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Spatial hypersurface plays a very important role in the classification problem. In SVM, classification hypersurface is emphasized because of the direct induction of the support vectors, so the hypersurface reflecting the relation between categorical attribute and condition attributes acquired by SVM promotes the classification effect. In traditional SVM solution algorithms, objective function is a strictly convex unconstrained optimization problem, but is not differentiable due to x+, which precludes the most used optimization algorithms. This paper presents a new TCA-Smooth technology which used a segment of circular arc tangent to the given plus function x+ to approximate the original un-differentiable model, thus the traditional SVM model is converted into a differentiable model. The proposed approach is experimentally evaluated in three datasets that are benchmarks for data mining applications and in a real-world dataset, leading to interesting results.

Classification hypersurface plays a very important role in classification problem. In SVM (support vector machine), classification hypersurface is emphasized because of the direct induction of the support vectors. In this paper, a measure of determining the importance level of the attributes based on classification hypersurface acquired by SVM is proposed. In traditional SVM solution algorithms, objective function is a strictly convex unconstrained optimization problem, but it is undifferentiable due to x+ . Therefore, the most used optimization algorithms are precluded. This paper presents a new technology to approximate the original undifferentiable model, so that the traditional SVM model is converted into a differentiable model. The proposed approach is experimentally validated in the datasets that are benchmarks for data mining applications.

Anaphora occurs throughout discourse or dialogue. Their high frequencies make anaphora resolution one key problem in discourse processing which attract attention of increasing researchers. In the paper, according to features of Chinese personal pronoun we present an approach which is based on corpus. It adopts maximum entropy method. Then we discovered characteristic of pronoun anaphora referring to inhuman is different form that referring to people. So the paper put forward a new approach about processing the Chinese personal pronoun anaphora. The approach divided the anaphora resolution system into two parts, the PARS subsystem and the IARS subsystem. They will separately process the personal pronoun anaphora referring to people and that referring to inhuman. The paper described the design and the realization of the system, tests the new system in the Chinese Tree Bank and evaluates the arithmetic in the round. The experiment demonstrates that the method achieves the desired result.

The model for precise description and measurement of user profile was studied through adopting the technology of knowledge discovery from database. The news browsing manner of users was analyzed, while news similarity was computed based on users' reading style, then the model for user profile was generated by the mining algorithm. The experiments showed that this model worked very well in describing user profile and promoted efficiency of personalized news service system.

The aim of this paper is the partial axiomatization for 0-level universal logic. Firstly, a propositional calculus formal deductive system UL$_{h{\it \epsilon}[0,1]}$ of 0-level universal logic is built up, and the corresponding algebra Ł ΠG is introduced. Then we prove the system UL$_{h{\it \epsilon}[0,1]}$ is sound and complete with respect to the 0-level continuous universal AND operators on [0, 1]. Lastly, three extension logics of UL$_{h{\it \epsilon}[0,1]}$ are also introduced.

The implication is the emphasis and difficulty in the study of logics. From the point of view of interval structure, the operations of the universal logics including interval-intersection, interval-union, interval-complement and interval-implication are redefined based on the radical models. Regularity and monotonicity of interval-implication are proved; interval-intersection and interval-implication are proved to be an adjoint pair. In the paper, operation models of the interval-implication are firstly given in the special points of h. It is very important to the further study on flexibility of the interval-logics.

The aim of this paper is partial axiomatization of universal logic. A propositional calculus formal deductive system UL/sub h/spl epsi/(0,1)/ of 0-level universal logic is built up. The corresponding algebra L/spl Pi/G is introduced. We prove the system ULh/spl epsi//sub h/spl epsi/(0,1)/ is soundness and complete w.r.t. the 0-level continuous universal AND operators (i.e. the continuous Schweizer-Sklar t-norms) on [0,1].

We call any interval [a,b] generalized interval. In the before work, the operation models of universal logic and neurons were limited in interval [0,1]. Authors mainly studied the universal logic operation models and neurons based on generalized interval [a,b]. Using the NTS norms theories, this paper established the universal logic operation models on generalized interval [a,b]. And the paper gave a new uniform neuron model of several universal logic operators on generalized interval [a,b]. It made the reasoning of universal logic neuron more flexible. It proved that the operation models and neurons were sound. The work offered important theories and models for universal logic in correlation reasoning of neural systems. It is a new way for neuron reasoning from the points of generalized NTS norms and generalized interval.

