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In Fuzzing facing binary coverage, the main role of instrumentation is feedback code coverage (in the case of Fuzz for binary, instrumentation can provide coverage information, which plays an important role in guiding the operation of seeds in Fuzz) . The current instrumentation optimization technique mainly relies on the control flow graph (CFG) to select key basic blocks at the basic block level, but the accuracy of this method is not high enough. Considering that the actual path in the actual operation of the binary may be different from the CFG generated in advance, this paper is based on the indirect jump that cannot be accurately analyzed in the CFG, and some of the basic blocks that can be optimized for high-frequency interpolation. According to the algorithm proposed in this paper, The combination of static analysis and dynamic analysis is used to continuously adjust and select key basic block nodes for instrumentation. It is verified by experiments that this kind of instrumentation method can effectively improve the coverage rate and reduce the overhead, and provide effective guidance for Fuzzing, which can effectively reduce the Fuzzer’s false negatives.

The introduction of 3D time-resolved velocity measurement techniques enables calculation of the instantaneous pressure distribution by spatially integrating the material acceleration. This paper introduces an efficient method for 3D integration of the acceleration, which does not require prescribed Dirichlet boundary condition on one of the surfaces, minimizes the propagation of errors in acceleration, and can be easily utilized in flows with complex boundaries. This parallel-line, omni-directional integration procedure (Omni3D) calculates the pressure at every point by integration from all directions, while avoiding regions with large acceleration errors. To reduce the computational costs, the calculations are performed by a GPU-based algorithm, which determines the 3D pressure field from tomographic PIV data in 1 min. The accuracy of Omni3D is compared to that of several techniques, including procedures based on solving the Pressure Poisson Equation (PPE) with different Dirichlet boundary conditions. The error analysis is based on Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data for isotropic turbulence, synthetic 3D PIV images for turbulent channel flow generated from DNS data, and experimental data. It examines the effects of spatial resolution, propagation, and avoidance of embedded local errors, boundary conditions, method for calculating the velocity, as well as viscous and sub-grid stresses on the calculated pressures. For acceleration fields with low errors and properly specified boundary conditions, Omni3D and PPE give similar results. However, Omni3D is more effective in suppressing the effects of acceleration errors. Sample experimental results including instantaneous plot of pressure, pressure statistics, and pressure–velocity correlations based on tomographic PIV data are also provided.

In this paper, Janus hybrid particles with rubber brushes have been first fabricated by successively grafting polybutadiene chains onto polydivinylbenzene (PDVB) side and polyisoprene chains onto SiO2 side in the case of SiO2@PDVB Janus particles as the template. The weight grafting ratios (Gr) of polybutadiene (PBd) and polyisoprene (PI) brushes were determined as 19.4 and 24.8 wt %, respectively. Such Janus hybrid particles contribute to not only the retardation of phase separation but also the kinetically trapped bicontinuous phase morphology in rubber blends. The interface jamming of these Janus particles supports their promising applications as compatibilizers in polymer blends.

Fault diagnosis of rolling bearings is a key issue in the field of engineering. To solve the problem that the accuracy of the current fault diagnosis of rolling bearings is not high and the model construction time is long, This paper proposed a new fault diagnosis method for rolling bearings based on invariant moments of three-dimensional vibration spectrogram. The pseudo-Wigner-Ville distribution time-frequency analysis method was adopted to generate vibration spectrum images of the rolling bearings by means of signal processing. This method extracts the point cloud three-dimensional invariant moments of the vibration spectrogram as the characteristics of the failure mode, and realizes the bearing fault identification with the BP neural network. The experimental results show that the proposed method not only has better recognition rate than the feature extraction method of the two-dimensional Hu invariant moment, but also can effectively identify and classify faults such as inner ring and outer ring, which has strong application value in the fault diagnosis of bearings and other rotating machinery.

Fifty 1,3-dioxyxanthone nitrates (4a ∼ i-n, n = 1–6) were designed and synthesized based on molecular similarity strategy. Incorporation of nitrate into 1,3-dioxyxanthones with electron-donating groups at 6–8 position brought about synergistic anticancer effect. Among them, compound 4g-4 was confirmed the most active agent against HepG-2 cells growth with an IC50 of 0.33 ± 0.06 μM. It dose-dependently increased intramolecular NO levels. This activity was attenuated by either NO scavenger PTIO or mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (mtADH) inhibitor PCDA. Apoptosis analysis indicated different contributions of early/late apoptosis and necrosis to cell death for different dose of 4g-4. 4g-4 arrested more cells on S phase. Results from Western Blot implied that 4g-4 regulated p53/MDM2 to promote cancer cell apoptosis. All the evidences support that 4g-4 is a promising anti-cancer agent.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important component of farming systems and global carbon cycle. Accurately estimating SOC stock is of great importance for assessing soil productivity and modeling global climate change. A newly built 1:50 000 soil database of Zhejiang Province containing 2 154 geo-referenced soil profiles and a pedological professional knowledge-based (PKB) method were used to estimate SOC stock up to a depth of 100 cm for the Province. The spatial patterns of SOC stocks stratified by soil types, watershed (buffer analysis), topographical factors, and land use types were identified. Results showed that the soils in Zhejiang covered an area of 100 740 km 2 with a total SOC stock of 831.49 × 10 6 t and a mean SOC density of 8.25 kg m −2 , excluding water and urban areas. In terms of soil types, red soils had the highest SOC stock (259.10 × 10 6 t), whereas mountain meadow soils contained the lowest (0.15 × 10 6 t). In terms of SOC densities, the lowest value (5.11 kg m −2 ) was found in skel soils, whereas the highest value (45.30 kg m −2 ) was observed in mountain meadow soils. Yellow soils, as a dominant soil group, determined the SOC densities of different buffer zones in Qiantang River watershed because of their large area percentage and wide variation of SOC density values. The area percentages of various soil groups significantly varied with increasing elevation or slope when overlaid with digital elevation model data, thus influencing the SOC densities. The highest SOC density was observed under grassland, whereas the lowest SOC density was identified under unutilized land. The map of SOC density (0–100 cm depth) and the spatial patterns of SOC stocks in the Province would be helpful for relevant agencies and communities in Zhejiang Province, China.

