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The NEAIR 2008 Conference Proceedings is a compilation of papers presented at the Providence, Rhode Island, conference. Papers in this document include: (1) Assessing Institutional Effectiveness: The Mission Engagement Index as a Measure of Progress on Mission Goals (Ellen M. Boylan); (2) Building, Sustaining, and Developing Research University Faculty (Michael J. Dooris, David H. Monk, and Rodney A. Erikson); (3) Coffee & Conversation: Gathering Information from our Graduates (Peter Feigenbaum); (4) Does Financial Aid Status Affect Student Performance, Retention, Persistence, and Academic Success? (Corby A. Coperthwaite); (5) Enhancing Parents' Role in Higher Education Assessment (Anne Marie Delaney); (6) Improving Response Rates through Better Design: Rethinking a Web-Based Survey Instrument (Marin Clarkberg and Marne Einarson); (7) Moving Data into Action: The Application of Institutional Research to Enhance Student Success (Kimberly Puhala and Kevin B. Murphy); and (8) Utilizing Student Class Schedules to Predict Persistence During the First Semester of College (Paul Prewitt-Freilino, Greg Rogers, and Lynn Fawthrop). Individual papers contain references, tables, and figures.

As part of the usual end of year meeting that has been a feature of the National Center for Engineering and Technology Education (NCETE) project, a conference intending to provide a forum for young voices in an outside of the Center was organized. The basic model for the gathering was borrowed from track and field. This was to be an intellectual conference meet, to which teams of scholars and their coaches/mentors would come, drawn from university programs where scholars worked at the intersection of engineering education and technology education, to share ideas and to engage each other. The conference theme was to be Research in Engineering and Technology Education (RETE). These proceedings summarize ideas from the presentations made during the day. One group of papers focused upon exploring "teachers' knowledge and dispositions to" science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curriculum and instruction. A second set of papers focused upon "dealing with ill-defined problems and complex systems." A third set of papers "examine problem solving predisposition in children and adolescents." Three of the papers explore student interest in STEM careers. Beyond papers that cluster thematically are a few that pursue interesting lines that were influenced by cognitive and creativity considerations. This publication presents the following papers: (1) Engineering byDesign[TM] Professional Development Evaluation Summary Report (Jenny Daugherty); (2) Knowing What Engineering and Technology Teachers Need to Know: A Content Analysis of Pre-service Teachers' Engineering Design Problems (Todd D. Fantz); (3) Strategies for Integrating STEM Content: A Pilot Case Study (Fred Figliano); (4) High School STEM Educators' Self-Efficacy Beliefs at Various Career Stages (Brent Holt); (5) Investigating Middle School Teachers' Engineering Subject Matter and Pedagogical Content Knowledge (Morgan Hynes); (6) Examination of Engineering Design in Curriculum Content and Assessment Practices of Secondary Technology Education (Todd R. Kelley); (7) Comparing Question Posing Capability Across High School Curricula: A Research Proposal (Benjamin Franske); (8) The Efficacy of Cross-discipline Representations for Ill-defined IAS Concepts (Steven Rigby); (9) Complex Systems in Engineering and Technology Education: A Mixed Methods Study Investigating the Role Software Simulations Serve in Student Learning (Douglas J. Walrath); (10) Effects of Metacognitive Journaling on Academic Achievement of High School Students (Katrina M. Cox); (11) Aspects of Problem Solving in Children Prekindergarten to Ninth Grade: Focus on Functional Fixedness (Michael Nehring); (12) Divergent Thinking Skills in Science and Engineering: Influence of Gender and Grade Level (Leah C. Roue); (13) Design Twice, Build Once: Teaching Engineering Design in the Middle and High School Classroom (Shawn Jordan and Nielsen Pereira); (14) Academic Performance as a Predictor of Student Growth in Achievement and Mental Motivation During an Engineering Design Challenge in Engineering and Technology Education (Nathan Mentzer); (15) A Study of Factors Affecting Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and Engineering Related Goal Intentions Among African American High School Students (Chandra Austin); (16) Impact of Mentorship Programs on African-American High School Students' Perceptions of Engineering (Cameron D. Denson); (17) Student Interest in STEM Careers: Development of Instrument for High School STEM-Based Programs (Mark Patrick Mahoney); (18) Children's Multiple Representations of Ideas in Science (Brian Gravel); (19) The Cognitive Processes and Strategies of an Expert and Novice in the Design of a Wireless Radio Frequency Network (Matthew D. Lammi); and (20) Perceptions of Creativity in Art, Music and Technology Education (David Stricker). Individual papers contain tables, figures, footnotes and references.

