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This study aims to develop a mathematical model that can explain the regeneration process mechanism of the aluminum which is in the packaging of food bricks (the Pet-Al residue Rsd(Pet-Al) is a laminated foil residue made from polyethylene and aluminum foil) as a raw material in alkaline solution and evaluate that model based on the experimental data. In fact, the literature shows that a symmetrical diffusion of the reagent occurs through the two sides of large bare surfaces, this is true when both surfaces of the solid are naked. In our case, the Pet-Al residue suggests another mode of attack seeing that both of aluminium surfaces are covered with polyethylene. For that, a new Edge Shrinking model called “Aymen Edge Model” was invented. The process mechanism that occurs involves the reactant diffusion step and the chemical reactions step; those steps run simultaneously. The concentration of free hydroxyls OH− in the solution compared to the reference solution, [OH-]solution - [OH-]reference = f(t), gives an idea of the different stages observed during of the consumed hydroxyls evolution. The SEM micrographs resulting, after a basic treatment, with concentration from 1M to 10M at a temperature ranging from 20 to 80 °C, proves that the attack is done by the edges and also confirm the obtaining salts.

Pyrolysis is a sustainable, clean, and innovative technology to obtain high added value products. A conical spouted bed composed of binary mixtures can be used as a promising reactor for the pyrolysis of solids due to its high heat transfer rate. For the start-up of the plant, low levels of axial particle segregation in the bed are needed. As an innovative aspect, this research proposes to use a statistical method to investigate particle concentration uniformity along the conical bed. Results reveal conical spouted beds presents uniform axial composite concentration when dealing with sand and polyethylene/aluminum composite mixtures. The axial uniformity of composite in the bed enables the reactor application in the thermal recycling of carton packaging waste using a sustainable waste route. The experimental design shows both polyethylene/aluminum composite concentration and particle diameter ratio of sand and composite affect axial particle segregation in the bed. Model equations have a good adjustment to the experimental data and predict results with an error of

As the most important paper packaging materials, corrugated cartons with a tremendous amount of production demonstrate several advantages and have been widely used in daily life. However, waste corrugated cartons (WCCs) are usually recycled and reused to produce new corrugated cartons, and their properties are decreased dramatically after several cycles. Therefore, recycling and converting WCCs into cellulose-based film with high value is attractive and significant. Herein, without any pretreatment, the waste old corrugated cartons were directly dissolved in ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and semitransparent cellulose-based films were successfully fabricated. It was indicated that cellulose-based films displayed better UV-shielding property and hydrophobicity than traditional cellulose films. Interestingly, the cellulose-based films regenerated from deionized water displayed higher tensile strength, elongation at break, and toughness. Their tensile strength could reach 23.16 MPa, exhibiting enormous superiority as wrapping and packaging materials to replace the petrochemical polyethylene membrane (8.95 MPa). Consequently, these renewable, biodegradable, and high-valued cellulose-based films were successfully fabricated to simultaneously realize the valorization of old corrugated cartons and supplement the petrochemical plastics.

Due to the growing concerns of deforestation, renewable materials as recycled cellulosic waste and non-wood fibres provide an alternative solution for partial replacement of wood resources as a reinforcement agent in building material. This study examined the effect of cellulose pulp inclusion on the physical, mechanical, and thermal performance of extruded cement stabilized earth-based matrices. Laboratory experiments of earth-based matrices reinforced with two types of fibres (bamboo pulp and recycled waste carton pulp) at varying fibre contents (0, 5, 7.5 and 10 %wt.) were performed. The results show that the inclusion of recycled waste carton pulp fibre in the soil matrix significantly improved the performance of the composites compared to matrices reinforced with bamboo pulp fibre. Addition of recycled waste carton pulp displayed improvement in flexural strength (56%), in toughness (733%), and in thermal insulation (36.35%) compared to the control sample. Inclusion of recycled waste carton pulp in earth-based matrix increases the moisture loss, the drying shrinkage and behaves as a water reservoir for earth-based materials. It has been concluded from this study that recycled waste carton pulp has the potential as a suitable reinforcement for the promotion of lightweight earthen wall block materials (reduction of bulk density up to 21% after the inclusion of 10% of recycled waste carton pulp), where flexural strength, ductility, and thermal insulation performance are the primary requirements. In addition, the successful replacement of virgin bamboo pulp fibres with recycled waste carton pulp fibres reduces the environmental footprint of the building material. Therefore, the use of this recycled waste carton pulp in the construction industry will be an attractive alternative as it will solve both energy and environmental concerns.

Carton clamp truck is widely perceived as the high-efficient handling equipment of factory premises and warehouse by its capability of palletless handling. Therefore, the significance of a lab- based handling simulation is becoming higher with the growth of clamp truck usage. In this study, preliminary FEA and design of handling test courses for the lab-based simulation of carton clamp truck handling were performed, and the PSD analyses were performed for the modified one for the test course proposed by Park et al. (2017) as well as ASTM D 6055 and ISTA 3B standards. For the vibration in all directions, the vibration energy intensity analyzed by ISTA 3B standard showed higher than that by the other two cases. A FEA was performed for the handling operation of the sudden stop of the clamps after lifting the target HCP (heavyweight refrigerator corrugated package, w=180 kgf) up to the specified height. The slip distance between the clamp arm and the target HCP was 0.85 mm. The simulation result of 0.85 mm was 3.7 times lower than the experimental result (3.2 mm) obtained by Park et al. (2017), and it was estimated that the deviation comes from both the experimental error by weight imbalance of target HCP, and excessive simplification during the FE modelling of target HCP.

