Search

Pollution occurs everywhere and threatens rice field that require good quality water. Leachate is a pollutant from the Final Disposal Site (TPA) and flows into irrigation in the surrounding area. This study aims to experimentally analyse using a combination of Water Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes and filter media (zeolite, charcoal, and gravel) to improve irrigation water quality and performance in a limited time. Samples were obtained from TPA Pakusari, Jember, East Java, Indonesia (-8,16956, 113.76129). There were three treatments: control, Water Hyacinth (WH), and Water Hyacinth + Filter (WHF). Multiparameter Aquacombo HM 3070 was used to test the parameters of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Conductivity, and pH. Determination of DO levels was done by the Winkler Method. Sample tests were performed every day (0-14 days). TDS and pH measurements showed that WH was a treatment that significantly reduced the effect. OD measurements showed significant increases in WH and WHF on the 7th day but not significant again on the 14th day. BOD measurements showed that control and WH decreased significantly starting the seventh day. Only the control treatment differed significantly on day 14 for conductivity measurements. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the WH and WHF treatments differed significantly, as a set of measured parameters between treatments formed different clusters on days 7 and 14. The significance of this study lies in its potential contribution to developing effective and sustainable methods to mitigate water pollution in agricultural settings, particularly in regions affected by leachate from disposal sites. The findings could be pivotal in improving irrigation water quality, thereby supporting healthier crop growth and sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) is globally valued for its nutrition and medicinal properties. New technologies aim to increase production with less environmental impact, considering materials such as charcoal for substrate enrichment. This manuscript evaluated the effect of fine charcoal (FC) on the substrate formulation of two L. edodes strains (LED 20/11 and LED 20/12). The substrate consisted of 72% eucalyptus sawdust, 12.5% rice bran, 12.5% wheat bran, and 3% calcium carbonate (control treatment without charcoal). Treatments with FC proportionally reduced the use of sawdust, with doses of 1%, 2%, 4%, 8%, and 16% (relative to the substrate material). Yield, mushroom number, and mushroom weight were evaluated. The concentration of FC significantly affected the parameters analyzed, especially at the 4% dose. A negative correlation between mushroom number and weight was observed. For yield, the control treatment and the lowest dose of FC (1%) had the highest yields for the first harvest. Strain LED 20/12 showed lower yield variability due to the percentage of FC applied to the substrate. The incorporation of FC into the substrate for shiitake cultivation demonstrates efficacy; however, both the concentration and strain used are limiting factors for its applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charcoal rot disease (CRD), caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, is a significant threat to cotton production in Israel and worldwide. The pathogen secretes toxins and degrading enzymes that disrupt the water and nutrient uptake, leading to death at the late stages of growth. While many control strategies were tested over the years to reduce CRD impact, reaching that goal remains a significant challenge. The current study aimed to establish, improve, and deepen our understanding of a new approach combining biological agents and chemical pesticides. Such intervention relies on reducing fungicides while providing stability and a head start to eco-friendly bio-protective Trichoderma species. The research design included sprouts in a growth room and commercial field plants receiving the same treatments. Under a controlled environment, comparing the bio-based coating treatments with their corresponding chemical coating partners resulted in similar outcomes in most measures. At 52 days, these practices gained up to 38% and 45% higher root and shoot weight and up to 78% decreased pathogen root infection (tracked by Real-Time PCR), compared to non-infected control plants. Yet, in the shoot weight assessment (day 29 post-sowing), the treatment with only biological seed coating outperformed (p < 0.05) all other biological-based treatments and all Azoxystrobin-based irrigation treatments. In contrast, adverse effects are observed in the chemical seed coating group, particularly in above ground plant parts, which are attributable to the addition of Azoxystrobin irrigation. In the field, the biological treatments had the same impact as the chemical intervention, increasing the cotton plants' yield (up to 17%), improving the health (up to 27%) and reducing M. phaseolina DNA in the roots (up to 37%). When considering all treatments within each approach, a significant benefit to plant health was observed with the bio-chemo integrated management compared to using only chemical interventions. Specific integrated treatments have shown potential in reducing CRD symptoms, such as applying bio-coating and sprinkling Azoxystrobin during sowing. Aerial remote sensing based on high-resolution visible-channel (RGB), green–red vegetation index (GRVI), and thermal imaging supported the above findings and proved its value for studying CRD control management. This research validates the combined biological and chemical intervention potential to shield cotton crops from CRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiments are aimed to examine the effect of copper nanoparticles supported on charcoal (CuNPs/C), growth factor betacellulin (BTC) and their interrelationships in the control of ovarian cell functions. Porcine ovarian granulosa cells were cultured in the presence of CuNPs/C (0, 1, 10 or 100 ng/ml), BTC (100 ng/ml) and the combination of both, CuNPs/C + BTC. Markers of cell proliferation (BrDU incorporation), of the S -phase (PCNA) and G-phase (cyclin B1) of the cell cycle, markers of extrinsic (nuclear DNA fragmentation) and cytoplasmic/mitochondrial apoptosis (bax and caspase 3), and the release of progesterone and estradiol were assessed by BrDU test, TUNEL, quantitative immunocytochemistry and ELISA. Both CuNPs/C and BTC, when added alone, increased the expression of all the markers of cell proliferation, reduced the expression of all apoptosis markers and stimulated progesterone and estradiol release. Moreover, BTC was able to promote the CuNPs/C action on the accumulation of PCNA, cyclin B1, bax and estradiol output. These observations demonstrate the stimulatory action of both CuNPs/C and BTC on ovarian cell functions, as well as the ability of BTC to promote the action of CuNPs/C on ovarian cell functions. [Display omitted] • Copper nanoparticles on charcoal and betacellulin, independently or in combination, can be biostimulators of porcine ovarian cell functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of poisoning can differ significantly depending on the specific substance consumed. Identifying toxic substances in a patient is crucial to obtaining a thorough medical history. Frontline healthcare providers in the emergency department often handle patients presenting with poisoning. Their clinical presentation can vary depending on their dose, duration of