Search

Copyright of Journal of Surra Man Raa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Most public health research on the commercial determinants of health (CDOH) to date has focused on a narrow segment of commercial actors. These actors are generally the transnational corporations producing so-called unhealthy commodities such as tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed foods. Furthermore, as public health researchers, we often discuss the CDOH using sweeping terms such as private sector, industry, or business that lump together diverse entities whose only shared characteristic is their engagement in commerce. The absence of clear frameworks for differentiating among commercial entities, and for understanding how they might promote or harm health, hinders the governance of commercial interests in public health. Moving forward, it is necessary to develop a nuanced understanding of commercial entities that goes beyond this narrow focus, enabling the consideration of a fuller range of commercial entities and the features that characterise and distinguish them. In this paper, which is the second of three papers in a Series on commercial determinants of health, we develop a framework that enables meaningful distinctions among diverse commercial entities through consideration of their practices, portfolios, resources, organisation, and transparency. The framework that we develop permits fuller consideration of whether, how, and to what extent a commercial actor might influence health outcomes. We discuss possible applications for decision making about engagement; managing and mitigating conflicts of interest; investment and divestment; monitoring; and further research on the CDOH. Improved differentiation among commercial actors strengthens the capacity of practitioners, advocates, academics, regulators, and policy makers to make decisions about, to better understand, and to respond to the CDOH through research, engagement, disengagement, regulation, and strategic opposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) was prepared from post-consumer old corrugated container (OCC) material, which was first disintegrated in water, cleaned to remove impurities, and then fibrillated by grinding. Those processed MFCs were treated with in-situ formation of calcium carbonate by adding calcium oxide and injecting carbon dioxide into the mixture up to the ratio of 1:40 (MFC: calcium carbonate) by weight. The MFCs had a dark brown color initially but turned into high brightness materials similar to commercial ground calcium carbonate (GCC) after the in-situ formation process. The MFCs that had calcium carbonate attached on their surfaces, which were lengthy and flexible, were called flexible calcium carbonate from OCC (FCCO). Paper containing FCCO gave higher bulk, higher stiffness, and higher tensile index without lowering smoothness when compared to the paper containing commercial GCC. However, brightness was slightly lowered because of initial low brightness of the OCC. This study also demonstrated the feasibility to substitute wood fibers up to 5% with FCCO without lowering essential properties for printing paper. Benefits of the waste paper are savings of both wood resources and production cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many economies, especially in Asia, implement different policies to incentivize the issuance of corporate green bonds. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the effectiveness of green bond policies. This study examines the impact of a broad range of green bond policies on the issuance of corporate green bonds in 56 green-bond-issuing economies, including 11 economies in Asia, from January 2010 to June 2020. Using the difference-in-difference specification within the multilevel probit model, the study shows that the following policies increase the probability of issuance of green bonds by corporates: (i) policies that reduce the cost of green bond issuance, such as green bond grants and tax incentives (such policies are particularly popular in Asia); (ii) coordination policies such as the establishment of green bond or green finance institutions, committees, groups, as well as other policy signals such as national commitments and targets; and (iii) global international cooperation and international standardization. Policies that reduce the cost of green bond issuance, such as green bond grants and tax incentives, incentivize the issuance of corporate green bonds. Coordination policies, such as the establishment of green bond or green finance institutions, committees, groups, as well as other policy signals, such as national commitments and targets, incentivize the issuance of corporate green bonds. Global international cooperation and standardization incentivize corporate green bond issuance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though politics and promotion have never been completely separate, the convergence between the two spheres is increasingly prominent in today's digital culture. To broaden our understanding of such promotional politics in social media, this paper examines commercial collaborations between four Swedish influencers and two private companies that offer services enabled by specific neoliberal reforms during recent decades, and how they strive to present these services in a way that attracts an affluent but socially conscious middle-class. It argues that the political potential of influencers might not always be as spokespersons for a cause or party, but rather as 'ideological intermediaries' who promote a lifestyle to be inspired by, and aspire to. The analysis identifies the discourses that influencers draw on to achieve the promotional and ideological outcomes of commercial collaborations, as well as the authenticity labour that they perform in the texts. Further, the paper analyses