This study investigates the appropriateness of applying the standard large-scale fire test protocol developed for ordinary combustibles for energetic batteries. A large-scale fire test was recently conducted to determine sprinkler protection guidance for warehouse storage of lithium-ion batteries. The specific battery tested had a 20 Ah capacity, polymer pouch format, lithium iron phosphate chemistry and was at a typical state-of-charge (50%) for long-term storage. The batteries were packaged in single-wall corrugated containerboard cartons on hardwood pallets, as received from the supplier. Each carton contained 20 batteries separated by nested polystyrene plastic dividers. Acceptable ceiling-level sprinkler protection was achieved for 4.6 m (15 ft) tall rack storage under a 12.2 m (40 ft) ceiling using K-Factor of 320 L/min/bar½ (22.4 gpm/psi½), quick-response, sprinklers at a discharge pressure of 2.4 bar (35 psig). The effect that thermal runaway of the Li-ion batteries had on the design and outcome of the large-scale fire was evaluated. A focus was placed on the role of thermal runaway during three stages of the fire; ignition leading to sprinkler operation, active sprinkler protection, and conditions after the sprinkler system was turned off. An external ignition source was used in cases where induced thermal runaway, which refers to rapid self-heating of a battery under abuse conditions, did not lead to combustion of the battery contents. Through a combination of experiments and review of literature data, it was found that thermal runaway within a pallet load of cartoned batteries would result in a similar fire hazard as that associated with external ignition scenarios typically used in large-scale fire testing. Regardless of chemistry, evidence shows that fire propagation beyond the battery or carton of origin occurs external to the carton due to limited available air within the carton to support combustion. In addition, intermediate-scale testing showed that sprinkler water would be effective at suppressing a fire at a later stage of battery involvement than was achieved in the large-scale test. This work reinforces the sprinkler protection guidance resulting from the successful large-scale fire test.

Keeping self-serve milk below 4 °C may become difficult for a food premise operator who relies on the use of insulated containers for several hours. Although milk sold in Canada is pasteurized, it may have the potential to cause illness if exposed to improper temperatures. The primary objective of this study was to demonstrate which product would be the most effective at keeping milk cold for the longest period to decrease the potential risk of foodborne illness. A survey was conducted in food premises throughout the Niagara region to determine which products were most commonly used for cold-holding milk, followed by a time-series analysis to investigate how rapidly the temperature of milk increased when stored in typical containers after 8 hours. Results showed that vacuum-insulated carafes are the most effective at cold-holding and stainless-steel carton holders are the least effective. The Niagara survey showed that 8 of 27 premises visited used these poorly insulated stainless-steel carton holders, which may be additionally susceptible to human contamination from potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus due to their open spout.

Energy usage is a crucial factor when computing the cost of storing produce. With the ever-increasing cost of energy and attention to environmental problems, understanding energy use and exploring energy saving options is becoming a priority for the economic sector. In this study, the effect of container design, plastic liners and stack orientation on the airflow, cooling rate and energy usage of forced air cooling of pomegranate fruit were investigated. Electricity usage was calculated based on the power ratings of the air driving fan, evaporator fan, compressor cooling fan and the condenser of the cooling unit with duration of power usage dictated by the seven-eighth cooling time (SECT). SECT for different package types were obtained from the cooling experiments. Efficiency of electricity usage was measured as the ratio of produce cooling accomplished to the total electricity consumed. The energy usage differed by 1.5-fold between container design 1 (CT1) and container design 2 (CT2). Depending on the container design, stack orientation (with respect to the direction of the cooling airflow) can influence the energy usage. Plastic liners affected the precooling process the most, increasing energy usage by up to 3-fold compared to stacks with no liners. Container design with high vent-area reduced the resistance to airflow (RTA) and increased fruit cooling rate (reduced SECT), and this may offer the most economically feasible way to reduce electricity use during precooling.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of a fast gas chromatography (GC) e-nose for freshness discrimination and for prediction of storage time as well as sensory and internal quality changes during storage of hen eggs. All samples were obtained from the same egg production farm and stored at 20 °C for 20 d. Egg sampling was conducted every 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 d. During each sampling time, 4 egg cartons (each containing 10 eggs) were randomly selected: one carton for Haugh units, one carton for sensory evaluation and 2 cartons for the e-nose experiment. The e-nose study included 2 independent test sets; calibration (35 samples) and validation (28 samples). Every sampling time, 5 replicates were prepared from one egg carton for calibration samples and 4 replicates were prepared from the remaining egg carton for validation samples. Sensors (peaks) were selected prior to multivariate chemometric analysis; qualitative sensors for principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant factor analysis (DFA) and quantitative sensors for partial least square (PLS) modeling. PCA and DFA confirmed the difference in volatile profiles of egg samples from 7 different storage times accounting for a total variance of 95.7% and 93.71%, respectively. Models for predicting storage time, Haugh units, odor score, and overall acceptability score from e-nose data were developed using calibration samples by PLS regression. The results showed that these quality indices were well predicted from the e- nose signals, with correlation coefficients of R2 = 0.9441, R2 = 0.9511, R2 = 0.9725, and R2 = 0.9530 and with training errors of 0.887, 1.24, 0.626, and 0.629, respectively. As a result of ANOVA, most of the PLS model results were not significantly (P > 0.05) different from the corresponding reference values. These results proved that the fast GC electronic nose has the potential to assess egg freshness and feasibility to predict multiple egg freshness indices during its circulation in the supply chain.