exposure, and pre-existing medical conditions. Initially, poisoning management entails administering supportive care such as absorption and enhancing the elimination of poison with charcoal and antidote administration after identifying the poisoning substances. This article aims to provide a basic overview of the concepts involved in evaluating and managing these individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted multi-proxy analyses in two subalpine lakes, Lake Gropile, in the Rodna Mountains and Lake Vinderelu in the Maramureș Mountains, the Eastern Carpathians, Romania, to investigate the effect of different land-use practices on landscape composition, diversity and slope erosion. In the case of Lake Gropile, results evidenced a more extended tree and shrub cover and high fire activity between 6400 and 2800 cal yr BP, accompanied by reduced soil erosion, which appeared more strongly regulated by climatic conditions. Anthropogenic impact became evident 2800 years ago, when landscape openness, pasturing, and disturbance of soil cover increased and intensified over the last four centuries. In the case of Lake Vinderelu, intensified burning was followed by grazing around 1200–1100 cal yr BP and continued throughout the last millennium. Results also highlight the site-specific effects of land-use on vegetation composition and landscape diversity. For Lake Vinderelu, a combined effect of local burning and grazing in removing shrub cover appear to be the main drivers of changes in landscape diversity and structure. At Lake Gropile, fire was more connected to shrub cover changes while grazing to herbaceous cover diversity. Moderate to low grazing appeared to benefit both subalpine ecosystems, creating rich grassland-shrub mosaic communities, while overgrazing reduced landscape diversity and exacerbated erosion. Our findings document the millennial-scale legacy of land-use practices on the subalpine landscapes in this region. We propose that these semi-natural ecosystems hold important ecological and cultural value, and recommend their maintenance through controlled, low intensity pasturing and/or burning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive-oxygen-species are produced more often in the body when bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting-substance, is present. In this investigation, bio-sorbents from an aqueous solution adapted from Aloe-vera were used to survey BPA removal. Aloe-vera leaf wastes were used to create activated carbon, which was then analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Zeta potential, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. It was revealed that the adsorption process adheres to the Freundlich isotherm model with R2>0.96 and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with R2>0.99 under ideal conditions (pH = 3, contact time = 45 min, concentration of BPA = 20 mg.L−1, and concentration of the adsorbent = 2 g.L−1). After five-cycle, the efficacy of removal was greater than 70%. The removal of phenolic-chemicals from industrial-effluent can be accomplished with the assistance of this adsorbent in a cost-effective and effective-approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Washington State in the US, the story of the Washington Department of Natural Resources' (WA DNR) work to manage increased wildfire threat and the resulting internal and external shifts in agency policy and practices is the subject of this analysis. A narrative policy framework is a lens adopted to examine how the elected leadership of the agency sought to institute adaptive change and increase available resources to implement such change through the initiation and support of a key piece of legislation and through strategic shifts in its land management emphasis. These changes were initiated to increase agency land management and firefighting capacity while not abandoning its long-standing mandate to generate financial returns for the State trusts. Although the implementation of these policy changes is in an initial stage, we suggest the lessons from these shifts in policy and practice are relevant to many other land management agencies facing similar challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical hydrogen storage is considered as the safest mode compared to the other storage forms, which is why it has attracted a significant research attention in the past decade. Carbon-based porous mediums offer many benefits that favor hydrogen adsorption in it. The presented work investigates the feasibility of coconut shell derived activated carbon for hydrogen adsorption by ascertaining its physical and chemical characteristics. The procedure employed for characterization is disclosed. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, average crystalline size of the activated carbon was found to be 51.7 m2/g and average crystalline size using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to be 10.69nm, respectively, which is comparable with the published data in literature. The scanning electron microscopy illustration of the field emission revealed the presence of well-developed pores on the surface of the sample activated carbon. The Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (FTIR) spectrum was employed to determine the existence of essential functional groups. The ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–V) is used to confirm the presence of π- π* transition within the activated carbon. Working in the similar direction, the presented work is an experimental investigation on ionic hydrogen storage in an activated carbon electrode integrated in a modified reversible polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC) for transport applications that is carried out. The ingress and egress of hydrogen within the developed PEMFC of 6.25 cm2 active area successfully stored 559.65mAh/g during charging and give out 510.51 mAh/g while discharging. The result analysis revealed the feasibility of the coconut shell based activated carbon to be a suitable candidate for hydrogen storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in land-use practices have been a central element of human adaptation to Holocene climate change. Many practices that result in the short-term stabilization of socio-natural systems, however, have longer-term, unanticipated consequences that present cascading challenges for human subsistence strategies and opportunities for subsequent adaptations. Investigating complex sequences of interaction between climate change and human land-use in the past—rather than short-term causes and effects—is therefore essential for understanding processes of adaptation and change, but this approach has been stymied by a lack of suitably-scaled paleoecological data. Through a high-resolution paleoecological analysis, we provide a 7000-year history of changing climate and land management around Lake Acopia in the Andes of southern Peru. We identify evidence of the onset of pastoralism, maize cultivation, and possibly cultivation of quinoa and potatoes to form a complex agrarian landscape by c. 4300 years ago. Cumulative interactive climate-cultivation effects resulting in erosion ended abruptly c. 2300 years ago. After this time, reduced sedimentation rates are attributed to the construction and use of agricultural terraces within the catchment of the lake. These results provide new insights into the role of humans in the manufacture of Andean landscapes and the incremental, adaptive processes through which land-use practices take shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking is a preservation method which improves the nutritional value and organoleptic properties of fish. However, consumers are becoming more aware of possible hazards and detrimental health impacts arising from food they consume and are more demanding in respect of freshness, freedom from pollutant and other intrinsic qualities of smoked fish. The nutritive and organoleptic qualities of African Catfish smoked using charcoal and briquette as energy source were assessed. Sensory evaluation was conducted on tenderness, taste, juiceness, texture, colour and overall acceptability of the smoked fish samples based on 9-point Hedonic scale. Proximate and nutritive value of the smoked fish was also determined using standard methods. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The mean value of crude protein, ash, ether extract, crude fibre and moisture content were 74.02±10.70, 4.53±1.20, 8.08±0.63, 8.08±0.63, 0.08±0.05 and 6.92±0.97 respectively for charcoal smoked fish samples and 76.86±2.95, 4.73±0.15, 8.08±0.33, 0.07±0.03 and 6.31±0.80 for briquette. The mean overall acceptability was also higher in charcoal (7.85±0.89) than briquette (7.72±0.52). T-test however showed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the overall acceptability between charcoal and briquette. In conclusion, briquette produce good quality smoked fish just like charcoal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a technique for obtaining advanced layered radio-absorbing materials based on powdered charcoal. The technique includes the following technologies: incorporation of the electrolyte aqueous solution into the material particles pores and adhesive pressing. The developed technique is more manufacturable compared to its analogs. Materials obtained in accordance with this technique are characterized by flexibility, as well as lower cost compared to other carbon-containing radio-absorbing materials. The experimental characteristics of electromagnetic radiation reflection and transmission coefficients in the frequency range 2.0–17.0 GHz of the materials obtained in accordance with the developed technique are described. The results of the comparative analysis of these characteristics are provided. On the basis of these results, it is determined that the average values of electromagnetic radiation reflection coefficient in the specified frequency range of the materials based on powdered nonactivated wood charcoal, powdered activated wood charcoal, and powdered activated coconut charcoal are –4.5, –8.5, and –9.0 dB (when these materials fixed on metal reflectors). The average values of their electromagnetic radiation transmission coefficient are –11.5, –20.0, and –15.5 dB respectively. The investigated materials seem to be promising for use in order to protect electronic equipment from external electromagnetic interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aquifer thermal energy storage is a versatile method for regulating building temperatures, utilizing groundwater as a medium for both summer cooling and winter heating. Water has high thermal conductivity and specific heat but is corrosive, creating a mineral build-up that causes scaling. Additionally, its high freezing point presents operational challenges. Vegetable oils emerge as a promising alternative, owing to their lower freezing points. In light of environmental concerns, researchers are exploring vegetable oils as substitutes for petroleum-derived mineral oils. This paper is intended as an initial study using vegetable oils, i.e. coconut and sunflower oil, as the heat-transfer medium in aquifer thermal energy storage. The experiments assess the heat-transfer coefficient of coconut, sunflower, mineral, and synthetic oils when exposed to the same heat source. The study also evaluates the impact of introducing micro-carbon (graphite and charcoal) to the oils. Results indicate that sunflower oil has the highest heat-transfer coefficient of 374.4 W/m2 K among the oils, making it suitable for aquifer thermal energy storage applications. Furthermore, augmenting sunflower oil with charcoal powder enhances its performance by increasing the heat-transfer coefficient to 474.9 W/m2 K, or a 27% increase. In contrast, coconut oil proves unsuitable for aquifer thermal energy storage deployment because of its low heat-transfer coefficient of 293.7 W/m2 K. The heat-transfer coefficient of synthetic oil increases with graphite powder but decreases with charcoal powder introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil is the world's largest producer of charcoal. Therefore, there is need for improvement in the gravimetric yield of conversion and the reduction of gas emissions, including greenhouse gases (GHGs), released during carbonization. The objective was to apply the methodology of Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) to evaluate the emission of GHG, mainly CO2 and CH4. The charcoal production kiln-furnace system used was composed of 4 kilns with a capacity of ~6 t of wood, each. The MRV cluster of coal gravimetric yield and gas burners were used to determine the gravimetric yield and burner efficiency and thus evaluate the emission of GHGs generated in the carbonization system. The carbonization was performed in an isolated way producing, in total, 3.34 t of charcoal, with an average gravimetric yield of 25.82%. The MRV methodology was effective for evaluating the GHG emissions. The wood burner reduced by 50% the methane burning and provided a reduction of 0.392 tCO2 eq (23.91%). The humidity of wood and high precipitation were the main limiting factors in this research, and responsible for the decrease in the gravimetric yield. The kiln-furnace system was effective for a sustainable production with the use of non-continuous carbonization gas burners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient sequestration of radioiodine is one of the challenging tasks in nuclear establishment due to the radio-pharmaceutical applications as well as radiation release into environment point of view. In the present manuscript, an efficient and simple sequestration has been reported by triethylene diamine (TEDA)-functionalized Ag-activated charcoal, and the separation characteristics were compared to the virgin charcoal and Ag-activated charcoal. The kd values at 3 M HNO3 were found to follow the trend TEDA+Ag-activated charcoal > Ag-activated charcoal > charcoal. Pseudo-second-order kinetics was found to be predominating. Chemisorption involving Langmuir isotherm was operative with good sorption capacity (99.4 mg g−1). The sorption processes were found to be endothermic but spontaneous (ΔGTEDA+Ag activated charcoal~ −14.41 kJ mol−1, ΔGAg activated charcoal ~ -14.35 kJ mol−1 and ΔGActivated charcoal ~ -14.34 kJ mol−1). Though functionalization improved the separation efficiency, the radiological robustness was only moderate. Sodium thiosulfate as aqueous complexing agent was utilized for effective back extraction of iodine from loaded sorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fires play a significant role in ecosystems, exerting a profound influence on climate, vegetation, and geochemical cycles, while being reciprocally affected by these factors. The reconstruction of past fire events serves as a valuable window into understanding environmental changes over time. To investigate the history of ancient fires on the