştirirken geçiş sürecini direkt olarak içermeyen, ancak Geç Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik evre ile Erken Çanak Çömlekli Neolitik evreye ait yerleşimlerin yontmataş buluntu toplulukları da dikkate alınmış ve tez verilerimiz güçlendirilmiştir. Söz konusu yerleşimlerdeki yontmataş endüstrilerin, çalışmaları yapıldığı ve yayınlandığı ölçüde tüm teknolojik ve tipolojik özellikleri ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, teknik ve tipolojik açıdan dönemler ve bölgeler arasında niceliklerine ve niteliklerine göre değerlendirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Orta Anadolu, Güneydoğu Anadolu, Geç Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem, Erken Çanak Çömlekli Neolitik Dönem, Geçiş Süreci, Yontmataş, Teknoloji, Tipoloji, PPNB, PN. The Neolithic Age is divided into two periods as Pre-Pottery Neolithic and Pottery Neolithic. Among the mentioned periods; in the economy, social life, settlement texture and architecture, belief systems, rituals and symbolism, and above all, the daily use of people has undergone a highly decisive transition. This thesis includes the examination of the qualifications, scope and what meaning of the chipped stone assemblages about the settlements of the archaeological researches in the Central Anatolia and Southeastern Anatolia the transition from Pre-Pottery Neolithic to the Pottery Neolithic. While performing our study, even though they are not directly included in the transition period, the chipped stone assemblages of settlements founding on the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic and Early Pottery Neolithic phases were also considered and the thesis data were strengthened. All technological and typological features of the chipped stone industries as far as they were done and published in these settlements were examined separately. The assemblages, which are obtained as a result of this study, are evaluated technically and typologically according to their quantity and quality between the periods and locations.Keywords: Central Anatolia, Southeast Anatolia, Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic, Early Pottery Neolithic, Transition Period, Chipped Stone, Technology, Typology, PPNB, PN 214

No abstract released.

Logan Simpson completed a Class III cultural resources survey for the Meridian Road Improvements Project located in the Town of Queen Creek along the boundary between Pinal and Maricopa Counties, Arizona. The Town of Queen Creek is planning to construct the half-street improvements (west side) along two noncontiguous segments of Meridian Road. The North Segment is a 1.0-mile road alignment between Queen Creek Road and Germann Road. As part of the North Segment construction, Queen Creek Road will be widened for 0.25 miles east and west of the intersection with Meridian Road. The South Segment is a 0.87-mile road alignment between Riggs/Combs Road and north of Queen Creek Wash. In the South Segment, the Queen Creek Wash crossing (15-barrel cast in place box culverts) and a 30-foot temporary asphalt road from Riggs/Combs Road to north of Queen Creek Wash will be installed as a traffic reliever prior to the construction of the ½ street improvements. Approximately 2,000 feet of a 12-inch Town-owned water line will also be installed with the traffic reliever activities. Features associated with the ultimate improvements for both segments include new pavement, pavement marking and signage, traffic signals, street lighting, utility relocations, drainage channels/basins, and landscaping. The intended right of way (ROW) for the improvements along Meridian Road and Queen Creek Road is 140 feet wide (42.6 meters) and includes a series of eight retention basins on the ROW periphery within the southern portion of the project area, making the total area of the current road improvements project 42.5 acres (17 hectares) in total.

In Minnesota, understanding ceramic periods of prehistory and their attendant subsistence practices is of critical importance. Our previous study (Scott Cummings 2017) indicates that problems with radiocarbon dates on ceramics are not unique to this period. Instead, the entire prehistoric record is affected. The natural Minnesota landscape contributes dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC), confounding efforts to create a clean radiocarbon record. When graphing all dates from Minnesota the oldest dates are on bones. This trend generally holds true whether investigating individual sites with multiple dates, cultures, or regions of the state. This is particularly obvious when examining the dates on bones obtained from stratigraphic deposits at LaMoille (21WN1). At that site dates on both bone collagen and burned bone appear to be too old. Therefore, one of the first steps involved in evaluating bone ages is to date calcined bones to compare with the previously-obtained dates on bone collagen and burned bones at LaMoille. In addition, modern reference bones, other body parts, and aquatic plants, as well as sediment, were dated to observe any offsets present. Specifically, catfish, aquatic plant, aquatic grass, and lake sediment, all from Albert Lea Lake, were examined as reference material. Animal bones from modern populations include two bison samples (one vertebra and one horn core), muskrat bones from three lakes, and bones of “known” age from historic deposits at Historic Fort Snelling (21HE99) that included a human phalanx from a ca. 1904 fill and a bison bone from a latrine deposit expected to represent AD 1825–1835. This expands the efforts examining reference samples (fish and wild rice) as part of the previous study (Scott Cummings 2017) that produced dates offset from the time of collection. Given the previously identified anomalies, additional samples were submitted to answer specific questions on a site-by-site basis. Six archaeological sites including Historic Fort Snelling, LaMoille, Blazing Star Shore (21FE76), the Preece Site (21BL26), the Crace Site (21ML3), and the Wilford Site (21ML12) had curated remains that were submitted for this study. These populations of modern materials and archaeological sites are discussed separately below. The unifying theme to this study is pursuit of information concerning recovery of concurrent or discrepant dates from stratigraphic or feature proveniences where more than one type of material was available to date. When possible, radiocarbon ages were obtained for short-lived botanics, charcoal, bones, and charred food crust from archaeological settings. Expansion of the radiocarbon database to include dates on this variety of remains is the first step in creating better site and regional chronologies.