Ectopic thyroid tissue (ETT) was usually discovered in head and neck region, adrenal ETT was rare reported in literature. Here is a report of adrenal gland cyst with ETT in a 49-year old woman who was admitted to our hospital for health care. CT scan demonstrated a mass in left adrenal gland, and surgical resection was prepared. The mass was cystic, composed of normal adrenal and ectopic thyroid tissue, and was histologically benign. Immnunohistochemistry showed that the ETT was positive for TG and TTF-1, molecular examination indicated that ETT was without the molecular alterations associated with thyroid carcinoma (BRAF V600E, K-RAS). Further work-up did not show evidence of thyroid malignancy.

Efficient multi-keyword fuzzy search over encrypted data is a desirable technology for data outsourcing in cloud storage. The current solutions can only support part of these goals. In this paper, we propose a novel encrypted data searching scheme that can support multiples keywords fuzzy search with high efficiency. To support fuzzy search, a new keyword-hash mapping function is designed to transform similar keywords into similar hash values. In addition, we introduce the idea of multi-keyword index function and curve matching to searchable encryption and improve the efficiency of secure fuzzy searching impressively. Our proposed scheme achieves fuzzy matching without expending index table or sacrificing computational efficiency. The theoretical analysis and experiment results show that our scheme is secure, accurate, error-tolerant and very efficient.

Rationale: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare type of mesenchymal tumor. IMT can arise in multiple anatomic locations. IMT of the lumbar spinal canal is exceptionally rare. Patient concerns: Here, we report the case of a 56-year-old male patient with an IMT who was in good health until 1 year prior to admission, when he began experiencing pain in both lower extremities and the lower back. Interventions: A space-occupying lesion in the lumbar canal was identified by magnetic resonance imaging and then surgically resected. Diagnoses: Histopathological analysis of the lesion revealed a composition of mucous edema, inflammatory cells, collagenous fibers, and spindle cells that were diffuse and positive for smooth muscle actin and CD68; focal positive for vimentin and desmin; and negative for CD34 (marker of vascular endothelial cells), CD21, CD23, CD35, S-100, Epstein–Barr virus infection, Ki-67, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Thus, the diagnosis was an IMT of the lumbar canal. Outcomes: In the spinal canal, IMT should be considered in the evaluation of tumors although it is a very rare diagnosis. It is a benign lesion, but it has potential for invasion and recurrence. Lessons: There are no characteristic imaging features of these tumors, but they can be addressed by complete surgical excision. Patients with these lesions should undergo frequent long-term follow-up to detect and address recurrence.

With the rapid development of nanotechnologies, nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly produced and used in many commercial products, which could lead to the contact of human blood vessels with NPs. Thus, it is necessary to understand the adverse effects of NPs to relevant cells lining human blood vessels, especially endothelial cells (ECs) that cover the lumen of blood vessels. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are among one of the most popular models used for ECs in vitro. In the present review, we discussed studies that have used HUVECs as a model to investigate the EC-NP interactions, the toxic effects of NPs on ECs and the mechanisms. The results of these studies indicated that NPs could be internalized into HUVECs by the endocytosis pathway as well as transported across HUVECs by exocytosis and paracellular pathways. Exposure of HUVECs to NPs could induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, eNOS uncoupling and endothelial activation, which could be explained by NP-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and dysfunction of organelles. In addition, some studies have also evaluated the influences of microenvironment (e.g. the presence of proteins and excessive nutrients), the physiological and/or pathological stimuli related to the diversity of ECs (e.g. shear stress, cyclic stretch and inflammatory stimuli), and the physicochemical properties of NPs on the responses of ECs to NP exposure. In conclusion, it has been suggested that HUVECs could be considered as a relatively reliable and simple in vitro model for ECs to predict and evaluate the toxicity of NPs to endothelium. Copyright © 2017 John WileySons, Ltd.

