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Cucurbit crops host a range of serious sap-sucking insect pests, including silverleaf whitefly (SLW) and aphids, which potentially represent considerable risk to the Australian horticulture industry. These pests are extremely polyphagous with a wide host range. Chemical control is made difficult due to resistance and pollution, and other side-effects are associated with insecticide use. Consequently, there is much interest in maximising the role of biological control in the management of these sap-sucking insect pests. This study aimed to evaluate companion cropping alongside cucurbit crops in a tropical setting as a means to increase the populations of beneficial insects and spiders so as to control the major sap-sucking insect pests. The population of beneficial and harmful insects, with a focus on SLW and aphids, and other invertebrates were sampled weekly on four different crops which could be used for habitat manipulation: Goodbug Mix (GBM; a proprietary seed mixture including self-sowing annual and perennial herbaceous flower species); lablab (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet); lucerne (Medicago sativa L.); and niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.). Lablab hosted the highest numbers of beneficial insects (larvae and adults of lacewing (Mallada signata (Schneider)), ladybird beetles (Coccinella transversalis Fabricius) and spiders) while GBM hosted the highest numbers of European bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) and spiders. Lucerne and niger showed little promise in hosting beneficial insects, but lucerne hosted significantly more spiders (double the numbers) than niger. Lucerne hosted sig-nificantly more of the harmful insect species of aphids (Aphis gossypii (Glover)) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer)) and heliothis (Heliothis armigera Hübner). Niger hosted significantly more vegetable weevils (Listroderes difficillis (Germar)) than the other three species. Therefore, lablab and GBM appear to be viable options to grow within cucurbits or as field boundary crops to attract and increase beneficial insects and spiders for the control of sap-sucking insect pests. Use of these bio-control strategies affords the opportunity to minimise pesticide usage and the risks associated with pollution.

Triticale (xTriticosecale Wittmack) has potential as a feed crop in the north central United States and could also function as a companion crop for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) establishment. The objectives of this research were to assess the suitability of a short-statured spring triticale as a companion crop and determine optimum triticale seeding rates for grain yield and alfalfa establishment. Spring triticale 'Trimark 37812' and alfalfa were grown in companion at Ames and Sioux Center, IA during 2004 and 2005. Triticale was seeded at 198, 297, 396, 495, and 594 pure live seeds (PLS) m -2 and alfalfa was seeded at 600 PLS m -2 . The grain yield response to changes in stand density was quadratic with maximum yield occurring at 516 plants m -2 . A plant density of 325 plants m -2 and a seeding rate of 374 seeds m -2 resulted in maximum profit. The grain yield at the stand density for maximum profit was 4.4 Mg ha -1 . Increasing the triticale seeding rate had no effect on alfalfa stand density or dry matter yield. Alfalfa stand densities exceeded the 130 plants m -2 threshold required for maximum long-term productivity suggesting the short-statured spring triticale cultivar used in this study was well suited for companion cropping with alfalfa.

Companion planting of Cleome gynandra, of Kenyan origin, in beds of cut-flower roses reduces significantly red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) infestation without any detrimental effect on productivity or flower quality. The level of reduction is dependent upon the density of the C. gynandra plants with 15 plants in a 1.8 m2 bed (8.3 plants m2) being the most effective, planted either around the bed perimeter or within the rows of roses. The relatively high density of C. gynandra plants required may limit the direct application of this technology in export-focused, greenhouse rose production yet may be of significant value as a supplement to other mite-control strategies. The potential benefits of such companion planting for growers of field roses and those involved in some domestic markets are also evident. Research into the nature and extraction of the active, volatile mite-repellant components of C. gynandra is indicated.

Five field experiments located at four sites across south-eastern Australia found cereal grain yields were less in the presence of lucerne (companion cropping) than in the absence of lucerne (cereal monoculture). Top-dressed nitrogen (N) and in-crop lucerne suppression, generally did not enhance cereal crop yields in the presence of lucerne compared with cereals growing in monoculture. Grain yield reductions from cereals growing with lucerne were found at four of the five sites, with reductions ranging from 16 to 26% compared with cereals growing in monoculture. In regard to cereal production, there was no main treatment by top-dressed N interaction at all sites, indicating that applying N to cereals irrespective of whether they were growing with or without lucerne, resulted in the same yield responses. With favourable growing seasons (decile > 6) and low available soil N levels, top-dressing N resulted in a 31% and a 0.8 unit increase in grain yield and grain protein, respectively, across all cereal crops and years. However, the absence of a grain yield response to top-dressed N at one site was due to excessive cereal biomass production from N application, causing extensive crop lodging in 2003, and decile 2 growing season rainfall in 2004. At another site, high available soil N levels and low growing season rainfall (decile 3) resulted in a 12% decline in grain yield across all cereal crops and years in response to top-dressing N. We therefore conclude that N application to cereals growing with lucerne can increase cereal grain yields, but only when accompanied by favourable growing season rainfall and low available soil N levels. In-crop lucerne suppression was effective at reducing cereal grain contamination by lucerne pods and flowers in companion crops, but was less effective under dry seasonal conditions, demonstrating that soil moisture will affect herbicide efficacy and the effectiveness of this practice. Economic analyses of companion cropping based on grain yields alone, will not be adequate without an assessment of summer lucerne production, until such data exists across a range of environments, it would be premature to conclude whether and or where this practice has commercial merit.

Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) is a temperate tree grown for nuts and wood, but it is allelopathic to certain plants and animals. We compiled reports of valuable black walnut companion crops which may be grown in the short term ( 30 years). There are many black walnut companion cropping systems for the short and medium term, but there are few for the long term. Companion crops for black walnut serve multiple functions, including nitrogen fixation, added yields, the development of straight walnut stems, and added protection from forest pests such as deer. Black walnut polyculture is a viable alternative worthy of further development and implementation.

Oats (Avena sativa L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) sown at increasing seeding rates of 23, 45 and 68 kg ha-1 with a timothy (Phleum pratense L.)-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) mixture (harvested at cereal soft dough) resulted in increasing forage yields containing decreasing alfalfa, crude protein, P and Ca percentage in the planting year. Barley out-yielded oats by 11% in the planting year. Oats or barley sown at seeding rates up to 68 kg ha-1 do not impede underseeded forage establishment or forage production in the subsequent year in central Newfoundland. The implications of farmer-directed on-farm experimentation are discussed. Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., Avena sativa L., Phleum pratense L, Medicago sativa L., underseeding

Growing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the year of forage establishment is a common agronomic practice in marginal growing regions, but is often not recommended to growers. We examined the effect of silage barley production over an establishing timothy (Phleum pratense L.)-clover (Trifolium pratense L.; Trifolium hybridum L.) forage sward in a 4-year study near St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. The experiment compared two barley varieties differing in plant height (semidwarf Chapais and Leger), three barley seeding rates and the effect of a forage understorey on forage (barley) production in the establishment year and forage (timothy-clover) production in the subsequent year. The taller Leger yielded similar forage biomass to Chapais in the year of forage establishment, which (when planted at 375 plants m -2 ) was roughly twice that of a pure-stand timothy-clover mix. Increasing the barley seeding rate from 125 to 375 plants m -2 resulted in a linear increase in forage yield in the year of planting. The production of barley forage in the establishment year resulted in reduced timothy-clover forage yield in the year following barley planted at 125 and 375 seeds m -2 , but not for barley planted at 250 seeds m -2 . Companion planting also altered forage species composition in that higher barley seeding rates resulted in 12-18 % less timothy and 2-4 % lower fibre levels in the year following planting. Barley seeded at rates of 250-375 seeds m -2 and undersown with a timothy-clover mixture (harvested at midmilk) resulted in greater forage yield of poorer quality than pure-stand timothy-clover in the planting year, and a barley seeding rate of 250 seeds m -2 did not impede forage production in the subsequent year.

Effectiveness of companion planting, and use of nonhost masking odors were evaluated under field conditions for protecting roses against the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman. Three reputedly effective companion species, rue (Ruta graveolens L.), zonal geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum Bailey), and garlic chives (Allium scheonparum L.) were interplanted with roses in replicated garden plots. Numbers of beetles on these roses were compared with rose-only control plots on 6 d during beetle flight. The masking odor hypothesis was tested by hanging mesh bags of aromatic herbs or other sources of reputedly repellent nonhost volatiles around potted roses in the field. Treatments included crushed red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.), fennel seeds (Foeniculm vulgare Miller), crushed spearmint (Mentha picata L.), cedar shavings (Juniperus sp.), osage orange fruits (Maclura pomifera (Raif) Schneid.), and fleshy gingko seeds (Gingko biloba L.). No treatment significantly reduced numbers of beetles relative to the controls. Interplanting with geraniums significantly increased numbers of Japanese beetles on roses. Similarly, roses surrounded by sachets with fennel seeds, cedar shavings, crushed red pepper, or osage orange fruits had significantly more beetles than the control plants on two or more sample dates. Our results suggest that the use of companion or reputedly repellent plants or plant odors probably will be ineffective for protecting roses or other highly-susceptible ornamentals from P. japonica. Use of such tactics in an effort to discourage other garden pests might even increase Japanese beetle damage in those plantings.

The potential of companion crops to serve as diversionary hosts for ovipositing Helicoverpa spp. moths in chickpea cropping systems was evaluated in a field experiment. Patterns of egg distribution by Helicoverpa spp. within paired combinations of chickpea and each of six companion crop species were documented in a split-plot design sampled four times during the 1999 winter growing season. Chickpea was attractive to ovipositing Helicoverpa moths from as early as 14 days after planting and throughout the experimental period. The companion crop species varied in relative attractiveness to ovipositing moths but none was able to effectively divert Helicoverpa egg pressure away from chickpea for the duration of the experiment. Of all Helicoverpa spp. larvae recorded from all samples and crop combinations, 98.3% were found on chickpea. A marked aggregative oviposition behaviour of Helicoverpa spp. on tall weeds growing through the chickpea canopy was recorded. The relevance of observed patterns of host selection and inferred moth behaviour to management of Helicoverpa populations on chickpea are discussed.