how notions of authenticity also impact audiences' interpretation and politicization of the collaborations, in the comment sections to the sponsored blogposts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper chromatography is a method that allows rapid assessment of the condition and identification of fuel, water and soot contaminants in engine oil. The paper contains an analysis of the suitability of rapid paper chromatography for assessing the operating quality of engine oil. It takes into account the comparison of physicochemical parameters by classical methods with the quality of commercial paper chromatography. The presented research allowed verifying the suitability of paper chromatography for laboratory evaluation of engine oil quality. It was found that a more extensive analysis of the oil condition is possible provided that the chromatographic separation time of oil dispensed onto filter paper is increased from 1 minute to 40 minutes. Linear relationships were observed between the surface area of the stain core after 40-minute separation and selected viscosity parameters (e.g. kinematic viscosity measured at 40° C). Based on rapid paper chromatography, it was found that reasonable decisions can be made about the quality of engine oil, and thus about replacement or further use of the oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consistent with the existence of a rollover risk channel, we document that an increase in short‐term debt proportional to the total debt increases the cost of long‐term debt. The effect of rollover risk is more pronounced for the firms that are vulnerable to unforeseen negative events. Moreover, we find that the marginal effect of short‐term debt on the yield spread is intensified during periods of market illiquidity. Finally, our results suggest that this positive effect on the yield spread due to increased rollover risk is partially offset by a negative effect due to the attenuation of underinvestment problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtually every longer-term tax-exempt municipal bond is callable, usually at par 10 years after issuance. Borrowers pay for the call option with an above-market coupon or by accepting a lower sale price. We explore how the value of the option compares to its cost. Is a fairly priced call option a good deal for the municipality? The remarkable finding is that the call option is undesirable, because its cost exceeds its expected benefit. Instead of issuing callable bonds at lower prices or with higher coupons, municipal borrowers should issue optionless bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the ability of bond investors to detect and adjust for potentially biased credit ratings. It finds evidence that investors require higher yield spreads on bonds with upwardly biased ratings, and that unusual yield spreads have predictive power for rating changes and defaults within 3 years of bond issuance. Bonds with unusually high yield spreads are more (less) likely to be downgraded (upgraded). Furthermore, 3-year default rates for those bonds are 2.5 times those of bonds with unusually low yield spreads. These findings suggest that yield spread could be a better measure of credit risk than ratings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Business Consultant / Poslovni Konsultant is the property of FINconsult Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the pricing of liquidity risk in the Korean corporate bond market. We use three different liquidity factors — namely, aggregate market liquidity, liquidity innovation, and predicted liquidity. The empirical results show that, while a liquidity premium exists in the Korean corporate bond market when measured by the market liquidity factor, a liquidity discount occurs when measured by the predicted liquidity factor. Drawing on prior studies, we further describe that the lower (higher) returns for portfolios with a high sensitivity to unexpected liquidity shocks may be attributable to the infrequent (frequent) trading of AAA(A)‐rated bonds in the Korean market. Finally, our findings suggest that while a liquidity premium exists in expectation, investors are penalized for taking predicted liquidity risks in the Korean corporate bond market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop bio-based adhesives that can be used for various packaging papers. In addition to commercial paper samples, papers produced from harmful plant species in Europe, such as Japanese Knotweed and Canadian Goldenrod, were used. In this research, methods were developed to produce bio-based adhesive solutions in combinations of tannic acid, chitosan, and shellac. The results showed that the viscosity and adhesive strength of the adhesives were best in solutions with added tannic acid and shellac. The tensile strength with adhesives of tannic acid and chitosan was 30% better than with commercial adhesives and 23% for combinations of shellac and chitosan. For paper from Japanese Knotweed and Canadian Goldenrod, the most durable adhesive was pure shellac. Because the surface morphology of the invasive plant papers was more open and had numerous pores compared to the commercial papers, the adhesives penetrated the paper structure and filled the voids. There was less adhesive on the surface and the commercial papers achieved better adhesive properties. As expected, the bio-based adhesives also showed an increase in peel strength and exhibited favorable thermal stability. In summary, these physical properties support the use of bio-based adhesives use in different packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, electrophotographic printing and inkjet printing systems were applied to some commercial A4 office papers and their effects on print quality were determined. It is to evaluate the print quality by determining the test parameters that