Twenty-three scholarly papers and eleven abstracts reflect the content of the seventh "Brick and Click Libraries Symposium," held annually at Northwest Missouri State University in Maryville, Missouri. The proceedings, authored by academic librarians and presented at the symposium, portray the contemporary and future face of librarianship. Many of the papers include charts and illustrations, which enhance readers' understanding of the information presented. Several papers describe research projects or deployment of current trends in a specific library setting. Topics incorporate information of interest to librarians working in the areas of reference, instruction, access services, and collection development. The following are included: (1) Introduction (Connie Ury and Frank Baudino); (2) Often Overlooked: Database Users with Disabilities (Chris Le Beau and Rebecca Power) [abstract only]; (3) Are ebooks the Greatest Thing Since Sliced Bread? We Think So, Why Don't They? (Julia F. McGinnis and William M. Meloy); (4) Are We Having Fun Yet? Putting Fun into the Workplace! (Joyce Meldrem); (5) Outsourcing Outreach: Developing a Student Ambassador Program (Kristin J. Whitehair); (6) Representing eJournals in the Library Catalog: Trying to Fit a Square Peg in a Round Hole? (Kelly Smith) [abstract only]; (7) At the "Point-of-Need": Usage Patterns of Streaming Video Tutorials (Jack M. Maness); (8) The Impact of Usage Statistics (Bob Schufreider and Ed Goedeken) [abstract only]; (9) Government Information in the All-Electronic Age and the Implications for Libraries (Laura Sare); (10) Thinking inside the Box: Applying Design Principles to Your Physical Library (Denyse K. Sturges) [abstract only]; (11) Keeping on Track (Lori Mardis, Lisa Jennings, Kathy Ferguson, and Sara Duff) [abstract only]; (12) Designing YouTube Instructional Videos to Enhance Information Literacy (Robert Monge); (13) Communicating and Training across the Hours: Using Course-Management Software to EnhanceStudent Training and Build Community (Peggy L. Kaney, Brande M. Flack, and Donna G. Graham); (14) Oral History in the Library: Collecting and Preserving "Voices" (Tanya Finchum and Juliana Nykolaiszyn); (15) ERM on a Shoestring (Dalene Hawthorne) [abstract only]; (16) Mabee Wikis Are Better: Transitioning from Static Research Guides to Wikis (Tony Greco, Cal Melick, Heather Smith-Collins, and Kelley Weber); (17) When the Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Part(ner)s: Northwestern Partnerships for Success (Denise M. Shorey and Bob Davis) [abstract only]; (18) Weeding the Storage Facility: WorldCat Collection Analysis as a De-Selection Tool (Mary C. Aagard) [abstract only]; (19) Measure for Measure: Developing an Assessment Plan for Access Services (Robin Ewing) [abstract only]; (20) The Librarian as Hacker, Getting More from Google (R. Philip Reynolds); (21) The Online Information Literacy Game: A Trivial Pursuit? (Scott Rice and Amy Harris); (22) Supporting Campus Publications at the University of Kansas Libraries (Brian Rosenblum and Holly Mercer); (23) Digg This: Tagging and Social Collaboration on the Web (Keri Cascio) [abstract only]; (24) A Semester Long Library Research Course (Pamela M. Salela and Julie M. Chapman); (25) Information Literacy: Creating Modules for Summarizing and Evaluating Quantitative Studies in Education and Psychology (Jose A. Montelongo); (26) Not Just Q & A! Teaching through Digital Reference (Frances Devlin, John Stratton, and Lea Currie); (27) Understanding Evolving User Requirements in the Library New Media Service (Sean Cordes); (28) Enhancing Library Services through Support Staff Training: A Unique Approach (Jill Becker and Monica Claassen-Wilson); (29) Looking at the Whole Pie & One Piece at a Time: Measuring Our Instructional Delivery (Connie Ury and Gary Ury); (30) Developing a Digital Collection (Edwin B. Burgess); (31) Blackboard to the Rescue: Use of Course Management Systems in Employee Management and Training (Marian G. Davis and Robert Hallis); (32) The MOBIUS-YBP Statewide Purchasing Plan: First Year Implementation Experiences (Dennis L. Goodyear, Jean Eaglesfield, and Robert Frizzell) [abstract only]; (33) Journey of Incorporating Portable Media Players into Library Services (Larisa Hart and Amy Presley) [abstract only]; (34) Strategies for Preparedness for Library Disasters: The ILL Response (Sarah McHone-Chase); and (35) Web Based Photo Database: Creation and Maintenance on a Shoestring (Raleigh Muns). An author/title index is also included. (Individual papers contain references.) [Abstract modified to meet ERIC guidelines. For the 2006 proceedings, see ED493910.]

The Academy for Educational Development (AED) Colloquium on Diversity in Education Abroad: How to Change the Picture was conceived of as a collaborative effort between the speakers, presenters, and participants. This publication presents the papers presented by the speakers. These are: (1) What We Know about Diversity in Education Abroad: State of the Research (David Comp); (2) What We Know about Diversity in Education Abroad: Obstacles and Opportunities (Nicole Norfles); (3) Access in Education: A Study on Minority Participation (Wolfgang Schlor); (4) Collaboration and Commitment: Making Partnerships Work for Increasing Study Abroad Participation at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) (Laurie Black); (5) Empowering Black Women to Get Off Campus, on the Plane and Overseas (Margery Ganz); (6) Internationalizing Underrepresented Students: Mixed Results (Devora Grynspan); (7) Framework for Changing the Picture of Americans Studying Abroad (Sandra MacDonald); (8) Succeeding with Undergraduates: Getting Beyond Money (Molly Tovar); (9) How Education Abroad Became a Reality for Me: Catching the Travel Bug Early (Keisha Elizabeth Robinson); (10) Overcoming Obstacles by Embracing Institutional Strengths (Kari Miller); and (11) How Education Abroad Became a Reality for Me: Finding Connections Overseas (Evian Patterson). Additional papers include: (1) A New Strategy for Increasing Diversity in Education Abroad (P. Bai Akridge); and (2) Diversity in Education Abroad: The Need for Institutional Commitment (LaTasha Malone). Opening remarks by Stephen Moseley and "Diversity in Education Abroad: Why It Matters to the Nation," an opening plenary by Eileen Wilson-Oyelaran, are also presented. [Individual papers contain references, tables, and footnotes.]

The 21st Annual Conference on Undergraduate Teaching of Psychology was held on March 28-30, 2007 at Hudson Valley Resort and Day Spa in Kerhonkson, New York. The conference was sponsored by the Psychology Department of Farmingdale State College. The conference included twenty five presentations and ten of these are included in these proceedings. Presentation topics included among others course management systems, the benefits of revisions to student learning, distance learning courses, and the use of sitcoms to enhance student learning. Papers include: (1) Counselors as Teachers, Teachers as Counselors: The Process of Parallels (John A. Malacos); (2) Course Management Systems, Past, Present and Future (James Regan, Hugh Knickerbocker, and Jodi Allen); (3) The Hybrid Course: Comparison to Traditional and Distance Learning Courses (Katherine Zaromatidis and Patricia Oswald); (4) The Specifics of Group Discussions within On-line Psychology Classes (Anna Toom); (5) The Integration of A Tangential Reading Into Psychology Courses (Edward J. Murray and Carol A. Puthoff Murray); (6) Do Revisions Help Student Learning? (Brandi Scruggs and Emily Soltano); (7) SITCOMS: TRASH OR TREASURE? Using Situation Comedies to Enhance Learning (Dean M. Amadio and Supriya Poonati); (8) Student Excuses & Motivation (Grant Leitma); (9) Horney Goes Hollywood: Using Films to Teach Personality Theory (Dante Mancini and Herman Huber); and (10) Testing Elaboration Learning in Varied Contexts (Robert A. Dushay). (Individual papers contain references.) [Abstract modified to meet ERIC guidelines.]