The current packaging designs and the efficiency of forced-air cooling (FAC) of fresh produce can be considerably improved by comprehensively comparing and evaluating the existing packaging designs. This study presents a market survey that studies samples of typical apple cartons used in China. Furthermore, by combining experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling, a novel integral approach is proposed to evaluate cooling rate and uniformity, energy efficiency, and fruit quality (including safety) as a result of FAC for different ventilated-packaging designs. The process uses CFD to simulate the three-dimensional spatio-temporal distributions of airflow and product temperatures during precooling. In addition, experiments on chilling injury and mass loss are also reported. The results show that the optimum fresh-fruit packaging design depends on the product size and the location of the product and tray inside the packaging. For all existing package designs, the optimal air-inflow velocity is found to lie in the range 0.4–1 m/s (or 3–5 L s−1 kg−1), any further increase in airflow rate simply wastes energy because it leads to a relatively low increase in cooling rate and uniformity. The level of chilling injury and mass loss per box show a different trend with increasing air-inflow velocity. The accuracy of the CFD simulations was confirmed by a good agreement with experiments. The maximum root-mean-square error and mean absolute percentage error for produce temperature are 0.727 °C and 18.69%, respectively. This research unveils the advantages and disadvantages of the various existing packaging designs and provides a reliable theoretical and experimental basis for achieving an integral evaluation of the performance of FAC.

The manufacturing industry produces a lot of different by-products and waste. In this research, the utilization of different industrial wastes as a part of wood-plastic composites was tested. Limestone waste and carton cutting waste were tested by replacing part of the reinforcing fibers of the composite with these materials. The materials were made with the extrusion process, and they were tested for their mechanical properties, water absorption and thickness swelling. The materials were also viewed with a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that both industrial wastes affected the properties of the composite. Mining waste in the composite improved the moisture properties, impact strength and hardness of the material. Carton cutting waste improved the impact strength remarkably.

Gelung Village is one of the center of craftsmen Rengginang in the Panarukan district, Situbondo Regency East Java. Obstacles that faced by craftsmen were unevenness of Rengginang shape, quantity (net weight of each pack), packaging and labeling. It not have fulfilled requirements for a review of the food safety packaging, so it has markets limited. That activities gave facility of Rengginang mould tool, digital scales, and handsealer, plastic packaging materials as primary packaging, label Cardboard as secondary packaging as well as transport packaging for promotion. The results of this activities were: Rengginang has round shape and uniform dimension, uniform weight rengginang, Rengginang packaging has accordance with criteria for Food Safety. In addition, there were improvement of packaging design and markettable of label (to avoid of duplicity brand by unresponsible parties) As well as the open mind of Insight as well as the partners of the importance of brand Expansion Markets. SMEs Rengginang Brand Ibu Haris Kejora and Bagaskara has marketed successfully of Rengginang Product in Situbondo Souvenir Central Market by increasing Rp.1.500,- each carton.

Egg cartons have popularly been used as sound absorbers because they are inexpensive, easy to install and easily available. However, acoustic experts have demonstrated that egg cartons are bad sound absorbers. This study developed Enhanced Egg Carton – Dry and Enhanced Egg Carton – Wet using additional recycled materials (shredded rice straw paper, textile waste, 2-cm cut rice straws) to improve the cartons’ sound absorption coefficient while retaining their original advantages. Enhanced Egg Carton – Dry and Enhanced Egg Carton – Wet were tested based on the ASTM C423-02 method of sound absorption measurement. Enhanced Egg Carton – Dry has a noise reduction coefficient of 0.6 and a sound absorption average of 0.59, while Enhanced Egg Carton – Wet has a noise reduction coefficient of 0.54 and sound absorption average of 0.54. The maximum sound absorption coefficients of Enhanced Egg Carton – Dry and Enhanced Egg Carton – Wet are, respectively, 0.77 at 500 Hz and 0.67 at 630 Hz. Enhanced Egg Carton – Dry has a sound absorption coefficient ⩾0.5, between 315 and 2500 Hz, which makes it able to absorb sound energy of the lower to upper mid-range frequencies. With their high sound absorptivity at mid-range frequencies, Enhanced Egg Carton – Dry and Enhanced Egg Carton – Wet are suitable for mosques and auditoriums, where the human voice is the dominant noise source and where an inexpensive sound absorber is needed. The production of Enhanced Egg Carton – Dry and Enhanced Egg Carton – Wet is so simple that users can do it themselves using basic home tools.

Consumer packaging made from carton board is subjected to a variety of loads as it moves through the value chain. Packaging designers need tools for predicting the strength of packages under these loading conditions. For evenly distributed loads, there are methods for measuring and estimating compression resistance that can provide useful guidance. For loads concentrated to a small area, little work has been published. The aim of this preliminary study is to aid the development of a future test method for point loads by investigating how the size of the load application site influences the mechanical behaviour of the package. Rigid spheres of a range of sizes were used to compress packages. Small spheres gave rise primary damage in the form of a vertical yield line and secondary damage in the form of a parabolic yield line. Larger spheres produced a series of parabolic yield lines of increasing size. No vertical yield line appeared for the larger spheres. The larger spheres showed a stiffness transition at a displacement that could be estimated by considering the geometry of the test. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A critical problem in carton box production industries arises when size, amount and supplier of raw sheet are to be determined in an uncertain and competitive environment from sheet price point of view. This study introduces a multi-criteria mixed integer formulation to select size, amount and supplier of raw sheets used in a case study of carton box manufacturing sector in order to minimize objectives such as cost, wastage of sheets and surplus of carton boxes simultaneously. To respect the uncertain market, some parameters of the problem such as demand of the boxes, price of raw sheets are considered as fuzzy numbers. To cope with uncertainty of the introduced mathematical formulation, a possibilistic approach is applied to convert the fuzzy formulation to a crisp model. In order to tackle the multi-criteria crisp formulation, a new multi-objective solution approach is proposed to solve the problem in comparison with four multi-objective optimization approaches such as LH, TH, SO, and ABS methods of the literature. Computational experiments and sensitivity analysis which are performed on real numerical data given by study case show the superior performance of the proposed approach compared to the others.