This document is a Section 106 transmittal letter to the California State Historic Preservation Office for the Replace 12 kV Switchgear at Switchyard M Project. The letter briefly describes the purpose and activities associated with the project. It discusses the presence of archaeological site CA-SBA-2427 and the result of the effort by the base archaeologist to survey a portion of the project area that was not previously examined for the identification of archaeological resources. The letter relates that no new resources were identified but also that ground visibility was limited due to vegetation and the presence of poison oak also hampered access. The letter continued to delineate the project area of potential effect and seeks concurrence for 1) the delineation of the APE, 2) the assumed eligibility of CA-SBA-2427 for the current project only, 3) the determination that Building 727 is not a historic property because it was built in 1991. It further stipulates that an archaeological and Native American monitor will required for all ground disturbing activity within the APE and temporary exclusionary fencing will be erected around CA-SBA-2427.

Bull Creek camp (Site 34BV176) is situated on a terrace overlooking Bull Creek, 1.85 km northwest of the junction of north/south-trending US 83 and east/west-trending US 412 in Beaver County, Oklahoma. Five flaked lithic artifacts were recovered from a portion of the site dominated by butchered bison (Bison spp.) bones and a few Camelid bones (Leland Bement, personal communication, February 4, 2019 and April 26, 2019). The Oklahoma Archaeological Survey submitted the lithics to PaleoResearch Institute for protein residue analysis to determine if they had been used to process animals.

Twelve lithics were recovered from the Early Archaic Bridge Site (15LV98) located in Livingston County, Kentucky. The lithics were submitted for protein residue (CIEP) analysis to determine animals processed at the site.

The excavations at the West Branch site, AZ AA:16:3 (ASM), were conducted for the City of Tucson Water Department prior to the replacement of a water line. Twenty-two archaeological features were recorded in the narrow right-of-way. All were excavated or tested except one of the trash deposits recorded in a backhoe trench, and a human secondary cremation that was identified during the excavations and left in place. The other features include remnants of eight pithouses, one possible pithouse, one extramural surface or pithouse floor, seven extramural pits, and three trash deposits. They all date between A.D. 1000 and 1150. Because of the small size of this project, the goal of the investigations was to supplement the studies that were initiated during the 1986 investigations by the Institute for American Research. Research goals focused on formation processes, subsistence, and intrasite and intersite economic specialization. Ceramic manufacture was evident at the locus in at least one structure. In fact, 92 percent of the ceramics recovered from the locus were manufactured somewhere in the West Branch community. Although there is evidence that the occupants of the West Branch site produced and distributed ceramics, little is known of what was received in exchange for the ceramics.

Located in Buck County, Pennsylvania, the Split Site (36BU0449) is situated in a diabase boulder field, perched above extensive wetlands draining into Ridge Valley Creek. The site is divided into eastern and western halves by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension, which destroyed portions of the archaeological site during construction in the 1950s (Joel Dworsky, personal communication, November 5, 2019). The eastern half (Split Site East) produced a high volume of archaeological materials and cultural features. Eight projectile points and two stone cobble tools were recovered from the A and AB Horizons. The cobble tools and the projectile points were submitted for phytolith/starch and protein residue analyses, respectively, to determine what plants and animals were processed in the eastern half of the site.