Cabbages (Brassica oleracea) were planted at distances of 0.5–17.6 m from a strip of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) over the 1997–98 and 1998–99 summer seasons in Wellington, New Zealand, and over the 1998 summer season in Omiya, Japan. Numbers of Artogeia rapae eggs, non‐mining caterpillars (mostly A. rapae and larger Plutella xylostella), aphids (all Aphididae sp.), and immature syrphids on the cabbages were counted during the coriander flowering period. Adult hoverflies above the coriander and cabbage rows were counted during the same period. In Japan, there was a negative correlation between the number of adult hoverflies above the cabbage rows and their distance from the coriander. Pest infestation or immature hoverfly numbers did not vary significantly with distance. During the New Zealand 1998–99 season, aphid and caterpillar infestation increased with distance, but only early in the season. The results suggest that coriander may attract hoverflies in large enough numbers to reduce infesta...

Seven hypotheses, including the ‘Resource Concentration Hypothesis’ and the ‘Enemies Hypothesis’, have been put forward to explain why fewer specialist insects are found on host plants growing in diverse backgrounds than on similar plants growing in bare soil. All seven hypotheses are discussed and discounted, primarily because no one has used any of them to produce a general theory of host plant selection, they still remain as hypotheses. However, we have developed a general theory based on detailed observations of insect behaviour. Our theory is based on the fact that during host plant finding the searching insects land indiscriminately on green objects such as the leaves of host plants (appropriate landings) and non-host plants (inappropriate landings), but avoid landing on brown surfaces, such as soil. The complete system of host plant selection involves a three-link chain of events in which the first link is governed by cues from volatile plant chemicals, the central link by visual stimuli, and the final link by cues from non-volatile plant chemicals. The previously ‘missing’ central link, which is based on what we have described as ‘appropriate/inappropriate landings’, is governed by visual stimuli. Our theory explains why attempts to show that olfaction is the crucial component in the central link of host plant selection proved intractable. The ‘appropriate/inappropriate landings’ theory is discussed to indicate the type of work needed in future studies to improve our understanding of how intercropping, undersowing and companion planting can be used to optimum effect in crop protection. The new theory is used also to suggest how insect biotypes could develop and to describe why pest insects do not decimate wild host plants growing in ‘natural’ situations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-03-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:39:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_fcbl_me_ilha.pdf: 441327 bytes, checksum: fa06d94328b4b0d7594a70f389deaf15 (MD5) O consórcio entre culturas graníferas e espécies forrageiras tropicais tem se mostrado eficiente, na formação de pastagem e de palha para o sistema plantio direto. O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de identificar, no sistema de integração agricultura-pecuária, a melhor modalidade de consorciação de milho outonal com quatro forrageiras. O experimento foi realizado no ano agrícola 2010/11 na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão localizada em Selvíria-MS, pertencente a Faculdade de Engenharia-Unesp, campus de Ilha Solteira. Os tratamentos na safra de outono foram constituídos por quatro forrageiras consorciadas com milho - Urochloa brizantha, Urochloa ruzizensis, Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia e Panicum maximum cv. Áries – e três modalidades de semeadura das forrageiras – na linha de semeadura do milho, a lanço simultâneo a semeadura do milho e a lanço no estádio V4 – e milho exclusivo, constituindo 13 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 4x3+1 e delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados para o milho: estande inicial e final, altura da planta, diâmetro basal do colmo, produção de grãos, massa de mil grãos, numero de espigas/há e massa seca de palha de milho. Nas forrageiras avaliaram-se a produtividade de matéria seca e massa seca total de palha. Na cultura da soja foram avaliados: altura da planta, inserção da primeira vagem, número de vagens por planta, estande inicial e final, massa de 1.000 grãos e produtividade de grãos. Para os atributos físicos do solo foram avaliados: macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total e densidade do solo nas camadas de 0,0 – 0,10m , 0,10 – 0,20m, 0,20 – 0,30m de profundidade. Os resultados permitiram concluir que não houve competição significativa das forrageiras com o milho em relação às... The consortium between grain crops and tropical forage species has been efficient, pasture formation and straw for tillage. This study was conducted in order to identify the system of crop-livestock integration, the best arrangement of intercropping maize with four autumnal grasses. The experiment was conducted in the agricultural year 2010/11 the Finance Teaching and Research located in Selvíria-MS belonging to the Faculty of Engineering-UNESP, in Ilha Solteira. The autumn harvest treatments were four intercropped with corn fodder - Urochloa brizantha, Urochloa ruzizensis, Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania and Panicum maximum cv. Aries - and three types of forage seeding - in the row of corn, broadcasted simultaneously sowing corn and haul in the V4 stage - and sole corn, constituting 13 treatments in a factorial 4x3 +1 and randomized block design with four replicates. Were evaluated for corn: initial and final plant height, basal stem diameter, grain yield, thousand grain weight, number of spikes / no and dry mass of corn stover. In evaluating forage to dry matter yield and total dry matter of straw. In soybean were evaluated: plant height, first pod, number of pods per plant, initial and final mass of 1,000 grains and grain yield. For soil physical properties were evaluated: macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and density of soil in layers from 0.0 to 0.10 m, 0.10 - 0.20 m, 0.20 to 0.30 m depth. The results showed that there was significant competition forages with corn compared to corn grain yield and corn stover, and grain yield of maize crop in keeping with the high technology to the region, this assumption is recommended seeding forage in the form of the line along with the fertilizer to optimize and streamline the sowing operation. The yield of straw was enough to supply the annual contribution recommended for... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Companion crops are not recommended for use in the establishment of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stands on dryland areas in southwestern Saskatchewan because of competition for soil water. However, their use has been common with irrigated alfalfa to control weeds and produce economic yields in the establishment year. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an oat companion crop on forage yield and economic returns for irrigated alfalfa. In four irrigated trials at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, alfalfa was planted with and without a companion oat (Avena sativa L.) crop. The direct-seeded alfalfa produced harvestable yields in three of four trials, with forage yields ranging from 2584 to 6248 kg DM ha−1. Stands of alfalfa established with the oat companion crop exhibited 33% lower forage yields at first harvest in the first year after seeding in three of the four trials. The persistence of this treatment effect over time varied among the three trials. Economic returns for the establishment treatments differed considerably among trials and depended on the prices for oat grain and forage hay. In three of four trials, net margins for the establishment year were highest for alfalfa grown with an oat companion crop which was harvested for hay when the ratio of oat hay to alfalfa hay price was greater than 0.5. Further, it was generally more profitable to harvest the oats for grain than for hay when the ratio of oat grain to oat hay price was greater than 1.3. In the remaining trial, direct-seeded alfalfa provided the highest net margin during the establishment year. When evaluated over the 3-yr study periods, however, there was generally little consistent difference in economic rankings among the alfalfa establishment methods. Economic returns were generally higher for direct-seeded alfalfa or for alfalfa seeded with an oat companion crop that was harvested for hay when the ratios of alfalfa hay and oat hay to oat grain price were greater than 1.2 and 0.9, respectively. The study concluded that the use of an oat companion crop has both agronomic and economic merit for producers establishing alfalfa on irrigation areas in this semi-arid region of Saskatchewan. Key words: Establishment, direct seeding, forage yield, plant density, net present value, net margin