For the thirtieth year, the Research and Theory Division of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented at the National AECT Convention in Anaheim, California. The Proceedings of AECT's Convention are published in two volumes. Volume 2 contains several dozen refereed papers dealing with instructional issues in the field of instructional technology. (Individual papers contain references, figures, and tables.) [For Volume 1, see ED499889.]

This third volume of the 31st annual proceedings of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education conference presents research reports for author surnames beginning Han- through Miy-. Reports include: (1) Elementary Education Students' Memories of Mathematics in Family Context (Markku S. Hannula, Raimo Kaasila, Erkki Pehkonen, and Anu Laine); (2) Mistake-Handling Activities in the Mathematics Classroom: Effects of an In-Service Teacher Training on Students' Performance in Geometry (Aiso Heinze and Kristina Reiss); (3) Gender Similarities instead of Gender Differences: Students' Competences in Reasoning and Proof (Aiso Heinze, Stefan Ufer, and Kristina Reiss); (4) Studying Lesson Structure from the Perspective of Students' Meaning Construction: The Case of Two Japanese Mathematics Classrooms (Keiko Hino); (5) A Framework for Creating or Analyzing Japanese Lessons from the Viewpoint of Mathematical Activities: A Fraction Lesson (Kenji Hiraoka and Kaori Yoshida-Miyauchi); (6) Revisiting Discourse as an Instructional Resource: Practices that Create Spaces for Learning and Student Contributions (Lynn Liao Hodge, Qing Zhao, Jana Visnovska, and Paul Cobb); (7) An Illustration of Students' Engagement with Mathematical Software Using Remote Observation (Anesa Hosein, James Aczel, Doug Clow, and John T. E. Richardson); (8) Geometric Calculations are More than Just the Application of Procedural Knowledge (Hui-Yu Hsu); (9) Constructing Pedagogical Representations to Teach Linear Relations in Chinese and U.S. Classrooms (Rongjin Huang and Jinfa Cai); (10) Teachers as Researchers: Putting Mathematics at the Core (Danielle Huillet); (11) Can You Convince Me: Learning to Use Mathematical Argumentation (Roberta Hunter); (12) On the Mathematical Knowledge under Construction in the Classroom: A Comparative Study (M. Kaldrimidou, H. Sakonidis, and M. Tzekaki); (13) Students' Beliefs and Attitudes about Studying and Learning Mathematics (Eleftherios Kapetanas and Theodosios Zachariades); (14) "How Can We Describe the Relation between the Factored Form and the Expanded Form of These Trinomials? We Don't even Know If Our Paper-and-Pencil Factorizations are Right": The Case for Computer Algebra Systems (CAS) with Weaker Algebra Students (Carolyn Kieran and Caroline Damboise); (15) What Is a Beautiful Problem? An Undergraduate Students' Perspective (Boris Koichu, Efim Katz, and Abraham Berman); (16) Can Lessons Be Replicated? (Angelika Kullberg); (17) Problem Posing as a Means for Developing Mathematical Knowledge of Prospective Teachers (Ilana Lavy and Atara Shriki); (18) Activity-Based Class: Dilemma and Compromise (KyungHwa Lee); (19) Induction, Analogy, and Imagery in Geometric Reasoning (KyungHwa Lee; MinJung Kim; GwiSoo Na, DaeHee Han, and SangHun Song); (20) The Analysis of Activity That Gifted Students Construct Definition of Regular Polyhedra (KyungHwa Lee, EunSung Ko, and SangHun Song); (21) Multiple Solution Tasks as a Magnifying Glass for Observation of Mathematical Creativity (Roza Leikin and Miri Lev); (22) Interactive Whiteboards as Mediating Tools for Teaching Mathematics: Rhetoric or Reality? (Steve Lerman and Robyn Zevenbergen); (23) From Construction to Proof: Explanations in Dynamic Geometry Environment (Allen Leung and Chi Ming Or); (24) Prospective Middle School Teachers' Knowledge in Mathematics and Pedagogy for Teaching--The Case of Fraction Division (Yeping Li and Dennie Smith); (25) Improving Students' Algebraic Thinking: The Case of Talia (Kien Lim); (26) The Effect of a Mentoring Development Program on Mentors' Conceptualizing Mathematics Teaching and Mentoring (Pi-Jen Lin); (27) Uses of Examples in Geometric Conjecturing (Miao-Ling Lin and Chao-Jung Wu); (28) Algebrification of Arithmetic: Developing Algebraic Structure Sense in the Context of Arithmetic (Drora Livneh and Liora Linchevski); (29) The Potential of Patterning Activities to Generalization (Hsiu-Lan Ma); (30) Infinite Magnitude vs. Infinite Representation: The Story of [Pi] (Ami Mamolo); (31) The Ability of Sixth Grade Students in Korea and Israel to Cope with Number Sense Tasks (Zvia Markovits and JeongSuk Pang); (32) Creating Your Own Symbols: Beginning Algebraic Thinking with Indigenous Students (Chris Matthews, Tom J. Cooper, and Annette R. Baturo); (33) Exploring Students' Mathematics-Related Self Image as Learners (Silvana Martins Melo and Marcia Maria Fusaro Pinto); (34) Difficulties on Understanding the Indefinite Integral (N. Metaxas); (35) Detecting the Emergence and Development of Mathematical Discourse: A Novel Approach (Christina Misailidou); and (36) The Nature and Role of Proof When Installing Theorems: The Perspective of Geometry Teachers (Takeshi Miyakawa and Patricio Herbst). (Individual papers contain references.) [For other volumes in the series, see ED499417, ED499418, and ED499419.]