Site 32OL0510 is situated on a small ridge above minor, meandering tributary creeks of Square Butte Creek, approximately 3.5 km west of the town of Center in Oliver County, North Dakota. Three prehistoric stone circle features and associated lithic tools comprise the site. Ethnoscience, Inc., submitted four lithic samples recovered from the site to PaleoResearch Institute for protein residue (CIEP) analysis. Additionally, four sediment samples were collected—two from the center of the features and two from the site perimeter—and submitted for macrofloral analysis. Through these protein residue and macrofloral analyses, Ethnoscience aims to uncover whether or not the site contributes to scholarly understanding of regional prehistoric flora and fauna exploitation. Furthermore, by comparing results from macrofloral analysis between the interior and exterior of a stone circle, Ethnoscience seeks to identify differences between the abundance or diversity of flora residuals.

Flaked stone weaponry production at sub-Mogollon Rim area sites in Arizona.

This report by Linda Scott Cummings and Caitlin A. Clark describes protein residues on 3 chert specimens from Eaton.One specimen did not react to weak antisera, one suggested the processing of both dog and rabbit, and the third suggested processing domestic goat.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Huntington District archaeological collections were delivered to the Veterans Curation Program's (VCP) Alexandria, Virginia, laboratory in September 2014. The Alexandria VCP laboratory is a USACE, St. Louis District's Mandatory Center of Expertise for the Curation and Management of Archaeological Collections program, which is staffed through JMA, an archaeological contract firm located in Alexandria, Virginia. The procedures employed to re-house the archaeological material from the Archaeological Survey of East Lynn Reservoir 1964-1965 investigation are discussed below and follow those procedures utilized by the Alexandria VCP laboratory. In the re-housing process of each investigative effort of the USACE, Huntington District collection, the same standard procedures and Archaeological Collections Facility at Grave Creek Mound Historic Site guidelines were followed. Upon completion of the curation management project, the collection was sent to Archaeological Collections Facility, Grave Creek Mound Historic Site for permanent curation. The artifact database can be found in tDAR at https://core.tdar.org/dataset/447991

Between 900 and 1140 CE, people at Chaco Canyon and throughout its region built multistory monumental structures with hundreds of rooms, known as great houses. This dissertation reports on recent archaeological testing on one such great house, the Aztec North great house at Aztec Ruins National Monument. I argue that Aztec North’s occupation represents an early, transitional period, as people previously not involved in the Chaco world made choices that increasingly brought them into Chaco’s orbit and changed their way of life forever. The structure represents a remarkable architectural experiment in large-scale adobe construction, one that likely was not terribly successful but that might have been an inspiration for generations after. The two main strands of data I report here, the architecture and the artifact assemblage, each tell a very different story. The artifact assemblage is one entirely typical of a Chacoan great house fully absorbed in the network of trade that characterized the Chacoan world. The architecture, however, suggests a more complicated site biography, with some aspects that seem entirely Chacoan, and a few striking elements that are not at all characteristic of Chacoan construction. Drawing on theories of social complexity, landscape archaeology and materiality, I argue that this great house was a site of rapid transition and of a community drawn into the Chacoan world in very short order, and perhaps with unintended consequences.

The Cedar Fork Creek Mastodon site appears to be a PaleoIndian Proboscidean bone workshop located in Morrow County, Ohio. It is believed that the remains of a mastodon are buried somewhere under a modern day bog-like pond (George DeMuth, personal communication, September 23, 2019). It is also believed the prehistoric people harvested and dragged parts of the mastodon away to the workshop located on a nearby hill. The mastodon remains were then likely processed for food and for making useful tools. The center of the site contains large amounts of bone fragments with evidence of cut marks. Five chipped stone scraper tools recovered from peripheral units further from the bone-dense units were submitted for protein residue analysis to determine what animals may have been processed at the site.

The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), Lower Colorado Regional Office, is planning environmental restoration activities as part of the Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program (LCR MSCP). The LCR MSCP is a 50-year multi-stakeholder, Federal and non-Federal partnership responding to the need to balance the use of lower Colorado River water resources and the conservation of native species and their habitats in compliance with the Endangered Species Act. Reclamation designated two parcels, the Beal Lake Conservation Area Expansion (Beal) and the Cibola National Wildlife Refuge Expansion (Cibola), as part of the LCR MSCP. These two parcels are under Reclamation’s land jurisdiction as the Area of Potential Effects (APE), totaling 1,738 acres.