Agroforestry Systems, 81 (1), ISSN:0167-4366, ISSN:1572-9680

Parasitic plants, through a range of infestation strategies, can attack crop plants and thereby require management. Because such problems often occur in resource-poor farming systems, companion cropping to manage parasitic plants is an appropriate approach. Many examples of companion cropping for this purpose have been reported, but the use of cattle forage legumes in the genus Desmodium as intercrops has been shown to be particularly successful in controlling the parasitic witchweeds (Striga spp.) that afflict approximately one quarter of sub-Saharan African cereal production. Through the use of this example, the development of effective companion crops is described, together with developments toward widespread adoption and understanding the underlying mechanisms, both for sustainability and ensuring food security, and also for exploitation beyond the cropping systems described here.

Winter rye was broadcast into a potato crop just after topkilling with the object of avoiding post-harvest delays in establishing a winter ground cover. Rye treatments were interseeded (i) at intervals of 1 d for up to 10 d before potato digging, without post-harvest tillage and (ii) just after digging and preparatory seedbed tillage as a comparative standard. Generally, cover performance of rye, measured as plant count, tiller count or dry mass of plants showed significant (P

There is much interest in fostering cropping practices that reduce pesticide use and enhance soil conservation. A long-standing practice that addresses these objectives is companion crop establishment of small-seeded forage legumes. Little information is available regarding current producer practices in companion cropping. A survey was conducted in 1990 of a select sample of Minnesota forage producers to evaluate how they use companion crops, to assess their perceptions of current constraints in companion cropping, and to assess their receptiveness to use of dwarf stature small grains as companion crops (...)

Current public concern about the possible adverse effects of agricultural chemicals on health and the environment has generated interest in reducing chemical inputs in vegetable growing. Crucifers are important vegetable crops in Australia and are subjected to attack by lepidopterous pests especially diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella (L.)) and cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae (L.)). Control options for cabbage pests reviewed here include use of natural insecticides (mainly plant-based), physical barriers, biological controi, insect sterilization, intercropping, companion planting and host plant resistance. Successful reduced chemical insect control should concentrate on combining several of these options in complete pest management systems.