This fourth and final volume of the 31st annual proceedings of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education conference presents research reports for author surnames beginning Na- through Zod-. Reports include: (1) Mathematically Gifted Students' Problem Solving Approaches on Conditional Probability (GwiSoo Na, DaeHee Han, KyungHwa Lee, and SangHun Song); (2) Students Engaged in Proving--Participants in an Inquiry Process or Executers of a Predetermined Script? (Talli Nachlieli and Patricio Herbst); (3) Exploring the Idea of Curriculum Materials Supporting Teacher Knowledge (Jihwa Noh and Ok-Ki Kang); (4) What Is the Price of Topaze? (Jarmila Novotna and Alena Hospesova); (5) Designing Unit for Teaching Proportion Based on Cultural-Historical Activity Theory: Process of Symbolizing through Collective Discourse (Minoru Ohtani); (6) Prototype Phenomena and Common Cognitive Paths in the Understanding of the Inclusion Relations between Quadrilaterals in Japan and Scotland (Masakazu Okazaki and Taro Fujita); (7) A Study of Gender Differences in Language Used by Parents and Children Working on Mathematical Tasks (Melfried Olson, Judith Olson, and Claire Okazaki); (8) Students' Motivation and Achievement and Teachers' Practices in the Classroom (Marilena Pantziara and George Philippou); (9) Using a Multiplicative Approach to Construct Decimal Structure (Irit Peled, Ruth Meron, and Shelly Rota); (10) If You Don't Listen to the Teacher, You Won't Know What to Do: Voices of Pasifika Learners (Pamela Perger); (11) Fostering Generalization in Connecting Registers of Dynamic Geometry and Euclidean Constructions (Norma Presmeg, Jeff Barrett, and Sharon McCrone); (12) Addressing the Issue of the Mathematical Knowledge of Secondary Mathematics Teachers (Jerome Proulx); (13) Abduction in Pattern Generalization (F. D. Rivera and Joanne Rossi Becker); (14) An Activity for Development of the Understanding of the Concept of Limit (Kyeong Hah Roh); (15) Early Access to Algebraic Ideas: The Role of Representations and of the Mathematics of Variation (Teresa Ceballos Rojano and Elvia Maximo Perrusquia); (16) The Role of Cognitive Conflict in Belief Changes (Katrin Rolka, Bettina Rosken, and Peter Liljedahl); (17) Factors Affecting Seventh Graders' Cognitive Perceptions of Patterns Involving Constructive and Deconstructive Generalizations (Joanne Rossi Becker and F. D. Rivera); (18) Mathematically Gifted Students' Spatial Visualization Ability of Solid Figures (HyunAh Ryu, YeongOk Chong, and SangHun Song); (19) Genetic Approach to Teaching Geometry (Ildar S. Safuanov); (20) On Primary Teachers' Assessment of Pupils' Written Work in Mathematics (H. Sakonidis and A. Klothou); (21) Qualities Co-Valued in Effective Mathematics Lessons in Australia: Preliminary Findings (Wee Tiong Seah); (22) Resolving Cognitive Conflict with Peers--Is There a Difference between Two and Four? (Hagit Sela and Orit Zaslavsky); (23) Explicit Linking in the Sequence of Consecutive Lessons in Mathematics Classrooms in Japan (Yoshinori Shimizu); (24) On the Teaching Situation of Conceptual Change: Epistemological Considerations of Irrational Numbers (Yusuke Shinno); (25) Posing Problems with Use the "What If Not?" Strategy in NIM Game (SangHun Song, JaeHoon Yim, EunJu Shin, and HyangHoon Lee); (26) Embodied, Symbolic and Formal Aspects of Basic Linear Algebra Concepts (Sepideh Stewart and Michael O. J. Thomas); (27) The Application of Dual Coding Theory in Multi-Representational Virtual Mathematics Environments (Jennifer M. Suh and Patricia S. Moyer-Packenham); (28) Interactions between Teaching Norms of Teacher's Professional Community and Learning Norms of Classroom Communities (Wen-Huan Tsai); (29) Analysis of a Learning Case: Jasmine (Zelha Tunc-Pekkan); (30) Elementary Teachers' Linguistic Inventions and Semantic Warrants for Mathematical Inferences (Janet G. Walter and Christine Johnson); (31) How Do Mentors Decide: Intervening in Practice Teachers' Teaching of Mathematics or Not (Chih-Yeuan Wang and Chien Chin); (32) Exploring an Understanding of Equals as Quantitative Sameness with 5 Year Old Students (Elizabeth Warren); (33) Classroom Teaching Experiment: Eliciting Creative Mathematical Thinking (Gaye Williams); and (34) Is a Visual Example in Geometry Always Helpful? (Iris Zodik and Orit Zaslavsky). (Individual papers contain references.) [For other volumes in the series, see ED499416, ED499417, and ED499419.]

