Search

Metaphor, as is known, has been considered an expression of the creative approach of a subject to language and thinking. Metaphor enables the subject of cognition and action to establish meaning – the subject exercises semiosis not only by referring to the former convention and the situational context, but also by transforming it due to the distinct act of turning the metaphor into an instrument of expression. The innovative character of metaphor allows one to consider it in the context of performative theory, whereas its receptive, evocative character requires interpretation from the recipient. In both cases, metaphor in acts of communication, opens their participants towards specific expressions – performative expression in the case of individual semantic innovation, and receptive expression in the case of the interpretation of former metaphors. The specific example of silence, considered as a kind of metaphor within the frameworks of the performative theory, is the subject-matter of the paper. The basic question of the paper, referring to John L. Austin’s speech act theory and to his followers, is related to the source of the aforementioned metaphorization – to what degree is it an intention of language users, and to what degree is it a language convention which allows one to combine words and establish new associations metaphorically? In his pragmatic concept of meaning, Austin stresses the role of the context of an utterance – the situational context may also enable the establishment of metaphor as a figure of speech that dynamizes and moves our thinking.

Constitutions are fundamental documents having political, as well as legal functions. In this respect, one of the most prominent functions of constitutions is their (political) integrative function. As such, constitutions help to develop an overarching identity that would remain above the plurality of opinions and interests that exist within a society and develop a communal spirit and a collective identity which, in return, would develop a minimum social cohesion that is required to maintain a functioning social order. Modern constitutions, being products of the nation-state era, have thus far delivered such function at the national level. The biggest exception to this rule is the “Constitution of the European Union”, being an initiative at the supranational level. In this study, the emergence and the failure of such initiative is examined, followed by an explanation of the underlying dynamics with reference to the integrative function of constitutions. The article concludes with the prediction that, under the continuing pressure coming from several crisis at the subnational, national and supranational levels, integrative function of the constitutions will remain its place at the top of the agenda in all those respective domains.

While Aristotle’s and St. Thomas’s teachings about economics are often ridiculed today, this article argues that actually what they had to say about this issue, especially about the nature of sound currency, backed up by force of law, is quite profound. According to both of them, sound money plays an essential role in the preserving commutative justice within States. By so doing, it preserves communication between talented people who make qualitatively unequal contributions to a State’s continued existence and welfare.

International Mobile Satellite Organization INMARSAT, established in 1976, has proven its viability and effectiveness by ensuring continuous interaction of states and national organizations in achieving common objectives of the creation and operation of its space segment for the purpose of providing commercial radio communication services for mobile sea, ground and air units, as well as non-commercial radio communication services, including services within the Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS). In this connection, it is of both academic and practical interest to study the details of INMARSAT’s international law nature. This international organisation is unique because, while having international legal personality, it is directly engaged in providing its space segment. This has affected the structure and content of INMARSAT’ foundation documents (Convention and Operational Agreement), the nature of its membership and content of its bodies’ functions, the rights and obligations of a member state and the national communications organisation nominated by it as the INMARSAT participant. An analysis of INMARSAT’s international law nature will allow to assess the extent to which its organizational and legal structure meets the requirements.

Domain theory suggests that moral rules and conventions are perceived differently and elicit a different response. A special procedure was designed to test this hypothesis in a laboratory setting using a deontic reasoning task. The goal was to gain insight into the cognitive and metacognitive processes of deontic reasoning from simple deontic premises. In the 3x2x2 within-subjects design, we varied rule-content (moral, conventional, abstract), rule-type (obligation, permission) and the induced dilemma (punishment dilemma, reward dilemma). Participants (N = 78) were presented with 12 laws. After memorizing a law, eight cases were presented to participants so that they make a quick judgment. Participants were tasked with punishing rule-violators, ignoring rule-conformists, and rewarding rule-supererogation. Response times (RT) and accuracy were measured for each judgment, and final confidence was measured after a set of judgments. No differences were expected between rule-types, except for superior performance for moral content and punishment dilemmas. RT correlated negatively with confidence levels, while accuracy correlated positively. Moral reasoning was more accurate than conventional and abstract reasoning, and produced higher confidence levels. Better performance was found for punishment dilemmas than reward dilemmas, likely due to the presence of a cheater-detection module; but the differences were not found in moral reasoning. Moral reasoning was also independent of rule-type, while conventional and abstract reasoning produced superior performance in obligation-type than in permission-type rules. A large drop-off in accuracy was detected for rules that allowed undesirable behaviour, a phenomenon we termed the "deontic blind spot". However, this blind spot was not present in moral reasoning. Three lines of evidence indicate a qualitative difference between the moral and other deontic domains: (1) performance for moral content was independent of rule-type, (2) moral content produced an equal activation of violator- and altruist-detection modules, and (3) moral content produces higher levels of confidence.