The primary objectives of this study were to describe the various pest control and soil fertility management strategies used by North Carolina farmers and to characterize the types of farms and farmers using each strategy. In 1988, a survey was mailed to farmers who had shown interest in alternative methods and a randomly selected control group of conventional farmers. Cluster analysis on crops, inputs, and cultural practices used by crop farmers in the combined sample showed that they fall into three distinct groups. Very few members of the first group apply standard synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Instead, more than three-quarters of them use cover crops, compost, organic mulch, commercial fertilizers and pesticides labeled as “organic”, resistant varieties, hand weeding, mechanical cultivation, scouting, and biological pest controls. More than half of the second group did not use any nutrient and pest management inputs or practices except synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, and lime. More than three-quarters of the third group reported use of synthetic fertilizers, synthetic herbicides, and lime, but also employed most of the cultural practices reported by alternative farmers. However, they less frequently used labor-intensive practices (such as manuring, mechanical cultivation, and hand weeding) and information-intensive practices (such as scouting and companion planting). Information sources, concerns about farm chemicals, and length of farming experience discriminated better than other socioeconomic factors and farm characteristics between farmers who use conventional chemical inputs and those who use alternative practices. Group 1 farmers differed from Group 3 farmers most sharply in that they rank the cost of pest control products and their extension agents' advice lower, have lower farm incomes, read more information sources promoting reduced synthetic chemicals, own more of the land they operate, and have less farming experience. The only factors significantly discriminating Groups 1 and 2 were that Group 1 fanners rank the importance of their extension agents' recommendations lower and effects of chemical products on birds and wildlife higher, read more reduced-chemical information sources, and have less farming experience.

The yields of eleven commercially grown soybean cultivars were compared in ethylenediurea (EDU)-treated and non-treated field plots in New Brunswick, New Jersey, over a 4 year period. No statistically significant difference between treatments was found for any cultivar; the inference being ambient ozone did not adversely affect soybean yield. Succeeding field experiments supported this interpretation of the data. 'Sanilac' white bean, a legume known to be more sensitive to O(3) than soybean, was found to produce a significantly greater yield in EDU-treated than non-treated plots, unlike a companion planting of 'Williams 82' soybean which did not exhibit the differential response. The results indicated that the specific EDU protocol used in the soybean experiments is capable of detecting an ozone effect in a legume. Moreover, in a concurrent greenhouse experiment the yield of EDU-treated Sanilac white bean was not significantly different from non-treated plants in the absence of ozone pollution. In a dose-response field experiment during a year of unusually high O(3) pollution, yield of 'Williams 82' increased slightly with each EDU increment up to 500 ppm and decreased at 1000 ppm. The difference between non-treated and EDU-treated plants, however, was not statistically significant. There was no evidence to suggest that the EDU concentration (500 ppm) used in previous soybean experiments reduced seed yield. Fortuitously, the tolerance of commercially-grown soybean to ambient ozone is at least partially conditioned by the practce of not irrigating the crop. The New Jersey results are in agreement with reports from Maryland, Georgia and Tennessee in which an adverse impact of ambient O(3) was not found in soybean, but contrary to a current predictive model.