As part of its mission, the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) is committed to the development of the community of researchers who work in the area of assessment both nationally and internationally. The association also has a commitment to provide policymakers with the types of data and analyses that will further their understanding of student achievement and the antecedent factors that are implicated in student learning. As part of a larger strategy to achieve these broad goals, the IEA sponsors a research conference every two years as a means of providing opportunities for new researchers and more experienced scholars to meet, discuss, and present the findings of their work as it relates to the secondary analysis of IEA studies. The proceedings of the Second IEA International Research Conference, which was held in Washington DC, November 2006, and hosted by the Brookings Institution, are published in two volumes. Volume 2 brings together papers that focus on the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), the Second Information on Technology in Education Study (SITES), and the Civic Education Study (CivEd). Contents include: (1) Foreword (Hans Wagemaker); (2) Civic knowledge of high-school students in Israel: Personal and contextual determinants (Orit Ichilov); (3) Factors that distinguish the most from the least effective schools in reading: A residual approach (Constantinos Papanastasiou); (4) Innovative pedagogical practices using technology: Diffusion patterns within schools (Alona Forkush-Baruch and Dorit Tubin); (5) Examining literacy, gender, and the home environment in PIRLS 2001 countries (Kathleen Trong and Ann Kennedy); (6) A comparison of fourth-graders' academic self-concept and attitudes toward reading, mathematics, and science in PIRLS and TIMSS countries (Ann Kennedy and Kathleen Trong); (7) Equating errors in international surveys in education (C. Monseur, H. Sibberns, and D. Hastedt); (8) Sociological perspectives on youth support for social movements (Oren Pizmony-Levy); (9) Online data collection in SITES 2006: Design and implementation (Ralph Carstens, Falk Brese, and Barbara N. Brecko); (10) Political attitudes and behaviors across adolescence and early adulthood: A comparison of IEA and European Social Survey findings (Marc Hooghe and Britt Wilkenfeld); (11) School climate for citizenship education: A comparison of England and the United States (Gary Homana and Carolyn Barber); (12) Home reading environments and children's reading performance: A comparative study of 25 countries (Hyunjoon Park); (13) Student government and voluntary organizations: A comparative study of Australia and the United States (Gary Homana and Jeff Greene); (14) Predicting the political involvement of European adolescents (Rainer H. Lehmann); (15) Reading achievements in urban and rural communities: A comparative analysis of equity in education (Aiste Elijio); (16) Secondary analysis of PIRLS 2001 Norwegian data (Victor H. P. van Daal, A. Charlotte Begnum, Ragnar Gees Solheim, and Herman J. Ader); (17) The effect of multilingual policies on performance and progression in reading literacy in South African primary schools (Sarah Howie, Elsie Venter, Surette van Staden, and Michelle van Gelder); (18) Equity of achievement: A matter of education structures? (Ariane Baye and Christian Monseur); (19) Characteristics of United States Grade 4 language minority students in an international context: Findings from PIRLS 2001 (Laurence T. Ogle, David C. Miller, and Lydia B. Malley); (20) Teachers' practices in relation to students' civic engagement in three countries (Carolyn Barber); (21) Relationships between parental factors and children's reading behaviors and attitudes: Results from the PIRLS 2005 field test in Taiwan (Chia-Hui Chiu and Hwa-Wei Ko); (22) Online data collection in SITES 2006: Paper survey versus web survey--do they provide comparable results? (Barbara Neza Brecko and Ralph Carstens); (23) Schools that exceed expectations: A cross-country comparison (Marjet Doupona Horvat and Alja Krevh); (24) Changes in reading variations and their relationship with socioeconomic status at school and individual levels in trend countries (Kajsa Yang-Hansen); (25) Analyzing trends in levels of reading literacy between 1970 and 2001 in Sweden (Monica Rosen); and (26) A cross-country comparison of direct and indirect effects of parents' level of education on students' reading achievement (Eva Myrberg and Monica Rosen). Individual papers figures, tables, footnotes and references. [For "The Second IEA International Research Conference: Proceedings of the IRC-2006 Volume 1", see ED510139.]

The papers contained in this document represent the keynote addresses, refereed and non-refereed conference papers from the 22nd National Conference of Society for the Provision of Education in Rural Australia (SPERA). The theme for this national conference was: Community Diversity and Innovation in Rural and Remote Education and Training. Keynote addresses in this proceedings include: (1) The Why and How of Provision of Online Extension Programs for Highly Able/Gifted Students in Rural Schools in Tasmania (Angela Cooke and Wendy Fletcher); (2) The Benefits of Online Programs for Gifted Students from Rural Schools--A Support Teacher's Perspective (Marietta Sansom-Gower); (3) Rural and Regional Australia: Change, Challenge and Capacity (Anne Hampshire); and (4) Current Issues in Rural Education in Newfoundland and Labrador (Dennis M. Mulcahy). Refereed papers in this directory of proceedings include: (5) Linking Place and Effective Literacy Teaching (Pam Bartholomaeus); (6) An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour in Predicting and Understanding Relocation Intentions of Regional Tertiary Students (Dianne Boxall); (7) Towards a Spatial "Self-Help" Map for Teaching and Living in a Rural Context (R. John Halsey); (8) Evaluation of a Pre-University Program for Senior Secondary Students Making Career Choices: Implications for Program Design and University Promotional Activities (Lyn Hughes and Beverley Moriarty); (9) Multilevel Analysis and Its implications for Rural Education Research (Quynh Le and Rosa McManamey); (10) Beyond the Line and Closer to the Edge (Colin R. Boylan and Ted R. Munsch); (11) An Early Glimpse of University and Health Careers for Regional Year 10 Students (Joy Penman, Bronwyn Ellis, Frances White, and Gary Misan); (12) Whyalla-Worcester Connection: The Value of Short-Term Rural Clinical Placements (Joy Penman, Valerie Gorton, Katy Darby, and Karl Jones); (13) What Role for Social Capital? Establishing a Warrnambool Community Education Program for Disengaged Students (Linda Thies); and (14) Place, Schools and Communities: New Beginnings in Rural NSW (Andrew Wallace and Colin Boylan). Non-refereed papers include: (15) Will Privatisation or Deregulation Have Most Impact on the Provision of Distance Education for Rural High Schools? (Charles Bradley); (16) Education and Training: "The Fijian Way" (Don Boyd); (17) Inter-Sectoral Partnership and Collaboration in the Pilbara: A Reality (Don Boyd and Emmy Terry); (18) Creating Multi-Age Classes: Exploring the Challenges, Benefits and Strategies (Colin Boylan and Dennis Mulcahy); (19) Connecting Students, Community and University (Julie Godwin and Ingrid Wijeyewardene); (20) Yes You Can Afford It! Supporting Pre-Service Teachers in Their Desire to Complete a Teaching Experience in Rural or Remote Queensland (Sheila King and Alison Mander); (21) Indigenous Parent Workshops (Rosemarie Koppe, Maxine Zealey, and Leo Dunne); (22) One State, Five Distinct Native Cultures: Place-Based Educational Efforts in Alaska (Ted R. Munsch); (23) The "Place" of Social Justice in Rural Education Discourse (Phil Roberts); and (24) Local Teachers: Using Local People as Teachers in Small Communities (Russell Yates). Individual papers include references, tables, and figures. [Abstract modified to meet ERIC Guidelines. For the 2001 proceedings, see ED470615.]

