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Network operators want to enforce fair bandwidth sharing between users without solely relying on congestion control running on end-user devices. However, in edge networks (e.g., 5G), the number of user devices sharing a bottleneck link far exceeds the number of queues supported by today’s switch hardware; even accurately tracking per-user sending rates may become too resource-intensive. Meanwhile, traditional software-based queuing on CPUs struggles to meet the high throughput and low latency demanded by 5G users. We propose Approximate Hierarchical Allocation of Bandwidth (AHAB), a per-user bandwidth limit enforcer that runs fully in the data plane of commodity switches. AHAB tracks each user’s approximate traffic rate and compares it against a bandwidth limit, which is iteratively updated via a real-time feedback loop to achieve max-min fairness across users. Using a novel sketch data structure, AHAB avoids storing per-user state, and therefore scales to thousands of slices and millions of users. Furthermore, AHAB supports network slicing, where each slice has a guaranteed share of the bandwidth that can be scavenged by other slices when under-utilized. Evaluation shows AHAB can achieve fair bandwidth allocation within 3.1ms, 13x faster than prior data-plane hierarchical schedulers.

This study examines the mechanical properties, characterization studies, wear, and absorption tests of hybrid polymer composites reinforced with Aloe veraand ramie fibres. The hybrid composites were manufactured using a hot press compression moulding machine at 110 °C and 1500 PSI. During composite production, Aloe veraand ramie fibres of varying lengths (10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, and 25 mm) and weight percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) were used to fabricate 20 composite samples. To improve the interfacial bonding between the two fibres and epoxy matrix and to attain highest mechanical strength for the medium density fibre, board applications are the main objective of this work. Taguchi optimization was utilized to optimize the wear studies of Aloe veraand ramie fibre–reinforced hybrid composite samples. The optimum fibre length and weight percentage were calculated using a contour plot, with the assistance of MINITAB 17 software. Additionally, absorption studies were conducted to reveal the hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics of the hybrid composite sample. The crystallinity index percentage was found to range from 42 to 54% in the characterization studies. The functional group of the hybrid polymer composites was identified using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization technique. Additionally, scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies revealed the presence of fibre cracks, gaps, and voids between the primary and secondary phases of the hybrid composite.

In this research work, the mechanical properties, characterization studies, and absorption studies of ramie and pineapple leaf fibre (PALF)–reinforced epoxy hybrid polymer matrix composites are examined. A hot press compression moulding machine was used to produce the hybrid composites. Different lengths (10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, and 25 mm) and different weight percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) of ramie and PALF fibres are used during composite production. Tensile strength improved from 24.14 to 36.54 MPa, flexural strength improved from 29.46 to 48.18 MPa, and impact strength improved from 1.25 to 4.5 J. The Taguchi optimization technique was used to optimize the mechanical strength of the ramie and PALF hybrid composite samples. A contour plot was used to determine the optimum fibre length and fibre weight percentage. The Taguchi optimization mean plot, SN ratio plot, and contour plots clearly denote the optimum (larger strength is better) composite sample with respective length (20 mm) and weight percentage (30%). Absorption studies indicated the hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature of the hybrid composite sample. The 30% of the PALF and ramie hybrid composites improved the absorption behaviour by up to 12%. Crystallinity index percentage varied between 44 and 56% according to the characterization studies. The FTIR method was used to identify the essential functional group in hybrid polymer composites. SEM studies identify fibre cracks, gaps, and voids between the hybrid composite’s primary and secondary phases.

Background. At present, there is no consolidated evidence for workplace-based interventions for the prevention and reduction of neck pain in office workers. Purpose. The purpose of this review was to [...]