Eastern Coast of China, we conducted the first charcoal analysis on a loess profile of Shengshan Island (East China Sea). Along with other biological and geochemical proxies, we successfully reconstructed the ancient fire dynamics and elucidated their driving mechanisms in this region since the Late Pleistocene. Our initial findings revealed a peak in charcoal concentration during the 60-50 ka period, but after calibrating for sedimentation rate, the concentration significantly decreased. Fire activities remained weak during 50- 30 ka, likely due to the scarcity of combustible materials. Between 30-12 ka, fires were frequent in the early period, while gradually diminishing during the later stage. Dry climate and dense vegetation likely attributed to frequent fires in early period, while some extreme events (e.g., sudden change in temperature) may have decreased the fire frequency in later period. The Holocene (began ~12 ka) evidenced the most frequent fire events as a high charcoal concentration was recorded, likely caused by human activities. After comparing our findings with other paleoecological records from surrounding areas, we confirmed the accuracy of our reconstruction of ancient fires. This reconstruction captures not only local shifts but also broader regional changes. Overall, our study highlights the importance of calibrating sedimentation rate in charcoal profiles, while also contributing to an enhanced understanding of environmental changes along the Eastern Coast of China since the Late Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text provides information about Montebrasite, a lithium aluminum phosphate mineral, and the Montebras tin mine in Creuse, France. Montebrasite was named after the quarry where it was discovered, which has a long history of mining phosphate minerals since pre-Roman times. The quarry remains active and is popular among collectors. The Montebras tin mine, rediscovered in 1858, has been owned by Imerys since 2005 and primarily mines white albitic leucogranite for ceramics. The mine employs local residents and is located near the hamlet of Montebras. The text acknowledges the contributions of several individuals in creating and improving the manuscript, which draws from French-language publications. [Extracted from the article]

Fire-derived charcoal (charcoal) is a stable byproduct of forest fires, which accumulates in the litter layer and soils of boreal forests. Therefore, the decomposition of litter and roots as one of the key processes in the carbon cycle in the soils of northern forests proceeds almost everywhere in the presence of charcoal. To date, the data on the influence of charcoal on the organic material decomposition in boreal forests are extremely scarce and most of them do not consider the cold period, which lasts on the average half a year in this zone. The goal of this work is to determine the seasonal influence of charcoal on the decomposition of plant litter of different qualities (larch needles, birch leaves, grasses, and mixtures of these litter types) on the soil surface and the roots of the same types in the soil. A field litterbag experiment demonstrates that charcoal accelerates the decomposition of litter in a species-specific manner. Charcoal accelerates the mass loss of recalcitrant aboveground litter (needles) and all types of roots during the cold season. As for the warm season, charcoal accelerates the decomposition of only needles and has no effect on the roots. Thus, our study shows a greater influence of charcoal on the subsoil decomposition especially in the cold season. The seasonal influence of charcoal is demonstrated for the first time and should be taken into account as an important factor of humus formation and carbon dynamics in the soils of boreal forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eva Obodo's recent art exhibition at the kó gallery in Lagos showcased his works in textile art, which explore various aspects of social life in Nigeria. Obodo, a contemporary Nigerian artist and sculptor, incorporates techniques such as tying, stretching, and twisting materials to create extraordinary pieces. His works address social and political issues in postcolonial Africa, using materials like jute, fabric, and charcoal. The exhibition reflects the artist's sensitivity to the socio-political climate in Nigeria, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Obodo's works challenge viewers to reflect on leadership challenges and the need for credibility, competence, and courage in society. [Extracted from the article]

Scientific information on the ash quality of Tachigalis vulgaris wood may reveal nutrient export mechanisms in energy forests and also insights into the wood quality for thermochemical conversions. This study aimed to evaluate the nutrient export and technological implications of ashes in the combustion of T. vulgaris grown in different planting spacings (4.5 m2;6.0 m2; 7.5 m2; 9 m2; 10.5 m2; 12.0 m2). The levels of inorganic elements were determined for 7-year-old trees cultivated in experimental plantations across the eastern Amazonia region. The element contents were used to obtain the export of nutrients and to calculate the fouling index (FI), basic to acidic compound ratio (B/A), sintering index (SI), slag viscosity index (SR), bed agglomeration index (BAI), and alkali index (AI). The most exported nutrients were Ca (18.7 kg/ha), P (13.9 kg/ha), and K (6.6 kg/ha). The FI, B/A, SI, and SR indices suggested deposition problems in the boilers for all planting spacings. However, BAI and AI indicated a low propensity to form fouling and slag. The spacing significantly influenced the P export. Planting spacing of 12 m2 demands increased P fertilization to maintain plantation productivity. The low ratio between alkaline earth and alkaline elements and high P2O5 values in the ash of T. vulgaris are disadvantageous. However, the high Al2O3 level and low ash content may contribute to the increase in the melting temperature of the ash. The study revealed that Tachigali vulgaris is a suitable species for wood production in energy forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing season temperatures play a crucial role in controlling treeline elevation at regional to global scales. However, understanding of treeline dynamics in response to long-term changes in temperature is limited. In this study, we analyze pollen, plant macrofossils, and charcoal preserved in organic layers within a 10,400-year-old ice patch and in sediment from a 6000-year-old wetland located above present-day treeline in the Beartooth Mountains, Wyoming, to explore the relationship between Holocene climate variability and shifts in treeline elevation. Pollen data indicate a lower-than-present treeline between 9000 and 6200 cal yr BP during the warm, dry summer and cold winter conditions of the early Holocene. Increases in arboreal pollen at 6200 cal yr BP suggest an upslope treeline expansion when summers became cooler and wetter. A possible hiatus in the wetland record at ca. 4200–3000 cal yr BP suggests increased snow and ice cover at high elevations and a lowering of treeline. Treeline position continued to fluctuate with growing season warming and cooling during the late-Holocene. Periods of high fire activity correspond with times of increased woody cover at high elevations. The two records indicate that climate was an important driver of vegetation and treeline change during the Holocene. Early Holocene treeline was