Conveyor belts play an important role in the production process. Their efficiency and lifespan are strongly influenced by the use of appropriate lubrication systems, cleaning procedures and operator handling. Overuse of chemicals and detergents can result in belt degradation and corrosion. Excessive friction between the packages and the load bearing surface of the conveyors (e.g. belts or chains) can wear the packaging, delay start-ups and increase product waste. A suitably lubricated conveyor system increases longevity and promotes operational reliability. However, this has traditionally been achieved by using large amounts of water and harsh detergents. The solution proposed in this study comprises the formulation of a nanodiamond particle-loaded food-grade lubricating oil, a nanolubricant, for use on packaging transport and conveyor systems. Deployed in a ‘dry’ regime, the nanolubricant is hydrophobic; its viscosity is suitable to be sprayed, and a long shelf life ensures stable dispersions. Tribological performance on high-density polyethylene conveyor belts transporting aseptic carton packs was studied. When using the nanolubricant, wearing on the packages was reduced 60% compared with no lubricating conditions and 17% lower than current commercial solutions used for benchmarking purposes. The preparation of the nanolubricant using sonication technology presents efficiencies and carbon footprint reductions derived from lower energy consumption in the production process. This nanolubricant is an environmentally friendly solution for the maintenance of machinery for packaging and transporting and a novel mechanism to curb product returns due to aesthetic and structural damages on the packaging. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of carton in the composting process of mixed vegetable wastes using an experimental composter of capacity 80L. Three different mixes were set-up (Mixes 1, 2 and 3) which consisted of vegetable wastes, 2.0kg paper and bulking agents, vegetable wastes, 1.5kg carton and bulking agents, vegetable wastes, 4.5kg carton and bulking agents, respectively. Temperature evolution, pH trends, moisture levels, respiration rates, percentage volatile solids and electrical conductivity were monitored for a period of 50days. The system remained under thermophilic conditions for a very short period due to the small size of the reactor. The three mixes did not exceed a temperature of 55°C, where sanitization takes place by the destruction of pathogens. The highest peak of CO2 evolution was observed in Mix 2 indicating that maximum microbial degradation took place in that mix.

‘Openability’ of food and beverage packaging has been shown to be problematic for older consumers. Pressure on resources has seen the use of packaged food and beverages increase in hospitals within the New South Wales region of Australia. Studies at the University of Wollongong have explored the interaction between older people and the types of packages regularly encountered in the delivery of hospital food and nutrition. As these types of packs are commonly found in UK hospitals as well, a series of studies have been undertaken by the University of Wollongong, Australia, and Sheffield Hallam University, UK, to further evaluate the issues surrounding the ‘openability’ of hospital food and beverage packaging in an attempt to understand in detail the issues leading to difficulty in use. Current methods of pack ‘ease of opening’ evaluation rely on hand strength as the core parameter. Our studies examine the role of dexterity in addition to hand strength in pack opening. Water bottles, single portion drink cartons and cheese portions were among the poorest performing packs. Dexterity, rather than strength is found to be a sensitive and reliable method to understand the issues surrounding the poor pack performance, and a repeatable way of comparing different pack formats is presented.

Forced-air cooling (FAC) is used to rapidly remove the field heat of horticultural produce to better preserve quality. Cartons are ventilated to promote uniform cooling of the packed produce and to minimise energy used by precooler fans. The resulting cooling efficiency is influenced by the area and configuration of carton vent holes. However, placing vent holes also reduces the carton compression strength, which requires reinforcement using additional fibreboard, thereby increasing carton manufacturing costs. This study, therefore, applied a multi-parameter evaluation approach to assess four carton designs, each for three vent hole areas and three corrugated fibreboard grades. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to evaluate airflow resistance, cooling rate, uniformity and package related energy consumption. Experiments were used to quantify box compression strength. Results of mechanical strength evaluation showed a negative linear relationship between carton strength and vent hole area. The effect of vent hole configuration on compression strength was dependent on the corrugated fibreboard grade. For cartons packed using trays, the Multivent vent hole design used 58% less FAC energy and also significantly improved cooling uniformity compared to the Standard vent design. The significant improvement in FAC energy efficiency, therefore, enables the Multivent to match or improve the compression strength and FAC energy efficiency of the Standard vent design, by using a considerably smaller ventilation area. This study thus demonstrates the importance of incorporating a multi-parameter approach in developing improved packaging with optimised vent hole designs.

Summary Beverage producers in the United States choose packaging based on cost and consumer preference. Monolayer high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and gable-top carton containers have long dominated the U.S. fluid milk market, but pressure for more sustainable packaging is increasing. We present a broad discussion on environmental sustainability of 18 fluid milk containers through life cycle assessment. Because different container types require unique milk processing, distribution, and disposal and incur or avoid milk losses, fluid milk delivery systems (FMDSs) are evaluated, rather than containers in isolation. By assessing FMDSs, a complete measure of containers’ environmental sustainability was obtained. Despite conservative assumptions about milk losses, differences in container size, milk processing, distribution, and container recycling, pair-wise cradle-to-grave comparisons of FMDSs show there are no superior FMDSs. But, 500- to 1,000-milliliter FMDSs are potentially superior to ≥half gallon if they prevent milk losses. Thus, the future of FMDSs in the United States depends on the industry's ability to prevent distribution (12%) and consumption milk losses (20% to 35%). Farm-gate-to-grave comparisons showed that chilled HDPE FMDSs are superior to other plastic and chilled paperboard FMDSs for climate-change impact, but the result is inconclusive for chilled HDPE to ambient (unrefrigerated) paperboard or plastic pouch FMDS comparisons. Plastic pouch FMDSs show potential to reduce nonrenewable fossil energy, but need to be recyclable. Ambient FMDSs are superior to chilled FMDSs for water depletion. Eight-ounce paperboard FMDSs are superior to 8-ounce plastic FMDSs. Thus, alternative FMDSs may improve environmental sustainability of the U.S. postfarm fluid milk supply chain.