measure the print quality by applying electrophotographic printing and inkjet printing systems to some commercial office papers that have determined the surface properties and optical properties supplied from the market. Print quality was measured by testing with parameters such as delta gloss 60°, print lightness, print chroma, print density. As a result of the tests determined for print quality; print density values were low in A4 office papers with high roughness and porosity values, and the specular gloss values of the samples decreased in both printing applications. In electrophotographic printing; it was determined that darker colors formed with print lightness parameter, and the color scale increases in two-sided printing with print chroma values. It was determined that the color scale of print chroma values increased in two-sided prints. It was determined that mostly some commercial office papers were positively affected by printing on one side in inkjet printing and by printing on two-sided in electrophotographic printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper Commercial Pilot Preparation inspired optimization (CPPIO) algorithm, Mindarinae and Formica fusca rapport inspired optimization (MFO) algorithm, Red-footed Booby optimization (BO) algorithm are applied to solve the problem. Key objective of the problem is Real power loss reduction, Voltage deviation minimization and Voltage stability enhancement. Main segment of the CPPIO modernization is grounded on the choice of trainer by the beginner and at that time the preparation done by the designated trainer to the beginner. Amongst the beginner population, chosen quantities of the preeminent associates are deliberated as trainers and remaining as beginner. Preparation of the beginner to become as commercial pilot by the trainer is the exploration segment of the algorithm. Mindarinae and Formica fusca rapport inspired optimization algorithm combines dissimilar exploration stratagems, which pretend the dissimilar cooperative actions which exist in the natural lifecycle of Mindarinae and Formica fusca. Thus, algorithm employs dissimilar entities that permit sustenance each other and can track dissimilar exploration courses. In the Exploitation segment two additional activities are required to advance exploitation subsequent to the Red-footed Booby flashes into the marine by elongated - profound nosedive and then a squat -trivial nosedive. Astute fish in the marine is frequently supplemented by an unexpected revolving drive to spurt the Red-footed Booby pursuit. Commercial Pilot Preparation inspired optimization (CPPIO) algorithm, Mindarinae and Formica fusca rapport inspired optimization (MFO) algorithm, Red-footed Booby optimization (BO) algorithm are verified in G01--G24 benchmark functions, Six, IEEE bus test systems and in Practical Unified Egyptian Transmission Network. In six bus IEEE test systems real power loss obtained by proposed algorithm is CPPIO- 11. 0069 (MW), MFO-11. 0043 (MW) and BO -11. 0036 (MW). In IEEE 30 bus system CPPIO- 4.49012 (MW), MFO-4.49009 (MW) and BO -4.49005 (MW). In IEEE 57 bus system CPPIO- 21.67901 (MW), MFO-21.67893 (MW) and BO -21.67889 (MW). In IEEE 118 bus system CPPIO- 113.54321 (MW), MFO- 113.54305 (MW) and BO -113.54298 (MW). In IEEE 300 bus system CPPIO- 360.0601 (MW), MFO-360.0589 (MW) and BO -360.0581 (MW). In IEEE 354 bus system CPPIO- 336.5153 (MW), MFO-336.5133 (MW) and BO -336.5129 (MW). In Practical Unified Egyptian Transmission Network CPPIO- 29. 0526 (MW), MFO-29. 0509 (MW) and BO -29. 0495 (MW). Real power loss reduction, Voltage deviation minimization and Voltage stability enhancement has been attained in the electrical power transmission network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What drives short-term credit spreads: credit risk, liquidity risk, or both? We investigate this issue using the structural approach to credit risk modeling and a novel data set of secondary market transaction prices for Chinese commercial papers (CPs). In particular, we propose and test a structural model with jump risk and exogenous market illiquidity under which the predicted yield spreads can be decomposed into a credit component and a liquidity component. We find that credit risk and, especially liquidity risk, are important determinants of short-term yield spreads. Our model-based decomposition results show that, on average, credit risk and market liquidity account for about 25% and 52% of CP yield spreads, respectively. For comparison, we also examine the drivers of the US CP yield spreads using security-level data. We find that credit risk accounts for a small fraction of the observed yield spreads but liquidity contributes a much greater proportion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) is the property of South China University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Corporate bonds with large increases in implied volatility over the past month underperform those with large decreases in implied volatility by 0.6% per month. In contrast to existing studies that show implied volatility changes carry information about fundamental news, our evidence suggests that implied volatility changes contain information about uncertainty shocks to the firm. Our results are consistent with the notion that informed traders with new information about firm risk prefer to trade in the option market and the corporate bond market underreacts to this information. This paper was accepted by Haoxiang Zhu, finance. Funding: We thank the Canadian Derivatives Institute for financial support. J. Cao and X. Zhan acknowledge generous financial support of the Research Grant Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China [Grants GRF 14501720, 14500919]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4379. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]