governed by moisture limitations, whereas late-Holocene treeline was sensitive to increases in growing season temperatures. Climate projections for the region suggest warmer temperatures could decrease effective growing season moisture at high elevations resulting in a reduction of treeline elevation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleoecological analysis of three lake sediment cores from the Roraima savannas in northern Brazil revealed systems dominated by Poaceae pollen throughout most of the Holocene. A slight increase of palms and woody taxa, probably linked to wetter conditions, is observed during the last 1000 years but is more noticeable after 300 and 150 calibrated years BP (yr BP) respectively. Charcoal was present throughout affirming the importance of fire for the landscape but showed the highest values mostly in the last millenium. Poaceae pollen size spectra varied considerably, showing more variability than the overall pollen record. Despite evidence of some climate change in the Holocene, these savannas were stable systems. The sedimentary records showed gaps in deposition between 10,000 and 7800 yr BP and between 2500 and 1200 yr BP, suggesting dry periods during which lakes most likely dried out or became impermanent and highlighting the sensitivity of these lakes to local water table variation. The establishment of the modern climate in the region is evident after 1000 yr BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An archaeological excavation of a prehistoric roundhouse was carried out at Mullans Wood, Kilcoy, Inverness-shire by AOC Archaeology in March 2018 in advance of woodland replanting. Approximately one half of the roundhouse was investigated, revealing that the structure comprised a rubble bank supported by large boulders with evidence for an internal ring of post-holes. A small perforated stone disc was recovered from interior deposits along with a very limited charcoal/macroplant assemblage. A sample submitted for radiocarbon dating produced a date that suggested occupation of the site between the 8th and 5th centuries cal BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 2019, a charcoal-rich pit was identified in an eroding riverbank during a walk-over survey along the River Dee, in the Mar Lodge Estate, Cairngorm Mountains, as part of a wider Mesolithic research project in the area led by researchers from University College Dublin. Subsequent radiocarbon dating of pine charcoal revealed that the pit was used in the earlier first millennium AD, providing the first archaeological evidence for Iron Age activity in this area of the Cairngorm mountains. No artefacts were uncovered, but the archaeobotanical assemblage from the pit provides evidence for the nature of fuel procurement strategies in this area in the Iron Age. The results highlight the difficulty of identifying early prehistoric archaeological activity in mountain environments and the potential for the survival of further later prehistoric evidence in this area of Mar Lodge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous ceramic compound as adsorbents for heavy metal removal was produced by mixing kaolin with charcoal in addition to cobalt ferrite nanoparticles at 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 wt%. The synthesized magnetic cobalt ferrites, prepared using sol–gel auto-combustion method, were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer, as well as examining the physical and mechanical characteristics of the kaolin/cobalt ferrite composite. PH and adsorbent dose were studied in the context of the adsorption of Pb2+, with a comparison of results against using crushed kaolin/CoFe2O4 powder. The resulting CoFe2O4 nanoparticles have saturation magnetization values of about 48.85 emu/g. Darcy permeability of the porous ceramics prepared by the semi-dry pressing method was increased from 1.9 to 4.6 cm/s; meanwhile, for porous ceramics prepared by the slip casting method, the permeability varied from 5 to 7.9 cm/s. Utilizing kaolin/CoFe2O4 particles, the best removal efficiency for Pb2 + was found to be 100% at pH 3 used 10 wt% of Co-ferrite for samples prepared by slip casting method and 91.9% for samples prepared by semi-dry method. In contrast, the best lead removal efficiency of 89.6% was reported at pH 5 when utilizing crushed kaolin/CoFe2O4 powder, and the removal efficiency increased at high concentrations of lead ions from 16.7 to 96.68%, with the highest adsorption of lead ions obtained at 50 min, reaching a removal efficiency of 83.23%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing an eco-friendly, efficient and cost-effective wood modification technique should be prioritised due to increasing environmental concerns. In this study, the effect of temperature on tin-based metal bath modification of Cunninghamia lanceolata wood properties was investigated. The wood was treated at 150°C and 210°C for 120min and 480min and the mechanical (modulus of elasticity and rupture, impact bending, compression strength and hardness) and physical (contact angle, colour and water absorption) properties of the wood were compared with the untreated. The results showed that with increased modification temperature and time, the modulus of elasticity and rupture, impact bending, compression strength, hardness and water absorption decreased. In contrast, contact angle and colour increased significantly after thermal modification. Tin-based metal bath modification technology was an effective treatment method and the treatment of the wood at high temperature significantly impacted the properties of the wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen preserved in caves provides a little-appreciated opportunity to study past vegetation and climate changes in regions where conventional wetland sediments are either unavailable, contain little organic matter, and/or are difficult to date accurately. Most palynology in caves has focused on clastic infill sediments, but pollen preserved in growing speleothems provides important new opportunities to develop vegetation and climatic records that can be dated accurately with radiometric methods. However, when pollen is present in speleothems, concentrations can vary by orders of magnitude, highlighting how little we know about the processes that transport pollen into caves and onto speleothem surfaces, and that determine the pollen's preservation probability. To explore these aspects of speleothem pollen taphonomy, we investigated the distribution of pollen and microscopic charcoal within several stalagmites from southwest Australia. We examined spatial patterns in pollen and charcoal preservation in order to distinguish whether observed gradients result from preservation or are products of systematic transport processes working along stalagmite surfaces. We find that pollen grains and charcoal fragments are located preferentially on the flanks of most stalagmites. This suggests that pollen grain and charcoal deposition on speleothems is influenced by transport and accumulation of detrital debris on growing surfaces. These insights will assist in future sampling campaigns focusing on speleothem pollen and charcoal contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood is exposed to different atmospheric conditions in the production of charcoal due to the occurrence of rainfall and variation in relative humidity. However, there is a lack of scientific information related to charcoal hygroscopicity and desorption capacity depending on water content. Thus, in the present study, we analyzed the influence of carbonization temperature in brick kilns on the hygroscopic capacity of charcoal from a 7-year-old Eucalyptus sp. wood. Charcoal was produced at final temperatures of 340, 380, 420, and 460 °C. Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and surface area measurement were performed to identify structural changes in charcoal. The charcoal samples were exposed to six different saline solutions to simulate the relative humidity of the environment, ranging from 33 to 98%, for the determination of the moisture adsorption capacity. The charcoal surface area values ranged from 7.9 (340 °C) to 12.3 m2 g−1 (460 °C). Charcoal porosity increased by 14.4% with increasing temperature. The adsorption capacity decreased with the rising final carbonization temperature. An average reduction of 9.9% between the moisture adsorbed by the charcoal samples produced at 340 °C and 460 °C was observed. The increase in surface area and porosity of charcoal as a function of temperature resulted in the loss of environmental moisture adsorption capacity due to the removal of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in the temperature range analyzed. Physical mechanisms were more relevant in the water–charcoal relationship, which can directly influence the drying process of the bioreducer in stockyards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of Fe-addition on the Cs+-adsorption ability (Cs+-AA) of woody charcoal, charcoal samples were prepared from Japanese cedar (JC) and Japanese oak (JO) wood impregnated with Fe3+ at 600 and 800 °C. The residual functional groups of the charcoal samples were examined using infrared-photoacoustic spectroscopy. OH groups were observed in the charcoal made at 600 °C, and no vibrational bands were detectable in the charcoal synthesized at 800 °C. The observation of Raman D-, G-, and G´-bands revealed that all charcoal samples contained sp2-carbon atoms but graphitization occurred only in the iron-loaded charcoal made at 800 °C. The Cs+-AA of the JC and JO charcoal samples were evaluated based on the adsorption isotherms of an aqueous CsCl (Cs+: 33 mg/L) solution. The addition of Fe3+ to wood had a negative effect on the Cs+-AA of the JO charcoal made at 600 °C, but a positive effect on the Cs+-AA of the JC charcoal prepared at 800 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper charcoals from the Syrian sites Tell Mozan and Tell Jerablus are investigated to understand the impact of 4th to 2nd millennium BC settlement on the vegetation. Charcoals from these sites have been identified and oak fragments have been measured for their maximal diameter and annual ring widths. Our results show that while oak had reached its maximal expansion in the Mid-Holocene, and vegetation in the Euphrates Valley was lusher than today, strong anthropogenic impact on the vegetation was occurring, probably already prior to the Late Chalcolithic period. Due to potentially enormous herds of sheep and goat, and possibly large-scale agriculture with perhaps some understory cropping, oak was growing very slowly, to the degree that it must often have had a shrub-like appearance. People did not apply systematic oak woodland management practices, such as coppicing or pollarding. They used dung as an additional fuel, probably to cover for shortages in wood resources. The land appears to have been used both intensively and extensively to a degree that was not sustainable in the long term. This, combined with aridity impact on the oak, probably led to a decrease in oak proportion at Mozan in the Middle Bronze Age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high gas temperatures and oxygen pressures in the turbine of oxygen-rich turbomachinery put conventional engineering alloys such as IN718 at risk of particle impact ignition, i.e., metal fires initiated when particulate strikes a solid surface. The standard model of particle impact ignition assumes that the impacting particle must first ignite in order to kindle to the target material. Here, we invalidate this belief through particle impact ignition experiments which show that IN718 can ignite when struck by inert Al2O3 particles with supersonic impact velocities. Through post-mortem analysis of non-ignited samples, we find that subsonic particle impact causes minimal crater damage whereas supersonic particle impact leaves extensive crater plasticity and pileup, with evidence of molten ejecta near the impact site. Complementary finite element simulations of supersonic impact events confirm extreme adiabatic heating and localized melting. These findings demonstrate that particle impact can drive target ignition even in the absence of particle burning provided the thermal excursion at impact exceeds the melting point of the target material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study uses densified sawdust with heat propagation and thermal conductivity to achieve better pyrolysis and gasification processes. Analysis of sawdust's heat propagation and thermal conductivity during pyrolysis was developed with Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The thermal conductivity values of sawdust (k) obtained from FEA are 1.49, 1.3, 1.1, and 0.7 W/m C considering the sawdust heated with a triggering temperature (T0) 535 ℃ and reaches a constant temperature of T1 = 265 ℃, T2 = 165 ℃, T3 = 115, and T4 = 95 ℃ respectively after 20 minutes. The temperature distribution of sawdust heated shows between the experimental and FEA results is quite the same; however, differences on graph T1 show the experimental thermal conductivity (k) value is distinct from the simulated thermal conductivity (k) value due to a significant change that occurred as sawdust transformed into charcoal at minute 70, where the distance between point T1 and the trigger point (T0) is 40mm and after 180 minutes the sawdust had turned into charcoal completely. Furthermore, 31 grams (6.46%) of sawdust underwent pyrolysis in this experiment. The findings can aid future research and development in this field and provide valuable insight into the duration of time a bio stove utilizing compacted sawdust can produce a sustainable flame and be used as a reference for future experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nigeria ranks second in the global prevalence of diarrhoea with most cases concentrated in the Northern-region of the country. This research explored the antidiarrhoeal efficacy of the hydroethanolic extract of Piliostigma thonningii leaves (HEPTL), locally used to manage diarrhoeal conditions in Kebbi State, Nigeria. P. thonningii leaves were screened for their secondary metabolites and mineral constituents. Using 3 standard-diarrhoea models, female Wistar rats completely-randomised into six-groups of six animals each were utilised for probing the antidiarrhoeal activity of HEPTL. Animals in groups I and II served as the negative and positive controls, whereas the rats in groups III, IV and V respectively received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight-(bw) of HEPTL. Six secondary metabolites and eight minerals were found in the extract, with flavonoids and calcium being the most abundant while steroids and zinc were the least prevalent, respectively. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of 19 bioactive substances. Furthermore, there was a significant (p<0.05) and dose-related reduction in diarrhoea onset, water content, and wet faeces count. Similarly, the amount of intestinal fluid and average distance traversed by the charcoal-meal were decreased dose-dependently by the HEPTL with a commensurate rise in the suppression of intestinal fluid accrual and peristalsis. Acetylcholinesterase, Na+/K+-ATPase, reduced glutathione, intestinal-alkaline phosphatase and protein levels increased significantly (p<0.05) whereas superoxide-dismutase, catalase, intestinal-nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels all fell significantly (p<0.05). However, the level of intestinal glucose was not significantly altered. Overall, the HEPTL exhibited a profound effect in the alleviation of the severity of diarrhoea, notably at 200 mg/kg bw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of biomass charcoal material on nitrogen and phosphorus retention and copper stabilization in river sediment, water hyacinth was used as raw material to prepare the biomass biochar(MgO@BC) by one-step impregnation-roasting method. The prepared biochar (MgO@BC) was added to polluted river sediments at the proportions of 0% (CK), 0.1%, 1%, and 2% as the stabilization material. The effects of MgO@BC on the physicochemical properties, nitrogen and phosphorus retention, copper leaching toxicity (TCLP) and morphological distribution of the contaminated sediment were investigated by the stabilization test. The results showed that after 75 d of stabilization treatment, the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and organic matter (SOM) of the sediment were increased and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) was slightly decreased. Compared with the CK group, the addition of magnesium-based biomass charcoal (MgO@BC) had a significant retention effect on the effective phosphorus in the river sediment, and the ammonia and nitrogen content in the sediment was reduced to the appropriate range. The additions of 1% and 2% of MgO@BC can reduce the TCLP-Cu content by 9.54% and 26.98%, respectively, and the proportion of the stabilized form of Cu (F3+F4) was slightly increased. It showed that MgO@BC can be used as a good heavy metal stabilization material in the field of river sediment remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materials & Technologies / Materiali in Tehnologije is the property of Institute of Metals & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although charcoal production is a source of income, it is often associated with deforestation due to the felling of trees in rural areas. In this study, we quantified the yield of carbonization in the rural area of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), and identified its determinants. By analyzing 20 kilns of professional producers in different villages, we found that these charcoal producers build large kilns, which contained an average of 46.9 ± 21.5 m3 of wood from 19 species of Miombo woodland trees, with a predominance of Julbernardia paniculata (Benth.) Troupin, alongside Brachystegia microphylla Harms and B. spiciformis Benth. The average carbonization yield was 10.2%, varying from village to village due to parameters such as kiln size, quantity of wood used, kiln coverage time, wind exposure, substrate type, and tree species. It was noted that the moisture content and dimensions of the wood did not significantly correlate with the quantity of charcoal harvested per kiln. Yield improvement should, therefore, take these parameters into account to enable charcoal producers to increase their income while adopting sustainable production practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many efforts have been made to convert cocoa pod husk waste into charcoal briquettes, but they have not yet met the established Indonesian National Standard (SNI). Therefore, steps are needed to produce charcoal briquettes that comply with these standards. One approach that can be taken is by blending cocoa pod husk with wood charcoal since wood charcoal has a sufficiently high calorific value that can enhance the quality of the charcoal briquettes. This research aims to find the optimal conditions for making briquettes from cocoa pod husk and identify the impact of briquette composition and carbonization time on values such as moisture content, ash content, calorific value, and burning rate of the produced briquettes. The research process includes carbonization, grinding, sieving, adding a binder, and drying, followed by testing the briquettes’ characteristics. This research was conducted by comparing the mass composition of cocoa pod husk charcoal and wood charcoal at ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75, with carbonization times of 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 hours. The best analysis results, in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), were obtained at a carbonization time of 2 hours with a composition of 50:50 (cocoa pod husk:wood charcoal). The values include a moisture content of 5.944%, ash content of 7.83571%, calorific value of 4388.5 kcal kg -1 , and burning rate of 0.0034 g second -1 . The length of the carbonization process has a significant impact on the characteristics of the resulting briquettes, including moisture content, ash content, calorific value and burning rate. The longer the carbonization process, the lower the moisture content and ash content, and the higher the heating value and burning rate.

Woodfuel production and consumption have been a concern for multiple stakeholders involved in household energy use, deforestation, and climate change. While research into the underlying decision-making process is growing, it remains insufficient. Such a study offers opportunities to develop policies that enable diversification of household energy consumption and livelihood options away from woodfuel use. Policymakers often lack an understanding of factors correlated with households' participation in woodfuel production. Therefore, this study examined the correlation between household participation in woodfuel production and factors that influence households' participation in woodfuel production in dryland areas of Ethiopia. Data were collected from 1,114 purposively selected woodfuel-producing and non-producing households through household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. The sample included 775 participant households and 339 non-participant households. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression model. The results revealed that drought and related shocks are the main factors that forced households to participate in woodfuel production. The model results indicated that age, education, landholding, livestock holding, production asset value, ownership of improved cook stoves, number of years lived in the area, distance from the forest, access to forest extension, and institutional membership are statistically significant factors that negatively influence household participation in woodfuel production. On the other hand, household expenditure and drought occurrence positively and significantly influence the participation of households in woodfuel production. The findings of the study suggest that sustainable management and utilization of dryland forest resources require considering socioeconomic, demographic, institutional, and environmental factors correlated with households' decisions to participate in woodfuel production. This can be achieved through sound institutional setups and policy frameworks in the sector.