A techno-economical evaluation of the processing result of waste sorting plants should at least provide a realistic assessment of the recovery yields of valuable materials and of the qualities of the obtained products. This practical data is generated by weighing all the output products and sampling these products. Due to the technological complexity of sorting plants, for example, lightweight packaging waste treatments plants and the high expenditures concerning time and costs of sampling with subsequent manual sorting for quality determination, usually only final products undergo such an investigation. Thereby, the transferability of the results depends decisively on the boundary conditions (extent, throughput of the plant, process parameterization). Given that the process is too complex, not all relevant information of the process steps can be determined by sampling. By model calculations and/or adjustment of reasonable assumptions, information concerning weak points in the process can be identified, which can be used for further plant optimization. For the example of the recovery of beverage cartons from co-collected and mechanically recovered mixtures of lightweight packaging waste, a methodical approach for the assessment of processing results will be presented.

In Colombia, the small and médium farmers are responsible for the production of nearly 45.000 t yr-1 of lulo (Solanum quitoense). However adequate and easy techniques for postharvest handling are not often available to be implemented by this sector of the producers. This research aimed to study banana (Musa paradisiaca) leaf as primary packaging to minimize the loss of quality of lulo stored at different temperatures. Chemical and physiological quality parameters were considered in the analysis of the maturation process. Loss weight, color changes in CIELAB coordinates, total titratable acidity (TTA), Young's modulus and firmness were measured to represent the fruit quality. Use of banana leaf as primary package show that weight losses and the color changes result of the ripening process were decreased. The color changes of lulo skin were significantly affected by storage temperature. To avoid changes in TTA, mechanical damage is not recommended. When the lulo fruits were packed with banana leaves, the Young's modulus and firmness values was higher. The results of this research allow the comparison of quality of lulo in the packaging proposal and the results of others researchers who use conventionally packaging like wood crates and carton packaging. The proposal packaging configuration (lulos packed with banana leaf in plastic crates of 80x60x20 cm) is an easy alternative to get and preserve the quality of lulo fruits for a longer storage time.

Fluidized bed reactors can be used for fast pyrolysis of polyethylene-aluminum composite (LDPE/Al) to achieve good gas-solid mixing together with high rates of heat and mass transfer in bed columns. Pyrolysis of waste from post-consumer carton package (i.e., polyethylene-aluminum composite) reduces the manufacturing costs of new packages as it permits to produce them using the recovered aluminum and polyethylene in the process. Therefore, this research aims at modelling and analyzing the gas-solid flow in fluidized beds composed of sand and LDPE/Al mixtures. For all mixtures used, results show that gas-solid flow can be well described by the Eulerian-Eulerian Granular model coupled with the usage of parameterized Syamlal-O’Brien’s model for momentum transfer between phases. For bed mixtures with up to 20% LDPE/Al composite, the bed pressure drop can be predicted by the model with an error of less than 18%. In addition, for bed mixtures operating at air velocities higher than 50% minimum fluidization, significant segregation of LDPE/Al was not observed. This result indicates that bed mixtures can achieve a good gas-solid contact in the bubble fluidization regime and can be used as a fluidized bed reactor for pyrolysis of wastes from post-consumer carton packages.

Methyl bromide (MB) use for quarantine and phytosanitary purposes is being phased out. Several effective MB alternatives have been identified depending on the target system. Industry commitment for the shift to new technologies will depend not only on the efficacy of alternatives but also on their compatibility and integrability into existing operations. We compared the efficacy of MB and ethyl formate (EF) for disinfestation of Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) as a representative surface pest on banana and evaluated whether EF fumigation is compatible with the current packaging materials and loading ratio used by the South Korean banana import industry. Fumigation trials with P. citri adults and eggs showed that EF was at least as effective as MB at the EF and MB concentrations recommended under the current phytosanitary disinfestation guidelines. From a logistical standpoint, EF gas could not effectively penetrate plastic bagging typically used in banana cartons during commercial shipping. Also, EF sorption to bananas and packing materials (used as cushioning inside bagging) further lowered realized EF concentrations around bananas. These reductions in EF concentration translated into reduced mortality of P. citri eggs, indicating that despite similar efficacy of MB and EF for controlling P. citri, further consideration and optimization of other industry logistics such as packaging and loading ratio is necessary to enhance the adoption of this MB alternative.

A hydrophobic and superoleophilic adsorbent was prepared by coating candle soot (CS) on the surface of a recycled egg carton material (ECM). This waste material has been explored as a cost-effective adsorbent to remove oil and detergent from water. The surface of the material was coated with CS solution prepared by mixing soot with acetone and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements. The rate of fall of contact angle for water and oil was evident of water rejection and oil absorption capability of the coated-waste material. Further, the effect of temperature on the contact angle between water and surface was observed. The carbon-coated ECM demonstrates good absorption capacity with oils of different densities, without pre-treatments and surface modifications. It also shows its capability to absorb detergent from water with a pH value declining towards 7. Thus, a waste material can act as an effective alternative for filtering of oil and detergent water for households and industries.

In this work, we investigate an application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) using radar signal for recognizing objects and human movements. We suggested 7 scenarios and collected 2000 samples of each one: nothing, a carton, a plastic box inside the carton, a metal plate inside the carton, a man sitting behind the carton, a standing man and a moving man. The numeric radar data is preprocessed to generate image. Then it is sent to a pre-trained CNN (Inception V3) for feature extraction. The model is trained for 30 epochs in a batch of 20 samples. We choose to fine-tune the top 2 inception blocks by training the model once again. After all this training process, it attains validation accuracy of 99.2% and testing accuracy of 99.7%. The model carries through the classification of these 7 scenarios.