Submitted by Repositorio Institucional (repositorio@ufgd.edu.br) on 2018-09-27T12:14:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ValdeniseCarbonariBarbosa.pdf: 1052647 bytes, checksum: 480513e2f348f3410d541d677351e6f4 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T12:14:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValdeniseCarbonariBarbosa.pdf: 1052647 bytes, checksum: 480513e2f348f3410d541d677351e6f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-03 O experimento foi conduzido no Horto de Plantas Medicinais, da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados- UFGD, em Dourados-MS, no período de março de 2005 a setembro de 2006. O objetivo foi avaliar a produção da Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen nos sistemas de cultivo solteiro e consorciado com Tagetes erecta L. e Ocimum basilicum L, em solo Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, sem e com incorporação de cama-de-frango semidecomposta. Os fatores em estudo foram a fáfia-F, o cravo-C e o manjericão-M solteiros e os consórcios com duas fileiras de fáfia e três de cravo-F2C3 e duas fileiras de fáfia e três de manjericão - F2M3, todos sem e com incorporação ao solo de cama-de-frango de corte semidecomposta. Os dez tratamentos foram arranjados no delineamento blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os espaçamentos entre as duas fileiras de fáfia foram de 0,50 m e entre as três fileiras de manjericão ou cravo, de 0,35 m. As produções de massas frescas e secas da parte aérea da fáfia foram maiores (13,22 t ha-1 e 4,39 t ha-1, respectivamente) no cultivo solteiro, independente do uso da cama-de-frango. Por outro lado, nenhum dos tratamentos influenciou as massas frescas e secas e o número de raízes da fáfia, que foram, em média, de 10,02 e 2,07 t ha-1 e 41.7916 raízes ha-1, respectivamente. O diâmetro das raízes foi maior (23,5 mm) no consórcio com o manjericão. As produções de massas frescas e secas dos capítulos florais do cravo foram maiores (14,28 t ha-1e 12,78 t ha- 1, respectivamente) no consórcio com a fáfia, mas apenas as produções de massas frescas dos capítulos foram maiores com o uso da cama. As produções de partes aéreas do manjericão foram maiores no consórcio, independente com qual espécie; porém, não foram influenciadas pelo uso da cama. A razão de área equivalente - RAE para o consórcio da fáfia com o cravo foi de 2,15 com cama e de 1,99 sem cama e com o manjericão, foi 2,44 com cama e de 3,08 sem cama. Como os valores foram maiores que 1,0, indicam que os consórcios foram efetivos. The experiment was carried out in the medicinal garden of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados- UFGD, in Dourados-MS, from the period of March 2005 to September 2006.The aim was to evaluate the yield of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen in the mono-crop system and inter-cropped with Tagetes erecta L. and Ocimum basilicum L in red distroferric latossol with or without semi-decomposed poultry litter. The study objects were Suma-F, Tagetes-C and Basil-M in mono-crops and the consortia of two Suma, three Tagetes - F2C3 and three Basil - F2M3 lines, all of them with and without semi-decomposed poultry litter soil. Ten experimental designs were arranged in randomized blocks, with four repetitions. The two Suma spacing rows were of 0,50 cm and the three Basil and Tagetes rows were of 0,35 cm. Suma aerial parts fresh and dry masses productions were higher (13,22 t ha-1 and 4,39 t ha-1, respectively) in mono-crops, independently on the use of poultry litter. Nevertheless, none of the experimental designs influenced the dry and fresh masses and root number in Suma which were on average 10,02 e 2,07 t ha-1 and 41.7916 roots ha-1, respectively. Roots diameter was higher (23,5 mm) in the inter-crop with Basil. Tagetes floral capitula dry and fresh masses productions were higher (14,28 t ha-1and 12,78 t ha-1, respectively) inter-cropped with Suma but only the capitula fresh masses productions were higher with the use of poultry litter. Basil aerial parts productions were higher in consortium, independently on which species; however, they were not influenced by the use of the poultry litter. Equivalent area rate – EAR for the Suma consortium with Tagetes was 2, 15 with the poultry litter and 1, 99 without the poultry litter and for Basil it was 2, 44 with the poultry litter and 3,08 without the poultry litter. As the values were higher than 1, 0, they indicate that the consortia were effective.

Submitted by Repositorio Institucional (repositorio@ufgd.edu.br) on 2018-12-07T12:55:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCristinaAraujoAjalla.pdf: 265920 bytes, checksum: 8d6652398b7302c451a92c6c09121191 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-07T12:55:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCristinaAraujoAjalla.pdf: 265920 bytes, checksum: 8d6652398b7302c451a92c6c09121191 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-04 Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (CNPq) O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a produção de biomassa de marcela, em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com tansagem e determinar o melhor arranjo de plantas dessas espécies medicinais, em associação/ consorciação, visando o aumento produtivo e retorno econômico. Foram constituídos seis tratamentos: duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,40 m (M0,40); duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,25 m (M0,25); duas fileiras de tansagem espaçadas de 0,75 m (T0,75); três fileiras de tansagem espaçadas de 0,40 m (T0,40); duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,40 m alternadas com três fileiras de tansagem (M0,40T0,40); e duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,25 m alternadas com duas fileiras de tansagem (M0,25T0,75). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Para a marcela, foram feitas colheitas em três épocas, sendo analisadas como parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Nenhum dos tratamentos influenciou as alturas das plantas da marcela nem da tansagem. A altura máxima da marcela foi de 0,78 m, sob consórcio e espaçamento de 0,25 m, aos 210 dias após o transplante, enquanto a da tansagem foi de 0,11 m, aos 56 dias após o transplante, sob consórcio com a marcela e espaçamento de 0,75 m. As produções de partes aéreas sem flores e das flores da marcela não foram influenciadas pelo consórcio nem pelo arranjo de plantas, mas foram menores na terceira época de colheita. As massas frescas das flores foram de 2,51, 2,63 e 1,28 t ha-1, respectivamente, aos 180, 210 e 225 dias após o transplante. A massa fresca das folhas da tansagem não foi influenciada pelo consórcio (média de 4,92 t ha-1) mas foi maior sob o espaçamento T0,40 (6,13 t ha-1) do que sob o T0,75 (3,32 t ha-1). A Razão de Área Equivalente do consórcio M0,40T0,40, foi 1,6 e o de M0,25T0,75 foi 2,4 indicando que foi efetivo o consórcio entre a marcela e a tansagem. Quanto a renda bruta observou-se valores de R$ 10.755,00 para M0,40T0,40 e de R$ 14.582,00 para M0,25T0,75, correspondendo a acréscimos de 30% e de 77% no rendimento bruto, respectivamente. The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and the production of marcela, biomass in culture single and joined with tansagem and to determine the best arrangement of plants of these medicinal species, in intercropping being aimed at the productive increase and economic return. Was constituted six treatments: two rows of marcela with space of 0,40 m (M040); two rows of marcela with space of 0,25 m (M0,25); two rows of plantain with space of 0,75 m (T0,75); three rows of plantain with space of 0,40 m (T0,40); two rows of marcela with space of 0,40 m with three rows of plantain (M0,40T0,40) in its sides; two rows of marcela with space of 0,25 with two rows of plantain (M0,25T75) in its sides. Design was randomized blocks with four replications. Any of treatments influenced heights of marcela plants neither of plantain. Maximum height of marcela was 0,78 m, under intercrop and spaced 0,25 m, while of plantain was 0,11 m, on 56 days after transplant, under intercrop with marcela spaced 0,75 m. Yields of aerial parts and of marcela flowers were not influenced by intercropping neither by plant arrangement, but they were smalest in the third date of harvest. Fresh mass of flowers were 2,51, 2,63 e 1,28 t ha-1, respectively, on 180, 210 and 225 days after transplant. Fresh mass of Plantain did not influenced by intercroping (average of 4,92 t ha-1), but it was bigger under the greater under space T0,40 (6,13 t ha-1), that in the T0,75 space (3,32 t ha-1). Land Equivalent Ratio of 1,6 M0,40T0,40 and M0,25T0,75 intercrops was 2,4, which indicates that the intercrop of both marcela and tansagem was effective. How mach the gross income, it observed value for M0,40T0,40 of R$ 10.755,00 and for M0,25T0,75 of R$ 14.582,00 corresponding we acréscimos it of 30% and 77% in the gross income, respectively.