This report documents the condition assessment of sensitive and threatened sites on Vandenberg Air Force Base. The sensitive and threatened sites are cultural resources with high informational value and are important to Native American groups, such as the Chumash, and have active impact agents and/or the potential to be severely impacted. This report documents the condition of these sites using the new approach developed by Applied EarthWorks and Cultural Resources Section (30 CES/CEIEA) in 2009 to assess site conditions using a database and data dictionary compatible with geographic information systems (GIS) and a global positioning system (GPS) (Lebow and Mirro 2009). For fiscal year 2018 (FY18), the 30th Civil Engineer Installation Management Flight (30 CES/CEIEA) on Vandenberg Air Force Base (AFB) contracted a continued effort for assessing the condition of sensitive and threatened sites as outlined in Lebow (2010, 2012). The objective is to investigate ongoing natural and human impacts to sensitive and threatened sites. This report lists information about each sensitive and threatened site assessed during Fiscal Year 2018 and briefly describes the ongoing impacts, impact scores, specific observations, and recommendations for each site. This report also includes the condition score and corresponding classification for each sensitive and threatened site that was assessed for FY18. The effort for assessing conditions of sensitive and threatened sites on Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) assists with the requirement for the United States Air Force (USAF), 30th Space Wing for Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act. This report specifically examines impacts and recommendations for thirty-four sensitive and threatened archaeological sites for Fiscal Year 2018; CA-SBA-207, -208, -209, -210, -212, -215, -223/H, -224, -225, -228/H, -512, -513, -530, -539, -552, -553, -609, -610/H, -612, -617, -639, -649, -668, -670, -734, -739, -782, -783, -931, -941, -953/H, -972, -1010, -1547/H.

This contractor generated Section 106 report is a historic property inventory and an assessment of adverse effects associated with the D2–D4 Circuit Electric Lines Replacement Projects. The purpose of the document is to compile any prior or current studies performed in support of the D2–D4 Circuit Electric Lines Replacement projects as a single Section 106 report. This report provides the information needed by the California State Historic Preservation Officer to concur on the project findings and determinations for individual resources as presented by the Vandenberg Air Force Base Cultural Resource Manager. The report specifically examines project impacts and/or avoidance strategies for forty-five archaeological sites; CA-SBA-535, -593, -595, -704, -705, -706, -776, -935, -998, -1036/H, -1037, -1060, -1070, -1071, -1172, -1177, -1179, -1180, -1181, -1193, -1565, -1718, -1730, -1777, -1778, -1927, -2160, -2161, -2233, -2236, -2237, -2239, -2240, -2242, -2246, -2247, -2250, -2321, -2368/H, -2481, -3213, -3226, -3229, -3535/H, -3649.

The high-altitude site of Karmir Sar is located around 2850 m a.s.l. on the southern slopes of Mt. Aragats (Armenia). Numerous stone structures (including vishaps, cromlechs, stone enclosures) are found all over the 40 ha-sized meadow, out of which three vishaps, four cromlechs and one circular stone structure have been investigated since 2012. According to 14C-dates, pottery and diagnostic lithic artefacts, human presence at Karmir Sar started as early as the Chalcolithic Period and continued (with gaps) until modern times; whereby the Middle Bronze Age (MBA) and the Medieval era represent the most intensive periods of occupation. This contribution presents primary data on the typology and technology of 1129 chipped lithic artefacts that have been excavated in four trenches at Karmir Sar (operations KS A, KS C, KS D, and KS E). This study of the lithic industries of Karmir Sar will be embedded within the framework of lithic economy, which considers lithic artefacts as part of a comprehensive interaction between lithic production and consumption. The lithic economy includes strategies of raw material procurement, blanks production and its transformation into tools, tool use, as well as the circulation of raw materials or products. Due to multiple use episodes and a general lack of clear stratigraphical horizons, the assemblages of Karmir Sar are not suitable to define the lithic industry for specific periods (such as the Chalcolithic or MBA periods). However, the data allows for general conclusions on lithic production and consumption at Karmir Sar, which appears to be quite similar during both periods. The Chalcolithic and MBA lithic economies at Karmir Sar are characterized by an ad hoc tool production environment, which well matches the needs of semi-mobile herder societies. The majority of raw materials appear to be procured from secondary source areas (such as riverbeds) which is indicated by a high ratio of battered and rolled surfaces. Tools are predominantly produced on-site, and according to daily demands by simple flake core technology. This allowed for a flexible, spontaneous blank and tool production without being dependent on specialized blade producers.

Site Form, Site 28BU520, for Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst.