[ES] El objetivo del TFG es partiendo de una máquina troqueladora plana adquirida por una empresa del sector artes gráficas la cual no cumple con las medidas mínimas de seguridad establecidas en nuestro país por el RD 1215/1997, realizaré las adaptaciones y modificaciones tanto físicas del equipo para que posteriormente pueda certificar dicho equipo al RD 1215 para poder ponerla en funcionamiento y realizaré las adaptaciones documentales pertinentes ( Instrucciones de trabajo, instrucciones de seguridad, mapa de seguridades del equipo, etc..) para cumplir un Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad laboral implantado por la Empresa asegurando la seguridad y salud de los trabajadores que vayan a utilizar dicho equipo de trabajo durante su jornada laboral., [EN] The objective of the TFG is based on a flat die cutting machine acquired by a company in the graphic arts sector which does not comply with the minimum security measures established in our country by RD 1215/1997, I will make the physical adaptations and modifications of the equipment to that later certify said equipment to RD 1215 to be able to put it into operation and I will make the pertinent documentary adaptations (Work instructions, safety instructions, safety map of the equipment, etc.) to comply with a Labor Safety Management System implemented by the Company ensuring the safety and health of the workers who will use said work equipment during their working day.

In this study Terahertz (THz) spectra of several commonly used active pharmaceutical ingredients are reported. Results showed that all the API’s had unique bands associated with the structures allowing to analyse both qualitatively and quantitatively. The liq. nitrogen temperature and solid state and gas phase theoretical analysis of meloxicam have also been carried out. In addition, the transparency of the drug packaging materials like plastic blisters, cartons were checked to see the technique’s ability for in situ nondestructive penetrating analysis.

Background Food waste is a major ecological concern around the globe. While the main function of packaging is to contain and protect food, it may also lead to food waste if residues remain in a package after emptying. Such residues could be attributed to wasteful behavior of consumers, but also to properties of packaging (e.g., geometry, surface tension) and food (e.g., surface tension, viscosity). Methods In this study, the technical emptiability (ability of packaging to be emptied entirely) of 36 dairy products is analyzed. Firstly, the amount of food residues in packaging after emptying at room and refrigerator temperature was weighed and set in relation to the original filling quantity. Secondly, streamlined life cycle assessments (LCAs) based on the Product Environmental Footprint guidance with a functional unit of “one kg of consumed dairy product at room or refrigerator temperature in the home of the consumer” are conducted. Finally, technical emptiability was included in the streamlined LCA and attributed to the primary packaging in order to evaluate its environmental impact. Results Technical emptiability for both temperatures combined was found to be between 0.25% (±0.11) and 5.79% (±0.43) for the analyzed dairy products. While there were differences in emptiability results of the same product and different temperatures, no significant trend (p = 0.94) between emptiability and temperature could be observed. Liquid yogurt, cream, and buttermilk in beverage cartons and plastic bottles yielded the highest amounts, while milk in beverage cartons and glass bottles yielded the lowest amounts regarding food residues. Looking at global warming potential, poor technical emptiability of cream in a beverage carton leads to even higher environmental impacts than the production and waste management of its packaging. Discussion The streamlined LCA results show that food residues can contribute substantially to the footprint of packaging and can have similar or even higher environmental impacts than packaging production and waste management. Yet, emptiability is remarkably under-researched to this day. Future studies should further develop the methods presented in this paper, while LCA analysts should include technical emptiability when assessing the sustainability of packaging, particularly for those containing resource-intensive goods.

This article contains temperature logger datasets obtained for refrigerated cartons of Australian vacuum packaged chilled beef stored under near ideal conditions (∼- 1 °C) in Australia (CONTROL) and shipped via land and sea to three destinations in China (China-1, China-2, China-3) described in detail previously [1]. Cartons were stored for 84, 98, 120 and 140 days postslaughter. Temperature data were acquired during shipping and storage using i-buttons (Thermocron-TCS, Baulkham Hills, Australia) and LogTags (TRIX-16, LogTag Australia, Baulkham Hills, Australia). Keywords: Vacuum packaged chilled beef, Storage temperature

The purpose of this research is to study the recycling potency of food waste from restaurants in Padang City by measuring the food waste generation and its composition. Sampling and analysis were carried out based on SNI 19-3964-1994. It was performed for eight consecutive days at fifteen different sampling locations which include restaurants, cafes, fast food, and food courts. The result of this research showed that the average generation unit of restaurant food waste in the city of Padang was 0.105 kg/cap/day in weight units or 0.955 liters/cap/day in unit volume. The total generation of restaurant food waste was 132 liters/day which consists of organic waste (food scraps, leaves, fruit skin, vegetables, eggshells, bones), plastic (plastic bottles, packaging, bags, straws, and spoons), paper (tissue, packaging paper, paper containers, cartons), and others (styrofoam, broken glass, smoked cigarette remains, cans, glass bottles). Organic waste has the largest percentage by the composition of 70.69%, and that of plastic was at 11.35%. The study further showed that the recycling potency of restaurant food waste in Padang City was made up of 7.65% paper, 51.32% plastic, 59.86% glass, 100% nonferrous metal and 91.71% organic waste. Conclusively, recycling and composting method were recommended to process the restaurant food waste.