Companion planting is a small-scale intercropping practice often associated with organic or biodynamic gardening. Two garden-scale studies tested popular companion planting claims by comparing garden beds devoted entirely to one of three or more test crops (monocultures) to all possible two-crop mixtures (dicultures) of the same species. A third study evaluated effects of planting density and crop ratio in three dicultures using a novel experimental design to create gradients in both factors. All studies incorporated basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea L.), and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). A preliminary study also included snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) before Brussels sprout, and dicultures of tomato and Brussels sprout with a white clover (Trifolium repens L.) living mulch. Double blind taste tests over three years showed no consistent preference for tomatoes grown with companions over those grown in monoculture. An apparent inhibitory effect of companion planting on some pests of Brussels sprout (e.g. imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae L.; striped flea beetle, Phylollotreta striolata Fab.) in the first study was reversed in the second study when earlier planting of Brussels sprout allowed it to compete more effectively with its companions. Relative yield indices calculated for a range of densities (1.1 - 47.2 plants/square meter) and crop ratios indicated advantages (mean = 20%) to planting either tomato or Brussels sprout with basil companions, but no advantage to planting tomato and Brussels sprout together. The highest yields in tomato, basil, and Brussels sprout monocultures occurred at inter-plant spacings of 25, 25 and 40 cm respectively, suggesting advantages to high-density planting. Yield advantages to diculture were most pronounced at the highest densities tested, and in dicultures incorporating the highest proportions of basil. Canopy light absorption and soil moisture content were inversely correlated, and the use of light and water resources was correlated with plant density and biomass production. I conclude that garden-scale intercropping can offer advantages over monoculture, but these are not achieved simply by combining certain compatible companion species. Crop densty, ratio, and relative planting times all affect the way that companion species interact with one another and their environment.

The productivity of strawberry (Fragaria sp.) depends on the presence of pollinator insects that need nectar or pollen as their food. The diversity and the population size of pollinator insects can be increased by the companion planting of Borreria laevicaulis among the strawberry. This research aimed to determine the diversity of pollinator insects of strawberry plantation companion by B. laevicaulis and to determine the relationship between the diversity of pollinator insects with the strawberry fruit produced. This research was conducted in the strawberry plantation of Serang Village, of the District Karangreja, Purbalingga, from June to August 2012. The research was designed to determine the effect of companion planting of B. laevicaulis at the 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of the total individuals of strawberry. The results showed that the companion planting of B. laevicaulis in the strawberry field did not affect the species diversity of pollinator insects. But the B. laevicaulis companion planting affected the amount of strawberry yielded. The maximum yield was obtained by planting B. laevicaulis at the 10% of the strawberry individuals; it was increased by 76.12% of the control without companion planting.