Biochar, which is the product of biomass pyrolysis, has been suggested as a feed supplement to improve performance in livestock systems and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of the current study was to investigate in vitro and in vivo potential of biochar to favourably modify rumen fermentation (e.g., an increase in total Short Chained Fatty Acid (SCFA) concentration and a change in SCFA profile), reduce methane emission and increase sheep growth performance. Four concentrates were produced with biochar inclusion of 0, 10, 23 and 46 g/kg DM. The experimental diets for the in vitro experiments consisted of straw and concentrate in a 60:40 ratio and included measurements of total gas and methane (CH4) production, pH, ammonia nitrogen, SCFA, and microbial assays (total bacteria and methanogenic archaea). Two in vivo experiments were performed where the animals received ad libitum forage with 0.4 kg concentrate daily. Experiment 1 investigated the daily DM intake of sheep while experiment 2 investigated daily growth rate and CH4 emission of lambs. The inclusion of biochar had no impact on in vitro total gas production (ml/200 mg DM substrate) (P = 0.81) and CH4 production (ml/200 mg DM substrate) (P = 0.93). In vitro total SCFA concentration increased (P

The groundwater (GW) of Bangladesh is predominantly contaminated with arsenic (As) and iron (Fe) which has a bad impact on human health. We tried to remove these elements with easily available mahogany-fruit (Swietenia mahagoni) husk charcoal (MHC) and banana (Musa acuminata) peduncle charcoal (BPC). The trial was implemented with 3 replications throughout the research. The sampled GW contained 0.06 mg As L−1 and 4.83 mg Fe L−1. Firstly, the pH was 3, 5, 7, and 9 with a 250 mg L−1 dose. The MHC removed almost 91.05 % of As at pH 5.0, and BPC removed almost 86.67 % of As at pH 9. However, in the case of Fe, the MHC removed almost 100 % at pH 7 and 9; and BPC removed the same quantity at pH 5, 7, and 9. Secondly, the contact times were 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 min with a 250 mg L−1 dose at pH 7.0. The maximum removal of As and Fe was 100 % with MHC and BPC at 5 min. The pseudo-first-order kinetic, pseudo-second-order kinetic, and intra-particle diffusion models were considered. The result showed that the rate of adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Lastly, the adsorbent doses were 0, 50, 150, 250, and 350 mg L−1. At pH 7, the highest removal of As was 79.47 % and Fe removal was 100 % at 350 mg L−1 dose for MHC. Similarly, the values were 79.29 % and 100 % for the same at 350 mg L−1 dose of BPC, indicating these charcoal are good for heavy metals removal.

Non-contact direct reduction (NDR) is an alternative technique in iron and steelmaking. Direct reduced iron production (DRI) uses it. To further harness the metallurgical and operational capabilities of the process for its suitability as an alternative feed in the blast furnace process, there is a need to study the effect of the reduction parameters on the weight loss, crack propagation level, gas porosity, iron whisker growth, and morphological characteristics of the DRI. Thus, this paper attempts to utilize the NDR process using commercially acquired goethite-hematite ore in a carbon-monoxide atmosphere from wood charcoal under specified isothermal conditions, with a reduction temperature range from 570, 800, and 1000 °C. The effect of reduction parameters on weight loss, crack propagation, iron whisker growth, and morphological properties of the DRI was investigated using standardized reduction reaction practices under a nitrogen gas atmosphere with a flow rate of 120 mL. Mineralogical and morphological analyses of the direct reduced iron (DRI) and charcoal were performed using XRF and SEM/ED analysis. Proximate and ultimate analyses of the reductant were performed to ascertain their physical and chemical properties. The results show that reduction parameters tremendously influence the weight loss, crack propagation, gas porosity level, and metallurgical quality of the DRI. The reduction degree and swelling extent of the DRI also increase with crack propagation and iron whisker growth. Thus, the overall reduction mechanism still follows the usual stepwise chronological reduction order (Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe) regardless of temperature, with ash layer control being the reaction rate control. The NDR technique shows no carbon deposition in the DRI metal matrix. It indicates that this approach can serve as a viable alternative for DRI production in the ironmaking process.

This study presents a sustainable and versatile approach to synthesize graphene-like structures from bamboo waste for application in photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices. Due to its high cellulose content, bamboo, a locally available and renewable resource, is a perfect precursor for producing graphene-like materials. The synthesis process involves bamboo waste pyrolysis, followed by treatments with different solvents: ultrapure water (UPW), NaOH, and green tea extract. Characterization techniques confirmed the successful transformation of bamboo waste into carbon-rich, graphene-like materials with varying surface properties. The electrochemical characterization showed that the graphene-like materials could transfer electrons very well with a high current response compared to charcoal as a precursor. PEC evaluations revealed their potential as photoanodes, exhibiting efficient light absorption and charge carrier separation. This research emphasizes the significance of bamboo waste as a valuable precursor for eco-friendly graphene-like materials, offering a sustainable pathway for developing efficient PEC devices and green energy technologies.

Charcoal business, production, and sustainability are all under the control of government regulations. In Tanzania, the entire charcoal value chain employs approximately two million people. As a result, there are unreliable records for registered actors, and it is difficult to accurately quantify the annual amount of charcoal production and revenue collected by the Tanzanian government. Supporting functions are legally provided activities and services to support charcoal actors to formalize their business, including participation in the formulation of forest laws, market infrastructure development, training, access to information, and financial services. Supporting business functions available for charcoal actors such as producers, wholesalers, and retailers to facilitate the formalization of the charcoal business in Tanzania. This study was conducted to determine the supporting functions that are important to charcoal actors in Tanzania to formalize their activities. A total of 107 charcoal actors were administered a semi-structured questionnaire using the multiple sampling technique, which involved 31 wholesalers and 42 retailers trading in two of the largest markets, one in Dar es Salaam and the other in Zanzibar. Both markets depend on charcoal production in Handeni district, located in Tanga Region. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that formalizing the charcoal sector in Tanzania necessitates public-private partnerships (22.9%), financial services and legal environments (21.9%), and market infrastructures (15.6%). We concluded that the charcoal business needs the collaboration of the government with non-government organizations to share resources such as forest staff, vehicles, and incentives to motivate the participation of actors in the training of the legal procedure of charcoal business management, the formulation of registered charcoal groups or associations, and the establishment of charcoal selling centres. Moreover, the development of forest laws should be participatory to involve charcoal business stakeholders to have a reasonable cost of issuing licenses and other permits.