We propose a deep learning-based method that simultaneously determines a target object to be picked up by an autonomous manipulator and the velocity of an automated guided vehicle (AGV) that passes in front of the manipulator while the AGV carries a carton case containing the target and other objects. Our method can efficiently perform automated piece-picking operations in warehouses without the AGV needing to pause in front of the manipulator. In our method, for preparing supervised data sets with color images of objects that are randomly piled up in the carton case, a simulator checks whether each object is “pickable” or not by trying to plan the manipulator’s motion to have its hand reach the object while avoiding surrounding obstacles by using the depth images in consideration of the carton case’s movement and velocity. Then, we make each of multiple deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) corresponding to multiple levels of velocity learn to detect grasp points for only pickable objects from an RGB image. In our experimental test, using our method, a prototype of the system successfully picked ordered objects up without the AGV pausing while the AGV changed its velocity depending on the layout of the objects in the carton case.

Sustainable waste management strategies are becoming increasingly important due to the need to conserve natural resources and recycle the waste materials. Co-composting of feacal sludge (FS) is considered as an inexpensive and appropriate technology to develop sanitation and waste management in low-revenue countries, especially in urban areas where a complete treatment of large volume of sludge is often lacking. In this present study, biosolids from the treatment plant from a residential engineering college campus were utilized for co-composting along with other in-house refuse materials as additives. Dewatered sludge and other refuse materials like leaves, paper, cartons, grass clippings, sawdust and vegetable waste were collected from the same premises; uniformly aerated bins were equipped with the same. Physicochemical parameters of samples such as pH, EC, TOC/TN, NH4–N and NO3–N were performed in the laboratory. Intermittent spraying of sludge was able to maintain moisture content below 70% in the bins throughout the composting process. It was observed that NO3–N content was increasing during the first three weeks and decreased from 4th week of the composting. Additionally, C/N ratio and NO3–N were increased with increasing time period of the compost sample. However, the maturity of compost was confirmed based on the stability of the final composition. From the results, it can be concluded that the co-composting of feacal sludge with biosolids constituted a competent process for recycling and also obtained organic manure with a good degree of stability and maturity for agricultural practices.

The transportation cost of a company is very high. Firstly, this paper applies the classical ideas and tools of industrial engineering such as “5W1H” and fishbone diagram to analyze the container problem; uses the system engineering ideas and methods to establish the mathematical model of goods loading and placement, and obtain the optimal solution of the highest utilization rate of the container. Secondly, Flexsim simulation software is applied to work out container load time and the number of cartons loaded in every single container. The optimization scheme has achieved the purpose of improving the efficiency of container loading, improving the capacity utilization ratio and reducing the transportation cost.

Проект складається з вступу та восьми розділів. Загальний обсяг роботи становить 107 сторінок основного тексту, 14 ілюстрацій, 11 таблиць, переліку посилань з 21 найменувань та 4 додатків. Мета проекту полягає у модернізації першого пресу картоноробної машини. Розроблений прес дає можливість збільшити продуктивність КРМ та підвищити сухість паперу на 2%, в порівнянні з існуючим. Виконано необхідні параметричні розрахунки та розрахунки на міцність. Графічна частина проекту включає чотири креслення формату А1, модернізація першого пресу, установка верхнього валу, верхній вал та сукномийку, три креслення формату А3, цапфа приводна, цапфа права, оболонка валу. Наведено список використаної літератури, патентний пошук та порівняння розробленої конструкції з аналогами. Результати проекту можуть бути використані у навчальному процесі при викладанні фахових дисциплін на кафедрі МАХНВ. The project consists of an introduction and eight sections. The total volume of work is 105 pages of the main text, 21 illustrations, 4 tables, a list of references from 21 titles and 4 applications. The purpose of the work is to modernize the first press of a cardboard machine. The developed press provides an opportunity to increase the productivity of the CDM and the dryness of the paper by 2% comparing to presses which are in use now. The necessary parametric calculations and calculations for durability are executed. The graphic part of the project includes four drawings of A1 format, modernization of the first press, installation of the upper shaft, upper shaft and knife wrench, three drawings of the A3 format, drive shaft, right pin, shaft shell. The list of used literature, patent search and comparison of the developed design with analogues are given. The results of the project can be used for educational purposes at the Department of MAHNV. Проект состоит из введения и восьми разделов. Общий объем работы составляет 105 страниц основного текста, 21 иллюстраций, 4 таблицы, списка ссылок с 21 наименований и 4 приложений. Целью работы является модернизация первого пресса картоноделательной машины с разработкой первого пресса. Разработаный пресс позволяет увеличить производительность бумагоделательной машины и повысить сухость бумажного полотна на 2%. Выполнено необходимые параметрические расчеты и расчеты на прочность. Графическая часть проекта включает четыре чертежи формата А1, модернизация первого прессу, установка верхнего вала, верхний вал и сукномийку, три чертежи формата А3, цапфа приводная, цапфа права, оболочка вала. Приведен список использованной литературы, патентный поиск и сравнение разработанной конструкции с аналогами. Результаты проекта могут быть использованы с учебной целью на кафедре МАХНВ.