This government generated Section 106 report is a historic property inventory and an assessment of adverse effects associated with the Installation Remediation Program, Site ST171 Remediation Project. The purpose of the document is to compile any prior or current studies performed in support of the Installation Remediation Program, Site ST171 Remediation project as a single Section 106 report. Applied EarthWorks was tasked with supporting the 30 CES/CEIEA Section 106 compliance effort through an on-call contract providing environmental and cultural resources support for the IRP program. Tasks associated with Section 106 compliance that were completed by Applied EarthWorks include background research, archaeological testing to assess potential adverse effects, and report preparation. With this letter and its attachments, Vandenberg Air Force Base is initiating consultation with the California State Historic Preservation Officer. This report provides the information needed by the California State Historic Preservation Officer to concur on the project findings and determinations for individual resources as presented by the Vandenberg Air Force Base Cultural Resource Manager. The report specifically examines project impacts and/or avoidance strategies for one archaeological site; CA-SBA-689.

This document is a government generated Section 106 report consisting of a historic property inventory and an assessment of adverse effects associated with the Coast Road Culvert Repair Project. The purpose of the document is to compile any prior or current studies performed in support of the Coast Road culvert repair project as a single Section 106 report. This report provides the information needed by the California State Historic Preservation Officer to concur on the project findings and determinations for individual resources as presented by the Vandenberg Air Force Base Cultural Resource Manager. The report specifically examines project impacts and/or avoidance strategies for three archaeological sites; CA-SBA-654, -662, -3829/H.

The planned realignment of State Route 260 (SR 260) between Payson and Heber by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) resulted in a multiphase archaeological investigation of the associated right-of-way and Area of Potential Effects (APE). The construction project includes 45.8 miles of highway. Numerous archaeological sites were identified during initial surveys in the project area along the western portion of the project area, below the Mogollon rim and on the Tonto National Forest (TNF). Archaeological sites are situated on the hills and terraces above permanent waterways, including Christopher Creek, Sharp Creek, Green Valley Creek, Tonto Creek, and Hunter Creek. Archaeological investigations within the project area are divided into six sections that include, from west-to-east: Lion Springs, Preacher Canyon, Little Green Valley, Kohls Ranch, Doubtful Canyon, and Christopher Creek. The Doubtful Canyon section is 3.5 miles long and is situated near the eastern end of the project area (Figure 1.1). This section overlaps the tie-ins constructed as part of the Kohls Ranch section. To date, archaeological investigations have been completed for the Preacher Canyon, Christopher Creek, Kohls Ranch, and Little Green Valley sections of the project area. The Sharp Creek Campground, a parcel adjacent to the Christopher Creek section, has also undergone testing and data recovery. In October 2009, nine sites in the Doubtful Canyon section were tested for eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (National Register) (Table 1.1). All the sites maintained their integrity, but only six had the potential to answer research questions about the prehistoric settlers of the sub-Mogollon Rim region and were considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register under Criterion D. After testing, two sites, AZ 0:12:120/AR-03-12-04-1860 (ASM/TNF), and Little Stinker, AZ O:12:121/AR-03-12-04-1861 (ASM/TNF), were considered ineligible for inclusion in the National Register. Research potential of the Sheep site, AZ 0:12:27 / AR-03-12-04-745 (ASM/TNF), Dittert's Quarry, AZ 0:12:116/AR-03-12-04-267 (ASM/TNF), and Transfer Station, AZ O:12:115/AR-03-12-04-265 (ASM/TNF), was exhausted during testing, and no further work was recommended. Data recovery was recommended for Flipping Bear, AZ O:12:28/AR-03-12-04-746 (ASM/TNF), the Spring site, AZ O:12:21/AR-03-12-04-1161 (ASM/TNF), and Tontozona Tarantula, AZ O:12:119/AR-03-12-04-1471 (ASM/TNF) (Herr and Stein 2009). Further significance testing was also recommended for the Morgan site, AZ O:12:117/AR-03-12-04-1402 (ASM/TNF). Additional testing and data recovery fieldwork was conducted between March 8 and April 22, 2010, within the APE of the Spring site, Flipping Bear, and Tontozona Tarantula. Work at the Spring site and Flipping Bear was substantial, as all features within the project right-of way were investigated. Historic wagon road, AZ 0:15:113/AR-03-12-04-652 (ASM/TNF), historic Forest Highway 11, AZ 0:12:33/AR-03-12-04-878 (ASM/TNF), and the Payson to Colcord phone line, AZ 0:12:34/AR-03-12-04-1312 (ASM/TNF), also cross the Doubtful Canyon section (Weaver 1998a). Most of the fieldwork and archival research on the road corridors and the telephone line was conducted in 2000, during the first section of the project (Herr, Stein, and Cook 2000; Herr, Thiel, and Stein 2000). A fourth site, AR-03-12-04-170 (TNF), identified as a quarry site by Dittert (1975), is located in the tie-in area between the Kohls Ranch and Doubtful Canyon sections; that site was investigated during the Kohls Ranch phase. This chert exposure lacked signs of cultural materials, and was considered ineligible for inclusion in the National Register (Herr and Stein 2001).

Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel conducted archaeological fieldwork for the City of Tucson at the Mission and Mission Garden loci of the Clearwater site, AZ BB:13:6 (ASM), and the Santa Cruz River Westside Canal site, AZ BB:13:481 (ASM), in March through July 2007, and September through October 2008. The work was conducted to mitigate the effects of the planned construction of the Mission of San Agustín, Ancestral Village, Carrillo House, and Mission Garden components of the Tucson Origins Heritage Park. As of June 2015, only the Mission Garden component was constructed. The project was funded by the City of Tucson as part of the Rio Nuevo redevelopment project. In all, 461 archaeological features were documented at the Clearwater site, and 21 canal segments from the Santa Cruz River Westside Canal site were studied. These features date from the time span between the Silverbell Interval of the Early Agricultural period (circa 2100 B.C.) into the American Statehood period, ending at about A.D. 1960. The features located included prehistoric pit structures, roasting pits, and small pits used for various purposes. Mission-era features included foundations of the Mission Garden walls and several middens. American Territorial period features were also found and included a brick-lined well and several outhouse pits. A number of prehistoric and protohistoric mortuary features were also located. These were excavated, and the remains and associated artifacts were repatriated to the Tohono O'Odham Nation. Analyses presented in this report used the features, recovered artifacts, plant materials, and faunal bone to examine three research issues — the changing riverine oasis, oasis communities, and community diversity.

This site is located on the north bank of the Potomac River, one mile east of Upper Cedar Point, and two miles east of the mouth of Nanjemoy Creek. It runs along the coast for half a mile and extends inland for as much as 35 feet, though it usually is confined to a variable 10-20 foot wide strip. The shoreline in this locale apparently has stabilized such that the former wave cut cliff line has been revegetated.

This contractor generated letter report is a historic property inventory and an assessment of adverse effects associated with the Extended Phase I Testing Results for the South Base Utility Underground Project (XUMU 12-1276B). The purpose of the letter is to compile any prior or current studies performed in support of the Extended Phase I Testing for the South Base Utility Underground project as a single Section 106 report. The CAPE Environmental Management, Inc. (CAPE) contracted with Albion to complete this archaeological study under Contract no. GS-10F-0059N and Task order no. FA8903-15-F-0023 on behalf of the 30th Space Wing of the United States Air Force at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) in support of their Section 106 responsibilities. This letter contains a brief background, methodology, results, and management recommendations, as well as pertinent attachments including Project maps and excavated unit details. The report specifically examines project impacts and/or avoidance strategies for one archaeological site; CA-SBA-1145/H.

Site Form, Site 28BU499, for Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst.

Site Form, Locus 3 Block 67, for Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst.

BCR Consulting LLC (BCR Consulting) under contract to Ace Environmental LLC completed a Cultural Resources Inventory of the LSV Indian Springs Project (project) located at Creech Air Force Base (CAFB) and on Bureau of Land Management land (BLM) in Clark County, Nevada. Proposed project activities will include installation of permanent power at an existing communications site, and installation of underground, overhead, and above-ground utility lines to an existing telecommunications site. The activities that will occur within these alignments and easements comprise the Area of Potential Effect (APE) for direct effects, or direct APE. An indirect APE has also been established for a 3.5-mile radius surrounding the APE for direct effects. A cultural resources literature review and background research, and intensive-level pedestrian field survey were conducted for the project. The literature review and background research included the direct APE, plus a one-mile radius for prehistoric and historic-period archaeological sites, and for historic-period architectural resources. A 3.5- mile radius (the indirect APE) was included in an analysis of indirect effects to cultural resources.

Excavations at the Pima Animal Care Center (PACC) revealed a unique portion of the prehistoric Hohokam landscape. Uncovered were the vestiges of a settlement that was occupied for two short periods at the beginning and the end of the Hohokam pre-Classic. Both periods of occupation occurred during times of transition in the prehistoric Tucson Basin. The Tortolita phase occupation corresponds with the founding of villages and the transition to Hohokam lifeways throughout southern and central Arizona. The Late Rincon-Tanque Verde phase occupation occurred during the transition between the Hohokam pre-Classic and the Classic period, spanning the time between the abandonment of pre-Classic villages and the advent of Classic period villages centered on platform mounds. Occupation during the intervening time was absent, although it is argued that the area was not abandoned during this period, but rather, remained an integral part of the Hohokam landscape. Data recovery and archaeological monitoring during the current project resulted in the identification of 281 archaeological features at AZ AA:12:46(ASM) and 15 features at AZ AA:12:980 (ASM). All water-control features were included in AZ AA:12:980(ASM), with all other feature types assigned to AZ AA:12:46(ASM). The features and the artifacts that filled them provide a unique opportunity to examine the social and economic context of the Hohokam landscape during times of transition.