MicroRNA-375 (miR-375) is expressed at low levels in many types of solid tumor, particularly in gastrointestinal tumors. It is considered to be important in the development of cancer and certain diseases. Thus, more detailed knowledge is required on the particular functions of miR-375. miRs function by regulating target genes. Therefore, in the current study, miRWalk (which includes the data from 10 prediction software programs) was used to predict the target genes of miR-375. The genes, which were co-predicted using five different software programs were further analyzed using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery online software [including gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis]. Subsequently, the online tool, Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes, was used to analyze the protein-protein interaction and construct modules using Cytoscape. The result demonstrated 6,574 predicted genes, 1,325 of which were co-predicted. The GO analysis result indicated that, in biological processes, the co-predicted genes were significantly enriched in the regulation of nervous system development and cell differentiation, and the highest enrichment of molecular function was ion binding. In KEGG analysis, the genes were enriched in the Hippo signaling pathway, glutamatergic synapse, circadian entrainment and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway. The top 10 hub proteins were mechanistic target of rapamycin, PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 1, ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat containing, Y-linked, histone deacetylase 2, F-box and leucine rich repeat protein 19, KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase, angiotensinogen, Janus kinase 2, fibroblast growth factor 2 and RNA polymerase II subunit A. These proteins predominantly regulate the development and progression of cancer, hypertension, essential thrombocythemia and inflammation. The genes in the top seven modules selected were identified to be primarily enriched in chemokines, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, amoebiasis and protein processing signaling pathway. Thus, the target genes and hub proteins that were predicted in the current study were identified to be important in regulating the development and progression of cancer and certain diseases. Furthermore, they present potential novel biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and candidate targets for treatment, and indicate that further research is required to establish the functions of miR-375.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have attracted considerable research interest, but so far no data are available on the roles of lncRNAs and their target genes under chronic β-diketone antibiotic (DKAs) exposure to zebrafish (Danio rerio). Herein, we identified 1.66, 3.07 and 3.36×104 unique lncRNAs from the 0, 6.25 and 12.5mg/L DKA treatment groups, respectively. In comparison with the control group, the 6.25 and 12.5mg/L treatments led to up-regulation of 2064 and 2479 lncRNAs, and down-regulation of 778 and 954 lncRNAs, respectively. Of these, 44 and 39 lncRNAs in the respective 6.25 and 12.5mg/L treatments displayed significant differential expression. Volcano and Venn diagrams of the differentially expressed lncRNAs were constructed on the basis of the differentially expressed lncRNAs. After analyzing 10 lncRNAs and potential target genes, a complex interaction network was constructed between them. The consistency of 7 target genes (tenm3, smarcc1b, myo9ab, ubr4, hoxb3a, mycbp2 and CR388046.3), co-regulated by 3 lncRNAs (TCONS_00129029, TCONS_00027240 and TCONS_00017790), was observed between their qRT-PCR and transcriptomic sequencing. By in situ hybridization (ISH), abnormal expression of 3 lncRNAs was observed in hepatic and spleen tissues, suggesting that they might be target organs for DKAs. A similar abnormal expression of two immune-related target genes (plk3 and syt10), co-regulated by the 3 identified lncRNAs, was observed in liver and spleen by ISH. Histopathological observations demonstrated hepatic parenchyma vacuolar degeneration and clot formation in hepatic tissues, and uneven distribution of brown metachromatic granules and larger nucleus in spleen tissues resulting from DKA exposure. Overall, DKA exposure led to abnormal expression of some lncRNAs and their potential target genes, and these genes might play a role in immune functions of zebrafish.

The flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) from soil surface presents an important component of carbon (C) cycle in terrestrial ecosystems and is controlled by a number of biotic and abiotic factors. In order to better understand characteristics of soil CO2 flux (FCO2) in subtropical forests, soil FCO2 rates were quantified in five adjacent forest types (camphor tree forest, Masson pine forest, mixed camphor tree and Masson pine forest, Chinese sweet gum forest, and slash pine forest) at the Tianjiling National Park in Changsha, Hunan Province, in subtropical China, from January to December 2010. The influences of soil temperature (Tsoil), volumetric soil water content (θsoil), soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil C/nitrogen (N) ratio on soil FCO2 rates were also investigated. The annual mean soil FCO2 rate varied with the forest types. The soil FCO2 rate was the highest in the camphor tree forest (3.53 ± 0.51 μmol m−2 s−1), followed by, in order, the mixed, Masson pine, Chinese sweet gum, and slash pine forests (1.53 ± 0.25 μmol m−2 s1). Soil FCO2 rates from the five forest types followed a similar seasonal pattern with the maximum values occurring in summer (July and August) and the minimum values during winter (December and January). Soil FCO2 rates were correlated to Tsoil and θsoil, but the relationships were only significant for Tsoil. No correlations were found between soil FCO2 rates and other selected soil properties, such as soil pH, SOC, and C/N ratio, in the examined forest types. Our results indicated that soil FCO2 rates were much higher in the evergreen broadleaved forest than coniferous forest under the same microclimatic environment in the study region.