In 1956, an important step was taken in international road freight transport. The CMR Convention, the main purpose of which was to unify the rules for the international transport of goods and thereby promote the development of international trade, was concluded. From a practical point of view, this is of great importance to both carriers and transporters. Similarly, this Convention also incorporates the most important document for the carriage of goods, i.e. the consignment note CMR. Since the adoption of the CMR Convention, the method of calculating the carrier liability has changed with the adoption of the Protocol to the CMR Convention. The Protocol changed the system for calculating liability from one based on the gold franc to a system based on special drawing rights. This protocol has not only changed the unit of constraint, but has also reduced the value of liability limitation for carriers. However, the protocol, which introduced a change in the carrier liability system, has not been accepted by all states. This disparity causes differences in liability and also in the competitiveness of carriers. The aim of this paper is to identify the impact of the adoption of the Protocol on the competitiveness of the carrier in each state which is party to the agreement.

The high yield, cost-effectiveness and living nature of biological agents that Biological Threats of the American Occupation of the Quds Regime and Providing an Appropriate Solution to these Threats in Iran.cause dispersal and proliferation in the contaminated area and area are among the features that make countries more attractive to these agents. In this paper, we have tried to explain the threats and their consequences by using library resources in the first step of bioterrorism and in the next step to provide appropriate solutions in order to prepare for national threats and internal security . The statistical population includes all the available documents and has been studied in full. The purpose of this study is applied research and descriptive-analytical research method and systematic analysis. Therefore, defense against the potentially debilitating effects of an attack requires awareness of the epidemiological principles of biological warfare, and fuller awareness of all aspects of these weapons is needed to ensure the security of the nation.

The paper addresses a popular argument that accounts of assertion in terms of constitutive norms are incompatible with conventionalism about assertion. The argument appeals to an alleged modal asymmetry: constitutive rules are essential to the acts they characterize, and therefore the obligations they impose necessarily apply to every instance; conventions are arbitrary, and thus can only contingently regulate the practices they establish. The paper argues that this line of reasoning fails to establish any modal asymmetry, by invoking the distinction between the non-discriminating existence across possible worlds of types (“blueprints”, as Rawls called them) of practices and institutions defined by constitutive rules, and the discriminating existence of those among them that are actually in force, and hence truly normative. The necessity of practices defined by constitutive rules that the argument relies on concerns the former, while conventionalist claims are only about the latter. The paper should thus contribute to get a better understanding of what social constructs conceived as defined by constitutive norms are. It concludes by suggesting considerations that are relevant to deciding whether assertion is in fact conventional.

Platform-mediated work is a source of livelihood for millions of workers worldwide. However, because platforms typically classify workers as ‘independent contractors’, those workers are generally excluded from the scope of labor rights. This has a corrosive effect on working standards of platform workers, creating the need for an international regulatory framework to prevent a race to the bottom. To address this situation, the article proposes an outline for an International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention for the regulation of platform work going beyond the employee/independent contractor dichotomy. It identifies five core issues in the platform economy – low pay, poor working conditions, inaccessible and unreasonable contracts, unfair management, and a lack of representation – and demonstrates how existing ILO standards could be adapted to address these issues. The proposals are informed by the evidence collected by the Fairwork project through its participatory and multidisciplinary research.