Tesis (Mag. Sc.) -- CATIE, Turrialba (Costa Rica), 2001 132 páginas El objetivo del estudio fue contribuir al desarrollo de la caficultura sostenible identificando y caracterizando especies arbóreas nativas de uso potencial para diversificar cafetales de la zona Atlántica de Costa Rica. Para complementar los atributos claves que determinan la compatibilidad de árboles con café según la literatura, se entrevistaron a 95 caficultores para caracterizar el sistema café-árboles. Adicionalmente, se seleccionaron y priorizaron los atributos claves preferidos por los productores para el asocio de árboles con café, y se contrastaron con los atributos de la literatura. Posteriormente, se aplicaron los criterios de los productores y la literatura con sus respectivos pesos para identificar especies arbóreas con posible potencial para ser asociadas con café. Además se identificaron especies arbóreas nativas que fueron utilizadas en el pasado en cafetales de la zona. De las 62 especies encontradas en los cafetales, 17 fueron seleccionadas como promisorias para ser utilizadas en asocio con café. Entre ellas, las de mayor calificación y potencial para la zona Atlántica de Costa Rica fueron Inga sp., Psidium friedrichsthalianum, Spondias purpurea, Cordia alliodora, Cedrela odorata, Simarouba amara, Erythrina poeppigiana, Gliricidia sepium y Cassia spectabilis. No existieron diferencias entre la mayoría de especies seleccionadas al aplicar la lista de criterios de los productores vs. la lista de criterios de la literatura. The objective of the study was to contribute to the development of sustainable coffee production by identifying and characterizing trees that could be used to diversify coffee fields in the Atlantic region of Costa Rica. The coffee plantations and the diversity of associated trees were characterized by means of a survey. Interviews were conducted with 95 coffee farmers to determine both the benefits and probleMON of the trees present in their coffee plantations. In addition, the desirable attributes of trees as associates of coffee given by the literature were contrasted with those given by coffee farmers. Both literature and farmers criteria were then used to identify promising tree species for coffee. Furthermore, a list of native trees used in the past in coffee plantation was identified. Of the 62 species, 17 native tree species were classified as potentially compatible with coffee. Inga sp., Psidium friedrichsthalianum, Spondias purpurea, Cordia alliodora, Cedrela odorata, Simarouba amara, Erythrina poeppigiana, Gliricidia sepium y Cassia spectabilis were the tree species with the highest potential. Overall, the list of potentially compatible tree species derived from the attributes used by the literature agreed closely with that derived from farmers.

Field experiment was conducted at Sugarcane Research Station, Melalathur during 1999–2000, 2000–2001 with a view to find out the best companion crops for sugarcane borer complex management and its effect on yield parameters. The results indicated that the sugarcane + greengram (9.56%) followed by sugarcane + sunnhemp (10.25%) recorded significantly lower incidence of shoot borer than sugarcane + soybean (14.65%) and sugarcane as sole crop (25.79%). However, sugarcane + sunnhemp (92.58 tonnes/ha) recorded the highest cane yield (92.58 t/ha) and the sugar yield (11.85t/ha) which were almost at par with sugarcane + greengram being 91.19 and 11.83 t/ha, respectively.

On O‘ahu, growing some plants together in the same container in the nursery or planting them in the same hole on the restoration site increases survival and growth. I present a few examples of species combinations where companion planting provides better results than planting either species separately. I also describe a simple deep-pipe irrigation system used on outplanting sites.

Limitations to the current perennial ryegrass-based pasture system on dryland dairy farms in southern Australia has led to research into alternatives that can produce either additional DM, out of season feed or can improve nutritive characteristics. The use of winter annual crops followed by a summer crop have the potential to achieve these goals but often result in considerable periods where new crops are establishing and feed is not available for consumption. Companion cropping offers an option to overcome these limitations. The experiment reported in this paper examines the DM yields, nutritive characteristics and mineral content of companion cropping wheat or triticale at different sowing rates into an existing chicory monoculture over a 2-year period. We hypothesised that oversowing cereal crops in autumn into an existing stand of chicory would result in improvements in nutritive characteristics at ensiling, without adversely affecting DM yield or subsequent chicory DM yields following harvesting, thus negating the need to sow a new summer forage crop each year. Total DM yields for the chicory and cereal monocultures were similar over the experimental period, while DM yields for all triticale mixtures were higher than the chicory only treatment. Chicory produced lower DM yields for silage but higher DM yields at most grazing events. The crude protein and estimated metabolisable energy content of the chicory only treatment was higher than the cereal monocultures and all triticale/chicory mixtures at both silage harvests with wheat/chicory mixes being intermediate. The proportion of chicory in the mixed swards declined over the course of the experiment. The use of chicory with cereals resulted in no adverse effects on total DM yields, some improvements in nutritive characteristics and mineral content and a more continuous supply of DM compared with double cropping with annual species in winter and summer. This experiment has highlighted the potential of oversowing cereal forages into an existing chicory sward to contribute to DM production on dairy farms in southern Australia. Such forage mixes can provide flexibility into forage systems through the provision of forage for grazing in early winter, the production of high DM yield silage harvests and then subsequent feed supply over summer and early autumn.