The National Assessment Summit was designed to bring together users and producers of assessments and engage them in a discussion of unmet assessment needs and untapped assessment capacities. The meeting was truly a summit in that national foreign language organizations and associations were asked to nominate representatives to bring their organization's perspective to the forum and also to take back to their organization ideas for action. Specifically, the National Assessment Summit aimed to identify a set of priorities for the next two years (2005-07). At a follow-up National Assessment Summit in 2007 in Portland, Oregon, under the sponsorship of the Center for Applied Second Language Studies (CASLS) at the University of Oregon and the Center for Advanced Research in Language Acquisition (CARLA) at the University of Minnesota, these organizations will gather to report on progress made and to consider an agenda for the following two years (2007-09). The National Assessment Summit identified seven priorities for the coming two years. Each priority is addressed in a section of this series of papers and is authored by one of the participants. These priorities are: (1) Articulation; (2) Assessment Literacy; (3) Suite of Assessments; (4) Test Database; (5) Models and Anchors; (6) Research; and (7) Advocacy. Taken as a whole, these papers describe state-of-the-art language assessment and articulate a two-year agenda for improving assessment and educational practice. This publication includes: (1) Introduction (Carl Falsgraf); (2) Achieving Articulation through Assessment (Jacque Bott Van Houten); (3) Assessment Literacy (Peggy Boyles); (4) Suite of Assessments (Ann Tollefson); (5) Foreign Language Assessment Database (Margaret E. Malone and David W. MacGregor); (6) Models and Anchors (Elvira Swender); (7) Assessments Research (Ursula Lentz); (8) Promoting Language Advocacy Through Assessment (Martha G. Abbott); and (9) Conclusion (Paul Sandrock). Individual papers contain references and footnotes.

These proceedings from a conference with leading experts examines the hugely successful American model of technological and scientific innovation. They stress the critical importance of government funding of physical science for the realms of national security, education, and industry. Kent Hughes and Frederick M. Bush, both of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, presented the Introduction and Opening Remarks. Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson, president of Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute, points to the failure of funding for the physical sciences to keep pace with the growth of the U.S. economy. While the life sciences have been more amply funded, Dr. Jackson notes that new medical discoveries often depend on advances in a number of disciplines in the physical sciences. The panel amplified many of Dr. Jackson's themes. Robert Helms, Dean of the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Texas at Dallas, noted Sputnik and the U.S. space program as the magnet that drew many young people into careers in science and engineering, and argued that we need a similarly compelling mission today. Robert Doering of Texas Instruments pointed to the complementary role played by government and business in the world of semiconductors with the government providing critical support as a first customer and as a funder of needed research. John Stratton of Lockheed Martin made similar points about the defense industry by noting how the defense industrial base drew on federally funded basic research. A chart showing the history of government role as technology research funder is also included herein. [Additional sponsorship of this conference was provided by the AeA Texas Council, Greater Dallas Chamber of Commerce, and TechNet Texas.]

The Wingspread Conference Series (2003-2005), "Strategies to Strengthen the Relationship between Higher Education and Society", brought together scholars, institutional and national leaders, community activists, and graduate and undergraduate students to examine the current and evolving relationships between higher education and society. The goals of this annual series included (a) assessing the status of efforts and challenges focused on strengthening American higher education's civic and social responsibility to society, and (b) developing focused strategies and commitments among leaders to advance higher education's civic and social role. This monograph, "Taking Responsibility: A Call for Higher Education's Engagement in a Society of Complex Global Challenges", is a culmination of writing and reflective dialogues between leaders at the summative Wingspread conference in October 2005. This monograph contains the following papers: (1) The Paradox of Higher Education Leaders Working toward Educational Equity: Three Frameworks for Conceptualizing Higher Education for the Public Good (Penny A. Pasque); (2) Regrouping, Rethinking, and Redirecting Energies Around Higher Education for the Public Good: A Keynote Address (Suzanne Morse); (3) Higher Education Has Done Well, We Can Do More: A Report from the Wingspread Access, Equity and Social Justice Committee (Lesley A. Rex); (4) Fulfilling Higher Education's Promise: Addressing Social Issues in the 21st Century (Adrianna Kezar); (5) The Paradox of Immigration Policy and Higher Education Access: State Responses to Federal Immigration Policy (Jose L. Santos); (6) A Discussion of Fair Market Possibilities for the Public Good (Deron Boyles, Alisa F. Cunningham, Rasheedah Mullings, and Penny A. Pasque); and (7) The Changing Role of Public Higher Education in Service to the Public Good (John C. Burkhardt). An introduction by John C. Burkhardt and Jamie Merisotis is included. Individual papers contain tables, figures, footnotes, and references.