Пояснювальна записка складається із вступу, 8 розділів, висновків, переліку посилань і чотирьох додатків. Загальний обсяг роботи становить 106 с. основного тексту, 16 рисунків, 10 таблиць Проект містить описи процесу охолодження паперу і конструкції холодильної частини. Мета проекту - модернізація холодильної частини з розробленням холодильного циліндра. Поставлена мета досягається шляхом інтенсифікації процесу тепловіддачі від полотна до зовнішньої поверхні циліндра та від внутрішньої поверхні циліндра до холодної води, заміни сукна на сітку, зменшення навантаження на цапфи та підшипники. В роботі здійснено розрахунок основних елементів холодильної частини картоноробної машини. Здійснено аналіз результатів та зроблено висновки. Наведено список використаної літератури, патентний пошук та порівняння розробленої конструкції з аналогами. Результати проекту можуть бути використані з навчальною метою на кафедрі машин та апаратів хімічних та нафтопереробних виробництв. The explanatory note consists of an introduction, 8 chapters, conclusions, a list of references and four appendices. The total volume of work is 106 pages of the main text, 16 illustrations, 10 tables. The project contains descriptions of the paper cooling process and the design of the refrigerator. The objective of the project is the modernization of a refrigeration unit with the development of a refrigeration cylinder. The objective is achieved by intensifying the process of heat transfer from the cloth to the outer surface of the cylinder and from the inner surface of the cylinder to cold water, replacing the cloth on the grid, reducing the load on the screws and bearings. In the work the basic elements of a refrigerating part of a cardboard machine are calculated. The analysis of obtained results is done and conclusions are presented. The list of used literature, a patent search and comparison of the developed design with analog ones are given. The results of the project can be used with educational purposes at the department of machinery and apparatuses of chemical and petroleum refineries. Пояснительная записка состоит из введения, 8 разделов, заключения, списка ссылок и четырех приложений. Общий объем работы составляет 106 с. основного текста, 16 рисунков, 10 таблиц. Проект содержит описания процесса охлаждения бумаги и конструкции холодильной части. Цель проекта - модернизация холодильной части с разработкой холодильного цилиндра. Поставленная цель достигается путем интенсификации процесса теплоотдачи от полотна к внешней поверхности цилиндра и от внутренней поверхности цилиндра к холодной воде, замены сукна на сетку, уменьшения нагрузки на цапфы и подшипники. В работе произведен расчет основных элементов холодильной части картоноделательной машины. Осуществлен анализ результатов и сделаны выводы. Приведен список использованной литературы, патентный поиск и сравнение разработанной конструкции с аналогами. Результаты проекта могут быть использованы в учебных целях на кафедре машин и аппаратов химических и нефтеперерабатывающих производств.

The improved “Snow Bud” packaging mainly includes the medium packing and the external packaging, with the cuboid as the main structure, and the paper as the main material. The inner packaging uses the tin foil paper bag. Because of the thin thickness of the carton used and the problems in colors, patterns, character design, structures and other aspects, the purpose of the improvement is to use the new structures to enhance the practical functions of the packaging and to explore the application of the new materials in the tea packaging.

Reflectivity, smoothness and geometry of several types of food packaging board were studied in relation to the effectiveness of decontamination treatments involving ultraviolet (UV-C, 254 nm) irradiation. Surfaces containing aluminum in the laminate reflected more light in the 325 to 550 nm range and showed a lower lethal effect when Bacillus subtilis spores were irradiated. Visible light of wavelengths between 325 and 550 nm is known to cause photoreactivation of UV damage in vegetative cells. It was suggested that a similar phenomenon might occur in spores on reflective surfaces. Smoothness of the board surface was not an important factor in the extent or the variability of the lethal effect. The geometry of the irradiated surface was shown to be important for aluminum/polyethylene laminatelined surfaces only, as more spores were killed on board normal to incident UV-C irradiation than in cartons with reflective angles. Spores on the inner sides of this type of carton may have received more reflected light of photoreactivation wavelengths.

A treatment combining hydrogen peroxide and ultra-violet (UV-C) irradiation was assessed for reduction of microbial contamination in pre-formed food packaging cartons. There was a synergistic effect between low concentrations (0 - 5% wt/vol) of hydrogen peroxide and UV-C irradiation (10 s) on spores of Bacillus subtilis , the maximum lethality occurring between 0.5 and 1% peroxide. A combined treatment using 1% hydrogen peroxide and 10 s of UV-C irradiation was also effective against a variety of other organisms (spores and vegetative cells). The efficiency of the treatment was dependent on the type of inner surface of the carton. A greater lethal effect was obtained against B. subtilis spores in polyethylene-lined cartons than in aluminium/polyethylene laminate-lined cartons (5.1 and 3.5 decimal reductions in numbers respectively, using a combined treatment with 1% peroxide and 10 s of UV-C).

Milk in glass, polycarbonate, high density polyethylene, blow-molded polyethylene, plastic bags and paperboard containers, when exposed to fluorescent light or sunlight, will develop a characteristic off-flavor described synonomously by many researchers as activated, sunlight or oxidized flavor. The extent of flavor development is related to the exposure interval, strength of the light and amount of milk surface exposed. Paperboard containers. particularly those with large printed areas of dark ink or foil in the laminate, offer the best protecton to milk, while the remaining containers offered limited protection at best. Characteristic flavor is produced prinicipally by conversion of methionine to methional. Partial loss of vitamins B2 and C and some amino acids parallel development of light-induced off-flavor. Loss of other constituents is minimal. Many researchers offered suggestions to improve the flavor stability of milk held in display cases illuminated with fluorescent lights. Among these are changes to more protective packaging, reduction of radiant energy to 538 lux, use of gold or "bug light" types of fluorescent lights and more dark ink areas on exposed parts of paperboard cartons (gables and main display panels). Perhaps grocers should bag all containers of milk to afford adequate protection from sunlight between points of refrigeration.

Ultra-high-temperature sterilized milk packaged in aluminum foil-lined or plain polyethylene-lined cartons was stored 1.5 months at 4 C in the dark or 22 C under fluorescent light. Five trained judges found milk at 4 C was not as stale and thus had a more acceptable flavor than milk at 22 C. Flavor of milk in aluminum foil-lined cartons was not as good as freshly pasteurized milk, but superior to milk in polyethylene-lined cartons. Increases in off-flavor intensity paralleled increases in concentrations of n-pentanal and an unidentified neutral volatile compound. A 24-member, untrained consumer taste-panel preferred the flavor of freshly pasteurized milk to 3-month-old commercial or 6-month-old experimental ultra-high-temperature sterilized milks in aluminum foil-lined cartons, which in turn were preferred over 6-month-old experimental ultra-high-temperature sterilized milk in polyethylene-lined cartons.