Site Form, Locus 6 Block 174, for Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst.

At the request of Derrik Berg of KP Environmental, Antigua Archaeology, LLC (Antigua) conducted a Class I (previous cultural resources records review) of the Salt River Project Southeast Power Link Project (Figure 1). The Project Study Area (PSA) is located southeast of Phoenix in Maricopa and Pinal Counties, Arizona. Antigua Archaeology, LLC has conducted a Class I (records search) of the Salt River Project Southeast Power Link project area located southeast of Phoenix in Maricopa and Pinal Counties, Arizona. The total area reviewed for this study is approximately 9,945 acres.

The procedures employed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), St. Louis District, Curation and Archives Analysis Branch, Mandatory Center of Expertise for the Curation and Management of Archaeological Collections to rehouse the archaeological material from USACE, Vicksburg District are discussed below. In the rehousing process of each investigative effort for the Vicksburg District’s collection, staff generally followed the same standard procedures. Upon completion of the curation management project, the Vicksburg District collection was sent to the Cobb Institute of Archaeology, Mississippi State University for permanent curation. The first step in the rehousing process is to obtain copies of cultural resource reports, artifact catalog sheets, and field notes pertaining to the collections from the St. Louis District archivist processing the archival collection. The analytical techniques employed by each organization to recover and process the collections were reviewed to gain familiarity with the previous archaeological work that had been conducted on the sites. The documents for this investigative effort included the final report, an artifact catalog, and field notes. The Greenville Urban Protection project investigation consists of historic artifacts collected when the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg District contracted with Coastal Environments, Inc. (CEI) to conduct an intensive survey around eight ditches within Washington County, Mississippi. The ditches were to be expanded for the purpose of handling more water during heavy rainfalls. The survey was conducted in May 1991. Richard A. Weinstein served as principle investigator and Sylvia Timmons Duay served as field director. With the exception of a single celt, only historic material was recovered. The one site recorded during this survey was the Formigoni site (22WS777), a late nineteenth to early twentieth century house site. For more information on this project, see the final report (Duay 1992). The artifact database can be found in tDAR at https://core.tdar.org/dataset/446621

The procedures employed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), St. Louis District, Curation and Archives Analysis Branch, Mandatory Center of Expertise for the Curation and Management of Archaeological Collections to rehouse the archaeological material from USACE, Vicksburg District are discussed below. In the rehousing process of each investigative effort for the Vicksburg District collection, staff generally followed the same standard procedures. Upon completion of the curation management project, the Vicksburg District collection will be sent to the Cobb Institute of Archaeology at Mississippi State University for permanent curation. The first step in the rehousing process is to obtain copies of cultural resource reports, artifact catalog sheets, and field notes pertaining to the collections from the St. Louis District archivist processing the archival collection. The analytical techniques employed by each organization to recover and process the collections were reviewed to gain familiarity with the archaeological work that had been conducted on the sites. Archival material sent along with this investigative effort included the final report. The Timber Sales Survey consisted of a reconnaissance-level survey of 1,337 acres on or near Arkabutla, Sardis, Enid, and Grenada Lakes. The artifact collection was exclusively historic-period materials. Panamerican Consultants, a cultural resource management firm, conducted fieldwork in December 1991. Shari D. Moore served as field director and Richard Walling served as principal investigator for the project. Fieldwork was conducted with the objective of identifying, recording, and evaluating historic and prehistoric properties within the timber cut areas of Arkabutla, Sardis, Enid, and Grenada Lake boundaries. For more information on this project, see the final report (Moore and Walling 1992). The artifact database can be found in tDAR at https://core.tdar.org/dataset/446603

This report documents and outlines the condition assessment of each rock art site on VAFB for Fiscal Year 2017 (FY17). This report lists information about each site and brief summaries about common impacts, tasks, and specific observations at sites. Information in this report focuses on areas at rock art sites with significant impacts, high-risk areas for impacts, and professional insight to help understand the sensitivity of sites and implemented management strategies. This report outlines condition assessment data for all known rock art sites on Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) for Fiscal Year 2017. The effort for assessing conditions of rock art assists with the requirement for the United States Air Force (USAF), 30th Space Wing for Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act. This report specifically examines impacts and implemented management strategies for fourteen rock art sites on Vandenberg Air Force Base for Fiscal Year 2017; CA-SBA-209, -210, -503, -550, -609, -612, -655, -2322, -2324, -2370, -2988, -3686, -3687, -3688.