This document contains the second volume of the proceedings of the 29th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education. Conference papers are centered around the theme of "Learners and Learning Environments." This volume features 43 research reports by presenters with last names beginning between Adl and Fre: (1) Working with Learners' Mathematics: Exploring a Key Element of Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching (Jill Adler, Zain Davis, Mercy Kazima, Diane Parker, and Lyn Webb); (2) A Comparison between Teachers' and Pupils' Tendency to Use a Representativeness Heuristic (Thekla Afantiti-Lamprianou, Julian S. Williams, and Iasonas Lamprianou); (3) Purposeful Task Design and the Emergence of Transparency (Janet G. Ainley, Liz Bills, and Kirsty Wilson); (4) A Developmental Model for Proportional Reasoning in Ratio Comparison Tasks (Silvia Alatorre and Olimpia Figueras); (5) Referential and Syntactic Approaches to Proof: Case Studies from a Transition Course (Lara Alcock and Keith Weber); (6) Teachers' Beliefs about Students' Development of the Pre-Algebraic Concept of Equation (Vassiliki Alexandrou-Leonidou and George N. Philippou); (7) Developing Students' Understanding of the Concept of Fractions as Numbers (Solange Amorim Amato); (8) Multiple Representations in 8th Grade Algebra Lessons: Are Learners Really Getting It? (Miriam Amit and Michael N. Fried); (9) Reform-Oriented Teaching Practices: A Survey of Primary School Teachers (Judy Anderson and Janette Bobis); (10) The Genesis of Signs by Gestures: The Case of Gustavo (Ferdinando Arzarello, Francesca Ferrara, Ornella Robutti, and Domingo Paola); (11) Students' Experience of Equivalence Relations: A Phenomenological Approach (Amir H. Asghari and David Tall); (12) How Series Problems Integrating Geometric and Arithmetic Schemes Influence Prospective Secondary Teachers' Pedagogical Understanding (Leslie Aspinwall, Kenneth L. Shaw, and Hasan Unal); (13) Dealing with Learning in Practice: Tools for Managing the Complexity of Teaching and Learning (Sikunder Ali Baber and Bettina Dahl); (14) Situations of Psychological Cognitive No-Growth (Roberto R. Baldino and Tania C. B. Cabral); (15) Good CAS Written Records: Insight from Teachers (Lynda Ball and Kaye Stacey); (16) Developing Procedure and Structure Sense of Arithmetic Expressions (Rakhi Banerjee and K. Subramaniam); (17) Struggling with Variables, Parameters, and Indeterminate Objects, or How to Go Insane in Mathematics (Caroline Bardini, Luis Radford, and Cristina Sabena); (18) Exploring How Power is Enacted in Small Groups (Mary Barnes); (19) A Framework for the Comparison of PME Research into Multilingual Mathematics Education in Different Sociolinguistic Settings (Richard Barwell); (20) Vygotsky's Theory of Concept Formation and Mathematics Education (Margot Berger); (21) Preservice Teachers' Understandings of Relational and Instrumental Understanding (Kim Beswick); (22) The Transformation of Mathematics in On-Line Courses (Marcelo C. Borba); (23) Using Cognitive and Situated Perspectives to Understand Teacher Interactions with Learner Errors (Karin Brodie); (24) Identification of Affordances of a Technology-Rich Teaching and Learning Environment (TRTLE) (Jill P. Brown); (25) The "A4-Project": Statistical World Views Expressed through Pictures (Michael Bulmer and Katrin Rolka); (26) A Whole-School Approach to Developing Mental Computation Strategies (Rosemary Callingham); (27) A Comparison of Perceived Parental Influence on Mathematics Learning among Students in China and Australia (Zhongjun Cao, Helen Forgasz, and Alan Bishop); (28) Using Word Problems in Malaysian Mathematics Education: Looking beneath the Surface (Kah Yein Chan and Judith Mousley); (29) Constructing Pedagogical Knowledge of Problem Solving: Preservice Mathematics Teachers (Olive Chapman); (30) Revisiting a Theoretical Model on Fractions: Implications for Teaching and Research (Charalambos Y. Charalambous and Demetra Pitta-Pantazi); (31) Students' Reflection on Their Sociomathematical Small-Group Interaction: A Case Study (Petros Chaviaris and Sonia Kafoussi); (32) Investigating Teachers' Responses to Student Misconceptions (Helen L. Chick and Monica K. Baker); (33) Studying the Distribution of Responsibility for the Generation of Knowledge in Mathematics Classrooms in Hong Kong, Melbourne, San Diego and Shanghai (David Clarke and Lay Hoon Seah); (34) Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Teaching Relationships in Three Mathematics Classrooms in Remote Queensland (Tom J. Cooper, Annette R. Baturo, and Elizabeth Warren); (35) Exploring the Strategies Used by Grade 1 to 3 Children through Visual Prompts, Symbols and Worded Problems: A Case for a Learning Pathway for Number (Ty Corvell Cranfield, Cally Kuhne, and Gary Powell); (36) Primary Students' Knowledge of the Properties of Spatially-Oriented Diagrams (Carmel Diezmann); (37) A Conceptual Framework for Studying Teacher Preparation: The Pirie-Kieren Model, Collective Understanding, and Metaphor (Maria A. Droujkova, Sarah B. Berenson, Kelli Slaten, and Sue Tombes); (38) Mathematical Modelling with 9-Year-Olds (Lyn English and James Watters); (39) Exploring "Lesson Study" in Teacher Preparation (Maria L. Fernandez); (40) Child-Initiated Mathematical Patterning in the Pre-Compulsory Years (Jillian Fox); (41) The Tacit-Explicit Nature of Students' Knowledge: A Case Study on Area Measurement (Cristina Frade); (42) Teachers as Interns in Informal Mathematics Research (John M. Francisco and Carolyn A. Maher); and (43) Exploring Excellence and Equity within Canadian Mathematics Classrooms (George Frempong). (Individual papers contain references.)