In these years, universal logic has developed greatly. As a kind of concrete universal logic, authentic logic is used to analyze the security of cryptographic protocols. This paper firstly puts forward relational conceptions and gives the structure's expression of object-oriented universal logic. Then authors analyze the logic structure's expression of authentic logic with the example: BAN logic. Using the conceptions of general correlation and general self-correlation, authors discuss the applicability and correlation of authentic logic. This work can contribute to perfecting authentic logic in artificial intelligence reasoning, and offering a new expression way of universal logic.

How to deal with various uncertainties and evolution has been a critical problem for further development of AI. The well-developed mathematical logic is too rigid and it can only solve certain problems. It is a new challenge for logics to make mathematical logic more flexible and can contain various uncertainties and evolution. This has been studied by the academic community for several years and has made some breakthroughs at some isolated points, but a systematic theory has not come into being. The flexible propositional logics is put forward on the basis of our study of the general logical rules in real world, which can include quite a few kinds of known uncertainty reasoning models, such as probability, belief, likelihood, certainty, possibility and fuzzy reasoning, and so on. Moreover, it lays the theoretical basis for the study of more complex uncertainty problems and evolution problems.

With the fast development of modern sciences, opinions that people think about the natural system are basically changing, that is to say, turning from ideal simplification to objective complexity. Universal logic puts forward the conceptions of general correlation and general self-correlation, which is used to describe the flexibility of correlation of objective things exactly, and establish the architecture of universal logic. This paper analyzes the principles of universal logic and the correlation of complex system, defines the conceptions of "whole correlation" and "local correlation", and sets up the reasoning model of complex system based on universal logic, moreover, illuminates the applied steps with an example on control system of welding process. The paper states: this reasoning model strongly integrates the natural intuition and operating feasibility, and it gives the implementation procedure of universal logic in engineering applied fields, especially the flexible control for complex system firstly.

In bioelectrochemical studies, redox mediators such as methylene blue, natural red, and thionine are used to studying the redox characteristics of enzymes in the living cell. Here we show that nitrogenase activity in Azotobacter vinelandii is completely inhibited by oxidized methylene blue (MBo) when the concentration of this mediator in the medium is increased up to 72 microM. This activity in A. vinelandii is somewhat inhibited by a coenzyme, ascorbic acid (AA). However, the nitrogenase activity within the A. vinelandii cell is unchanged even for a high concentration of oxidized natural red (NRo) alone. Interestingly, these mediators and AA do not have the capacity to inhibit the H2 uptake activity of the hydrogenase in A. vinelandii. Average active rates of 66 nM H2 evolved/mg cell protein/min from the nitrogenase and 160 nM H2-uptake/mg cell protein/min from the hydrogenase in A. vinelandii are found in aid of the activities of the enzymes for H2 evolution and for H2 uptake are compared. The activities of both enzymes in A. vinelandii are strongly inhibited by thionine having high oxidative potential. Mechanisms of various mediators acting in vivo for both enzymes in A. vinelandii are discussed.

M agnolia sinostellata has been considered a synonym of Magnolia stellata by several taxonomists due to many shared morphological characters. With similar leaves and twigs, Magnolia amoena is distributed in areas near M. sinostellata . These three species were studied by comparing morphological, cytological and palynological characters, creating a maximum parsimony phylogenetic tree based on plastid DNA sequences and studying these taxa in the field. The results are as follows: M. sinostellata is a diploid, 2n=2x=38, and there are heterozygotes with paracentric inversion chromosomes in wild populations. Magnolia stellata is also a diploid, and there are heterozygotes with pericentric inversion chromosomes in wild populations. The abnormal chromosome behaviour in meiosis has serious effects on survival of the two species. Magnolia amoena is diploid with more or less normal meiosis except for a few lagging chromosomes in anaphase I and II. Magnolia stellata has a more complicated exine sculpture than the other two; exine structure is different in all three species. Separate species status for M. sinostellata is also supported by results of the plastid DNA phylogenetic study. Distributions, population descriptions and observations are provided, and based on all the evidence presented we conclude that M. sinostellata is a distinct species in M. subgenus Yulania .