Community policing became popular in Canada in the 1990s. This longitudinal case study explores its implementation in a Quebec police force. It sheds light on challenges involved in implementing and sustaining reforms in public organizations. Looked at through the lens of convention theory, implementation is seen to produce a community policing convention which paradoxically contributes to its marginalization, and to ambiguity around the community policing philosophy and practices. This led to persistent misunderstanding of the model and mixed interest among police officers. These findings are relevant to public organization managers in multiple sectors interested in implementing reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Royal Spanish Academy, the Constitution is the fundamental law of a State, with superior rank to the rest of the laws, which defines the regime of rights and freedoms of citizens and delimits the powers and institutions of the political organization, and in this forum we focus on developing how the proposal of the new Constitution has been developing in Chile through its conformation, reports, discussion, among others in relation to its current article 19 N°21 and how the approval of a new constitution could affect investment in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the plebiscite of October 25, 2020, Chilean citizens decided to write a new Constitution and that this challenge be addressed by a Constitutional Convention fully elected by the citizens. Seven months have passed since the installation of this body and it is already possible to glimpse what would be some of the contents of the new Fundamental Charter where the demands coming from the social outbreak of 2019, will surely have an important reception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic Writing is considered as the most important yet most difficult task for learners at secondary and higher education levels in Pakistan.Academic writing is the most difficult of all the four skills of a language (Garcia & Isabel, 2018). Nevertheless, it is considered as one of the prerequisite skills, the enrolled learners at college and undergraduate level need for various educational purposes including passing the exams (Dar & Khan, 2015). One way to study this issue is to first identify the problems of the learners in their academic writing and then seek a pedagogical intervention.The currentstudy followed this approach. It identified the difficulties of intermediate students of pre-engineering in academic writing at Government Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Higher Secondary School and then in the next phase it developed their academic writing skills by employing instructional teaching and practices through a content-based approach. An essay was used as a tool that assessed in a 5-point Analytical Rubric adopted by Angel and Garcia (2019). The scale included discourse, organization, syntax, convention, and vocabulary as the parameters/categories. Each category was marked for five marks individually and thus making a collective score of twenty-five marks for an essay. The methodology, employed in the research, was an action research that selected thirty participants as purposive sampling. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics atpre-actional phase and post-actional phase to know the extent of improvement. The findings revealed that the participants were found weak in essay writing under academic writing at pre-actional phase level and later improved their competence and performances after the intervention of teachingpractices through a content-based approach. The scores of the essays increased at each category of the assessment gradually. Thus, the findings pave way forward for conducting more action research plans on developing academic writing skills in English and it also encourages further detailed research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard accounts of convention include notions of arbitrariness. But many have conceived of conventionality as an all-or-nothing affair. In this paper, I develop a framework for thinking of conventions as admitting of degrees of arbitrariness. In doing so, I introduce an information-theoretic measure intended to capture the degree to which a solution to a certain social problem could have been otherwise. As the paper argues, this framework can help to improve explanation aimed at the cultural evolution of social traits. Good evolutionary explanations recognise that most functional traits are also conventional, at least to some degree, and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (FLSF) is the property of Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (FLSF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ben Bryan argues that the strongest challenge to natural rights theory is to explain how it overcomes the Problem of Authority. Given that our natural rights are multiply realisable by a range of equally reasonable social conventions, how or why ought one particular realisation have authority? I argue that Thomistic and Kantian solutions to this problem do not count as solutions from natural rights theory, and therefore offer my own solution. When theories of natural rights describe the rights we have in terms that refer not only to moralised act-types, but rather, tell us which non-moralised act-types ought to be moralised in the relevant way, they avoid the Problem of Authority altogether. Such theories of natural rights are singularly realisable at the level of regulative conventional rules, and only multiply realisable at the level of constitutive conventional rules. The latter form of multiple realisability does not raise the Problem of Authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T. C. Boyle is one of the major contemporary American writers. His tenth novel, The Inner Circle is the fictionalised history of Dr. Alfred Kinsey. The study aims to analyze the tensions between the conventions and the modernity at the same time the importance of money in the life, how money flexes modernity or conventions. John Milk, a fictional character, who is a middle class conventional young man, happens to join in the sex research group of Kinsey, and the life after his entrance in the group. The mental swing between the convention and the modernity with his poverty leads the story. Textual reality that is the research and its purpose and the ground reality that is the Milk's personal life play a major role in the text. The aim of the "marriage course" is about the understanding of sex, which has to be treated only as an act of hormone than an emotion. Sex is not the matter which should set in the social constraints, this is the essence Prof. Kinsey and his research group try to prove through the research. But, when it comes to the personal life, it becomes hard to accept sex as only the action of hormone. Boyle's Milk gets affected, one side he is teaching sex as a common hormonal issue, but when it turns to affected, he has an option to come out of the group, but his economic condition made him to stay back. The study brings the aspect, how economy making human to adjust. These two things, "preaching and practising," and "economic survivability," and its predominance in human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around World War One, Romanian diplomacy had to occupy a position which satisfied the fundamental strategic objectives of the Romanian nation, namely the achievement of the Romanian national unified state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At an international level, the definition of genocide remained virtually the same since 1948. Even though proposals to enlarge this definition have been made throughout the years, most of the states refused to accept such a modification. At the end of World War II, the majority of the states accepted that the definition of the crime of genocide should only include four protected groups: national, ethnical, racial and religious. The idea that social and political groups should also be included was rejected. During the years, especially in the 1990s and in the early 2000s, the proposal to include other groups was submitted again. This time, there were several countries, including France and the Baltic States in Europe, which used a more exhaustive national norm. However, the proposal was again rejected. Having succinctly reviewed the reasons behind these controversial repeated choices, this paper will proceed to present the examples of several national definitions which include other types of groups. These norms will be analyzed from two points of view: the national historical reasons specific for each country and the legal effects of these legislative solutions. In the end, the possible implications of the enlarged national definitions will be analyzed, especially in light of the fundamental guarantees of a criminal trial governed by the European Convention of Human Rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeszyty Prawnicze Biuro Analiz Sejmowej is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article collects the educational path derived from the significant changes that have taken place throughout the recent history of education in Spain and, specifically, in relation to people with disabilities. As a starting point, an analysis is carried out of the transformations that have occurred in the discourse on the education of people with lower functional performance, until a historical approach is reached by virtue of which the different stages and binding educational regulations are revealed (with national and international character), highlighting‒exclusively–those that have a direct impact on the quality of life of people in a situation of disabilities. As can be imagined, the history of education in Spain has evolved as policies have changed their purposes around the diversity of students and their universality in the classroom. In this sense, the need to make visible this new paradigm of human rights derived from the International Convention on the Rights of Persons in a situation of Disabilities (UN, 2006) and, in contrast, the continuity of a national corpus juris that reveals the ineffectiveness of the State and other institutions to extinguish situations of discrimination on the grounds of low functional performance.