This document is the fourth volume of the proceedings of the 29th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education. Conference papers are centered around the theme of "Learners and Learning Environments." This volume features 42 research reports by presenters with last names beginning between Mul and Wu: (1) Case Studies of Children's Development of Structure in Early Mathematics: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study (Joanne Mulligan, Michael Mitchelmore, and Anne Prescott); (2) A Case Study of How Kinesthetic Experiences Can Participate in and Transfer to Work with Equations (Ricardo Nemirovsky and Chris Rasmussen); (3) The Construction of Proportional Reasoning (Stephen Norton); (4) The Transition of a Secondary Mathematics Teacher: From a Reform Listener into a Believer (Jo Clay Olson and Karmen Kirtley); (5) Substantive Communication of Space Mathematics in Upper Primary School (Kay Owens); (6) Transforming Korean Elementary Mathematics Classrooms to Student-Centered Instruction (JeongSuk Pang); (7) The Effect of Improved Automaticity and Retrieval of Basic Number Skills on Persistently Low-Achieving Students (John Pegg, Lorraine Graham, and Anne Bellert); (8) Degrees of Freedom in Modeling: Taking Certainty out of Proportion (Irit Peled and Ronit Bassan-Cincinatus); (9) "I Know That You Don't Have to Work Hard": Mathematics Learning in the First Year of Primary School (Bob Perry and Sue Dockett); (10) Disentangling Mentors' Role in the Development of Prospective Teachers' Efficacy Beliefs in Teaching Mathematics (George Philippou and Charalambos Y. Charalambous); (11) Linear Functions and a Triple Influence of Teaching on the Development of Students' Algebraic Expectation (Robyn Pierce); (12) Engaging the Learner's Voice? Catechetics and Oral Involvement in Reform Strategy Lessons (Adrian J. Pinel); (13) Teaching Projectile Motion to Eliminate Misconceptions (Anne Prescott and Michael Mitchelmore); (14) An Investigation of a Preservice Teacher's Use of Representations in Solving Algebraic Problems Involving Exponential Relationships (Norma Presmeg and Rajeev Nenduradu); (15) On Embodiment, Artifacts, and Signs: A Semiotic-Cultural Perspective on Mathematical Thinking (Luis Radford, Caroline Bardini, Cristina Sabena, Pounthioun Diallo, and Athanase Simbagoye); (16) Generalization Strategies of Beginning High School Algebra Students (Joanne Rossi Becker and Ferdinand Rivera); (17) Synchronizing Gestures, Words and Actions in Pattern Generalizations (Cristina Sabena, Luis Radford, and Caroline Bardini); (18) Analyzing Student Modeling Cycles in the Context of a "Real World" Problem (Roberta Y. Schorr and Miriam Amit); (19) Negotiating about Perceived Value Differences in Mathematics Teaching: The Case of Immigrant Teachers in Australia (Wee Tiong Seah); (20) Development of Mathematical Norms in an Eighth-Grade Japanese Classroom (Yasuhiro Sekiguchi); (21) Solving Additive Problems at Pre-Elementary School Level with the Support of Graphical Representation (Ana Coelho Vieira Selva, Jorge Tarcisio da Rocha Falcao, and Terezinha Nunes); (22) From the Everyday, through the Authentic, to Mathematics: Reflecting on the Process of Teaching Mathematics through the Everyday (Godfrey Sethole); (23) Personal Experiences and Beliefs in Early Probabilistic Reasoning: Implications for Research (Sashi Sharma); (24) Assimilating Innovative Learning/Teaching Approaches into Teacher Education: Why Is It so Difficult? (Atara Shriki and Ilana Lavy); (25) Student Thinking Strategies in Reconstructing Theorems (Tatag Yuli Eko Siswono); (26) A Comparison of How Textbooks Teach Multiplication of Fractions and Division of Fractions in Korea and in U.S. (Ji-Won Son); (27) Mathematical Knowledge of Pre-Service Primary Teachers (Beth Southwell and Marina Penglase); (28) Analysing Longitudinal Data on Students' Decimal Understanding Using Relative Risk and Odds Ratios (Vicki Steinle and Kaye Stacey); (29) Girls Journey toward Proportional Reasoning (Olof Bjorg Steinthorsdottir); (30) University Student Perceptions of CAS Use in Mathematics Learning (Sepideh Stewart and Michael O. J. Thomas); (31) Prospective Teachers' Understanding of Proof: What if the Truth Set of an Open Sentence Is Broader than that Covered by the Proof? (Andreas J. Stylianides, Gabriel J. Stylianides, and George Philippou); (32) Planning and Teaching Mathematics Lessons as a Dynamic, Interactive Process (Peter Sullivan, Robyn Zevenbergen, and Judy Mousley); (33) Teacher Factors in Integration of Graphic Calculators into Mathematics Learning (Michael O. J. Thomas and Ye Yoon Hong); (34) Students' Overreliance on Linearity: An Effect of School-Like Word Problems (Wim Van Dooren, Dirk De Bock, Dirk Janssens, and Lieven Verschaffel); (35) A Process of Abstraction by Representations of Concepts (N. C. Verhoef and H. G. B. Broekman); (36) Argumentation Profile Charts as Tools for Analysing Students' Argumentations (Jill Vincent, Helen Chick, and Barry McCrae); (37) Characterizing Middle School Students' Thinking in Estimation (Tanya N. Volkova); (38) Reviewing and Thinking the Affect/Cognition Relation (Margaret Walshaw and Tania Cabral); (39) Young Children's Ability to Generalise the Pattern Rule for Growing Patterns (Elizabeth Warren); (40) Consolidating One Novel Structure whilst Constructing Two More (Gaye Williams); (41) Spreadsheets, Pedagogic Strategies and the Evolution of Meaning for Variable (Kirsty Wilson, Janet Ainley, and Liz Bills); and (42) A Study of the Geometric Concepts of the Elementary School Students Who Are Assigned to the van Hiele Level One (Der-bang Wu and Hsiu-Lan Ma). (Individual papers contain references.)

For the twenty-eighth year, the Research and Theory Division of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented at the National AECT Convention in Orlando, Florida. The Proceedings of AECT's Convention are published in two volumes. Volume 1 contains papers dealing primarily with research and development topics. (Individual papers contain references, figures, and tables.) [For Volume 2, see ED499963.]

Individually and collectively, institutions of higher education possess considerable resources--human, fiscal, organizational, and intellectual--which are critical to addressing significant social issues. Additionally, these institutions are physically rooted in their communities. Therefore, investing in the betterment of their immediate environments is good for both the community and the institution. However, it is recognized that higher education institutions often fall short of making a real impact in their home communities. Therefore, a conference was convened to examine the current and evolving role of higher education institutions, particularly those operating within the context of coalitions, consortia and state systems, to catalyze change on issues affecting communities and society as a whole. Specifically, the focus of the conference was to develop and strengthen an understanding of how higher education might work more effectively with communities and it is believed that consortia or collaboratives of higher education institutions, along with community partners, can learn from one another. The papers offered in this monograph are the result of the Wingspread Conference on "Higher Education Collaboratives for Community Engagement and Improvement", conducted on October 27-29, 2004, in Racine, Wisconsin. The conference, the second of a three-part series, was sponsored by the National Forum on Higher Education for the Public Good at the University of Michigan School of Education, the Johnson Foundation, Atlantic Philanthropies, and the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. The papers presented in this monograph are: (1) Reflections on Community-Campus Partnerships: What Has Been Learned? What are the Next Challenges? (Barbara A. Holland); (2) Reflections on the Wingspread Experience (Bruce L. Mallory); (3) Higher Education Collaboratives for Community Engagement and Improvement: Faculty and Researchers' Perspectives (Ira Harkavy); (4) Challenges to Community-Higher Education Partnerships: A Call to Action (David Cox and Sarena Seifer); (5) Mission and Community: The Culture of Community Engagement and Minority Serving Institutions (Maurice C. Taylor, Brighid Dwyer, and Sandra Pacheco); (6) Research Universities Working Together to Serve Multiple Communities: The Committee on Institutional Cooperation Engagement Initiative (John C. Burkhardt and Rachel Lewis); and (7) Partnering with the Old North State (Judith Welch Wegner). "Partnerships for Engagement Futures", an introduction by Ryan E. Smerek, Penny A. Pasque, Bruce Mallory, and Barbara A. Holland, is included. Individual papers contain tables, footnotes, and references.