In 2019, the Salt River Project (SRP) plans to decommission the Navajo Generating Station (NGS) and associated Ash Disposal Area (ADA), located east of Page, Coconino County, Arizona (Figure 1). Prior to the decommissioning, SRP sponsored cultural resources surveys (Marshall 2018a; Spurr 2017) to record archaeological sites within the NGS and ADA. These efforts supplement previous archaeological investigations (Mueller and Fiero 1971; Pilles 1969). As a result of the recent surveys, Spurr (2017) recorded NA31,287, a low density artifact scatter representing a possible Paiute campsite. The site was recommended National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligible under Criterion D (information potential). The site’s eligibility status was subsequently considered indeterminate by reviewers because of uncertainty about the presence of intact subsurface remains. The current eligibility testing project was conducted under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, Navajo Nation Cultural Resources Protection Act (CRPA, CMY-19-8), Navajo Nation Jishchaa’ Policy, and the Navajo Nation Disposition Policy. This document presents the results of archaeological eligibility testing by Northland Research, Inc. (Northland) at NA31,287 within the ADA. The work was conducted on 31 July 2018 by John Marshall (Project Director) and Nick Billstrand (Archaeologist). Testing was conducted according to the work plan (Marshall 2018b) to determine if intact subsurface cultural remains are present, evaluate their integrity, and thus clarify the NRHP eligibility status of NA31,287. Fieldwork entailed site mapping, in-field artifact analysis, hand excavation of a 1-m by 1-m control unit within a possible rock feature recorded at the site, and excavation of three shovel trenches within the site to determine if subsurface features are associated with the low density surface scatter. No significant subsurface cultural remains were discovered. Based on the results of the eligibility testing, NA31,287 does not contain significant subsurface cultural deposits. It is recommended that the site be considered not eligible for the NRHP. No additional investigation of the site is recommended.

FHWA and ADOT completed a roadway improvement project along Historic SR-88, also known as the Apache Trail, between MP 203.40 and MP 220.20, northeast of the town of Apache Junction, Maricopa County, Arizona. The undertaking included milling existing pavement and laying new pavement along SR-88 between MP 203.40 and 213.35; applying a double application of chip seal coat on the existing roadway between MP 213.35 and MP 220.20; removing the pavement at 5 existing pullouts; constructing new pavement at 6 turnouts; modifying the crown of the eastbound (EB) approach at the Boulder Canyon Bridge (ADOT Structure #193); reconstructing roadway curves at six locations; modifying existing culverts to accommodate the curve improvements; removing a large rock above the roadway near MP 212.70; repairing the concrete ford across Tortilla Creek; shoulder stabilization, adding new guardrail and guardrail endcaps; removing and replacing signage; vegetation removal and grading; and temporary usage of three staging areas.

Paleolitik Dönem'de yaşamış insan gruplarının yaşamsal aktivitelerinin mekanla ilişkilendirildiği çalışmalar sınırlı sayıdadır. Bu kapsamda Gürgürbaba Tepesi'nde iskân etmiş insan gruplarının yaşadıkları çevreyi nasıl kullandıklarını anlamak için buluntu alanında mevcut olan tüm buluntular konumları bozulmadan koordinatları alınmış ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinden faydalanılarak yoğun olduğu bölgeler tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca her bir yontmataş teknolojik ve tipolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak Gürgürbaba Tepesi 010 numaralı buluntu alanında yaşamış insanların yaşam alanlarında hangi aktiviteleri gerçekleştirmiş oldukları ve çevreleri ile olan ilişkileri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. The works associated with vital activity of human groups who lived in Paleolithic Period is limited. In this context, to understand how the human groups that inhabit Gürgürbaba Hill used the environment where they lived, the coordinates of all existing artifacts in archeological site have taken without breaking the position and dense areas are determined by the help of Geographic Information Systems. In addition, every stone tools are investigated technologically and typologically. As a result of this, which activities have carried out by the people who lived in 010 Locality of Gürgürbaba Hill and the relationship with their environment is investigated. 100