Copyright of International Dialogue: East-West is the property of International Center for Slavic Education- Sveti Nikole and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this review, Kelam I and Kelam II books, the product of the Project titled "Kavram Atlası", are criticised. Kelam I, beginner level; Kelam II has been prepared as an integral part of the first volume for intermediate and advanced level readers and researchers. The two-volume work in question aims to reveal the general framework of the works that make up the Kalam literature at the conceptual level and thus to follow the developmental course of Kalam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The silent majority i.e. the children were last to come into the category of rights-holders. The journey from being 'property of parents' to 'object of protection' and then from 'object of protection' to 'subject of rights' is very long. Declaration on the Rights of the Child 1924 under the umbrella of League of Nations was the first document whereby the children for the first time came into the international recognition. Then in 1959, under the umbrella of United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child was again adopted, where their protections and vulnerability was reinforced. These both documents were just dealing the protection measures regarding children and they were considered just "objects of protection". Then moment came in 1989, when the historic UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted, which first time recognised children as "rights-holders", and made them 'subjects of rights' from 'objects of protection'. The Convention proved to be the first significant binding instrument which explicitly recognised the children as possessors of rights and not the beggars. The examples and illustrations of three different jurisdictions i.e., United Kingdom: the kingpin of Common law, France; the leader of current civil law system and Pakistan; hybrid system, i.e., Common law mixed with Islamic Law, have been chosen. The objective of paper is to evaluate and see how children became the subject of international law and were lucky to be recognised as 'rights-holder' rather than only 'property' of their parents. The paper gives descriptive historical analysis the journey from 'child protections' to 'child rights' through two Declarations and a UN Convention, of children's rights, that led to their recognition as a category of holders of all human rights, along with special protection on account of their vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We can all agree that institutions matter, though as to which institutions matter most, and how much any of them matter, the matter is, paraphrasing Douglass North's words at the Nobel podium, unresolved after seven decades of immense effort. We suggest that the obstacle to progress is the paradigm of the New Institutional Economics itself. In this paper, we propose a new theory that is: grounded in institutions as coevolving sources of economic growth rather than as rules constraining growth; and deployed in dynamical systems theory rather than game theory. We show that with our approach some long-standing problems are resolved, in particular, the paradoxical and perplexingly pervasive influence of informal constraints on the long-run character of economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on their well-known act theory of propositions, Soames and Hanks have proposed a theory of what it is for sentences to express propositions, thereby answering a central question about the foundations of semantics. The basic idea is that for a sentence to express a proposition in a language is for speakers of the language to use the sentence to perform the act that is the proposition. I argue that this general account of expression fails to explain how incorrect usage is possible, how what sentences express differs from what they implicate, how unused sentences can express propositions, how compositional meanings are possible, and how to specify who the speakers of L are without circularity. I go on to show how these things can be explained within the structured cognitive proposition framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I reply to commentaries by Justin Bruner, Robert Sugden and Gerald Gaus. My response to Bruner focuses on conventions of bargaining problems and arguments for characterizing the just conventions of these problems as monotone path solutions. My response to Sugden focuses on how the laws of humanity present in Hume's discussion of vulnerable individuals might be incorporated into my own proposed account of justice as mutual advantage. My response to Gaus focuses on whether or not my account of justice as mutual advantage can incorporate deep differences in values across subgroups of a larger society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]